PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text	compound_name	comp_offset	prot_official_name	organism	prot_offset
20057907-3	2009	The purpose of this study was to determine if p53 contributes to the development of MNU-induced retinal degeneration in mice.	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	46-49
20057907-8	2009	RESULTS: No mice died during the experiment, but the p53 null mice treated with MNU had a statistically significant weight loss compared to the other groups.	Methylnitrosourea	80-83	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	53-56
20057907-9	2009	Histologically, all MNU-treated mice, regardless of p53 gene status, experienced retinal degeneration characterized by photoreceptor cell loss (the disappearance of the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor layer) in both the central and peripheral retina.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	52-55
20057907-11	2009	The retinal changes caused by MNU in p53(+/+), p53(+/-), and p53(-/-) mice were not significantly different and hence were related to a p53-independent apoptotic mechanism.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	37-40
20097959-0	2009	Vitamin D3 affects expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha and deiodinase activity in liver of MNU-treated Sprague-Dawley rats.	Methylnitrosourea	100-103	thyroid hormone receptor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	33-63
19821841-7	2009	For the 15 lux cycle, their phase angle was much altered compared with control animals, and for the 1 lux cycle, MNU-injected animals were unable to photoentrain and exhibited an apparent free-run activity pattern with a period of 24.3 h. Subsequent to behavioural studies the animals were killed and rod, cone, melanopsin expression and melanopsin-expressing cells were quantified.	Methylnitrosourea	113-116	opsin 4	Rattus norvegicus	312-322
20032414-4	2009	MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aim of the present work was to elucidate if alterations in ovarian RAS, analyzed through their proteolytic regulatory enzymes aminopeptidase A (APA), B (APB) and N (APN), could be responsible for an altered steroidogenesis in rats with mammary tumours induced by N-methyl nitrosourea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	312-315	glutamyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	171-174
20032414-5	2009	RESULTS: We describe here a highly significant increase of serum P levels in NMU-treated rats, concomitantly with an increase in ovarian aspartyl and glutamyl aminopeptidase activities (named together as APA activity).	Methylnitrosourea	77-80	glutamyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	204-207
19821841-7	2009	For the 15 lux cycle, their phase angle was much altered compared with control animals, and for the 1 lux cycle, MNU-injected animals were unable to photoentrain and exhibited an apparent free-run activity pattern with a period of 24.3 h. Subsequent to behavioural studies the animals were killed and rod, cone, melanopsin expression and melanopsin-expressing cells were quantified.	Methylnitrosourea	113-116	opsin 4	Rattus norvegicus	338-348
19652463-0	2009	Increased H-ras mutation frequency in mammary tumors of rats initiated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and treated with acrylamide.	Methylnitrosourea	76-98	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	10-15
19652463-0	2009	Increased H-ras mutation frequency in mammary tumors of rats initiated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and treated with acrylamide.	Methylnitrosourea	100-103	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	10-15
19634013-3	2009	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a model S(N)1 methylating agent, induced cell death through a distinct mechanism in two human NSCLC cell lines studied, A549(p53(wt)) and H157(p53(null)).	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	155-158
19634013-3	2009	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a model S(N)1 methylating agent, induced cell death through a distinct mechanism in two human NSCLC cell lines studied, A549(p53(wt)) and H157(p53(null)).	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	173-176
19634013-3	2009	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a model S(N)1 methylating agent, induced cell death through a distinct mechanism in two human NSCLC cell lines studied, A549(p53(wt)) and H157(p53(null)).	Methylnitrosourea	24-27	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	155-158
19634013-3	2009	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a model S(N)1 methylating agent, induced cell death through a distinct mechanism in two human NSCLC cell lines studied, A549(p53(wt)) and H157(p53(null)).	Methylnitrosourea	24-27	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	173-176
19634013-4	2009	In A549(p53(wt)), MNU induced G2/M arrest, accompanied by cdc25A degradation, hnRNP B1 induction, hnRNP C1/C2 downregulation.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	8-11
19634013-4	2009	In A549(p53(wt)), MNU induced G2/M arrest, accompanied by cdc25A degradation, hnRNP B1 induction, hnRNP C1/C2 downregulation.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	cell division cycle 25A	Homo sapiens	58-64
19634013-4	2009	In A549(p53(wt)), MNU induced G2/M arrest, accompanied by cdc25A degradation, hnRNP B1 induction, hnRNP C1/C2 downregulation.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1	Homo sapiens	78-86
19634013-4	2009	In A549(p53(wt)), MNU induced G2/M arrest, accompanied by cdc25A degradation, hnRNP B1 induction, hnRNP C1/C2 downregulation.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C	Homo sapiens	98-109
19634013-6	2009	In H157(p53(null)), MNU induced apoptotic cell death, confirmed by cytofluorometry of DNA content and immunodetection of apoptotic markers, accompanied by overexpression of hnRNP B1 and C1/C2.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	8-11
19634013-6	2009	In H157(p53(null)), MNU induced apoptotic cell death, confirmed by cytofluorometry of DNA content and immunodetection of apoptotic markers, accompanied by overexpression of hnRNP B1 and C1/C2.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1	Homo sapiens	173-181
19623177-0	2009	MLH1 mediates PARP-dependent cell death in response to the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	77-99	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	0-4
19623177-0	2009	MLH1 mediates PARP-dependent cell death in response to the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	77-99	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	14-18
19623177-1	2009	BACKGROUND: Methylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) can cause cell cycle arrest and death either via caspase-dependent apoptosis or via a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent form of apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	39-61	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	154-181
19623177-1	2009	BACKGROUND: Methylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) can cause cell cycle arrest and death either via caspase-dependent apoptosis or via a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent form of apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	39-61	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	183-187
19623177-1	2009	BACKGROUND: Methylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) can cause cell cycle arrest and death either via caspase-dependent apoptosis or via a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent form of apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	63-66	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	154-181
19623177-1	2009	BACKGROUND: Methylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) can cause cell cycle arrest and death either via caspase-dependent apoptosis or via a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent form of apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	63-66	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	183-187
19623177-7	2009	RESULTS: MLH1-depleted cells were more resistant to MNU, as expected.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	9-13
19623177-11	2009	This MLH1-dependent response to MNU was not blocked by inhibitors of ATM/ATR or p53.	Methylnitrosourea	32-35	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	5-9
19623177-12	2009	CONCLUSION: These novel data indicate an important role for MLH1 in signalling PARP-dependent cell death in response to the methylating agent MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	142-145	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	60-64
19623177-12	2009	CONCLUSION: These novel data indicate an important role for MLH1 in signalling PARP-dependent cell death in response to the methylating agent MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	142-145	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	79-83
19336415-7	2009	Expression of wild-type Pol beta in pol beta(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells restored cellular resistance to DNA damaging reagents such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), while expression of R137Q in pol beta(-/-) MEF cells failed to do so.	Methylnitrosourea	185-207	polymerase (DNA directed), beta	Mus musculus	24-32
19336415-7	2009	Expression of wild-type Pol beta in pol beta(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells restored cellular resistance to DNA damaging reagents such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), while expression of R137Q in pol beta(-/-) MEF cells failed to do so.	Methylnitrosourea	209-212	polymerase (DNA directed), beta	Mus musculus	24-32
19360356-4	2009	Cks1 is also highly upregulated in rat mammary tumors initiated by methylnitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	67-84	CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B pseudogene 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
19360356-4	2009	Cks1 is also highly upregulated in rat mammary tumors initiated by methylnitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	86-89	CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 1B pseudogene 7	Homo sapiens	0-4
19567395-0	2009	Early modification of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 expressions by chemical carcinogens (DMBA, MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	22-27
19567395-0	2009	Early modification of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 expressions by chemical carcinogens (DMBA, MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene	Mus musculus	29-35
19567395-0	2009	Early modification of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 expressions by chemical carcinogens (DMBA, MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	40-43
19567395-3	2009	Elevated expression of c-myc and Ha-ras genes was found in the spleen, lung, thymus and lymph nodes 6 and 12 hours after DMBA treatment and in the lung and thymus 3 hours after MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	177-180	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	23-28
19567395-3	2009	Elevated expression of c-myc and Ha-ras genes was found in the spleen, lung, thymus and lymph nodes 6 and 12 hours after DMBA treatment and in the lung and thymus 3 hours after MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	177-180	Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene	Mus musculus	33-39
19567395-4	2009	In the liver, DMBA induced strong onco/suppressor gene expression as early as 6 hours after the treatment, but MNU increased the p53 gene expression 12 hours after the treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	111-114	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	129-132
19491505-4	2009	RESULTS: The basal plasma values of VEGF were lower in the healthy control group than in rats with NMU-induced tumors ( P = 0.025).	Methylnitrosourea	99-102	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
19223545-4	2009	Here, we used N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) to promote gastric carcinogenesis in wild-type (wt) and cdh1(+/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	14-36	cadherin 1	Mus musculus	99-103
19223545-4	2009	Here, we used N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) to promote gastric carcinogenesis in wild-type (wt) and cdh1(+/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	38-41	cadherin 1	Mus musculus	99-103
18692156-4	2009	In the present study, we address the hypothesis that excess melanomas in MNU-treated BC(1) hybrids may have been generated by direct mutation of CDKN2AB, a candidate gene for DIFF.	Methylnitrosourea	73-76	cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B	Xiphophorus maculatus	145-152
18692156-6	2009	Sequence analysis of the X. maculatus CDKN2AB locus of heterozygous individuals (both BC(1) and F(1) hybrids) did not reveal any mutations caused by MNU, suggesting that the mechanism of MNU-induced melanoma formation in this Xiphophorus model does not involve direct mutation of CDKN2AB but may result from mutation of other critical genes.	Methylnitrosourea	187-190	cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B	Xiphophorus maculatus	38-45
18692156-6	2009	Sequence analysis of the X. maculatus CDKN2AB locus of heterozygous individuals (both BC(1) and F(1) hybrids) did not reveal any mutations caused by MNU, suggesting that the mechanism of MNU-induced melanoma formation in this Xiphophorus model does not involve direct mutation of CDKN2AB but may result from mutation of other critical genes.	Methylnitrosourea	187-190	cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B	Xiphophorus maculatus	280-287
19137017-8	2009	In the Mapo1-defective mutant cells treated with MNU, the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation were severely suppressed, although phosphorylation of p53, CHK1 and histone H2AX was observed.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	folliculin interacting protein 2	Homo sapiens	7-12
19137017-8	2009	In the Mapo1-defective mutant cells treated with MNU, the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation were severely suppressed, although phosphorylation of p53, CHK1 and histone H2AX was observed.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	100-109
19137017-8	2009	In the Mapo1-defective mutant cells treated with MNU, the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation were severely suppressed, although phosphorylation of p53, CHK1 and histone H2AX was observed.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	175-178
19137017-8	2009	In the Mapo1-defective mutant cells treated with MNU, the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation were severely suppressed, although phosphorylation of p53, CHK1 and histone H2AX was observed.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	checkpoint kinase 1	Homo sapiens	180-184
19137017-8	2009	In the Mapo1-defective mutant cells treated with MNU, the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation were severely suppressed, although phosphorylation of p53, CHK1 and histone H2AX was observed.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	H2A.X variant histone	Homo sapiens	189-201
18819100-6	2009	RESULTS: We report an increase in infiltrating monocyte, iNOS, NF-kappaBp65, VEGF and TNF-alpha at the early and advanced stages of tumor growth in MNU plus testosterone treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	148-151	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	57-61
18819100-6	2009	RESULTS: We report an increase in infiltrating monocyte, iNOS, NF-kappaBp65, VEGF and TNF-alpha at the early and advanced stages of tumor growth in MNU plus testosterone treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	148-151	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	77-81
18819100-6	2009	RESULTS: We report an increase in infiltrating monocyte, iNOS, NF-kappaBp65, VEGF and TNF-alpha at the early and advanced stages of tumor growth in MNU plus testosterone treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	148-151	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	86-95
19351038-1	2009	The influence of the untitumor drugs, cyclophosphamide (CPA) and nitrosomethylurea (NMM) on the activity of lysosomal cysteine proteases cathepsin B and L in the tumor tissue was studied.	Methylnitrosourea	65-82	cathepsin B	Homo sapiens	137-148
19164932-0	2009	Primary tumor cells obtained from MNU-induced mammary carcinomas show immune heterogeneity which can be modulated by low-efficiency transfection of CD40L gene.	Methylnitrosourea	34-37	CD40 ligand	Homo sapiens	148-153
19491505-7	2009	Plasma EGFR expression was higher in rats with NMU-induced tumors than in healthy controls ( P Conclusions: The results allow us to conclude that goserelin may exert a short-term stimulatory effect on the release of VEGF, as well as a long-term inhibitory effect on VEGF but not EGFR expression.	Methylnitrosourea	47-50	epidermal growth factor receptor	Rattus norvegicus	7-11
19491505-7	2009	Plasma EGFR expression was higher in rats with NMU-induced tumors than in healthy controls ( P Conclusions: The results allow us to conclude that goserelin may exert a short-term stimulatory effect on the release of VEGF, as well as a long-term inhibitory effect on VEGF but not EGFR expression.	Methylnitrosourea	47-50	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	216-220
18827072-0	2008	N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU): A positive control chemical for p53+/- mouse carcinogenicity studies.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	62-65
19309229-1	2009	The present experiment aims to evaluate tumor suppressive effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) celecoxib (Celebrex, Pfizer) administered alone and in combination with melatonin in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley female rats.	Methylnitrosourea	222-244	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	94-110
19309229-1	2009	The present experiment aims to evaluate tumor suppressive effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) celecoxib (Celebrex, Pfizer) administered alone and in combination with melatonin in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley female rats.	Methylnitrosourea	222-244	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	112-117
19309229-1	2009	The present experiment aims to evaluate tumor suppressive effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) celecoxib (Celebrex, Pfizer) administered alone and in combination with melatonin in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley female rats.	Methylnitrosourea	246-249	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	94-110
19309229-1	2009	The present experiment aims to evaluate tumor suppressive effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) celecoxib (Celebrex, Pfizer) administered alone and in combination with melatonin in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley female rats.	Methylnitrosourea	246-249	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	112-117
19018769-0	2008	Roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression and beta-catenin activation in gastric carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated K19-C2mE transgenic mice.	Methylnitrosourea	136-158	catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1	Mus musculus	83-95
18805506-9	2008	3) p21 and plk2, which related to cell cycle arrest, were up-regulated in the glandular stomach in mice treated with MNU or MNNG compared to mice treated with vehicle.	Methylnitrosourea	117-120	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21)	Mus musculus	3-6
18805506-9	2008	3) p21 and plk2, which related to cell cycle arrest, were up-regulated in the glandular stomach in mice treated with MNU or MNNG compared to mice treated with vehicle.	Methylnitrosourea	117-120	polo like kinase 2	Mus musculus	11-15
18675455-5	2008	Several key placental genes that influence placental development and fetal osteogenesis (Hgf, Kitl, IFNalpha4, Ifrd, and IL-1beta) were altered by MNU, and largely normalized by Q.	Methylnitrosourea	147-150	hepatocyte growth factor	Mus musculus	89-92
19138995-5	2008	In vivo experiments were designed to study the inhibitory effect of selected Gemini vitamin D analogues against mammary carcinogenesis by using (a) an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive mammary tumor model and (b) an MCF10DCIS.com xenograft model of ER-negative mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	151-173	estrogen receptor 1	Homo sapiens	182-199
19138995-5	2008	In vivo experiments were designed to study the inhibitory effect of selected Gemini vitamin D analogues against mammary carcinogenesis by using (a) an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive mammary tumor model and (b) an MCF10DCIS.com xenograft model of ER-negative mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	151-173	estrogen receptor 1	Homo sapiens	201-203
18695920-10	2008	Results showed that in mammary tumours induced by NMU, the apoptotic death receptor-mediated pathway is activated through caspase-3 and -8, but the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway is suppressed through a non-activating process of caspase-9 activity, despite the release of cytochrome c. In conclusion, these findings have demonstrated a suppression of the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway through a non-activating process of caspase-9 activity, despite the release of cytochrome c in mammary tumours induced by NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	122-138
18695920-10	2008	Results showed that in mammary tumours induced by NMU, the apoptotic death receptor-mediated pathway is activated through caspase-3 and -8, but the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway is suppressed through a non-activating process of caspase-9 activity, despite the release of cytochrome c. In conclusion, these findings have demonstrated a suppression of the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway through a non-activating process of caspase-9 activity, despite the release of cytochrome c in mammary tumours induced by NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	caspase 9	Rattus norvegicus	230-239
18695920-10	2008	Results showed that in mammary tumours induced by NMU, the apoptotic death receptor-mediated pathway is activated through caspase-3 and -8, but the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway is suppressed through a non-activating process of caspase-9 activity, despite the release of cytochrome c. In conclusion, these findings have demonstrated a suppression of the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway through a non-activating process of caspase-9 activity, despite the release of cytochrome c in mammary tumours induced by NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	caspase 9	Rattus norvegicus	424-433
19181008-0	2008	Early modification of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 expressions by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	59-81	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	22-27
19181008-0	2008	Early modification of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 expressions by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	59-81	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	40-43
19181008-9	2008	Our findings suggest that MNU has an impact on the expression of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 genes in 12 hours, especially in bone marrow.	Methylnitrosourea	26-29	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Homo sapiens	65-70
19181008-9	2008	Our findings suggest that MNU has an impact on the expression of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 genes in 12 hours, especially in bone marrow.	Methylnitrosourea	26-29	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	83-86
18788994-1	2008	PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mutant of acidic fibroblast growth factor (MaFGF) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration in Sprague-Dawley rats.	Methylnitrosourea	117-139	fibroblast growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	74-105
18788994-1	2008	PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mutant of acidic fibroblast growth factor (MaFGF) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration in Sprague-Dawley rats.	Methylnitrosourea	141-144	fibroblast growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	74-105
18788994-3	2008	After NS or MNU treatment for different times, the apoptotic index of the photoreceptor cell was detected by TUNEL labeling, whereas the mRNA expressions and the protein levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and proapoptotic Bax were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	12-15	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	194-199
18788994-8	2008	As compared with the MNU-treated group, MaFGF significantly upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein and downregulated the expression of Bax mRNA and protein (P = <0.001).	Methylnitrosourea	21-24	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	90-95
18788994-8	2008	As compared with the MNU-treated group, MaFGF significantly upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein and downregulated the expression of Bax mRNA and protein (P = <0.001).	Methylnitrosourea	21-24	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	149-152
18675455-5	2008	Several key placental genes that influence placental development and fetal osteogenesis (Hgf, Kitl, IFNalpha4, Ifrd, and IL-1beta) were altered by MNU, and largely normalized by Q.	Methylnitrosourea	147-150	kit ligand	Mus musculus	94-98
18675455-5	2008	Several key placental genes that influence placental development and fetal osteogenesis (Hgf, Kitl, IFNalpha4, Ifrd, and IL-1beta) were altered by MNU, and largely normalized by Q.	Methylnitrosourea	147-150	interferon alpha 4	Mus musculus	100-109
18675455-5	2008	Several key placental genes that influence placental development and fetal osteogenesis (Hgf, Kitl, IFNalpha4, Ifrd, and IL-1beta) were altered by MNU, and largely normalized by Q.	Methylnitrosourea	147-150	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	121-129
18593901-5	2008	Mice lacking JNK1 exhibited a marked decrease in gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, relative to their wild-type counterparts.	Methylnitrosourea	83-105	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Mus musculus	13-17
18611916-8	2008	Both forced COX-2 overexpression and high-salt intake significantly increased the frequency of gastric cancer development in mice as compared with WT littermates treated with MNU alone.	Methylnitrosourea	175-178	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Mus musculus	12-17
18522974-4	2008	Consistent with the damage-sensing role of the MMR system, mutant embryos lacking the MMR enzyme MSH6 displayed lower lethality than wild-type embryos after exposure to ENU and MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	177-180	mutS homolog 6 (E. coli)	Danio rerio	97-101
18239060-7	2008	By contrast, NMU-induced apoptosis of C2(BBe)1, as well as intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-6, was enhanced by transfected FASN siRNA.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	complement C2	Rattus norvegicus	38-46
18373977-4	2008	Furthermore, the expression of hMRE11(452-634), and to a lesser extent hMRE11(1-634) (ATLD1), impaired G2/M checkpoint control in response to MNU and cisplatin treatments, rendering cells resistant to killings by these two anticancer drugs.	Methylnitrosourea	142-145	MRE11 homolog, double strand break repair nuclease	Homo sapiens	31-37
18242645-4	2008	However, restriction analysis of MNU-induced mutants evidenced a shift in the distribution of mutations between deletions/insertions and point mutations in testis, but not in the liver, dependent on the Parp1 status.	Methylnitrosourea	33-36	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	203-208
18249417-4	2008	Furthermore, DNA sequence analysis of the coding region of the hprt gene in MNU-induced mutants showed that acute high dose treatment causes mainly GC-->AT base pair changes, whereas sub-chronic treatment results in a significant contribution of AT base pair changes to mutation induction.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	63-67
18239060-7	2008	By contrast, NMU-induced apoptosis of C2(BBe)1, as well as intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-6, was enhanced by transfected FASN siRNA.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	fatty acid synthase	Rattus norvegicus	123-127
18239060-9	2008	Moreover, insulin rescued NMU-treated cells from apoptosis in an FASN-dependent manner.	Methylnitrosourea	26-29	fatty acid synthase	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
18062963-3	2008	MNU induced significantly more, and larger, tumours in wild-type than K-ras(tmDelta4A/tmDelta4A) mice which differ in that only tumours in wild-type mice can express wild-type and activated K-ras 4A.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	70-75
18062963-3	2008	MNU induced significantly more, and larger, tumours in wild-type than K-ras(tmDelta4A/tmDelta4A) mice which differ in that only tumours in wild-type mice can express wild-type and activated K-ras 4A.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	190-195
18271930-3	2008	The inhibition of the proliferative burst in MNU-treated parous mammary glands coincided with the upregulation of Mnt, a Myc-suppressor, and the formation of histone deacetylase 1/Mnt/Max complexes that unexpectedly contained c-Myc.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	MAX network transcriptional repressor	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
18199680-7	2008	In N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumors, JNK1 activation provided a potential relevance with the accumulation of Sp1.	Methylnitrosourea	3-25	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Homo sapiens	50-54
18271930-3	2008	The inhibition of the proliferative burst in MNU-treated parous mammary glands coincided with the upregulation of Mnt, a Myc-suppressor, and the formation of histone deacetylase 1/Mnt/Max complexes that unexpectedly contained c-Myc.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	121-124
18271930-3	2008	The inhibition of the proliferative burst in MNU-treated parous mammary glands coincided with the upregulation of Mnt, a Myc-suppressor, and the formation of histone deacetylase 1/Mnt/Max complexes that unexpectedly contained c-Myc.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	histone deacetylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	158-179
18271930-3	2008	The inhibition of the proliferative burst in MNU-treated parous mammary glands coincided with the upregulation of Mnt, a Myc-suppressor, and the formation of histone deacetylase 1/Mnt/Max complexes that unexpectedly contained c-Myc.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	MAX network transcriptional repressor	Rattus norvegicus	180-183
18271930-3	2008	The inhibition of the proliferative burst in MNU-treated parous mammary glands coincided with the upregulation of Mnt, a Myc-suppressor, and the formation of histone deacetylase 1/Mnt/Max complexes that unexpectedly contained c-Myc.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	226-231
18271930-5	2008	These results suggest that the complexes also function as transcription repressors of the growth-related Myc targets in MNU-treated parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	120-123	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	105-108
17507295-7	2007	The methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced similar levels of apoptosis in these cycling CD34(+) and CD34(-) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	22-44	CD34 molecule	Homo sapiens	104-108
17674369-5	2007	Although modulating MPG activity in mitochondria appeared to have little effect on alkylation sensitivity, increased nuclear MPG activity resulted in cell death in astrocyte cultures treated with methylnitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	196-213	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	125-128
17674369-5	2007	Although modulating MPG activity in mitochondria appeared to have little effect on alkylation sensitivity, increased nuclear MPG activity resulted in cell death in astrocyte cultures treated with methylnitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	215-218	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	125-128
18497072-5	2008	Methylnitrosourea (MNU)-exposed animals were treated with saline, E3, E2 + P, E3 + P, hCG, or were allowed to experience pregnancy, and AFP levels were measured in the serum and subsequent tumor incidence was recorded.	Methylnitrosourea	0-17	small nucleolar RNA, H/ACA box 63	Homo sapiens	66-89
18497072-5	2008	Methylnitrosourea (MNU)-exposed animals were treated with saline, E3, E2 + P, E3 + P, hCG, or were allowed to experience pregnancy, and AFP levels were measured in the serum and subsequent tumor incidence was recorded.	Methylnitrosourea	0-17	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	136-139
18155124-2	2008	Following MNU administration, Muller glia underwent reactive gliosis characterized by up-regulation of glial fibrillar acidic protein and nestin, and initiated proliferation through the cyclin D1 and D3 related pathways.	Methylnitrosourea	10-13	cyclin D1	Rattus norvegicus	186-195
18019406-0	2007	PARP inhibitors accelerate N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced cataractogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats.	Methylnitrosourea	27-49	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
18019406-11	2007	CONCLUSION: The PARP inhibitors nicotinamide and 3-aminobenzamide accelerated MNU-induced cataractogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	16-20
17507295-7	2007	The methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced similar levels of apoptosis in these cycling CD34(+) and CD34(-) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	22-44	CD34 molecule	Homo sapiens	116-120
17507295-7	2007	The methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced similar levels of apoptosis in these cycling CD34(+) and CD34(-) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	46-49	CD34 molecule	Homo sapiens	104-108
17507295-10	2007	MGMT provides significant protection against MNU toxicity and MGMT and MMR play the expected roles in the MNU sensitivity of these cells.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
17507295-10	2007	MGMT provides significant protection against MNU toxicity and MGMT and MMR play the expected roles in the MNU sensitivity of these cells.	Methylnitrosourea	106-109	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
17507295-10	2007	MGMT provides significant protection against MNU toxicity and MGMT and MMR play the expected roles in the MNU sensitivity of these cells.	Methylnitrosourea	106-109	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	62-66
17638900-8	2007	The inhibitory action of temozolomide on NF-kappaB is observed to be maximal following pretreatment of cells with temozolomide for 16 h and is also seen with the S(N)1-type methylating agent methylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	191-208	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	41-50
19746216-1	2007	PURPOSE: Retinoids have been shown to be effective in suppressing tumor development when chemical carcinogens such as N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU) were used to induce mammary tumors in a variety of animal models.	Methylnitrosourea	142-145	neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	174-177
17959046-6	2007	Moreover, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as important nuclear receptor genes of relating lipid metabolism, the expressions of PPARbeta and PPARgamma mRNA were significantly up-regulated in mammary adipose tissues of MNU-induced breast cancer as compared with the control groups, but the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in rats fed with 1:1 n-6/n-3 group were lowest (P < 0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	238-241	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	Rattus norvegicus	148-156
17959046-6	2007	Moreover, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as important nuclear receptor genes of relating lipid metabolism, the expressions of PPARbeta and PPARgamma mRNA were significantly up-regulated in mammary adipose tissues of MNU-induced breast cancer as compared with the control groups, but the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in rats fed with 1:1 n-6/n-3 group were lowest (P < 0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	238-241	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus	161-170
19746216-3	2007	The purpose of this study was to determine the implications of NF-kappaB activation on the chemopreventive role of retinoids and their effect on cellular NF-kappaB activity that"s induced by known alkylating chemical carcinogens such as NMU and NEU in human transfectant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-13) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	237-240	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	63-72
19746216-3	2007	The purpose of this study was to determine the implications of NF-kappaB activation on the chemopreventive role of retinoids and their effect on cellular NF-kappaB activity that"s induced by known alkylating chemical carcinogens such as NMU and NEU in human transfectant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-13) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	237-240	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	154-163
19746216-3	2007	The purpose of this study was to determine the implications of NF-kappaB activation on the chemopreventive role of retinoids and their effect on cellular NF-kappaB activity that"s induced by known alkylating chemical carcinogens such as NMU and NEU in human transfectant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-13) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	237-240	neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1	Homo sapiens	245-248
17483318-9	2007	Consequently, MNU-treated Apc(Min/+) mice significantly enhanced the tumor development in comparison with Apc(Min/+) mice or MNU-treated wild-type mice.	Methylnitrosourea	14-17	APC, WNT signaling pathway regulator	Mus musculus	26-29
17483318-10	2007	Several gastric tumors in MNU-treated Apc(Min/+) mice showed invasion into the submucosal layer.	Methylnitrosourea	26-29	APC, WNT signaling pathway regulator	Mus musculus	38-41
17463168-7	2007	Cx32-KO mice showed increased leukemogenicity compared with wild-type mice after MNU injection; furthermore, in a competitive assay for leukemogenicity in mice that had been lethally irradiated and repopulated with a mixed population of bone marrow cells from Cx32-KO mice and wild-type mice, the resulting leukemias originated predominantly from Cx32-KO bone marrow cells.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	gap junction protein, beta 1	Mus musculus	0-4
16822543-0	2007	Does immune stimulation or antioxidant therapy reduce MNU-induced placental damage via activation of Jak-STAT and NFkappaB signaling pathways?	Methylnitrosourea	54-57	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	114-122
16426742-8	2006	Clonogenic survival assays demonstrated increased survival of the PMS2-overexpressing cells following exposure to MNU, consistent with the induction of a damage tolerance phenotype.	Methylnitrosourea	114-117	PMS1 homolog 2, mismatch repair system component	Homo sapiens	66-70
17069801-12	2007	Conversion of p35 to p25 was well correlated with calpain activation, suggesting prolonged activation of Cdk5/p25 as a possible downstream mechanism for MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
17069801-12	2007	Conversion of p35 to p25 was well correlated with calpain activation, suggesting prolonged activation of Cdk5/p25 as a possible downstream mechanism for MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	lipocalin 2	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
17069801-12	2007	Conversion of p35 to p25 was well correlated with calpain activation, suggesting prolonged activation of Cdk5/p25 as a possible downstream mechanism for MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	cyclin-dependent kinase 5	Rattus norvegicus	105-109
17069801-12	2007	Conversion of p35 to p25 was well correlated with calpain activation, suggesting prolonged activation of Cdk5/p25 as a possible downstream mechanism for MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	lipocalin 2	Rattus norvegicus	110-113
17207617-1	2007	Our previous microarray analysis showed that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) transformed MCF12F breast epithelial cells exhibited upregulation of several genes, including prohibitin, which was reversed by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(5) (1alpha(OH)D(5)) treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	45-67	prohibitin 1	Homo sapiens	168-178
17207617-1	2007	Our previous microarray analysis showed that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) transformed MCF12F breast epithelial cells exhibited upregulation of several genes, including prohibitin, which was reversed by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(5) (1alpha(OH)D(5)) treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	prohibitin 1	Homo sapiens	168-178
17137578-0	2007	Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide rescues N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis in Sprague-Dawley rats through preservation of nuclear factor-kappaB activity.	Methylnitrosourea	64-86	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-28
17137578-1	2007	The activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays a pivotal role in mediating N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	88-110	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-46
17137578-1	2007	The activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays a pivotal role in mediating N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	112-115	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-46
17137578-7	2007	We examined expression of the phosphorylated form of NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha (p-NF-kappaB and p-IkappaBalpha, respectively) in retinas of MNU-treated rats concurrently treated with or without 50mg/kg 3-AB, compared with MNU-untreated control retinas.	Methylnitrosourea	141-144	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	67-79
17137578-7	2007	We examined expression of the phosphorylated form of NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha (p-NF-kappaB and p-IkappaBalpha, respectively) in retinas of MNU-treated rats concurrently treated with or without 50mg/kg 3-AB, compared with MNU-untreated control retinas.	Methylnitrosourea	141-144	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	99-111
17289873-6	2007	Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR showed increased mRNA expression for Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv3.1, and members of the Eag channel family, after dimethylhydrazine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	161-183	potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 3	Homo sapiens	73-78
17289873-6	2007	Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR showed increased mRNA expression for Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv3.1, and members of the Eag channel family, after dimethylhydrazine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	161-183	potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5	Homo sapiens	80-85
17289873-6	2007	Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR showed increased mRNA expression for Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv3.1, and members of the Eag channel family, after dimethylhydrazine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	161-183	potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 1	Homo sapiens	87-92
17289873-6	2007	Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR showed increased mRNA expression for Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv3.1, and members of the Eag channel family, after dimethylhydrazine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	161-183	potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1	Homo sapiens	113-116
16616109-7	2006	In particular, the expression levels of the Pten, Top3b, and Ikaros genes were downregulated in both lymphoma groups, but the expression level of Ercc4 was downregulated only in the MNU group.	Methylnitrosourea	182-185	excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 4	Mus musculus	146-151
16580133-4	2006	In this study, we investigated the effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced acute photoreceptor degeneration on melanopsin mRNA expression and protein distribution in adult rats.	Methylnitrosourea	46-68	opsin 4	Rattus norvegicus	119-129
16580133-4	2006	In this study, we investigated the effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced acute photoreceptor degeneration on melanopsin mRNA expression and protein distribution in adult rats.	Methylnitrosourea	70-73	opsin 4	Rattus norvegicus	119-129
16580133-5	2006	Expression of melanopsin was analyzed 0.5, 1, 5, 7, 13 and 28 days after MNU administration by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.	Methylnitrosourea	73-76	opsin 4	Rattus norvegicus	14-24
16580133-8	2006	In contrast, melanopsin mRNA decreased gradually with the loss of photoreceptors, at the same time pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) mRNA levels, which co-express with melanopsin in ganglion cells, were not affected by MNU treatment, indicating decrease of melanopsin mRNA levels is not due to ganglion cell damage.	Methylnitrosourea	244-247	opsin 4	Rattus norvegicus	13-23
16580133-8	2006	In contrast, melanopsin mRNA decreased gradually with the loss of photoreceptors, at the same time pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) mRNA levels, which co-express with melanopsin in ganglion cells, were not affected by MNU treatment, indicating decrease of melanopsin mRNA levels is not due to ganglion cell damage.	Methylnitrosourea	244-247	adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1	Rattus norvegicus	151-156
16762860-0	2006	[Changes of NF-kappaB/I kappa B alpha in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal damage in rats].	Methylnitrosourea	41-63	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	22-37
16762860-7	2006	CONCLUSION: MNU-induced retinal damage might be mediated through the signaling pathway of NF-kappaB/I kappa B alpha.	Methylnitrosourea	12-15	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	100-115
21783706-5	2006	In MNU-5% TPA treated group, the incidences of overexpression of Cdk4, cyclin D(1) and pRb in papilloma were significantly higher than these in simple hyperplasia (p=0.023, p<0.001 and 0.001, respectively) and in PN hyperplasia (p=0.042, 0.012 and 0.002, respectively).	Methylnitrosourea	3-6	cyclin-dependent kinase 4	Rattus norvegicus	65-69
21783706-5	2006	In MNU-5% TPA treated group, the incidences of overexpression of Cdk4, cyclin D(1) and pRb in papilloma were significantly higher than these in simple hyperplasia (p=0.023, p<0.001 and 0.001, respectively) and in PN hyperplasia (p=0.042, 0.012 and 0.002, respectively).	Methylnitrosourea	3-6	cyclin D1	Rattus norvegicus	71-82
21783706-5	2006	In MNU-5% TPA treated group, the incidences of overexpression of Cdk4, cyclin D(1) and pRb in papilloma were significantly higher than these in simple hyperplasia (p=0.023, p<0.001 and 0.001, respectively) and in PN hyperplasia (p=0.042, 0.012 and 0.002, respectively).	Methylnitrosourea	3-6	RB transcriptional corepressor 1	Rattus norvegicus	87-90
16849588-1	2006	Previously, we showed that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-transformed MCF12F breast epithelial cells exhibited differential expression of several genes, including up-regulation of prohibitin and elevated sensitivity to a relatively noncalcemic vitamin D analogue, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5 [1alpha(OH)D5].	Methylnitrosourea	27-49	prohibitin 1	Homo sapiens	172-182
16344269-1	2006	A number of retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists have proven to be highly effective in preventing methylnitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary cancers.	Methylnitrosourea	96-113	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	12-31
16344269-1	2006	A number of retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists have proven to be highly effective in preventing methylnitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary cancers.	Methylnitrosourea	96-113	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	33-36
16344269-1	2006	A number of retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists have proven to be highly effective in preventing methylnitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary cancers.	Methylnitrosourea	115-118	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	12-31
16344269-1	2006	A number of retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists have proven to be highly effective in preventing methylnitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary cancers.	Methylnitrosourea	115-118	retinoid X receptor alpha	Homo sapiens	33-36
16616109-9	2006	Sparc was upregulated specifically in the radiation group, and Cxcl1 in the MNU group.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	secreted acidic cysteine rich glycoprotein	Mus musculus	0-5
16616109-9	2006	Sparc was upregulated specifically in the radiation group, and Cxcl1 in the MNU group.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1	Mus musculus	63-68
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	whey acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	115-134
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	whey acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	136-139
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	casein beta	Rattus norvegicus	142-153
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	casein beta	Rattus norvegicus	155-159
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	casein alpha s2-like A	Rattus norvegicus	162-174
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	casein alpha s2-like A	Rattus norvegicus	176-180
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	lipopolysaccharide binding protein	Rattus norvegicus	183-217
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	lipopolysaccharide binding protein	Rattus norvegicus	219-222
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Rattus norvegicus	225-250
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Rattus norvegicus	252-256
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	glycosylation dependent cell adhesion molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	262-310
16525678-4	2006	Parous mammary glands before MNU treatment showed up-regulation of multiple differentiation-related genes, such as whey acidic protein (Wap), casein beta (Csn2), casein gamma (Csng), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1).	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	glycosylation dependent cell adhesion molecule 1	Rattus norvegicus	312-319
16525678-5	2006	Also, parous mammary glands before MNU treatment exhibited down-regulation of growth-related genes such as regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (Reg3a), mesothelin (Msln), insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (Igfbp4).	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	107-141
16525678-5	2006	Also, parous mammary glands before MNU treatment exhibited down-regulation of growth-related genes such as regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (Reg3a), mesothelin (Msln), insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (Igfbp4).	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	mesothelin	Rattus norvegicus	151-161
16525678-5	2006	Also, parous mammary glands before MNU treatment exhibited down-regulation of growth-related genes such as regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (Reg3a), mesothelin (Msln), insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (Igfbp4).	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	mesothelin	Rattus norvegicus	163-167
16525678-5	2006	Also, parous mammary glands before MNU treatment exhibited down-regulation of growth-related genes such as regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (Reg3a), mesothelin (Msln), insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (Igfbp4).	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	170-198
16525678-5	2006	Also, parous mammary glands before MNU treatment exhibited down-regulation of growth-related genes such as regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (Reg3a), mesothelin (Msln), insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (Igfbp4).	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	200-204
16525678-5	2006	Also, parous mammary glands before MNU treatment exhibited down-regulation of growth-related genes such as regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (Reg3a), mesothelin (Msln), insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (Igfbp4).	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	210-254
16525678-5	2006	Also, parous mammary glands before MNU treatment exhibited down-regulation of growth-related genes such as regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (Reg3a), mesothelin (Msln), insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (Igfbp4).	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	256-262
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	mesothelin	Rattus norvegicus	97-101
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	cyclin-dependent kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	103-134
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	cyclin-dependent kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	136-141
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	144-148
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4	Rattus norvegicus	150-156
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	stathmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	158-168
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	stathmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	170-175
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	msh homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	181-201
16525678-6	2006	After MNU treatment, AMV mammary glands exhibited up-regulation of growth-related genes, such as Msln, cell division cycle 2 homolog A (Cdc2a), Igf2, Igfbp4, stathmin 1 (Stmn1) and homeobox, msh-like 1 (Msx1), whereas expression of these genes remained low in parous mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	msh homeobox 1	Rattus norvegicus	203-207
16525678-7	2006	AMV mammary glands also exhibited marked up-regulation of Cdc2a and Stmn1 in response to MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	cyclin-dependent kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	58-63
16525678-7	2006	AMV mammary glands also exhibited marked up-regulation of Cdc2a and Stmn1 in response to MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	stathmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	68-73
16619500-0	2006	Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase/placental leucil Aminopeptidase (IRAP/P-lAP) and angiotensin IV-forming activities are modified in serum of rats with breast cancer induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	176-196	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	0-32
16619500-0	2006	Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase/placental leucil Aminopeptidase (IRAP/P-lAP) and angiotensin IV-forming activities are modified in serum of rats with breast cancer induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	176-196	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	66-70
16619500-0	2006	Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase/placental leucil Aminopeptidase (IRAP/P-lAP) and angiotensin IV-forming activities are modified in serum of rats with breast cancer induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	176-196	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	71-76
16619500-1	2006	BACKGROUND: In previous reports, changes in oxytocinase activity in human breast cancer tissue and in the serum of N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors were described.	Methylnitrosourea	115-135	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Homo sapiens	44-55
16619500-1	2006	BACKGROUND: In previous reports, changes in oxytocinase activity in human breast cancer tissue and in the serum of N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors were described.	Methylnitrosourea	137-140	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Homo sapiens	44-55
16537183-12	2006	CONCLUSIONS: We propose that the local RAS in pineal gland is modified in rats with breast cancer induced by NMU through the inhibition of AspAP activity, which may lead to increased levels of Ang II.	Methylnitrosourea	109-112	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	193-199
16168987-0	2006	Nicotinamide blocks N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis in rats through poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity and Jun N-terminal kinase/activator protein-1 pathway inhibition.	Methylnitrosourea	20-42	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	96-124
16168987-4	2006	During 7 days after the intraperitoneal injection of MNU (60 mg/kg), rat retinas exhibited DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis and activation of PARP, phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun, induction of AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) and Bax, as well as photoreceptor cell loss.	Methylnitrosourea	53-56	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	180-183
16168987-4	2006	During 7 days after the intraperitoneal injection of MNU (60 mg/kg), rat retinas exhibited DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis and activation of PARP, phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun, induction of AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) and Bax, as well as photoreceptor cell loss.	Methylnitrosourea	53-56	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	224-229
16168987-4	2006	During 7 days after the intraperitoneal injection of MNU (60 mg/kg), rat retinas exhibited DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis and activation of PARP, phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun, induction of AP-1 (c-Jun and c-Fos) and Bax, as well as photoreceptor cell loss.	Methylnitrosourea	53-56	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	235-238
16168987-7	2006	Therefore, NAM blocked MNU-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis by inhibiting both PARP activity and the JNK/AP-1 signalling pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	23-26	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	105-108
16322315-0	2005	Prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced breast cancer by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-derived peptide, a peptide derived from the active site of AFP.	Methylnitrosourea	14-36	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	62-79
16322315-0	2005	Prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced breast cancer by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-derived peptide, a peptide derived from the active site of AFP.	Methylnitrosourea	14-36	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	81-84
16322315-0	2005	Prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced breast cancer by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-derived peptide, a peptide derived from the active site of AFP.	Methylnitrosourea	14-36	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	145-148
16322315-3	2005	To test the hypothesis that the AFP-derived peptide (AFPep) can prevent breast cancer, the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced breast cancer model was used in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	91-113	alpha fetoprotein	Homo sapiens	32-35
16319139-11	2005	In contrast, N-nitrosomethylurea-induced breast adenocarcinomas only express IDO.	Methylnitrosourea	13-32	indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	77-80
16204460-2	2005	In human cells treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, we detected a protein complex composed of MutSalpha, MutLalpha and PCNA on damaged DNA by immunoprecipitation method using chromatin extracts, in which protein-protein interactions were stabilized by chemical crosslinking.	Methylnitrosourea	28-50	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Homo sapiens	119-123
16288039-6	2005	Two HeLa cell lines with AAG protein levels reduced by at least 80% to 90% displayed a 5- to 10-fold increase in sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, and the chemotherapeutic drugs temozolomide and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	153-175	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	25-28
16086375-6	2005	Inhibition of methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) did not affect immature MECs but caused mature MECs to recapitulate the immature response to NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	146-149	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	14-45
16086375-6	2005	Inhibition of methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) did not affect immature MECs but caused mature MECs to recapitulate the immature response to NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	146-149	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	47-51
16086375-9	2005	Immature kidneys, which preferentially developed nephroblastomas after NMU treatment, also displayed significantly lower MGMT activity than mature kidneys.	Methylnitrosourea	71-74	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	121-125
16098260-11	2005	In apoptotic cascade, the protein levels of NF-kappaB p65 were only detected after MNU treatment for 12 and 24 hours in the nucleus.	Methylnitrosourea	83-86	synaptotagmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	54-57
16268501-6	2005	Compared with MNU-treated rats, the gene expression of c-jun and c-fos was time-dependently down-regulated in ligustrazine-treated group.	Methylnitrosourea	14-17	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	65-70
16268501-7	2005	CONCLUSION: Ligustrazine injection partially protects against MNU-induced retinal damage by down-modulating the expression of c-jun and c-fos genes to inhibit apoptosis of photoreceptor cells.	Methylnitrosourea	62-65	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Rattus norvegicus	136-141
16080182-0	2005	Placental improvement and reduced distal limb defects by maternal interferon-gamma injection in methylnitrosourea-exposed mice.	Methylnitrosourea	96-113	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	66-82
16080182-8	2005	RESULTS: The incidence of syndactyly, polydactyly, and interdigital webbing in MNU-exposed mice was decreased by maternal IFN-gamma treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	122-131
16080182-10	2005	Administration of IFN-gamma significantly diminished MNU-induced endothelial and trophoblast placental damage in both strains of mice.	Methylnitrosourea	53-56	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	18-27
16080182-12	2005	Further, these results suggest that IFN-gamma might act through placental improvement to indirectly protect against MNU-induced fetal limb malformations.	Methylnitrosourea	116-119	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	36-45
16098260-14	2005	CONCLUSIONS: MNU-induced photoreceptor cell destruction was attributed to the apoptotic process by down-regulating the activation of NF-kappaB p65.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	synaptotagmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	143-146
15937960-5	2005	Fhit intron 1 was methylated in 3/9 DMBA and all of MNU-induced benign mammary tumors, in association with reduced Fhit expression levels; Fhit promoter and intron 1 were methylated in all DMBA and MNU-induced carcinomas in association with highly reduced Fhit expression levels.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
15960898-11	2005	CONCLUSION: TMP injection partially protects against MNU-induced retinal damage by upregulating the nuclear translocation of p65 to inhibit photoreceptor cells apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	53-56	synaptotagmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	125-128
15937960-5	2005	Fhit intron 1 was methylated in 3/9 DMBA and all of MNU-induced benign mammary tumors, in association with reduced Fhit expression levels; Fhit promoter and intron 1 were methylated in all DMBA and MNU-induced carcinomas in association with highly reduced Fhit expression levels.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	115-119
15937960-5	2005	Fhit intron 1 was methylated in 3/9 DMBA and all of MNU-induced benign mammary tumors, in association with reduced Fhit expression levels; Fhit promoter and intron 1 were methylated in all DMBA and MNU-induced carcinomas in association with highly reduced Fhit expression levels.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	115-119
15937960-5	2005	Fhit intron 1 was methylated in 3/9 DMBA and all of MNU-induced benign mammary tumors, in association with reduced Fhit expression levels; Fhit promoter and intron 1 were methylated in all DMBA and MNU-induced carcinomas in association with highly reduced Fhit expression levels.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	115-119
15937960-5	2005	Fhit intron 1 was methylated in 3/9 DMBA and all of MNU-induced benign mammary tumors, in association with reduced Fhit expression levels; Fhit promoter and intron 1 were methylated in all DMBA and MNU-induced carcinomas in association with highly reduced Fhit expression levels.	Methylnitrosourea	198-201	fragile histidine triad diadenosine triphosphatase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
15930296-4	2005	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU, 240 ppm) was given in drinking water for 10 weeks to induce gastric cancer in PPARgamma wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous-deficient (+/-) mice, followed by treatment with PPARgamma ligand [troglitazone, 0.15% (w/w) in powder food] or the vehicle alone for 42 weeks.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	107-116
15682402-0	2005	Increased phospho-AKT is associated with loss of the androgen receptor during the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced prostate carcinogenesis in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	97-119	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-21
15682402-0	2005	Increased phospho-AKT is associated with loss of the androgen receptor during the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced prostate carcinogenesis in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	97-119	androgen receptor	Rattus norvegicus	53-70
15682402-3	2005	METHODS: We examined the interrelationships between AR and p-AKT expression by immunohistochemical staining during MNU-androgen-induced prostate carcinogenesis in male Wistar-Unilever rats.	Methylnitrosourea	115-118	androgen receptor	Rattus norvegicus	52-54
15682402-9	2005	CONCLUSIONS: In the MNU model, the progressive evolution of dominant tumor cell populations showing an increase in p-AKT in parallel with a decline in AR staining suggests that activation of AKT signaling may be one of several mechanisms contributing to androgen insensitivity during prostate cancer progression.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	117-120
15682402-9	2005	CONCLUSIONS: In the MNU model, the progressive evolution of dominant tumor cell populations showing an increase in p-AKT in parallel with a decline in AR staining suggests that activation of AKT signaling may be one of several mechanisms contributing to androgen insensitivity during prostate cancer progression.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	androgen receptor	Rattus norvegicus	151-153
15682402-9	2005	CONCLUSIONS: In the MNU model, the progressive evolution of dominant tumor cell populations showing an increase in p-AKT in parallel with a decline in AR staining suggests that activation of AKT signaling may be one of several mechanisms contributing to androgen insensitivity during prostate cancer progression.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	191-194
15688392-0	2005	Cooperative induction of rat mammary cancer by radiation and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea via the oncogenic pathways involving c-Myc activation and H-ras mutation.	Methylnitrosourea	61-83	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	121-126
15688392-0	2005	Cooperative induction of rat mammary cancer by radiation and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea via the oncogenic pathways involving c-Myc activation and H-ras mutation.	Methylnitrosourea	61-83	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	142-147
15688392-9	2005	The H-ras mutation was not seen in radiation-induced carcinomas and was specific to MNU-induced carcinomas in individually treated groups.	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	4-9
16257854-2	2005	The purpose of this study was to characterize the carcinogenic potential of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a DNA alkylating agent, in p53+/- knockout mice to determine its suitability as a positive control agent in an alternative carcinogenicity model.	Methylnitrosourea	100-103	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	133-136
16257854-8	2005	The increased incidence of neoplastic and proliferative changes in MNU-treated mice suggests MNU could serve as a positive control in alternative carcinogenicity studies conducted in p53+/- knockout mice.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	183-186
15930296-4	2005	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU, 240 ppm) was given in drinking water for 10 weeks to induce gastric cancer in PPARgamma wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous-deficient (+/-) mice, followed by treatment with PPARgamma ligand [troglitazone, 0.15% (w/w) in powder food] or the vehicle alone for 42 weeks.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	199-208
15930296-5	2005	At the end of the experiment, PPARgamma (+/-) mice were more susceptible to MNU-induced gastric cancer than wild-type (+/+) mice (89.5%/55.5%), and troglitazone significantly reduced the incidence of gastric cancer in PPARgamma (+/+) mice (treatment 55.5%/vehicle 9%) but not in PPARgamma (+/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus	30-39
15870882-1	2005	The aim of this study was to assess whether combined evaluation of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and hMLH1 status determines sensitivity to monofuntional alkylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and dacarbazine (DTIC) against gallbladder carcinoma cells.	Methylnitrosourea	192-214	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	67-101
15299078-2	2004	Our results show that MPG-overexpressing cells are significantly more sensitive to the alkylating agents methyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, methylnitrosourea, dimethyl sulfate, and the clinical chemotherapeutic temozolomide.	Methylnitrosourea	168-185	N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	22-25
15870882-1	2005	The aim of this study was to assess whether combined evaluation of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and hMLH1 status determines sensitivity to monofuntional alkylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and dacarbazine (DTIC) against gallbladder carcinoma cells.	Methylnitrosourea	192-214	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	103-107
15870882-1	2005	The aim of this study was to assess whether combined evaluation of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and hMLH1 status determines sensitivity to monofuntional alkylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and dacarbazine (DTIC) against gallbladder carcinoma cells.	Methylnitrosourea	192-214	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	113-118
15870882-1	2005	The aim of this study was to assess whether combined evaluation of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and hMLH1 status determines sensitivity to monofuntional alkylating agents such as N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and dacarbazine (DTIC) against gallbladder carcinoma cells.	Methylnitrosourea	216-219	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	103-107
15870882-5	2005	As a result, cell lines that were MGMT-/hMLH1+ had the highest sensitivity to MNU, compared with MGMT+/hMLH1+ and MGMT-/hMLH1- cells.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	34-38
15870882-5	2005	As a result, cell lines that were MGMT-/hMLH1+ had the highest sensitivity to MNU, compared with MGMT+/hMLH1+ and MGMT-/hMLH1- cells.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	40-45
15870882-6	2005	In flow cytometric analysis, G2-M cell cycle arrest was specifically observed in GB-d1 cells with MGMT-/hMLH1+ and expression of cyclin A and Cdc2 in GB-d1 cells was significantly reduced by MNU treatment, but not observed in KMG-C cells with MGMT+/hMLH1+.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	98-102
15870882-6	2005	In flow cytometric analysis, G2-M cell cycle arrest was specifically observed in GB-d1 cells with MGMT-/hMLH1+ and expression of cyclin A and Cdc2 in GB-d1 cells was significantly reduced by MNU treatment, but not observed in KMG-C cells with MGMT+/hMLH1+.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	104-109
15870882-6	2005	In flow cytometric analysis, G2-M cell cycle arrest was specifically observed in GB-d1 cells with MGMT-/hMLH1+ and expression of cyclin A and Cdc2 in GB-d1 cells was significantly reduced by MNU treatment, but not observed in KMG-C cells with MGMT+/hMLH1+.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	cyclin A2	Homo sapiens	129-137
15870882-6	2005	In flow cytometric analysis, G2-M cell cycle arrest was specifically observed in GB-d1 cells with MGMT-/hMLH1+ and expression of cyclin A and Cdc2 in GB-d1 cells was significantly reduced by MNU treatment, but not observed in KMG-C cells with MGMT+/hMLH1+.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	142-146
15870882-6	2005	In flow cytometric analysis, G2-M cell cycle arrest was specifically observed in GB-d1 cells with MGMT-/hMLH1+ and expression of cyclin A and Cdc2 in GB-d1 cells was significantly reduced by MNU treatment, but not observed in KMG-C cells with MGMT+/hMLH1+.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	243-247
15870882-6	2005	In flow cytometric analysis, G2-M cell cycle arrest was specifically observed in GB-d1 cells with MGMT-/hMLH1+ and expression of cyclin A and Cdc2 in GB-d1 cells was significantly reduced by MNU treatment, but not observed in KMG-C cells with MGMT+/hMLH1+.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	249-254
15870882-9	2005	In conclusion, MNU suppressed cell proliferation of MGMT-/hMLH1+ gallbladder carcinoma cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G2-M phase, accompanied by down-regulation of cyclin A and Cdc2.	Methylnitrosourea	15-18	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	52-56
15870882-9	2005	In conclusion, MNU suppressed cell proliferation of MGMT-/hMLH1+ gallbladder carcinoma cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G2-M phase, accompanied by down-regulation of cyclin A and Cdc2.	Methylnitrosourea	15-18	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	58-63
15870882-9	2005	In conclusion, MNU suppressed cell proliferation of MGMT-/hMLH1+ gallbladder carcinoma cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G2-M phase, accompanied by down-regulation of cyclin A and Cdc2.	Methylnitrosourea	15-18	cyclin A2	Homo sapiens	174-182
15870882-9	2005	In conclusion, MNU suppressed cell proliferation of MGMT-/hMLH1+ gallbladder carcinoma cells by arresting the cell cycle at the G2-M phase, accompanied by down-regulation of cyclin A and Cdc2.	Methylnitrosourea	15-18	cyclin dependent kinase 1	Homo sapiens	187-191
16047940-7	2005	Extensive investigation in the rats revealed that MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss was due to apoptosis with a decrease of Bcl-2 protein, increase of Bax protein, and activation of caspase families.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	126-131
16047940-7	2005	Extensive investigation in the rats revealed that MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss was due to apoptosis with a decrease of Bcl-2 protein, increase of Bax protein, and activation of caspase families.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	153-156
15526292-2	2004	METHODS: Our study examined morphologic alterations in fetal limb and digital development and placental integrity following maternal exposure to MNU on GD 9 in CD-1 mice, and characterized the improvement in placental integrity and abrogation of fetal defects following maternal immune stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on GD 7.	Methylnitrosourea	145-148	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	303-319
15526292-2	2004	METHODS: Our study examined morphologic alterations in fetal limb and digital development and placental integrity following maternal exposure to MNU on GD 9 in CD-1 mice, and characterized the improvement in placental integrity and abrogation of fetal defects following maternal immune stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on GD 7.	Methylnitrosourea	145-148	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	321-330
15526292-6	2004	MNU + IFN-gamma was associated with diminished cell death within all layers of the placenta, especially in the labyrinthine layer.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	6-15
15526292-7	2004	CONCLUSIONS: These data verify improved distal limb development in MNU-exposed mice as a result of maternal IFN-gamma administration, and suggest a link between placental integrity and proper fetal development.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	108-117
15581186-5	2004	Western blot analyses demonstrated that MNU exposure caused progressive reduction of p21 protein levels, an increase of Rb phosphorylation, activation of AKT and CDK2, and upregulation of FGF receptors.	Methylnitrosourea	40-43	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	85-88
15581186-5	2004	Western blot analyses demonstrated that MNU exposure caused progressive reduction of p21 protein levels, an increase of Rb phosphorylation, activation of AKT and CDK2, and upregulation of FGF receptors.	Methylnitrosourea	40-43	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	154-157
15581186-5	2004	Western blot analyses demonstrated that MNU exposure caused progressive reduction of p21 protein levels, an increase of Rb phosphorylation, activation of AKT and CDK2, and upregulation of FGF receptors.	Methylnitrosourea	40-43	cyclin dependent kinase 2	Rattus norvegicus	162-166
15240709-0	2004	Role of IFN regulatory factor-1 and IL-12 in immunological resistance to pathogenesis of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced T lymphoma.	Methylnitrosourea	89-111	interferon regulatory factor 1	Mus musculus	8-31
15234194-3	2004	In the present work, we analysed oxytocinase activity in serum of rats with breast cancer induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	101-121	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	33-44
15234194-3	2004	In the present work, we analysed oxytocinase activity in serum of rats with breast cancer induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	123-126	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	33-44
15240709-0	2004	Role of IFN regulatory factor-1 and IL-12 in immunological resistance to pathogenesis of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced T lymphoma.	Methylnitrosourea	89-111	interleukin 12B	Rattus norvegicus	36-41
15240709-4	2004	In this work, we find that IRF-1-deficient mice are highly susceptible to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced T lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	74-96	interferon regulatory factor 1	Mus musculus	27-32
15240709-4	2004	In this work, we find that IRF-1-deficient mice are highly susceptible to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced T lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	98-101	interferon regulatory factor 1	Mus musculus	27-32
15240709-6	2004	Consistently, IL-12 p35(-/-), IFN-gamma(-/-), and LTbeta(-/-) mice are also highly vulnerable to MNU-induced carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	97-100	interleukin 12a	Mus musculus	14-23
15240709-6	2004	Consistently, IL-12 p35(-/-), IFN-gamma(-/-), and LTbeta(-/-) mice are also highly vulnerable to MNU-induced carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	97-100	interferon gamma	Mus musculus	30-39
15240709-6	2004	Consistently, IL-12 p35(-/-), IFN-gamma(-/-), and LTbeta(-/-) mice are also highly vulnerable to MNU-induced carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	97-100	lymphotoxin B	Mus musculus	50-56
15240709-7	2004	Administration of rIL-12 to IRF-1(-/-) mice restores normal expression of LTbeta and IFN-gamma, and significantly enhances the ability of IRF-1(-/-) mice to resist MNU-induced pathogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	164-167	interleukin 12B	Rattus norvegicus	18-24
15240709-7	2004	Administration of rIL-12 to IRF-1(-/-) mice restores normal expression of LTbeta and IFN-gamma, and significantly enhances the ability of IRF-1(-/-) mice to resist MNU-induced pathogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	164-167	interferon regulatory factor 1	Mus musculus	138-143
15240709-9	2004	By DNA microarray analysis, we comprehensively identify differences and patterns in gene expression in splenocytes of wild-type (WT) vs IRF-1(-/-) mice challenged with MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	168-171	interferon regulatory factor 1	Mus musculus	136-141
15182428-0	2004	Beta-catenin gene alteration in glandular stomach adenocarcinomas in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated and Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils.	Methylnitrosourea	69-91	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	0-12
15182428-5	2004	One gastric cancer in the MNU + H. pylori group (2.2%) displayed nuclear (N) beta-catenin localization, 3 (6.7%) showed cytoplasmic (C) distribution in local regions, and 41 (91.1%) demonstrated cell membrane (M) localization.	Methylnitrosourea	26-29	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	77-89
15182428-6	2004	Tumors induced by MNU alone showed only membranous beta-catenin localization (7/7).	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	catenin beta 1	Homo sapiens	51-63
14999141-0	2004	Immunobiological characterization of N -nitrosomethylurea-induced rat breast carcinomas: tumoral IL-10 expression as a possible immune escape mechanism.	Methylnitrosourea	37-57	interleukin 10	Rattus norvegicus	97-102
15113128-0	2003	Reduction of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced tumor burden with DNA vaccines encoding mutated ras epitopes and the costimulatory molecule B7.1.	Methylnitrosourea	13-35	Cd80 molecule	Rattus norvegicus	136-140
15112577-2	2004	This study was carried out to examine the expression of ER alpha, ER beta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the carcinogen-induced mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and to compare these expression with those of age-matched normal mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	172-194	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	56-64
15112577-2	2004	This study was carried out to examine the expression of ER alpha, ER beta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the carcinogen-induced mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and to compare these expression with those of age-matched normal mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	172-194	estrogen receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	66-73
15112577-2	2004	This study was carried out to examine the expression of ER alpha, ER beta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the carcinogen-induced mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and to compare these expression with those of age-matched normal mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	172-194	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	78-112
15112577-2	2004	This study was carried out to examine the expression of ER alpha, ER beta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the carcinogen-induced mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and to compare these expression with those of age-matched normal mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	172-194	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	114-118
15112577-2	2004	This study was carried out to examine the expression of ER alpha, ER beta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the carcinogen-induced mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and to compare these expression with those of age-matched normal mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	196-199	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	56-64
15112577-2	2004	This study was carried out to examine the expression of ER alpha, ER beta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the carcinogen-induced mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and to compare these expression with those of age-matched normal mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	196-199	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	78-112
15112577-2	2004	This study was carried out to examine the expression of ER alpha, ER beta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the carcinogen-induced mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and to compare these expression with those of age-matched normal mammary glands.	Methylnitrosourea	196-199	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	114-118
15112577-6	2004	There was a complete loss of ER beta expression in 50% (7/14) of MNU-induced mammary gland tumors, and 68.2% (15/22) of DMBA-induced mammary gland tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	estrogen receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus	29-36
15217511-9	2004	At the time of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea exposure, DNA content was lowest but the alpha-lactalbumin concentration highest in the mammary glands of untreated parous rats in comparison with age-matched virgin and IGF-I-treated parous rats.	Methylnitrosourea	15-37	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	79-96
15217511-9	2004	At the time of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea exposure, DNA content was lowest but the alpha-lactalbumin concentration highest in the mammary glands of untreated parous rats in comparison with age-matched virgin and IGF-I-treated parous rats.	Methylnitrosourea	15-37	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	208-213
14643442-2	2003	In this study, tumour suppressive effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) rofecoxib in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated.	Methylnitrosourea	126-148	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	70-86
14643442-2	2003	In this study, tumour suppressive effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) rofecoxib in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated.	Methylnitrosourea	126-148	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	88-93
14643442-2	2003	In this study, tumour suppressive effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) rofecoxib in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated.	Methylnitrosourea	150-153	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	70-86
14643442-2	2003	In this study, tumour suppressive effects of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) rofecoxib in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated.	Methylnitrosourea	150-153	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	88-93
14712205-2	2004	MGMT removes mutagenic and cytotoxic adducts from O(6)-guanine in DNA, the preferred point of attack of many carcinogens (i.e. methylnitrosourea) and alkylating chemotherapeutic agents (i.e. BCNU, temozolamide, etc.).	Methylnitrosourea	127-144	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-4
14612493-6	2003	Finally, G5 Terc(-/-) hypersensitivity to MNU supports the notion that short telomeres interfere with proper DNA damage repair.	Methylnitrosourea	42-45	telomerase RNA component	Mus musculus	12-16
13679151-2	2003	Mgmt(-/-) cells are hypersensitive to the killing effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and this effect of MNU was overcome by introducing an additional mutation in the Mlh1 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	60-82	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
13679151-2	2003	Mgmt(-/-) cells are hypersensitive to the killing effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and this effect of MNU was overcome by introducing an additional mutation in the Mlh1 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	60-82	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	170-174
13679151-2	2003	Mgmt(-/-) cells are hypersensitive to the killing effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and this effect of MNU was overcome by introducing an additional mutation in the Mlh1 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
13679151-2	2003	Mgmt(-/-) cells are hypersensitive to the killing effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and this effect of MNU was overcome by introducing an additional mutation in the Mlh1 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	170-174
13679151-2	2003	Mgmt(-/-) cells are hypersensitive to the killing effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and this effect of MNU was overcome by introducing an additional mutation in the Mlh1 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	108-111	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
13679151-2	2003	Mgmt(-/-) cells are hypersensitive to the killing effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and this effect of MNU was overcome by introducing an additional mutation in the Mlh1 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	108-111	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	170-174
13679151-3	2003	Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(-/-) cells are more resistant to MNU than are wild-type cells.	Methylnitrosourea	47-50	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
13679151-3	2003	Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(-/-) cells are more resistant to MNU than are wild-type cells.	Methylnitrosourea	47-50	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	9-13
13679151-4	2003	When the human Mgmt cDNA sequence with a strong promoter was introduced, the wild-type cells acquired the same high level of resistance to MNU as that of Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(-/-) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	139-142	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	15-19
13679151-7	2003	This haploinsufficient character of Mlh1 mutation was also observed in cell survival assays; Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(+/-) cells were as resistant to MNU as were Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(-/-) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	139-142	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	36-40
13679151-8	2003	While caspase-3 was induced in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(+/+) cells after treatment with MNU, no induction occurred in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(+/-) cells or in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(-/-) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	77-80	caspase 3	Mus musculus	6-15
13679151-8	2003	While caspase-3 was induced in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(+/+) cells after treatment with MNU, no induction occurred in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(+/-) cells or in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(-/-) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	77-80	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	31-35
13679151-8	2003	While caspase-3 was induced in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(+/+) cells after treatment with MNU, no induction occurred in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(+/-) cells or in Mgmt(-/-)Mlh1(-/-) cells.	Methylnitrosourea	77-80	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	40-44
12767522-6	2003	These results suggest that mutations in the beta-catenin gene are less contributory to the development of rat gastric carcinomas induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	140-143	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	44-56
12967659-3	2003	We demonstrate significant differences between Msh2, Mlh1 and Pms2 mutations in influencing apoptotic signalling following 50mg/kg N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMNU), with no obvious reliance upon either Mlh1 or Pms2.	Methylnitrosourea	131-151	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	47-51
12967659-3	2003	We demonstrate significant differences between Msh2, Mlh1 and Pms2 mutations in influencing apoptotic signalling following 50mg/kg N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMNU), with no obvious reliance upon either Mlh1 or Pms2.	Methylnitrosourea	131-151	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	53-57
12967659-3	2003	We demonstrate significant differences between Msh2, Mlh1 and Pms2 mutations in influencing apoptotic signalling following 50mg/kg N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMNU), with no obvious reliance upon either Mlh1 or Pms2.	Methylnitrosourea	131-151	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	62-66
12902196-0	2003	Evaluation of nonthreshold leukemogenic response to methyl nitrosourea in p53-deficient C3H/He mice.	Methylnitrosourea	52-70	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	74-77
12773700-0	2003	Zinc accumulation in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumors is accompanied by an altered expression of ZnT-1 and metallothionein.	Methylnitrosourea	21-43	solute carrier family 30 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	114-139
12773700-11	2003	Collectively, our observations showed that zinc is accumulated in MNU-induced rat mammary tumors and this accumulation is accompanied by an altered expression of ZnT-1 and metallothionein, suggesting that zinc homeostasis might be altered in MNU-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	242-245	solute carrier family 30 member 1	Rattus norvegicus	162-167
12538359-7	2003	A substantial fraction (40%) of MNU-induced Aprt mutants had lost the wild-type Aprt allele, but had retained heterozygosity at all polymorphic markers tested at chromosome 8 indicating an important role for deletions in LOH formation by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	32-35	adenine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	44-48
12766084-1	2003	PURPOSE: To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of adenoassociated virus delivery of XIAP in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration in Sprague-Dawley rats.	Methylnitrosourea	94-116	X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis	Rattus norvegicus	86-90
12766084-1	2003	PURPOSE: To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of adenoassociated virus delivery of XIAP in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration in Sprague-Dawley rats.	Methylnitrosourea	118-121	X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis	Rattus norvegicus	86-90
12766084-10	2003	At 24 hours after MNU injection, fewer cells had undergone apoptosis in the XIAP-treated eyes in comparison with GFP-injected or uninjected eyes.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis	Rattus norvegicus	76-80
12766084-12	2003	ERGs showed functional protection up to 1 week after MNU injection in the AAV-XIAP-injected eye, whereas no response was observed in the control eye.	Methylnitrosourea	53-56	X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis	Rattus norvegicus	78-82
15180289-0	2003	XIAP protects photoreceptors from n-methyl-n-nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	34-56	X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis	Homo sapiens	0-4
12663516-0	2003	DNA repair protein MGMT protects against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced conversion of benign into malignant tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	41-63	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	19-23
12663516-2	2003	Previously, we showed that overexpression in skin of mice of the DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protects against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced tumor initiation without affecting tumor promotion.	Methylnitrosourea	149-171	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	84-124
12663516-2	2003	Previously, we showed that overexpression in skin of mice of the DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protects against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced tumor initiation without affecting tumor promotion.	Methylnitrosourea	149-171	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	126-130
12663516-2	2003	Previously, we showed that overexpression in skin of mice of the DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protects against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced tumor initiation without affecting tumor promotion.	Methylnitrosourea	173-176	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	84-124
12663516-2	2003	Previously, we showed that overexpression in skin of mice of the DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protects against N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced tumor initiation without affecting tumor promotion.	Methylnitrosourea	173-176	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	126-130
12538359-7	2003	A substantial fraction (40%) of MNU-induced Aprt mutants had lost the wild-type Aprt allele, but had retained heterozygosity at all polymorphic markers tested at chromosome 8 indicating an important role for deletions in LOH formation by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	32-35	adenine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	80-84
12538359-7	2003	A substantial fraction (40%) of MNU-induced Aprt mutants had lost the wild-type Aprt allele, but had retained heterozygosity at all polymorphic markers tested at chromosome 8 indicating an important role for deletions in LOH formation by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	238-241	adenine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	44-48
12483526-0	2002	Lung tumorigenesis associated with erb-B-2 and erb-B-3 overexpression in human erb-B-3 transgenic mice is enhanced by methylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	118-135	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	47-54
12693035-7	2003	O6-methylguanine (O6-mG) is widely considered to be the critical toxic lesion induced by methylating agents, including AMMN, NMUR, and MNU, which form DNA adducts through SN1 reactions.	Methylnitrosourea	135-138	solute carrier family 38, member 3	Rattus norvegicus	171-174
12483526-0	2002	Lung tumorigenesis associated with erb-B-2 and erb-B-3 overexpression in human erb-B-3 transgenic mice is enhanced by methylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	118-135	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Homo sapiens	79-86
12483526-5	2002	Lung tumor latency was shorter and the incidence higher in erb-B-3 transgenic mice treated with the methylating agent, methylnitrosourea [MNU].	Methylnitrosourea	119-136	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Mus musculus	59-66
12483526-5	2002	Lung tumor latency was shorter and the incidence higher in erb-B-3 transgenic mice treated with the methylating agent, methylnitrosourea [MNU].	Methylnitrosourea	138-141	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Mus musculus	59-66
12483526-6	2002	In MNU treated mice, K-ras activating point mutations in codon 12, synergized with h-erb-B-3 in lung tumorogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	3-6	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	21-26
12483526-6	2002	In MNU treated mice, K-ras activating point mutations in codon 12, synergized with h-erb-B-3 in lung tumorogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	3-6	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3	Mus musculus	85-92
11948190-7	2002	Following treatment by the alkylating agent N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), PARP-2-deficient cells displayed an important delay in DNA strand breaks resealing, similar to that observed in PARP-1 deficient cells, thus confirming that PARP-2 is also an active player in base excision repair despite its low capacity to synthesize ADP-ribose polymers.	Methylnitrosourea	44-66	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 2	Mus musculus	74-80
12213286-5	2002	Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was administered in a sustained releasing formula to pubescent female COP rats 2 weeks after N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	135-157	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
12213286-5	2002	Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was administered in a sustained releasing formula to pubescent female COP rats 2 weeks after N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	159-162	vascular endothelial growth factor A	Rattus norvegicus	0-34
12378524-10	2002	Instability index values ranged between 0 and 9%, the highest levels observed in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced thymic lymphomas generated in Trp53 (p53) nullizygote (-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	81-103	transformation related protein 53	Mus musculus	142-147
12378524-10	2002	Instability index values ranged between 0 and 9%, the highest levels observed in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced thymic lymphomas generated in Trp53 (p53) nullizygote (-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	81-103	transformation related protein 53	Mus musculus	144-147
12630556-0	2002	Variable E-cadherin expression in a MNU-induced colon tumor model in rats which exposed with 50 Hz frequency sinusoidal magnetic field.	Methylnitrosourea	36-39	cadherin 1	Rattus norvegicus	9-19
12447699-2	2002	Here we report that in three of four cell lines derived from N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse glandular stomach carcinomas, Runx3 is silenced due to hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter region, as we also observed for human gastric cancer cells.	Methylnitrosourea	61-83	runt related transcription factor 3	Mus musculus	128-133
12149264-2	2002	In addition, we demonstrated that high level cyclin E expression potentiates the development of methyl-nitroso-urea-induced T-cell lymphomas in mice.	Methylnitrosourea	96-115	cyclin E1	Rattus norvegicus	45-53
12096346-2	2002	Treatment of wild-type, Smad4(+/-), Apc(Min/+) or Apc(Min/+)Smad4(+/-) mice with N-Nitroso-N-Methyl Urea (NMU) results in abnormal foci in pancreatic acinar cells characterized by increased levels of beta-catenin.	Methylnitrosourea	81-104	SMAD family member 4	Mus musculus	24-29
12096346-2	2002	Treatment of wild-type, Smad4(+/-), Apc(Min/+) or Apc(Min/+)Smad4(+/-) mice with N-Nitroso-N-Methyl Urea (NMU) results in abnormal foci in pancreatic acinar cells characterized by increased levels of beta-catenin.	Methylnitrosourea	81-104	APC, WNT signaling pathway regulator	Mus musculus	36-39
12096346-2	2002	Treatment of wild-type, Smad4(+/-), Apc(Min/+) or Apc(Min/+)Smad4(+/-) mice with N-Nitroso-N-Methyl Urea (NMU) results in abnormal foci in pancreatic acinar cells characterized by increased levels of beta-catenin.	Methylnitrosourea	81-104	APC, WNT signaling pathway regulator	Mus musculus	50-53
12096346-2	2002	Treatment of wild-type, Smad4(+/-), Apc(Min/+) or Apc(Min/+)Smad4(+/-) mice with N-Nitroso-N-Methyl Urea (NMU) results in abnormal foci in pancreatic acinar cells characterized by increased levels of beta-catenin.	Methylnitrosourea	81-104	SMAD family member 4	Mus musculus	60-65
12096346-2	2002	Treatment of wild-type, Smad4(+/-), Apc(Min/+) or Apc(Min/+)Smad4(+/-) mice with N-Nitroso-N-Methyl Urea (NMU) results in abnormal foci in pancreatic acinar cells characterized by increased levels of beta-catenin.	Methylnitrosourea	81-104	catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1	Mus musculus	200-212
12096346-4	2002	Interestingly, only NMU-treated Apc(Min/+)Smad4(+/-) mice exhibit a significant increase in abnormal pancreas, which was found to be due to increased number of abnormal foci rather than increased focus size.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway	Homo sapiens	32-35
12096346-4	2002	Interestingly, only NMU-treated Apc(Min/+)Smad4(+/-) mice exhibit a significant increase in abnormal pancreas, which was found to be due to increased number of abnormal foci rather than increased focus size.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	SMAD family member 4	Mus musculus	42-47
11948190-7	2002	Following treatment by the alkylating agent N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), PARP-2-deficient cells displayed an important delay in DNA strand breaks resealing, similar to that observed in PARP-1 deficient cells, thus confirming that PARP-2 is also an active player in base excision repair despite its low capacity to synthesize ADP-ribose polymers.	Methylnitrosourea	44-66	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 2	Mus musculus	231-237
11948190-7	2002	Following treatment by the alkylating agent N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), PARP-2-deficient cells displayed an important delay in DNA strand breaks resealing, similar to that observed in PARP-1 deficient cells, thus confirming that PARP-2 is also an active player in base excision repair despite its low capacity to synthesize ADP-ribose polymers.	Methylnitrosourea	68-71	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 2	Mus musculus	74-80
11948190-7	2002	Following treatment by the alkylating agent N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), PARP-2-deficient cells displayed an important delay in DNA strand breaks resealing, similar to that observed in PARP-1 deficient cells, thus confirming that PARP-2 is also an active player in base excision repair despite its low capacity to synthesize ADP-ribose polymers.	Methylnitrosourea	68-71	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 2	Mus musculus	231-237
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	134-138
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	177-181
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	177-181
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	177-181
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 2	Arabidopsis thaliana	177-181
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	221-225
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	254-258
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	268-272
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	268-272
12068109-2	2002	All of the ethyl methane sulfonate- or nitrosomethylurea-generated mutants are missense mutations, as determined by sequencing of the ASP2 gene from the cytosolic aat2 mutants (aat2-1, aat2-2, aat2-4, and aat2-5) and the ASP5 gene from the chloroplastic aat3 mutants (aat3-1, aat3-2, and aat3-4).	Methylnitrosourea	39-56	aspartate aminotransferase 5	Arabidopsis thaliana	268-272
11850828-6	2002	On the other hand, treatment with the single alkylating agent 2"-methyl-2"-nitrose-urea (MNU), resulted in the rapid and sustained accumulation and activation of p53 in parp-1-deficient cells, while very little accumulation was observed in parp-1 +/+ cells.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	162-165
11850828-6	2002	On the other hand, treatment with the single alkylating agent 2"-methyl-2"-nitrose-urea (MNU), resulted in the rapid and sustained accumulation and activation of p53 in parp-1-deficient cells, while very little accumulation was observed in parp-1 +/+ cells.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	169-175
11850828-6	2002	On the other hand, treatment with the single alkylating agent 2"-methyl-2"-nitrose-urea (MNU), resulted in the rapid and sustained accumulation and activation of p53 in parp-1-deficient cells, while very little accumulation was observed in parp-1 +/+ cells.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	240-246
11850828-9	2002	Altogether, these results suggest that PARP-1 participates in the p53 response following irradiation, resides upstream of p53 and indirectly modulates the level of phosphorylation of key substrates in this pathway while treatment with MNU results in an enhanced p53-mediated response in parp-1-null cells.	Methylnitrosourea	235-238	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	39-45
11850828-9	2002	Altogether, these results suggest that PARP-1 participates in the p53 response following irradiation, resides upstream of p53 and indirectly modulates the level of phosphorylation of key substrates in this pathway while treatment with MNU results in an enhanced p53-mediated response in parp-1-null cells.	Methylnitrosourea	235-238	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	66-69
11850828-9	2002	Altogether, these results suggest that PARP-1 participates in the p53 response following irradiation, resides upstream of p53 and indirectly modulates the level of phosphorylation of key substrates in this pathway while treatment with MNU results in an enhanced p53-mediated response in parp-1-null cells.	Methylnitrosourea	235-238	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	122-125
11850828-9	2002	Altogether, these results suggest that PARP-1 participates in the p53 response following irradiation, resides upstream of p53 and indirectly modulates the level of phosphorylation of key substrates in this pathway while treatment with MNU results in an enhanced p53-mediated response in parp-1-null cells.	Methylnitrosourea	235-238	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	122-125
11850828-9	2002	Altogether, these results suggest that PARP-1 participates in the p53 response following irradiation, resides upstream of p53 and indirectly modulates the level of phosphorylation of key substrates in this pathway while treatment with MNU results in an enhanced p53-mediated response in parp-1-null cells.	Methylnitrosourea	235-238	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	287-293
11813303-0	2002	Tlag2, an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea susceptibility locus, maps to mouse chromosome 4.	Methylnitrosourea	10-32	T lymphoma attenuation gene 2	Mus musculus	0-5
11506814-2	2001	Some oriental herbal medicines like Glycyrrhizae radix or Juzen-taiho-to were found to suppress estradiol-17 beta (E2)-induced expression of c-fos/jun in uterine corpus and inhibited N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and E2-induced endometrial carcinogenesis in mice.	Methylnitrosourea	183-205	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	141-146
11813303-5	2002	Only those mice that inherited the susceptibility alleles at both Tlag1 and Tlag2 were sensitive to MNU induction of thymic lymphomas, suggesting that these two loci interact.	Methylnitrosourea	100-103	T lymphoma attenuation gene 1	Mus musculus	66-71
11813303-5	2002	Only those mice that inherited the susceptibility alleles at both Tlag1 and Tlag2 were sensitive to MNU induction of thymic lymphomas, suggesting that these two loci interact.	Methylnitrosourea	100-103	T lymphoma attenuation gene 2	Mus musculus	76-81
11803473-5	2002	Furthermore, mice that are homozygous or heterozygous for the hypomorphic eed allele have an increased incidence and decreased latency of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced thymic lymphoma compared to wild-type littermates.	Methylnitrosourea	138-160	embryonic ectoderm development	Mus musculus	74-77
11804181-0	2001	Effect of the aromatase inhibitor vorozole on estrogen and progesterone receptor content of rat mammary carcinomas induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	126-148	progesterone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	59-80
11593408-0	2001	MMTV promoter hypomethylation is linked to spontaneous and MNU associated c-neu expression and mammary carcinogenesis in MMTV c-neu transgenic mice.	Methylnitrosourea	59-62	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Mus musculus	74-79
11813303-3	2002	Analysis of the MNU sensitivity of AKXL recombinant inbred strains that are homozygous for the AKR allele of Tlag1 suggested that at least two additional tumor susceptibility loci segregate in these crosses.	Methylnitrosourea	16-19	T lymphoma attenuation gene 1	Mus musculus	109-114
11526439-5	2001	Here we show that N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun, the other main partner of c-Fos in induced AP-1 complexes is not required for programmed cell death during retinal development in vivo and is also dispensable for photoreceptor apoptosis induced by the exogenous stimuli "excessive light" and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	297-319	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	48-53
11536039-4	2001	MNU increased the incidence of thymic lymphomas in non-transgenic p53+/- mice from 23% (n=13) to 68% (n=22) and decreased the mean latency from 433 to 106 days (P=0.01 compared to untreated mice).	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	66-69
11526439-5	2001	Here we show that N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun, the other main partner of c-Fos in induced AP-1 complexes is not required for programmed cell death during retinal development in vivo and is also dispensable for photoreceptor apoptosis induced by the exogenous stimuli "excessive light" and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	297-319	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	81-86
11526439-5	2001	Here we show that N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun, the other main partner of c-Fos in induced AP-1 complexes is not required for programmed cell death during retinal development in vivo and is also dispensable for photoreceptor apoptosis induced by the exogenous stimuli "excessive light" and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	297-319	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	98-102
11526439-5	2001	Here we show that N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun, the other main partner of c-Fos in induced AP-1 complexes is not required for programmed cell death during retinal development in vivo and is also dispensable for photoreceptor apoptosis induced by the exogenous stimuli "excessive light" and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	321-324	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	48-53
11526439-5	2001	Here we show that N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun, the other main partner of c-Fos in induced AP-1 complexes is not required for programmed cell death during retinal development in vivo and is also dispensable for photoreceptor apoptosis induced by the exogenous stimuli "excessive light" and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	321-324	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	81-86
11526439-5	2001	Here we show that N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun, the other main partner of c-Fos in induced AP-1 complexes is not required for programmed cell death during retinal development in vivo and is also dispensable for photoreceptor apoptosis induced by the exogenous stimuli "excessive light" and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	321-324	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	98-102
11526439-7	2001	Accordingly, Jun kinase, responsible for phosphorylation of wild-type c-Jun protein is at best only marginally induced by the apoptotic stimuli "light" and MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	156-159	mitogen-activated protein kinase 9	Mus musculus	13-23
11526439-7	2001	Accordingly, Jun kinase, responsible for phosphorylation of wild-type c-Jun protein is at best only marginally induced by the apoptotic stimuli "light" and MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	156-159	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	70-75
11296486-11	2001	The presumed undifferentiated glial progenitor cells in culture from either control or MNU-treated rats variably expressed markers such as vimentin, nestin, and NG2 proteoglycan, and they weakly expressed the mature astrocytic or oligodendroglial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein or galactocerbroside, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4	Rattus norvegicus	161-164
11489489-6	2001	This study aims to begin to address this issue and to test the targeting ability of VIP-SSL to n-methyl nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat breast cancer in vitro.	Methylnitrosourea	117-120	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Rattus norvegicus	84-87
11489489-8	2001	Next, DSPE-PEG(3400)-VIP was inserted into preformed fluorescent cholesterol (BODIPY-Chol) labeled SSL by incubation at 37 degrees C. To test breast cancer targeting ability in vitro, these VIP-SSL were subsequently incubated with MNU-induced rat breast cancer tissue sections.	Methylnitrosourea	231-234	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
11078912-5	2000	Only flaxseed significantly reduced plasma IGF-I concentrations in MNU-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	insulin-like growth factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	43-48
11182032-1	2001	Level of human prototype H-ras transgene expression in tumors induced by chemical carcinogens (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea) was analyzed in human H-ras transgenic mice (CB6F1-TgrasH2 Jic mice).	Methylnitrosourea	121-143	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	25-30
11276365-2	2001	Mice that lack AGT in all organs, O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene knockout (MGMT(-/-)) mice are extremely hypersensitive to the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and exhibit a 10-fold reduction in the LD(90).	Methylnitrosourea	160-182	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	34-74
11276365-2	2001	Mice that lack AGT in all organs, O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene knockout (MGMT(-/-)) mice are extremely hypersensitive to the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and exhibit a 10-fold reduction in the LD(90).	Methylnitrosourea	160-182	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	90-94
11276365-2	2001	Mice that lack AGT in all organs, O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene knockout (MGMT(-/-)) mice are extremely hypersensitive to the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and exhibit a 10-fold reduction in the LD(90).	Methylnitrosourea	184-187	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	34-74
11276365-2	2001	Mice that lack AGT in all organs, O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene knockout (MGMT(-/-)) mice are extremely hypersensitive to the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and exhibit a 10-fold reduction in the LD(90).	Methylnitrosourea	184-187	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	90-94
11276365-4	2001	Lethally irradiated MGMT(-/-) mice given > or = 25 mg/kg MNU 3 weeks after transplant of wild-type cells survived > 30 days (n = 11), whereas this dose was lethal to control MGMT(-/-) mice 9-12 days post treatment (n = 5).	Methylnitrosourea	60-63	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	20-24
11276365-4	2001	Lethally irradiated MGMT(-/-) mice given > or = 25 mg/kg MNU 3 weeks after transplant of wild-type cells survived > 30 days (n = 11), whereas this dose was lethal to control MGMT(-/-) mice 9-12 days post treatment (n = 5).	Methylnitrosourea	60-63	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	180-184
11276365-7	2001	Additionally, in an in vivo post transplant competition model, wild-type long-term repopulating cells had a > 200-fold competitive survival advantage over MGMT(-/-) cells, and after MNU treatment completely repopulated the mouse when transplanted at only one-tenth the cell number.	Methylnitrosourea	185-188	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	158-162
11095915-9	2000	The use of a caspase-3 inhibitor was effective in the suppression of MNU-induced retinal apoptosis and may be a therapeutic intervention in human retinitis pigmentosa.	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	caspase 3	Homo sapiens	13-22
11195457-7	2000	We found that mice with the p53 mutation, on an A/J F1 background, were more susceptible to a number of potential lung carcinogens, including N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and the known tobacco carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and benzo(a)pyrene (BP).	Methylnitrosourea	142-164	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	28-31
11245339-0	2001	Detection of VIP receptors in MNU-induced breast cancer in rats: implications for breast cancer targeting.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	vasoactive intestinal peptide	Rattus norvegicus	13-16
11245339-4	2001	Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of VIP-R in MNU-induced breast cancer in rats so that this model can be used to perform studies involving VIP-R.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	72-77
11245339-12	2001	These data suggest that, as in human breast cancer, VIP-R, predominantly of type VPAC1, are overexpressed in MNU-induced rat breast cancer tissue as compared to the normal rat breast tissue.	Methylnitrosourea	109-112	vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	52-57
11245339-12	2001	These data suggest that, as in human breast cancer, VIP-R, predominantly of type VPAC1, are overexpressed in MNU-induced rat breast cancer tissue as compared to the normal rat breast tissue.	Methylnitrosourea	109-112	vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	81-86
11245339-13	2001	Thus, MNU-induced rat breast cancer model can be used as a tool to study the functional role of VIP-R in human mammary carcinogenesis and VIP-R mediated active breast cancer targeting.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	96-101
11245339-13	2001	Thus, MNU-induced rat breast cancer model can be used as a tool to study the functional role of VIP-R in human mammary carcinogenesis and VIP-R mediated active breast cancer targeting.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1	Homo sapiens	138-143
11195457-7	2000	We found that mice with the p53 mutation, on an A/J F1 background, were more susceptible to a number of potential lung carcinogens, including N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and the known tobacco carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and benzo(a)pyrene (BP).	Methylnitrosourea	166-169	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	28-31
11078877-5	2000	An anomalous approximately 31 kDa beta-dystroglycan band was also observed in N-methyl-N-nitrosurea-induced primary rat mammary tumours.	Methylnitrosourea	78-99	dystroglycan 1	Rattus norvegicus	34-51
10954713-2	2000	Here, we show that treatment of cells specifically with agents inducing O(6)-methylguanine in DNA, such as N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, elevates the level of MSH2 and MSH6 and increases GT mismatch binding activity in the nucleus.	Methylnitrosourea	148-170	mutS homolog 2	Homo sapiens	194-198
10954713-2	2000	Here, we show that treatment of cells specifically with agents inducing O(6)-methylguanine in DNA, such as N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, elevates the level of MSH2 and MSH6 and increases GT mismatch binding activity in the nucleus.	Methylnitrosourea	148-170	mutS homolog 6	Homo sapiens	203-207
11044352-0	2000	Evidence for Msh2 haploinsufficiency in mice revealed by MNU-induced sister-chromatid exchange analysis.	Methylnitrosourea	57-60	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	13-17
11044352-3	2000	By contrast, the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by methyl nitrosourea (MNU) was reduced in Msh2(-/-)and Msh2(+/-)cells to approximately 20% and approximately 45% wild-type levels respectively indicating a phenotypic effect of haploinsufficiency of the mouse Msh2 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	67-85	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	107-111
11044352-3	2000	By contrast, the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by methyl nitrosourea (MNU) was reduced in Msh2(-/-)and Msh2(+/-)cells to approximately 20% and approximately 45% wild-type levels respectively indicating a phenotypic effect of haploinsufficiency of the mouse Msh2 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	67-85	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	120-124
11044352-3	2000	By contrast, the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by methyl nitrosourea (MNU) was reduced in Msh2(-/-)and Msh2(+/-)cells to approximately 20% and approximately 45% wild-type levels respectively indicating a phenotypic effect of haploinsufficiency of the mouse Msh2 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	67-85	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	120-124
11044352-3	2000	By contrast, the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by methyl nitrosourea (MNU) was reduced in Msh2(-/-)and Msh2(+/-)cells to approximately 20% and approximately 45% wild-type levels respectively indicating a phenotypic effect of haploinsufficiency of the mouse Msh2 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	107-111
11044352-3	2000	By contrast, the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by methyl nitrosourea (MNU) was reduced in Msh2(-/-)and Msh2(+/-)cells to approximately 20% and approximately 45% wild-type levels respectively indicating a phenotypic effect of haploinsufficiency of the mouse Msh2 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	120-124
11044352-3	2000	By contrast, the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by methyl nitrosourea (MNU) was reduced in Msh2(-/-)and Msh2(+/-)cells to approximately 20% and approximately 45% wild-type levels respectively indicating a phenotypic effect of haploinsufficiency of the mouse Msh2 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	120-124
11023548-0	2000	p53 knockout mice (-/-) are more susceptible than (+/-) or (+/+) mice to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea stomach carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	73-95	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	0-3
10960769-2	2000	Methylation of the c-jun and c-myc genes, expression of both genes and DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) activity were determined in liver tumors initiated by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and promoted by DCA and TCA in female B6C3F1 mice.	Methylnitrosourea	159-181	DNA methyltransferase (cytosine-5) 1	Mus musculus	98-103
11023548-14	2000	MNU-treated p53 (+/+) and (+/-) mice and 14 and 18 120 p.p.m.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	12-15
11023548-15	2000	MNU-treated p53 (+/+) and (+/-) mice demonstrated no mutations.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	12-15
11023548-16	2000	These results suggest that p53 may not be a direct target of MNU but rather play an important role as a gatekeeper in mouse stomach carcinogenesis induced by this direct acting agent.	Methylnitrosourea	61-64	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	27-30
11042038-17	2000	Since formation of H(2)O(2) is most likely a result of an interaction with hemoglobin, differences in kinetics of methemoglobin formation can be an explanation for the fact that NMH and NODMH did not produce H(2)O(2) to a detectable level.	Methylnitrosourea	178-181	hemoglobin subunit gamma 2	Homo sapiens	114-127
10930042-6	2000	In the apoptosis cascade, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, and increased CPP32 protease (caspase-3) activity were seen 12 hours after MNU dosing.	Methylnitrosourea	147-150	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	42-45
10930042-6	2000	In the apoptosis cascade, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, and increased CPP32 protease (caspase-3) activity were seen 12 hours after MNU dosing.	Methylnitrosourea	147-150	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	65-70
10930042-6	2000	In the apoptosis cascade, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, and increased CPP32 protease (caspase-3) activity were seen 12 hours after MNU dosing.	Methylnitrosourea	147-150	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	86-91
10930042-6	2000	In the apoptosis cascade, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, and increased CPP32 protease (caspase-3) activity were seen 12 hours after MNU dosing.	Methylnitrosourea	147-150	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	102-111
10930042-7	2000	Therefore, the pathogenesis of MNU-induced cataract was associated with DNA adduct formation in the lens epithelial cell nuclei leading to apoptosis by upregulation of Bax protein, downmodulation of Bcl-2 protein, and activation of caspase-3.	Methylnitrosourea	31-34	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	168-171
10930042-7	2000	Therefore, the pathogenesis of MNU-induced cataract was associated with DNA adduct formation in the lens epithelial cell nuclei leading to apoptosis by upregulation of Bax protein, downmodulation of Bcl-2 protein, and activation of caspase-3.	Methylnitrosourea	31-34	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	199-204
10930042-7	2000	Therefore, the pathogenesis of MNU-induced cataract was associated with DNA adduct formation in the lens epithelial cell nuclei leading to apoptosis by upregulation of Bax protein, downmodulation of Bcl-2 protein, and activation of caspase-3.	Methylnitrosourea	31-34	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	232-241
10866320-2	2000	Variants of RajiMex- cells acquired resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea by either reactivating a previously silent O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene or by repressing the hMSH6 mismatch repair gene.	Methylnitrosourea	50-72	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	116-154
10866320-2	2000	Variants of RajiMex- cells acquired resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea by either reactivating a previously silent O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene or by repressing the hMSH6 mismatch repair gene.	Methylnitrosourea	50-72	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	156-160
10866320-2	2000	Variants of RajiMex- cells acquired resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea by either reactivating a previously silent O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene or by repressing the hMSH6 mismatch repair gene.	Methylnitrosourea	50-72	mutS homolog 6	Homo sapiens	188-193
10866320-5	2000	In contrast, both hMSH6 mRNA and protein levels were increased by 5-azadeoxycytidine treatment of an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-resistant variant that did not express detectable hMSH6, which implies that this gene was transcriptionally silenced by cytosine methylation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-123	mutS homolog 6	Homo sapiens	18-23
11095915-0	2000	Caspase-3 inhibitor rescues N -methyl- N -nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration in Sprague-Dawley rats.	Methylnitrosourea	28-53	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	0-9
11095915-1	2000	The effect of a caspase-3 inhibitor on N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration was investigated.	Methylnitrosourea	39-64	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	16-25
11095915-1	2000	The effect of a caspase-3 inhibitor on N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration was investigated.	Methylnitrosourea	66-69	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	16-25
10737714-1	2000	MAT1 is a novel transforming gene which was cloned from a mouse mammary tumor induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in vitro in the presence of lithium as a mitogen.	Methylnitrosourea	89-111	proliferation and apoptosis adaptor protein 15A	Mus musculus	0-4
10900466-0	2000	Effect of intragastric application of N-methylnitrosourea in p53 knockout mice.	Methylnitrosourea	38-57	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	61-64
10900466-5	2000	All eight p53(-/-) mice treated with MNU developed malignant lymphomas with a shorter latent period (mean age = 16.4+/-0.5 wk) than their spontaneous tumors (61%, at age 23.3+/-1.4 wk).	Methylnitrosourea	37-40	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	10-13
10900466-6	2000	In p53(+/-) mice treated with MNU, malignant lymphomas developed at a higher frequency (eight of 27, 30%) than did spontaneous lymphomas (5%).	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	3-6
10900466-7	2000	Development of sarcomas in p53(-/-) and p53(+/-) mice was also significantly enhanced by treatment with MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	104-107	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	27-30
10900466-7	2000	Development of sarcomas in p53(-/-) and p53(+/-) mice was also significantly enhanced by treatment with MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	104-107	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	40-43
10900466-9	2000	These results indicate that intragastric MNU treatment significantly enhanced spontaneous development of malignant lymphomas and sarcomas in both p53(-/-) and p53(+/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	41-44	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	146-149
10900466-9	2000	These results indicate that intragastric MNU treatment significantly enhanced spontaneous development of malignant lymphomas and sarcomas in both p53(-/-) and p53(+/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	41-44	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	159-162
10900466-14	2000	004), suggesting a slightly higher susceptibility to gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNU in p53(+/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	94-97
10753224-0	2000	Heterozygous DNA mismatch repair gene PMS2-knockout mice are susceptible to intestinal tumor induction with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	108-130	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	38-42
10753224-1	2000	PMS2-deficient (PMS2(-/-)) mice are hypersensitive to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced thymic lymphomas based on the failure to initiate mismatch repair (MMR) at O(6)-methylguanine:T mismatches formed after MNU exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	54-76	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	0-4
10753224-1	2000	PMS2-deficient (PMS2(-/-)) mice are hypersensitive to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced thymic lymphomas based on the failure to initiate mismatch repair (MMR) at O(6)-methylguanine:T mismatches formed after MNU exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	0-4
10753224-1	2000	PMS2-deficient (PMS2(-/-)) mice are hypersensitive to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced thymic lymphomas based on the failure to initiate mismatch repair (MMR) at O(6)-methylguanine:T mismatches formed after MNU exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	211-214	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	0-4
10753224-8	2000	Surprisingly, PMS2(+/-) mice were significantly more likely to develop intestinal tumors-both adenomas and adenocarcinomas-after MNU than were PMS2(+/+) mice (2.34 +/- 0.34 tumors per mouse versus 1.34 +/- 0.25 tumors per mouse; P < 0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	129-132	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	14-18
10700461-9	2000	The finding that Bcl-2 is expressed at high levels in spontaneous and MNU-induced lymphomas suggests that preneoplastic thymocytes may be resistant to SAG-induced clonal deletion.	Methylnitrosourea	70-73	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	17-22
10767621-11	2000	Accordingly, G:C-->A:T transitions resulting from the misreplication of an O(6)-methylated guanine at the second position of codon 12 (GGA) of H-ras represent a frequent "signature" mutation in rat mammary adenocarcinomas that develop after exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	256-278	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	146-151
10792780-4	2000	MNU effectively induced hair follicular cell apoptosis at the anagen stage by up-regulation of Bax protein without down-modulation of Bcl-2 protein.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	95-98
10657972-4	2000	Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/-) mice, with about half the amount of MLH1 protein as Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/+) mice, were resistant to the killing action of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), up to the level of 30 mg/kg body wt.	Methylnitrosourea	138-160	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
10657972-5	2000	Eight weeks after exposure to this dose of MNU, 40% of MNU-treated Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/-) mice had thymic lymphomas and there were no tumors in those mice not given the treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	55-58	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	67-71
10657972-5	2000	Eight weeks after exposure to this dose of MNU, 40% of MNU-treated Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/-) mice had thymic lymphomas and there were no tumors in those mice not given the treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	55-58	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	77-81
12716304-4	2000	In Experiment 1, the incidences of hyperplasias in the glandular stomach observed in p53 (+/-) CBA mice treated with 50ppm and 10ppm MNU were significantly increased, as compared with the control group.	Methylnitrosourea	133-136	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	85-88
12716304-8	2000	One papilloma of the forestomach was observed only in a male p53(+/-) CBA mouse treated with 50ppm MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	99-102	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	61-64
12716304-9	2000	The present study suggests that p53 (+/-) CBA mice have low susceptibility to MNU-induced gastic carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	32-35
10627584-11	2000	Like damaging light, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced AP-1 containing c-Fos in c-fos(+/+) mice and did not induce AP-1 in c-fos(-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	21-43	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	58-62
10627584-11	2000	Like damaging light, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced AP-1 containing c-Fos in c-fos(+/+) mice and did not induce AP-1 in c-fos(-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	21-43	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	74-79
10627584-11	2000	Like damaging light, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced AP-1 containing c-Fos in c-fos(+/+) mice and did not induce AP-1 in c-fos(-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	21-43	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	83-88
10627584-11	2000	Like damaging light, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced AP-1 containing c-Fos in c-fos(+/+) mice and did not induce AP-1 in c-fos(-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	jun proto-oncogene	Mus musculus	58-62
10627584-11	2000	Like damaging light, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced AP-1 containing c-Fos in c-fos(+/+) mice and did not induce AP-1 in c-fos(-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	74-79
10627584-11	2000	Like damaging light, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced AP-1 containing c-Fos in c-fos(+/+) mice and did not induce AP-1 in c-fos(-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	83-88
10627584-12	2000	In contrast to light, however, MNU induced apoptosis in rods of c-fos(-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	31-34	FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene	Mus musculus	64-69
10657972-4	2000	Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/-) mice, with about half the amount of MLH1 protein as Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/+) mice, were resistant to the killing action of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), up to the level of 30 mg/kg body wt.	Methylnitrosourea	138-160	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	10-14
10657972-4	2000	Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/-) mice, with about half the amount of MLH1 protein as Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/+) mice, were resistant to the killing action of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), up to the level of 30 mg/kg body wt.	Methylnitrosourea	162-165	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
10657972-5	2000	Eight weeks after exposure to this dose of MNU, 40% of MNU-treated Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/-) mice had thymic lymphomas and there were no tumors in those mice not given the treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	43-46	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	67-71
10657972-5	2000	Eight weeks after exposure to this dose of MNU, 40% of MNU-treated Mgmt(-/-) Mlh1(+/-) mice had thymic lymphomas and there were no tumors in those mice not given the treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	43-46	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	77-81
10576206-5	1999	Therefore MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death was attributed to DNA adduct formation restricted to photoreceptor cell nuclei leading to photoreceptor cell apoptosis by up-regulation of Bax protein, down-modulation of Bcl-2 protein, and activation of caspases 3, 6, and 8.	Methylnitrosourea	10-13	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	186-189
10576206-5	1999	Therefore MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death was attributed to DNA adduct formation restricted to photoreceptor cell nuclei leading to photoreceptor cell apoptosis by up-regulation of Bax protein, down-modulation of Bcl-2 protein, and activation of caspases 3, 6, and 8.	Methylnitrosourea	10-13	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	218-223
10576206-5	1999	Therefore MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death was attributed to DNA adduct formation restricted to photoreceptor cell nuclei leading to photoreceptor cell apoptosis by up-regulation of Bax protein, down-modulation of Bcl-2 protein, and activation of caspases 3, 6, and 8.	Methylnitrosourea	10-13	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	251-271
10469609-0	1999	Transgenic expression of human MGMT blocks the hypersensitivity of PMS2-deficient mice to low dose MNU thymic lymphomagenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	99-102	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	31-35
10535931-3	1999	Furthermore, treatment of human cells with the S(N)1 DNA methylators N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine results in p53 phosphorylation on serine residues 15 and 392, and these phosphorylation events depend on the presence of functional hMutSalpha and hMutLalpha.	Methylnitrosourea	69-91	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	143-146
10469609-6	1999	Overexpression of AGT (encoded by the methylguanine DNA methyltransferase-MGMT-gene) is known to block MNU induced tumorigenesis in mice with functional MMR.	Methylnitrosourea	103-106	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	74-78
10469609-8	1999	No thymic lymphomas were found in MNU-treated PMS2(+/+) and PMS2(+/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	34-37	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	46-50
10469609-9	1999	At 1 year, 46% of the MNU-treated PMS2(-/-) mice developed thymic lymphoma, compared with an incidence of 25% in both untreated PMS2(-/-) mice and MNU treated PMS2(-/-)/hMGMT(+) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	22-25	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	34-38
10469609-9	1999	At 1 year, 46% of the MNU-treated PMS2(-/-) mice developed thymic lymphoma, compared with an incidence of 25% in both untreated PMS2(-/-) mice and MNU treated PMS2(-/-)/hMGMT(+) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	22-25	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	169-174
10469609-10	1999	In addition, a significantly shorter latency in the onset of thymic lymphomas was seen in MNU-treated PMS2(-/-) mice.	Methylnitrosourea	90-93	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	102-106
10469609-11	1999	K-ras mutations were detected almost equally in the thymic lymphomas induced by MNU in both PMS2(-/-) and PMS2(-/-)/hMGMT(+) mice, but not in the spontaneous lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	80-83	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	0-5
10490506-12	1999	Footprinted areas of DNA methylated with MNU or NDMAOAc correspond to a consensus sequence for transcription factors AP-1, NF-Jun, CCAAT box, SP-1, and RSRF, as observed in c-jun promoters.	Methylnitrosourea	41-44	Sp1 transcription factor	Homo sapiens	142-156
10490506-12	1999	Footprinted areas of DNA methylated with MNU or NDMAOAc correspond to a consensus sequence for transcription factors AP-1, NF-Jun, CCAAT box, SP-1, and RSRF, as observed in c-jun promoters.	Methylnitrosourea	41-44	Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Homo sapiens	173-178
10467374-3	1999	Furthermore, the resistance to doxorubicin was abolished by preincubation with the MDR1 inhibitor verapamil while resistance to MNU was ablated by the specific ATase inactivator, O6-benzylguanine (O6-beG) confirming that resistance to doxorubicin and MNU was conferred by MDR1 and ATase, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	128-131	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1	Homo sapiens	272-276
10618723-3	1999	When treated with the DNA methylating carcinogen N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) that provokes the development of T-cell lymphomas, CD2-cyclin E transgenic animals came down with T-cell neoplasia showing a significant higher incidence (54%) than normal non transgenic controls (31%).	Methylnitrosourea	49-68	CD2 antigen	Mus musculus	126-129
10618723-3	1999	When treated with the DNA methylating carcinogen N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) that provokes the development of T-cell lymphomas, CD2-cyclin E transgenic animals came down with T-cell neoplasia showing a significant higher incidence (54%) than normal non transgenic controls (31%).	Methylnitrosourea	49-68	cyclin E1	Rattus norvegicus	130-138
10618723-3	1999	When treated with the DNA methylating carcinogen N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) that provokes the development of T-cell lymphomas, CD2-cyclin E transgenic animals came down with T-cell neoplasia showing a significant higher incidence (54%) than normal non transgenic controls (31%).	Methylnitrosourea	70-73	CD2 antigen	Mus musculus	126-129
10618723-3	1999	When treated with the DNA methylating carcinogen N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) that provokes the development of T-cell lymphomas, CD2-cyclin E transgenic animals came down with T-cell neoplasia showing a significant higher incidence (54%) than normal non transgenic controls (31%).	Methylnitrosourea	70-73	cyclin E1	Rattus norvegicus	130-138
10618723-4	1999	In one of eight tumors that arose in normal MNU treated mice we could find an expected activating point mutation in the Ki-ras gene (12.5%).	Methylnitrosourea	44-47	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	120-126
10618723-6	1999	Whereas cyclin E overexpression alone did not lead to an increased CDK2 activity we observed in all tumors that emerged from either MNU treated normal mice or treated CD2-cyclin E transgenics a downregulation of p27KIP1 and a higher histone H1 kinase activity in CDK2 immunoprecipitates compared to normal tissue.	Methylnitrosourea	132-135	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Mus musculus	212-219
10439048-0	1999	Mice defective in the DNA mismatch gene PMS2 are hypersensitive to MNU induced thymic lymphoma and are partially protected by transgenic expression of human MGMT.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	PMS1 homolog 2, mismatch repair system component	Homo sapiens	40-44
10439048-4	1999	MNU produces carcinogenic O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) adducts, resulting in thymic lymphoma in mice, which can be prevented in normal mice by overexpression of hMGMT.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	158-163
10439048-5	1999	A significantly higher incidence of thymic lymphomas was observed in MNU-treated PMS2-/- mice, compared to wildtype PMS2+/+ mice (100 vs 52%; P < 0.001).	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	81-85
10439048-5	1999	A significantly higher incidence of thymic lymphomas was observed in MNU-treated PMS2-/- mice, compared to wildtype PMS2+/+ mice (100 vs 52%; P < 0.001).	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	PMS1 homolog2, mismatch repair system component	Mus musculus	116-120
10439048-7	1999	Transgenic expression of hMGMT significantly but incompletely blocked MNU lymphomagenesis in PMS2-/- mice.	Methylnitrosourea	70-73	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	25-30
10341098-3	1999	A genome screen of 285 MNU-injected F2 mice identified a locus, designated T-lymphoma Induced 1 or Tli1, in a approximately 10-cM interval on central Chr 1 between D1Mit87 and D1Mit423 with significant linkage to the incidence of MNU-induced T-lymphoma (P = 0.0004).	Methylnitrosourea	23-26	T lymphoma induced 1	Mus musculus	75-95
10385685-1	1999	Chemical mutagenesis with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea was employed to study the pattern of mutations in the reduced folate carrier (RFC1) that results in transport-related methotrexate resistance and to identify amino acid residues that are critical to carrier structure and/or function.	Methylnitrosourea	26-48	replication factor C (activator 1) 1	Mus musculus	127-131
10391687-4	1999	When overexpressed in the thymus, MGMT protects mice from MNU-induced thymic lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	58-61	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	34-38
10391687-6	1999	The incidence of MNU-induced lymphomas was 84% in Big Blue lacI mice compared to 14% in MGMT+Big Blue lacI mice.	Methylnitrosourea	17-20	tissue factor pathway inhibitor	Mus musculus	59-63
10391687-8	1999	LacI mutation frequency in thymus of MNU treated Big Blue mice was 45-fold above background whereas it was 11-fold above background in MNU treated MGMT+/Big Blue mice.	Methylnitrosourea	37-40	tissue factor pathway inhibitor	Mus musculus	0-4
10391687-8	1999	LacI mutation frequency in thymus of MNU treated Big Blue mice was 45-fold above background whereas it was 11-fold above background in MNU treated MGMT+/Big Blue mice.	Methylnitrosourea	135-138	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	147-151
10341098-3	1999	A genome screen of 285 MNU-injected F2 mice identified a locus, designated T-lymphoma Induced 1 or Tli1, in a approximately 10-cM interval on central Chr 1 between D1Mit87 and D1Mit423 with significant linkage to the incidence of MNU-induced T-lymphoma (P = 0.0004).	Methylnitrosourea	23-26	T lymphoma induced 1	Mus musculus	99-103
10341098-4	1999	Injection of BALB/cJ.AKR/J-Tli1 congenic mice with MNU confirmed the presence of Tli1 on central Chr 1.	Methylnitrosourea	51-54	T lymphoma induced 1	Mus musculus	81-85
10341098-6	1999	This suggests that the Tli1b allele is recessive and suppresses MNU-induced T-lymphoma development in BALB/cJ mice and in Tli1bb F2 mice.	Methylnitrosourea	64-67	T lymphoma induced 1	Mus musculus	23-27
10024686-0	1999	Inhibition by dietary menhaden oil of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	65-84	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1	Rattus norvegicus	38-61
10223199-8	1999	These results demonstrate that EGF-induced proliferation during initiation with MNU was sufficient to induce the transformation of mammary carcinomas in the absence of ovarian hormones.	Methylnitrosourea	80-83	epidermal growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
10024686-4	1999	In this study we have demonstrated the presence of two immunoreactive isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2), and the modulating effects of n-3 fatty acids on their expression, in N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	183-202	cytochrome c oxidase I, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	98-110
10024686-4	1999	In this study we have demonstrated the presence of two immunoreactive isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2), and the modulating effects of n-3 fatty acids on their expression, in N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	204-207	cytochrome c oxidase I, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	98-110
10024686-6	1999	It was found that immunoreactive COX-2 protein levels were approximately 3x higher than COX-1 levels in NMU-induced mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	104-107	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	33-38
10331638-4	1999	We showed that: (i) they are exquisitely sensitive to gamma-irradiation, (ii) they died rapidly from acute radiation toxicity to the small intestine, (iii) they displayed a high genomic instability to gamma-irradiation and MNU injection and, (iv) bone marrow cells rapidly underwent apoptosis following MNU treatment, demonstrating that PARP is a survival factor playing an essential and positive role during DNA damage recovery and survival.	Methylnitrosourea	223-226	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	337-341
10331635-6	1999	We could show that dexamethasone-induced overexpression of the PARP DNA-binding domain in COM3 cells potentiates the mutagenicity of the alkylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, while no effect of dexamethasone treatment on mutation frequency was recorded in control cells lacking the PARP DNA-binding domain transgene.	Methylnitrosourea	154-176	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	63-67
9825942-3	1998	Based on histomorphology and the pattern of GFAP immunoreactivity, a large percentage of MNU-induced tumors (>40%) were anaplastic mixed gliomas, having both neoplastic astrocytic and oligodendroglial components.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	44-48
9849575-5	1998	In the bladders that had been exposed to EGF during the first 20 weeks after MNU administration, however, both the incidence and the mean number of tumors per bladder had increased significantly at week 31, regardless of whether or not EGF treatment was continued beyond week 23.	Methylnitrosourea	77-80	epidermal growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
9748534-4	1998	With MNU hprt mutant frequency increased in a dose-related, sublinear manner up to 78-fold above background at the highest dose tested (20 mg/kg).	Methylnitrosourea	5-8	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	9-13
9711265-7	1998	In spleen, ENU gave a linear dose-related response in both lacZ and hprt, MNU induced mutation sin both lacZ and hprt, and EMS was only positive for lacZ.	Methylnitrosourea	74-77	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	113-117
9704014-0	1998	Defective retrovirus insertion activates c-Ha-ras protooncogene in an MNU-induced rat mammary carcinoma.	Methylnitrosourea	70-73	Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene	Mus musculus	41-49
9704014-3	1998	here we report that the insertion of a defective retrovirus in the -1 intron of rat c-Ha-ras is responsible for the activation of the gene by over 10-fold overexpression in an MNU-induced rat mammary cancer.	Methylnitrosourea	176-179	Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene	Mus musculus	84-92
9541187-0	1998	Expression of a vitamin D-regulated gene (VDUP-1) in untreated- and MNU-treated rat mammary tissue.	Methylnitrosourea	68-71	thioredoxin interacting protein	Rattus norvegicus	42-48
9592149-2	1998	These PARP -/- mice were exquisitely sensitive to the monofunctional-alkylating agent N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU) and gamma-irradiation.	Methylnitrosourea	86-111	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	6-10
9592149-2	1998	These PARP -/- mice were exquisitely sensitive to the monofunctional-alkylating agent N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU) and gamma-irradiation.	Methylnitrosourea	113-116	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	6-10
9609548-0	1998	Interleukin-6 and epidermal growth factor promote anchorage-independent growth of immortalized human prostatic epithelial cells treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	141-163	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	0-13
9609548-0	1998	Interleukin-6 and epidermal growth factor promote anchorage-independent growth of immortalized human prostatic epithelial cells treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	141-163	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	18-41
9609548-3	1998	METHODS: Using growth in soft agar as an index of transformation, we examined the effect of EGF and IL-6 on the enhancement of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-initiated transformation of immortalized, nontumorigenic prostatic epithelial cell lines (PWR-1E and RWPE-1) developed in our laboratory.	Methylnitrosourea	127-149	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	92-95
9609548-3	1998	METHODS: Using growth in soft agar as an index of transformation, we examined the effect of EGF and IL-6 on the enhancement of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-initiated transformation of immortalized, nontumorigenic prostatic epithelial cell lines (PWR-1E and RWPE-1) developed in our laboratory.	Methylnitrosourea	127-149	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	100-104
9609548-3	1998	METHODS: Using growth in soft agar as an index of transformation, we examined the effect of EGF and IL-6 on the enhancement of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-initiated transformation of immortalized, nontumorigenic prostatic epithelial cell lines (PWR-1E and RWPE-1) developed in our laboratory.	Methylnitrosourea	151-154	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	92-95
9609548-3	1998	METHODS: Using growth in soft agar as an index of transformation, we examined the effect of EGF and IL-6 on the enhancement of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-initiated transformation of immortalized, nontumorigenic prostatic epithelial cell lines (PWR-1E and RWPE-1) developed in our laboratory.	Methylnitrosourea	151-154	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	100-104
9609548-4	1998	The effect of EGF and IL-6 on the growth of MNU-induced transformants isolated from soft agar was assessed both in monolayer culture and in a soft agar.	Methylnitrosourea	44-47	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	14-17
9609548-4	1998	The effect of EGF and IL-6 on the growth of MNU-induced transformants isolated from soft agar was assessed both in monolayer culture and in a soft agar.	Methylnitrosourea	44-47	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	22-26
9609548-6	1998	Addition of EGF or IL-6 significantly increased colony formation in soft agar of both immortalized prostatic epithelial cell lines initiated with MNU (P < 0.001-0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	146-149	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	12-15
9609548-6	1998	Addition of EGF or IL-6 significantly increased colony formation in soft agar of both immortalized prostatic epithelial cell lines initiated with MNU (P < 0.001-0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	146-149	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	19-23
9609548-9	1998	Furthermore, as compared to the parental cell lines, growth response of MNU-transformants to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), EGF, or IL-6 in monolayer culture was better in 5 of 8, 6 of 8, and 7 of 8 cell lines, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	134-137
9609548-9	1998	Furthermore, as compared to the parental cell lines, growth response of MNU-transformants to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), EGF, or IL-6 in monolayer culture was better in 5 of 8, 6 of 8, and 7 of 8 cell lines, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	142-146
9609548-11	1998	However, the degree of responsiveness to EGF or IL-6 in soft agar varied among the MNU-transformants.	Methylnitrosourea	83-86	epidermal growth factor	Homo sapiens	41-44
9609548-11	1998	However, the degree of responsiveness to EGF or IL-6 in soft agar varied among the MNU-transformants.	Methylnitrosourea	83-86	interleukin 6	Homo sapiens	48-52
9560238-5	1998	Mice with mutations in both alleles of the MGMT gene and one of the mismatch repair genes, MLH1, are as resistant to methylnitrosourea (MNU) as are wild-type mice, in terms of survival, but do have numerous tumors after receiving MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	117-134	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	43-47
9560238-5	1998	Mice with mutations in both alleles of the MGMT gene and one of the mismatch repair genes, MLH1, are as resistant to methylnitrosourea (MNU) as are wild-type mice, in terms of survival, but do have numerous tumors after receiving MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	117-134	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	91-95
9560238-5	1998	Mice with mutations in both alleles of the MGMT gene and one of the mismatch repair genes, MLH1, are as resistant to methylnitrosourea (MNU) as are wild-type mice, in terms of survival, but do have numerous tumors after receiving MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	136-139	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	43-47
9560238-5	1998	Mice with mutations in both alleles of the MGMT gene and one of the mismatch repair genes, MLH1, are as resistant to methylnitrosourea (MNU) as are wild-type mice, in terms of survival, but do have numerous tumors after receiving MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	136-139	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	91-95
9560238-5	1998	Mice with mutations in both alleles of the MGMT gene and one of the mismatch repair genes, MLH1, are as resistant to methylnitrosourea (MNU) as are wild-type mice, in terms of survival, but do have numerous tumors after receiving MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	230-233	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	43-47
9560238-5	1998	Mice with mutations in both alleles of the MGMT gene and one of the mismatch repair genes, MLH1, are as resistant to methylnitrosourea (MNU) as are wild-type mice, in terms of survival, but do have numerous tumors after receiving MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	230-233	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	91-95
9541187-1	1998	Previous studies showed that the expression of an mRNA corresponding to VDUP-1 was decreased within MNU-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	100-103	thioredoxin interacting protein	Rattus norvegicus	72-78
9596489-2	1998	N-nitroso-N-methylurea injection express EGF-like peptides and EGF receptors which could be involved in the response to hormone manipulation.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	epidermal growth factor	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
9596489-2	1998	N-nitroso-N-methylurea injection express EGF-like peptides and EGF receptors which could be involved in the response to hormone manipulation.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	epidermal growth factor receptor	Rattus norvegicus	63-76
9488483-5	1998	Upon treatment of cells with low dosages of N-methylnitrosourea, which produces 6MG lesions in the DNA, these speckles rapidly disappear, accompanied by the formation of active-site methylated MGMT (the repair product of 6MG by MGMT).	Methylnitrosourea	44-63	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	193-197
9488483-5	1998	Upon treatment of cells with low dosages of N-methylnitrosourea, which produces 6MG lesions in the DNA, these speckles rapidly disappear, accompanied by the formation of active-site methylated MGMT (the repair product of 6MG by MGMT).	Methylnitrosourea	44-63	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	228-232
9682245-8	1998	Expression of creatine kinase B, and estrogen-responsive gene, was lower in eh uteri of the MNU-lignin diet group than in other groups at 20 weeks.	Methylnitrosourea	92-95	creatine kinase B	Rattus norvegicus	14-31
9541187-3	1998	Analysis of mammary cDNA derived from untreated or MNU-treated rats indicated that VDUP-1 expression within tumor tissue was significantly decreased, a finding which agrees with previous Northern blotting experiments.	Methylnitrosourea	51-54	thioredoxin interacting protein	Rattus norvegicus	83-89
9541187-6	1998	A significant decrease in VDUP-1 expression was detected as early as six weeks after MNU treatment, before tumors had formed.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	thioredoxin interacting protein	Rattus norvegicus	26-32
9541187-9	1998	Treatment of a cell line derived from an MNU-induced rat mammary tumor (MNU cells) with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 resulted in a significant increase in VDUP-1 expression and also inhibited cell growth in the absence of serum.	Methylnitrosourea	41-44	thioredoxin interacting protein	Rattus norvegicus	151-157
9541187-9	1998	Treatment of a cell line derived from an MNU-induced rat mammary tumor (MNU cells) with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 resulted in a significant increase in VDUP-1 expression and also inhibited cell growth in the absence of serum.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	thioredoxin interacting protein	Rattus norvegicus	151-157
9447233-5	1997	To identify the mechanism responsible for the less pronounced phenotype of the second complementation group, we characterized the persistence of MNU-induced O6-methylguanine (O6-meGua) and mutation induction at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) locus.	Methylnitrosourea	145-148	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	215-262
9570390-15	1997	Of the mammary carcinomas induced by the combined application of MNU and DMBA (group 6), all 11 tumors from five rats showed the GGA to GAA transitional mutation in H-ras codon 12 (38%) and all 18 tumors from the other 10 rats remained as wild-type.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	136-139
9570390-15	1997	Of the mammary carcinomas induced by the combined application of MNU and DMBA (group 6), all 11 tumors from five rats showed the GGA to GAA transitional mutation in H-ras codon 12 (38%) and all 18 tumors from the other 10 rats remained as wild-type.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	165-170
9447233-5	1997	To identify the mechanism responsible for the less pronounced phenotype of the second complementation group, we characterized the persistence of MNU-induced O6-methylguanine (O6-meGua) and mutation induction at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) locus.	Methylnitrosourea	145-148	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	264-268
21590217-7	1997	The expression of bFGF, as measured by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis, was higher in the DMBA-transformed cell line than in the parental HBL100 and MNU-transformed lines.	Methylnitrosourea	163-166	fibroblast growth factor 2	Homo sapiens	18-22
21528272-0	1997	Study of nm23 gene expression in an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea transformed human breast epithelial cell line.	Methylnitrosourea	36-58	NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens	9-13
9366529-0	1997	Potentiation of lymphomagenesis by methylnitrosourea in mice transgenic for LMO1 is blocked by O6-alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase.	Methylnitrosourea	35-52	LIM domain only 1	Mus musculus	76-80
9366529-0	1997	Potentiation of lymphomagenesis by methylnitrosourea in mice transgenic for LMO1 is blocked by O6-alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase.	Methylnitrosourea	35-52	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	95-131
9366529-2	1997	The goal was to determine whether environmental mutagens shorten the latency or increase the incidence of LMO1 + lymphomas and whether mice transgenic for both LMO1 and MGMT, and thereby able to repair O6-methylguanine DNA adducts induced by MNU, would be protected.	Methylnitrosourea	242-245	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	169-173
9366529-4	1997	MNU induced lymphoma incidence was highest in the LMO1 mice, 91% and lowest in the hMGMT + mice, 15%.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	LIM domain only 1	Mus musculus	50-54
9366529-4	1997	MNU induced lymphoma incidence was highest in the LMO1 mice, 91% and lowest in the hMGMT + mice, 15%.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	83-88
9366529-5	1997	MNU induced K-ras mutations in codon 12 in non-MGMT transgenics resulted in a shorter latency of tumors and accounting for half of the early lymphomas in LMO1 mice.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	12-17
9366529-5	1997	MNU induced K-ras mutations in codon 12 in non-MGMT transgenics resulted in a shorter latency of tumors and accounting for half of the early lymphomas in LMO1 mice.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	47-51
9366529-5	1997	MNU induced K-ras mutations in codon 12 in non-MGMT transgenics resulted in a shorter latency of tumors and accounting for half of the early lymphomas in LMO1 mice.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	LIM domain only 1	Mus musculus	154-158
9366529-6	1997	The effect of MNU was abrogated in the LMO1/hMGMT transgenic mice, indicating the ability of MGMT expression to block the carcinogenic effect of MNU even in cancer prone mice.	Methylnitrosourea	14-17	LIM domain only 1	Mus musculus	39-43
9366529-6	1997	The effect of MNU was abrogated in the LMO1/hMGMT transgenic mice, indicating the ability of MGMT expression to block the carcinogenic effect of MNU even in cancer prone mice.	Methylnitrosourea	14-17	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	44-49
9366529-6	1997	The effect of MNU was abrogated in the LMO1/hMGMT transgenic mice, indicating the ability of MGMT expression to block the carcinogenic effect of MNU even in cancer prone mice.	Methylnitrosourea	14-17	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	45-49
9366529-6	1997	The effect of MNU was abrogated in the LMO1/hMGMT transgenic mice, indicating the ability of MGMT expression to block the carcinogenic effect of MNU even in cancer prone mice.	Methylnitrosourea	145-148	LIM domain only 1	Mus musculus	39-43
9366529-6	1997	The effect of MNU was abrogated in the LMO1/hMGMT transgenic mice, indicating the ability of MGMT expression to block the carcinogenic effect of MNU even in cancer prone mice.	Methylnitrosourea	145-148	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	44-49
9366529-6	1997	The effect of MNU was abrogated in the LMO1/hMGMT transgenic mice, indicating the ability of MGMT expression to block the carcinogenic effect of MNU even in cancer prone mice.	Methylnitrosourea	145-148	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	45-49
9119740-0	1997	Demonstration of ras and p53 gene mutations in carcinomas in the forestomach and intestine and soft tissue sarcomas induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the rat.	Methylnitrosourea	127-149	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	25-28
9364209-0	1997	Alterations in the Ha-ras-1 and the p53 pathway genes in the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	76-98	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	36-39
9207086-3	1997	Treatment of PARP-/- mice either by the alkylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or by gamma-irradiation revealed an extreme sensitivity and a high genomic instability to both agents.	Methylnitrosourea	57-79	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	13-17
9207086-3	1997	Treatment of PARP-/- mice either by the alkylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or by gamma-irradiation revealed an extreme sensitivity and a high genomic instability to both agents.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	13-17
9207086-5	1997	Mice-derived PARP-/- cells displayed a high sensitivity to MNU exposure: a G2/M arrest in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and a rapid apoptotic response and a p53 accumulation were observed in splenocytes.	Methylnitrosourea	59-62	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	13-17
9207086-5	1997	Mice-derived PARP-/- cells displayed a high sensitivity to MNU exposure: a G2/M arrest in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and a rapid apoptotic response and a p53 accumulation were observed in splenocytes.	Methylnitrosourea	59-62	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	155-158
9187113-5	1997	The mutation frequency at CA repeats was 2-fold lower in Cx43+ cells than in Cx43-, both before and after exposure to MNNG or methylnitrosourea (P < 0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	126-143	gap junction protein alpha 1	Homo sapiens	57-61
9197527-0	1997	Rare occurrence of ras and p53 gene mutations in mouse stomach tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	81-103	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	27-30
9197527-1	1997	The incidence of point mutations of H-, K- and N-ras and p53 oncogenes in male BALB/c mouse stomach tumors induced with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was examined by direct sequencing and PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP).	Methylnitrosourea	120-142	neuroblastoma ras oncogene	Mus musculus	36-52
9197527-1	1997	The incidence of point mutations of H-, K- and N-ras and p53 oncogenes in male BALB/c mouse stomach tumors induced with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was examined by direct sequencing and PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP).	Methylnitrosourea	120-142	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	57-60
9197527-1	1997	The incidence of point mutations of H-, K- and N-ras and p53 oncogenes in male BALB/c mouse stomach tumors induced with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was examined by direct sequencing and PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP).	Methylnitrosourea	144-147	neuroblastoma ras oncogene	Mus musculus	36-52
9197527-1	1997	The incidence of point mutations of H-, K- and N-ras and p53 oncogenes in male BALB/c mouse stomach tumors induced with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was examined by direct sequencing and PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP).	Methylnitrosourea	144-147	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	57-60
9233776-6	1997	Furthermore, cisplatin and doxorubicin-resistant ovarian lines deficient in hMLH1 expression are cross-resistant to 6-thioguanine and the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	156-178	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	76-81
9233776-6	1997	Furthermore, cisplatin and doxorubicin-resistant ovarian lines deficient in hMLH1 expression are cross-resistant to 6-thioguanine and the methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	180-183	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	76-81
9192819-0	1997	Methylnitrosourea-induced tumorigenesis in MGMT gene knockout mice.	Methylnitrosourea	0-17	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	43-47
9192819-3	1997	These MGMT-/- mice were most sensitive to the alkylating carcinogen, methylnitrosourea; when varied doses of methylnitrosourea were administered to 6-week-old mice and survivals at the 30th day were determined, LD50s of MGMT-/- and MGMT+/+ mice were 20 and 240 mg/kg of body weight, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	69-86	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	6-10
9192819-3	1997	These MGMT-/- mice were most sensitive to the alkylating carcinogen, methylnitrosourea; when varied doses of methylnitrosourea were administered to 6-week-old mice and survivals at the 30th day were determined, LD50s of MGMT-/- and MGMT+/+ mice were 20 and 240 mg/kg of body weight, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	109-126	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	6-10
9192819-4	1997	MGMT+/- mice were as resistant as MGMT+/+ mice, but some difference in survival time was noted when the two genotypes of mice were exposed to a relatively high dose of methylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	168-185	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
9192819-5	1997	A large number of thymic lymphomas, as well as lung adenomas, occurred in MGMT-/- mice exposed to methylnitrosourea at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight.	Methylnitrosourea	98-115	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	74-78
9163672-4	1997	MGMT-/- cells have an extremely high degree of sensitivity to simple alkylating agents, N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), whereas MGMT+/- cells are slightly more sensitive to these agents, as compared with findings from normal cells.	Methylnitrosourea	136-158	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
9163672-4	1997	MGMT-/- cells have an extremely high degree of sensitivity to simple alkylating agents, N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), whereas MGMT+/- cells are slightly more sensitive to these agents, as compared with findings from normal cells.	Methylnitrosourea	160-163	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	0-4
9119740-1	1997	The presence of ras family and p53 gene mutations in rat forestomach, intestine and liver tumors and soft tissue sarcomas induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was examined using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) followed by direct sequencing analysis.	Methylnitrosourea	133-155	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
9119740-10	1997	These results indicate firstly that specific Ki-ras, Ha-ras and p53 gene mutations in MNU-induced lesions are related to particular alkylation sites (G:C to A:T transitions) and secondly, although not essential, Ki-ras, Ha-ras or p53 gene mutations may be involved in the progression stage of forestomach, intestine and soft tissue neoplasms induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	86-89	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	45-51
9119740-10	1997	These results indicate firstly that specific Ki-ras, Ha-ras and p53 gene mutations in MNU-induced lesions are related to particular alkylation sites (G:C to A:T transitions) and secondly, although not essential, Ki-ras, Ha-ras or p53 gene mutations may be involved in the progression stage of forestomach, intestine and soft tissue neoplasms induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	86-89	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	64-67
9119740-10	1997	These results indicate firstly that specific Ki-ras, Ha-ras and p53 gene mutations in MNU-induced lesions are related to particular alkylation sites (G:C to A:T transitions) and secondly, although not essential, Ki-ras, Ha-ras or p53 gene mutations may be involved in the progression stage of forestomach, intestine and soft tissue neoplasms induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	86-89	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	212-218
9119740-10	1997	These results indicate firstly that specific Ki-ras, Ha-ras and p53 gene mutations in MNU-induced lesions are related to particular alkylation sites (G:C to A:T transitions) and secondly, although not essential, Ki-ras, Ha-ras or p53 gene mutations may be involved in the progression stage of forestomach, intestine and soft tissue neoplasms induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	86-89	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	230-233
9119740-10	1997	These results indicate firstly that specific Ki-ras, Ha-ras and p53 gene mutations in MNU-induced lesions are related to particular alkylation sites (G:C to A:T transitions) and secondly, although not essential, Ki-ras, Ha-ras or p53 gene mutations may be involved in the progression stage of forestomach, intestine and soft tissue neoplasms induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	353-356	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	45-51
9119740-10	1997	These results indicate firstly that specific Ki-ras, Ha-ras and p53 gene mutations in MNU-induced lesions are related to particular alkylation sites (G:C to A:T transitions) and secondly, although not essential, Ki-ras, Ha-ras or p53 gene mutations may be involved in the progression stage of forestomach, intestine and soft tissue neoplasms induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	353-356	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	64-67
8645346-6	1996	In comparison with the control cells that were transduced with the parent vector, the MGMT-expressing clones were considerably more resistant to the cytotoxicity of the methylating agents, such as N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, N-nitroso-N-methyl-urea, and temozolomide, as well as the chloroethylating agents 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and BCNU.	Methylnitrosourea	235-258	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	86-90
9591198-9	1997	GC-->AT transitions in codon 12 of the H-ras gene were detected in 50% (12/24) of MNU control tumors, 60% (6/10) of early 4-HPR tumors, and 38% (6/16) of late 4-HPR tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	42-47
9020896-0	1996	K-ras codon 12 and 61 point mutations in bromodeoxyuridine- and N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat renal mesenchymal tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	64-83	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
9020907-2	1996	By the analysis using immunofluorescence staining, an SV40 immortalized normal human salivary gland duct cell clone (NS-SVDC) with no tumorigenic ability by s.c. implantation into nude mice was identified to express the integrin beta 1, alpha 2, alpha 3 and alpha 6 subunits on the cell surface, while the expression of these subunits, except for beta 1 subunit, was reduced or completely diminished in a neoplastic human salivary gland duct cell clone (HSGc) with tumorigenic but not metastatic potential in nude mice and metastatic cell clones derived after in vitro exposure of HSGc to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	589-611	integrin beta 1 (fibronectin receptor beta)	Mus musculus	220-235
8895487-8	1996	For MNU a dose-dependent increase in hprt mutant frequency was found at exposure levels of 0.097 mmol/kg up to 0.582 mmol/kg.	Methylnitrosourea	4-7	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	37-41
8895487-9	1996	DNA sequence analysis was performed on PCR products of hprt cDNA from 39 MNU-induced 6-thioguanine-resistant T-lymphocyte clones.	Methylnitrosourea	73-76	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	55-59
8804364-2	1996	In this study, we measured intrinsic (preexisting) mdr1a, -1b, and -2 gene expression in N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	89-111	ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1A	Rattus norvegicus	51-69
9158945-0	1997	Genotoxicity of N-nitroso-N-methylurea and acetone oxime in the transgenic Drosophila carrying the human gene encoding a subunit of glutathione S-transferase.	Methylnitrosourea	16-38	glutathione S-transferase kappa 1	Homo sapiens	132-157
8895746-0	1996	Alterations in H-ras1 promoter conformation during N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced mammary carcinogenesis and pregnancy.	Methylnitrosourea	51-73	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	15-21
8895746-1	1996	We previously demonstrated that H-ras1 oncogene mutations detected in N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary tumors arose as background mutations within rat mammary cells (RMCs) and that NMU promoted the outgrowth of these preexisting mutants.	Methylnitrosourea	70-92	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	32-38
8895746-1	1996	We previously demonstrated that H-ras1 oncogene mutations detected in N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary tumors arose as background mutations within rat mammary cells (RMCs) and that NMU promoted the outgrowth of these preexisting mutants.	Methylnitrosourea	94-97	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	32-38
8895746-1	1996	We previously demonstrated that H-ras1 oncogene mutations detected in N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary tumors arose as background mutations within rat mammary cells (RMCs) and that NMU promoted the outgrowth of these preexisting mutants.	Methylnitrosourea	193-196	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	32-38
8895746-2	1996	We have now detected a putative DNA structure in the H-ras1 promoter of RMCs in vivo that was absent in NMU-induced mammary tumor cells.	Methylnitrosourea	104-107	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	53-59
8895746-7	1996	We hypothesize that the NMU-induced alterations in promoter conformation irreversibly deregulates H-ras1 expression in initiated cells, thereby increasing the phenotypic penetrance of the conditional H-ras1 mutations.	Methylnitrosourea	24-27	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	98-104
8895746-7	1996	We hypothesize that the NMU-induced alterations in promoter conformation irreversibly deregulates H-ras1 expression in initiated cells, thereby increasing the phenotypic penetrance of the conditional H-ras1 mutations.	Methylnitrosourea	24-27	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	200-206
8944070-0	1996	Midkine in the progression of rat N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	34-56	midkine	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
8944070-3	1996	To investigate whether MK plays a role in breast cancer, we examined MK mRNA expression in N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary tumors at various stages of tumor progression, including hormone independence and distant metastasis.	Methylnitrosourea	91-113	midkine	Rattus norvegicus	69-71
8676917-0	1996	p53 accumulates in micronuclei after treatment with a DNA breaking chemical, methylnitrosourea, and with the spindle poison, vinblastine.	Methylnitrosourea	77-94	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	0-3
8603364-9	1996	This is in contrast to MNU which causes a G to A transition mutation in the 12th codon of the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene in about one of five mammary cancers induced in pituitary-isografted mice.	Methylnitrosourea	23-26	Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene	Mus musculus	94-102
8736394-0	1996	Brief communication, P53 accumulation in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	41-63	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
8736394-5	1996	Our results indicate that elevated cellular content of p53 is a common event in invasive palpable mammary tumors induced by NMU in this dual-injection model system.	Methylnitrosourea	124-127	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
8625275-0	1996	Hormone dependent and independent mammary tumor development form N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated rat mammary epithelial cell xenografts in the nude mouse: multiple pathways and H-ras activation.	Methylnitrosourea	65-87	Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene	Mus musculus	176-181
8625490-0	1996	Low expression of the Lsp1 gene in early mouse T-lymphomas induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	70-92	lymphocyte specific 1	Mus musculus	22-26
8625490-13	1996	The level of LSP1 RNA in tumors developing <110 days after injection of MNU was 19.1% +/- 5.2 (mean +/- SEM), while the level of LSP1 in later tumors was 78.4% +/- 13.0 (P = 0.004).	Methylnitrosourea	75-78	lymphocyte specific 1	Mus musculus	13-17
8625490-18	1996	Third, they show that there are two classes of T-lymphoma, which differ in their expression of LSP1 RNA and that the down-regulation of LSP1 is specifically associated with the early appearance of T-lymphoma after injection with MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	229-232	lymphocyte specific 1	Mus musculus	136-140
8696935-0	1996	Histamine regulates the expression of histidine decarboxylase in N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary tumors in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	65-87	histidine decarboxylase	Rattus norvegicus	38-61
8696935-0	1996	Histamine regulates the expression of histidine decarboxylase in N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary tumors in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	histidine decarboxylase	Rattus norvegicus	38-61
8603385-4	1996	These results demonstrate that sodium saccharin following NMU treatments might be involved in transcriptional regulation of Her2/neu in HBL-100 cells and suggest that its effects may not be limited to urinary bladder.	Methylnitrosourea	58-61	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	124-132
8765412-7	1996	Moreover, we initially demonstrated that IL-12 was effective in preventing and inhibiting the growth of primary tumors induced by the chemical carcinogen methylnitrosourea using c-Ha-ras transgeneic mice.	Methylnitrosourea	154-171	Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene	Mus musculus	178-186
8769715-1	1996	Administration of methylnitrosourea (MNU) to female rats during or before puberty induces a high incidence of mammary tumors, most of which contain a G to A transition at the second base of H-ras codon 12.	Methylnitrosourea	18-35	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	190-195
8769715-1	1996	Administration of methylnitrosourea (MNU) to female rats during or before puberty induces a high incidence of mammary tumors, most of which contain a G to A transition at the second base of H-ras codon 12.	Methylnitrosourea	37-40	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	190-195
9080308-1	1996	In vivo effects of methyl nitrosourea (MNU) on rat liver glutathione, glutathione S transferase and glutathione reductase have been studied.	Methylnitrosourea	19-37	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	70-95
9080308-1	1996	In vivo effects of methyl nitrosourea (MNU) on rat liver glutathione, glutathione S transferase and glutathione reductase have been studied.	Methylnitrosourea	39-42	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	70-95
9080308-1	1996	In vivo effects of methyl nitrosourea (MNU) on rat liver glutathione, glutathione S transferase and glutathione reductase have been studied.	Methylnitrosourea	39-42	glutathione-disulfide reductase	Rattus norvegicus	100-121
9080308-8	1996	There was no difference in activity of glutathione reductase in the MNU treated group when compared to control, but glutathione S-transferase activity of the MNU treated group was found to be increased.	Methylnitrosourea	158-161	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	116-141
8545279-15	1996	An activating point mutation was detected in codon 12 of the Ki-ras oncogene in the MNU-induced primary prostate tumors (8/10 examined), and metastases arising from these prostate tumors (2/3) but was absent in normal prostate tissue (0/6).	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	61-67
8895981-0	1996	Tlag1, a novel murine tumor susceptibility gene that regulates MNU-induced thymic lymphoma development.	Methylnitrosourea	63-66	T lymphoma attenuation gene 1	Mus musculus	0-5
7553633-8	1995	In the second experiment, the cells treated with MNU similarly as in the first experiment were cultured with or without IL-6 (100 ng/ml) for 1 week before the cells (5 x 10(4)) were grown in soft agar in the presence or absence of IL-6.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	231-235
8544869-7	1995	MNU at doses of 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg body wt and 24 h after administration dose-dependently induced an increase in ODC activity (22.0, 29.4 and 38.4 (0 dose, 6.3) p mol CO2/30 min/mg protein).	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	115-118
8544869-8	1995	These results suggest that MNU has possible tumor initiating activity (UDS and DNA single stand scission) and tumor promoting activity (RDS and ODC) in rat stomach mucosa.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	144-147
7577474-4	1995	To circumvent the problem, HPRT- [6-thioguanine (6-TG)-resistant] clones were isolated by inactivating all hprt genes with methylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	123-140	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	27-31
7577474-4	1995	To circumvent the problem, HPRT- [6-thioguanine (6-TG)-resistant] clones were isolated by inactivating all hprt genes with methylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	123-140	hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Mus musculus	107-111
7559652-10	1995	In addition to UV, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and the cytostatic drug cisplatin evoked rhoB response.	Methylnitrosourea	19-41	ras homolog family member B	Mus musculus	83-87
7553633-10	1995	Moreover, IL-6-stimulated anchorage-dependent growth of MNU transformants far exceeded that of the parental MYP3.	Methylnitrosourea	56-59	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	10-14
7553633-12	1995	Our results suggest that IL-6 may provide a selective growth advantage to MNU-initiated bladder epithelial cells in vitro and that it may be a factor accounting for the marked enhancement of inflammation-associated rat bladder carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	74-77	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	25-29
7628401-6	1995	The NMU-induced mammary tumors and the cell line express mRNA for both PRL and PRL receptor (the long and short isoforms); additional hybridizing polymerase chain reaction products were seen in the tumors, but not in lactating mammary tissue.	Methylnitrosourea	4-7	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	71-91
7628401-7	1995	Immunoreactive PRL was detected in the NMU-induced tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	39-42	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	15-18
7628401-10	1995	In summary, we showed that NMU-induced mammary tumors express mRNA for PRL and PRL receptor.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	71-91
7987834-11	1994	Overexpression of the N-ras proto-oncogene cooperates with non-ras genes mutated by MNU in mouse mammary carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	neuroblastoma ras oncogene	Mus musculus	22-27
7559079-0	1995	Elevated serum growth hormone accelerates gastric tumorigenesis in F344 rats after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in their drinking water.	Methylnitrosourea	98-120	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	15-29
7559079-14	1995	The results indicate that gastric tumors induced by MNU in F344 male rats are influenced by elevated levels of growth hormone.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	111-125
7600534-0	1995	Rare occurrence of p53 and ras gene mutations in preneoplastic and neoplastic mouse endometrial lesions induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and 17 beta-estradiol.	Methylnitrosourea	115-137	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	19-22
7600534-1	1995	To examine K-, H-, or N-ras and p53 gene mutations in mouse endometrial carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and 17 beta-estradiol, we performed polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) in 13 adenocarcinomas and 11 other preneoplastic lesions.	Methylnitrosourea	98-120	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	32-35
7605584-0	1995	N-methylnitrosourea-induced Ki-ras codon 12 mutations: early events in mouse thymic lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	0-19	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	28-34
7605584-1	1995	N-Methylnitrosourea (NMU)-induced codon 12 Ki-ras mutations were analyzed in premalignant thymic lymphomas from C57BL/6J mice by using a selective polymerase chain reaction amplification strategy.	Methylnitrosourea	0-19	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	43-49
7605584-1	1995	N-Methylnitrosourea (NMU)-induced codon 12 Ki-ras mutations were analyzed in premalignant thymic lymphomas from C57BL/6J mice by using a selective polymerase chain reaction amplification strategy.	Methylnitrosourea	21-24	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	43-49
7605584-2	1995	The frequency of codon 12 Ki-ras mutations was 67% (16 of 24) in NMU-treated animals with premalignant stage I disease.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	26-32
7605584-5	1995	The consistent and early detection of Ki-ras mutations in NMU-treated animals but not in untreated controls suggests that the mutations result from direct carcinogen exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	58-61	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	38-44
7544089-0	1995	Expression of a reverse transcriptase activity in a cell line established from peritoneal macrophages of mice treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	123-145	melanoma antigen	Mus musculus	16-37
7767963-0	1995	The immature thymocyte is protected from N-methylnitrosourea-induced lymphoma by the human MGMT-CD2 transgene.	Methylnitrosourea	41-60	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	91-95
7767963-0	1995	The immature thymocyte is protected from N-methylnitrosourea-induced lymphoma by the human MGMT-CD2 transgene.	Methylnitrosourea	41-60	CD2 molecule	Homo sapiens	96-99
7767963-2	1995	Expression of the human DNA repair gene, MGMT cDNA, which encodes O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, in transgenic mice effectively prevents MNU-induced thymic lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	146-149	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	41-45
7767963-2	1995	Expression of the human DNA repair gene, MGMT cDNA, which encodes O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, in transgenic mice effectively prevents MNU-induced thymic lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	146-149	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	66-104
7767963-11	1995	Since the main phenotype of MNU induced lymphomas in these mice, CD4+CD8+J11d+, is also the cell phenotype which expresses the MGMT-CD2 transgene at high levels, it appears that MGMT-induced protection has occurred in the cell target for MNU induced transformation.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	65-68
7767963-11	1995	Since the main phenotype of MNU induced lymphomas in these mice, CD4+CD8+J11d+, is also the cell phenotype which expresses the MGMT-CD2 transgene at high levels, it appears that MGMT-induced protection has occurred in the cell target for MNU induced transformation.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	127-131
7767963-11	1995	Since the main phenotype of MNU induced lymphomas in these mice, CD4+CD8+J11d+, is also the cell phenotype which expresses the MGMT-CD2 transgene at high levels, it appears that MGMT-induced protection has occurred in the cell target for MNU induced transformation.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	CD2 antigen	Mus musculus	132-135
7767963-11	1995	Since the main phenotype of MNU induced lymphomas in these mice, CD4+CD8+J11d+, is also the cell phenotype which expresses the MGMT-CD2 transgene at high levels, it appears that MGMT-induced protection has occurred in the cell target for MNU induced transformation.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	178-182
7767963-11	1995	Since the main phenotype of MNU induced lymphomas in these mice, CD4+CD8+J11d+, is also the cell phenotype which expresses the MGMT-CD2 transgene at high levels, it appears that MGMT-induced protection has occurred in the cell target for MNU induced transformation.	Methylnitrosourea	238-241	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	178-182
7790317-12	1995	In conclusion, TGF-alpha induced a hyperplastic lesion in the gastric fundus that appeared to predispose the MT100 mice to carcinogenesis by NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	141-144	transforming growth factor alpha	Mus musculus	15-24
7987834-0	1994	An overexpressed N-ras proto-oncogene cooperates with N-methylnitrosourea in mouse mammary carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	54-73	neuroblastoma ras oncogene	Mus musculus	17-22
7786036-1	1995	The effect of inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) on the growth arrest and cell killing induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was studied in L929 fibroblasts.	Methylnitrosourea	112-134	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	28-55
7786036-1	1995	The effect of inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) on the growth arrest and cell killing induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was studied in L929 fibroblasts.	Methylnitrosourea	112-134	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	57-61
7786036-1	1995	The effect of inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) on the growth arrest and cell killing induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was studied in L929 fibroblasts.	Methylnitrosourea	136-139	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	28-55
7786036-1	1995	The effect of inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) on the growth arrest and cell killing induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was studied in L929 fibroblasts.	Methylnitrosourea	136-139	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	57-61
8839260-10	1995	The noxious effect of STZ on GLUT2 expression is most likely facilitated through its glucose moiety, because MNU lacked to do so.	Methylnitrosourea	109-112	solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2	Mus musculus	29-34
8001265-0	1994	DNA methylation adduct formation and H-ras gene mutations in progression of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder tumors caused by a single exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	168-190	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	37-42
8001265-9	1994	Mutations in the H-ras gene were observed in one case each of the BBN and BBN+MNU groups, and both cases showed a G:C to A:T transition at codon 12.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	17-22
8001265-10	1994	The present study thus suggested that while an additional single treatment with MNU of rats bearing BBN-induced bladder neoplasias is associated with significant, possibly mutation-dependent tumor progression, H-ras mutations are not necessary events.	Methylnitrosourea	80-83	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	210-215
7882901-5	1994	When tested by RIA or by the Nb2 bioassay, there appeared to be approximately 50% less PRL secreted (2 weeks post-injection) by cells of the NMU-treated than the vehicle-treated animals.	Methylnitrosourea	141-144	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	87-90
7882901-6	1994	However, when tested by IL-2R assay, PRL cells of NMU-treated animals secreted 50% more activity.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	37-40
7882901-9	1994	Our interpretation is that NMU treatment interferes with the feedback of lymphokines on the pituitary with a decrease in the form of PRL detected by the RIA and Nb2 assays and an increase in the form which activates splenocytes, and thus changes the composition and function of the immune system.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	133-136
7937892-2	1994	Utilizing this system, we reported earlier that mammary tumors induced in vitro with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the presence of mammogenic hormones (progesterone and prolactin) contain predominately an activated c-Ki-ras protooncogene with a G35 --> A35 transitional mutation in the 12th codon.	Methylnitrosourea	85-107	prolactin	Mus musculus	165-174
7937892-2	1994	Utilizing this system, we reported earlier that mammary tumors induced in vitro with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the presence of mammogenic hormones (progesterone and prolactin) contain predominately an activated c-Ki-ras protooncogene with a G35 --> A35 transitional mutation in the 12th codon.	Methylnitrosourea	85-107	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	211-219
7937920-7	1994	Each of the four nephroblastomas contained the same T-->A mutation at codon 111 of WT1, reflective of transversion mutagenesis by N-nitroso-N"-methylurea in vivo.	Methylnitrosourea	133-156	WT1 transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	86-89
7955066-0	1994	Influence of sex and carcinogen treatment protocol on tumor latency and frequency of K-ras mutations in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	104-126	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	85-90
7923593-4	1994	SGH pancreatic duct cells exposed to 0.5 mM MNU for 13 weeks (long-treatment schedule) produced K-ras mutations at codon 12 in six of six tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	44-47	GTPase KRas	Mesocricetus auratus	96-101
7923593-5	1994	However, when cells were exposed to 0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mM MNU daily for 5 days (short-treatment schedule), mutations of K-ras at codon 13 were identified in four of 16 tumors, the remaining 12 showing no mutations.	Methylnitrosourea	58-61	GTPase KRas	Mesocricetus auratus	120-125
7923593-7	1994	The current experiments demonstrate that K-ras mutation in pancreatic carcinogenesis in vitro by MNU or HPNU can be modified by the nature and dose of the carcinogen as well as the frequency and duration of exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	97-100	GTPase KRas	Mesocricetus auratus	41-46
8062258-2	1994	Previous studies have shown that single doses of MNU administered to adult mice induced thymic lymphomas in over 80% of mice, while transgenic mice expressing high levels of the human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase gene in the thymus (MGMT-CD2 transgenics) were protected from developing MNU-induced lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	241-245
8062258-2	1994	Previous studies have shown that single doses of MNU administered to adult mice induced thymic lymphomas in over 80% of mice, while transgenic mice expressing high levels of the human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase gene in the thymus (MGMT-CD2 transgenics) were protected from developing MNU-induced lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	CD2 molecule	Homo sapiens	246-249
8062258-4	1994	In nontransgenic mice given a lymphomagenic dose of 80 mg/kg MNU, depletion of thymic alkyltransferase activity occurred within 3 h and remained undetectable for the subsequent 192 h; whereas in MGMT-CD2-transgenic mice, this dose of MNU did not deplete thymic alkyltransferase, and the lowest level of alkyltransferase was still 10-fold higher than the constitutive level of thymic alkyltransferase in nontransgenic mice.	Methylnitrosourea	61-64	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	195-199
8062258-4	1994	In nontransgenic mice given a lymphomagenic dose of 80 mg/kg MNU, depletion of thymic alkyltransferase activity occurred within 3 h and remained undetectable for the subsequent 192 h; whereas in MGMT-CD2-transgenic mice, this dose of MNU did not deplete thymic alkyltransferase, and the lowest level of alkyltransferase was still 10-fold higher than the constitutive level of thymic alkyltransferase in nontransgenic mice.	Methylnitrosourea	61-64	CD2 antigen	Mus musculus	200-203
8062258-8	1994	Our data establish that rapid O6-methylguanine-DNA adduct repair due to enhanced levels of alkyltransferase in MGMT-CD2-transgenic mice blocks the initiation of MNU-induced carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	161-164	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	111-115
8062258-8	1994	Our data establish that rapid O6-methylguanine-DNA adduct repair due to enhanced levels of alkyltransferase in MGMT-CD2-transgenic mice blocks the initiation of MNU-induced carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	161-164	CD2 antigen	Mus musculus	116-119
7916990-3	1994	Retroviral gene transfer was used to overexpress the bcl-2 oncogene in FDCP-mix cells, and this was associated with a delay in apoptosis in these cells after treatment with MNU and MMS and decreased sensitivity of colony formation to the cytotoxic effects of MMS.	Methylnitrosourea	173-176	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	53-58
7519972-0	1994	Differential effects of procarbazine and methylnitrosourea on the accumulation of O6-methylguanine and the depletion and recovery of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in rat tissues.	Methylnitrosourea	41-58	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	133-169
7519972-9	1994	Similarly, a single dose of MNU (35 mg/kg) resulted in AGT depletion followed by rapid recovery in all four tissues examined.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	angiotensinogen	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
8202370-5	1994	The frequency of mutations formed in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus was investigated after methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU) exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	176-198	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	41-80
8033110-10	1994	Positive staining with PAb240 or DO7 antibodies against human p53 or with an antibody generated in our laboratory against the hamster p53 fusion protein was observed only in the solid form of well-differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma and in rare cells scattered in 4 of 28 MNU-induced tumors analyzed.	Methylnitrosourea	273-276	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	134-137
8202370-5	1994	The frequency of mutations formed in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus was investigated after methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU) exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	176-198	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	82-86
8202370-5	1994	The frequency of mutations formed in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus was investigated after methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU) exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	200-203	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	41-80
8202370-5	1994	The frequency of mutations formed in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus was investigated after methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (NEU) exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	200-203	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	82-86
8162597-0	1994	Molecular analysis of hprt gene mutations in skin fibroblasts of rats exposed in vivo to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	89-111	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-26
8162597-6	1994	Twenty-two MNU-induced and 36 ENU-induced mutants carried a single base pair change in exon sequences of the hprt gene.	Methylnitrosourea	11-14	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-113
8162597-12	1994	The mutational spectra of MNU- and ENU-induced hprt mutant clones were different from spontaneously occurring hprt mutant clones.	Methylnitrosourea	26-29	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	47-51
8162597-13	1994	These results indicate that MNU and ENU induce different mutational spectra in vivo and that DNA repair systems remove O6-methylguanine, O2, and/or O4-ethylthymidine much faster from the transcribed strand than the nontranscribed strand of the hprt gene in these rat fibroblasts.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	244-248
8170982-0	1994	N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary tumors arise from cells with preexisting oncogenic Hras1 gene mutations.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	94-99
8170982-1	1994	GGA to GAA mutations in the 12th codon of the Hras gene are frequently observed in rat mammary tumors induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	113-135	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	7-10
7512210-8	1994	However, subchronic lacI studies (3-4-month exposure) resulted in an increase in sensitivity over the established tests by 1-2 orders of magnitude (shown with 2-acetylaminofluorene, N-nitrosomethylamine, N-nitrosomethylurea and urethane).	Methylnitrosourea	204-223	tissue factor pathway inhibitor	Mus musculus	20-24
8118929-0	1994	Comparison of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase mRNA levels in Ha-ras mutated and non-mutated rat mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	129-151	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	14-52
8118929-4	1994	In this study, we compared the amount of MGMT mRNA in MNU-induced rat mammary tumors with and without such Ha-ras activation.	Methylnitrosourea	54-57	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	41-45
8504484-3	1993	To address this question, we studied repair of MNU-induced N-methylpurines in the mitochondrial DNA from xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XP-D) cells using quantitative Southern blot analysis and 32P-end-labeling techniques.	Methylnitrosourea	47-50	ERCC excision repair 2, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit	Homo sapiens	105-150
8170982-1	1994	GGA to GAA mutations in the 12th codon of the Hras gene are frequently observed in rat mammary tumors induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	137-140	alpha glucosidase	Rattus norvegicus	7-10
8162889-3	1994	In this study, we have compared the effects of four direct-acting simple alkylating agents (methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, methylnitrosourea, and ethylnitrosourea) on the steady-state mRNA expression of a model inducible gene, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), using the chick embryo as a simple in vivo test system.	Methylnitrosourea	141-158	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1	Gallus gallus	245-278
8162889-3	1994	In this study, we have compared the effects of four direct-acting simple alkylating agents (methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, methylnitrosourea, and ethylnitrosourea) on the steady-state mRNA expression of a model inducible gene, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), using the chick embryo as a simple in vivo test system.	Methylnitrosourea	141-158	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1	Gallus gallus	280-285
8222060-5	1993	Fifteen MNU-induced 8-AAr mutants were isolated from each cell line and the sequences of the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) mutations determined.	Methylnitrosourea	8-11	adenine phosphoribosyltransferase	Homo sapiens	93-126
8514458-6	1993	MNU-treated HSGc and metastasizing clones were found to secrete high levels of tPA, while HSGc produced undetectable levels of this enzyme.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	plasminogen activator, tissue type	Homo sapiens	79-82
8477807-1	1993	The ability of interleukin (IL)-9 to stimulate the in vitro proliferation of freshly collected mouse thymic lymphoma cells was tested on a panel of 45 tumors, induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or by X-ray irradiation.	Methylnitrosourea	170-192	interleukin 9	Mus musculus	15-33
8477807-4	1993	In addition to the responses to IL-9 alone, a potent synergy was often observed between IL-9 and IL-2 for MNU-induced tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	106-109	interleukin 9	Mus musculus	88-92
8477807-4	1993	In addition to the responses to IL-9 alone, a potent synergy was often observed between IL-9 and IL-2 for MNU-induced tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	106-109	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	97-101
8188519-0	1994	Effects of inhibition of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in rats on carcinogenesis by methylnitrosourea and ethylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	91-108	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	25-61
8353851-1	1993	Polyclonal antibodies against a 65 kDa tumor-associated phosphoprotein (p65) were used to develop an ELISA to analyze the presence of p65 in urine and serum of rats bearing N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary gland adenocarcinomas.	Methylnitrosourea	173-195	synaptotagmin 1	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
8325451-4	1993	To elucidate the mechanism of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine repair in the virtual absence of constitutive O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase expression, studies were performed to determine if O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase expression was enhanced in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated beta-cells.	Methylnitrosourea	256-278	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	190-228
8325451-6	1993	However, Northern blot analysis showed a two- to threefold elevation in O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase messenger RNA levels in beta-cells 12 and 24 h after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	164-186	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Rattus norvegicus	72-110
7688078-0	1993	Nonrandom distribution of O6-methylguanine in H-ras gene sequence from DNA modified with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	89-111	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	46-51
20732210-6	1993	Nitromethylene heterocyclic (NMH) compound constitute a new class of selective insecticides, that presumably affect insect nAChR.	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	123-128
20732210-7	1993	The effect of the NMH compound 1-(pyridin-3-yl-methyl)-2-nitromethylene-imidazolidine (PMNI) on the different subtypes of nAChR has been analysed.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Homo sapiens	122-127
8512805-5	1993	For-N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) the increased protection in ogt-transfected cells is consistent with O4-MeT acting as a toxic lesion.	Methylnitrosourea	3-26	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	61-64
8512805-5	1993	For-N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) the increased protection in ogt-transfected cells is consistent with O4-MeT acting as a toxic lesion.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase	Homo sapiens	61-64
8504484-3	1993	To address this question, we studied repair of MNU-induced N-methylpurines in the mitochondrial DNA from xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XP-D) cells using quantitative Southern blot analysis and 32P-end-labeling techniques.	Methylnitrosourea	47-50	ERCC excision repair 2, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit	Homo sapiens	152-156
8504484-6	1993	Both XP-D fibroblasts and WI 38 cells were exposed to 0.5 mM MNU for 1 h. Following an 8 h repair period, 61% of N-methylpurines were repaired in the mitochondrial genome of XP-D cells and 39% of these lesions were repaired in WI 38 cells.	Methylnitrosourea	61-64	ERCC excision repair 2, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit	Homo sapiens	5-9
8504484-6	1993	Both XP-D fibroblasts and WI 38 cells were exposed to 0.5 mM MNU for 1 h. Following an 8 h repair period, 61% of N-methylpurines were repaired in the mitochondrial genome of XP-D cells and 39% of these lesions were repaired in WI 38 cells.	Methylnitrosourea	61-64	ERCC excision repair 2, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit	Homo sapiens	174-178
8453611-0	1993	Expression of sulfated glycoprotein 2 is associated with carcinogenesis induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea in rat prostate and seminal vesicle.	Methylnitrosourea	83-105	clusterin	Rattus norvegicus	14-37
8453611-3	1993	However, we have found high levels of SGP-2 expression in the epithelial component of carcinomas of the prostate and seminal vesicle after initiation with N-nitroso-N-methylurea and promotion with testosterone propionate.	Methylnitrosourea	155-177	clusterin	Rattus norvegicus	38-43
8472339-0	1993	Specificity of mutations induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in a cDNA of the hprt gene.	Methylnitrosourea	36-58	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	76-80
8472339-3	1993	Mutational sequence alterations were determined for 53 independent mutations induced by MNU in a cDNA of the human hprt gene, which is stably integrated into chromosomes of the mouse cell line VH12.	Methylnitrosourea	88-91	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	115-119
1336179-6	1992	To test whether the different fidelity of DNA polymerases synthesizing the leading and the lagging strands might contribute to MNU-induced mutation distribution the mutagenesis study was repeated on the shuttle vector pTF-EBV which contains the gpt gene in the inverted orientation.	Methylnitrosourea	127-130	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	245-248
8098217-8	1993	Thus, inheritance of at least one C57L allele at the albino or Hbb loci was associated with protection against MNU-induced lymphoma development.	Methylnitrosourea	111-114	hemoglobin beta chain complex	Mus musculus	63-66
1373834-5	1992	The morphologically transformed foci obtained with alkylated p220-EC ranged from 2.8 to 0.3/microgram MNU alkylated and 1.6 to 0.6/microgram ENU alkylated plasmid DNA.	Methylnitrosourea	102-105	Ral GTPase activating protein catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	61-65
1394197-0	1992	Incidence of c-Ki-ras activation in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas in pituitary-isografted mice.	Methylnitrosourea	36-58	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	13-21
1449968-11	1992	Finally, the application of MRS to the study of the molecular pharmacology of alkylating agents (a nitrogen mustard and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea) is discussed.	Methylnitrosourea	120-142	MROS	Homo sapiens	28-31
1617648-0	1992	p53 mutations in C57BL/6J murine thymic lymphomas induced by gamma-irradiation and N-methylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	83-102	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	0-3
1617648-1	1992	Genomic DNA from thymus tissue obtained from 47 C57BL/6J animals treated with the DNA alkylating agent N-methylnitrosourea or gamma-irradiation were screened for the presence of p53 mutations by using the single strand conformation polymorphism assay.	Methylnitrosourea	103-122	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	178-181
1617648-3	1992	The frequency of p53 mutations was the same in tumors induced by N-methylnitrosourea (2 of 15) or by gamma-irradiation (2 of 15).	Methylnitrosourea	65-84	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	17-20
1638685-0	1992	Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of methylnitrosourea in two human fetal fibroblast strains differing in O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity.	Methylnitrosourea	35-52	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	104-142
1638685-2	1992	In the present study we determined (i) loss of colony-forming ability and frequency of mutants resistant to 6-thioguanine (6TG) on exposure to the SN1 alkylating agent methylnitrosourea (MNU) and (ii) amount of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), the protein responsible for repairing O6-methylguanine (O6mG) produced by MNU, in GM11 cells compared to GM10, a Mer+ human fetal fibroblast strain.	Methylnitrosourea	187-190	solute carrier family 38 member 3	Homo sapiens	147-150
1348577-8	1992	Our results indicate that the structure of the GPT protein is the main contributor to the strand-specificity of MNU-induced mutations previously reported by using a phenotypic mutation assay.	Methylnitrosourea	112-115	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	47-50
1371457-2	1992	N-nitrosomethyl-urea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors synthesize mRNAs for IGF-II and IGFBP-2, -3, and -4.	Methylnitrosourea	0-20	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	75-81
1371457-2	1992	N-nitrosomethyl-urea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors synthesize mRNAs for IGF-II and IGFBP-2, -3, and -4.	Methylnitrosourea	0-20	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	86-105
1371457-2	1992	N-nitrosomethyl-urea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors synthesize mRNAs for IGF-II and IGFBP-2, -3, and -4.	Methylnitrosourea	22-25	insulin-like growth factor 2	Rattus norvegicus	75-81
1371457-2	1992	N-nitrosomethyl-urea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors synthesize mRNAs for IGF-II and IGFBP-2, -3, and -4.	Methylnitrosourea	22-25	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2	Rattus norvegicus	86-105
1547544-9	1992	Our data do confirm the general finding in AKR mice, a strain with a high incidence of spontaneous thymic lymphosarcoma, that cells with immature phenotypes, particularly CD4-CD8+J11d+, make up MNU-induced thymic lymphosarcomas.	Methylnitrosourea	194-197	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	171-174
1373834-7	1992	The HpaII/MspI restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) at codon 12 of H-ras exon-1 was detected with 4 independently isolated clones obtained from MNU-alkylated p220-EC transfections.	Methylnitrosourea	146-149	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	69-74
1373834-7	1992	The HpaII/MspI restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) at codon 12 of H-ras exon-1 was detected with 4 independently isolated clones obtained from MNU-alkylated p220-EC transfections.	Methylnitrosourea	146-149	Ral GTPase activating protein catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	160-164
1733572-0	1992	K-ras oncogene mutations in rat colon tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	56-78	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	0-5
1311769-9	1992	The same strand-bias was observed when the gpt gene was transcriptionally inactive, indicating that MNU-induced strand-specific formation of mutations is not due to transcription.	Methylnitrosourea	100-103	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	43-46
1733572-3	1992	To detect potential activating point mutations in the H-ras and K-ras oncogenes in MNU-induced rat colon tumors, DNA samples from 40 adenomas, nine carcinomas, and 14 histologically normal tissue samples from 14 rats--as well as from 16 foci induced on NIH3T3 cells by tumor DNAs--were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and hybridized with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes.	Methylnitrosourea	83-86	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	54-59
1733572-3	1992	To detect potential activating point mutations in the H-ras and K-ras oncogenes in MNU-induced rat colon tumors, DNA samples from 40 adenomas, nine carcinomas, and 14 histologically normal tissue samples from 14 rats--as well as from 16 foci induced on NIH3T3 cells by tumor DNAs--were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and hybridized with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes.	Methylnitrosourea	83-86	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	64-69
1535505-1	1992	Fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, 4-HPR] is an effective agent for the inhibition of N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced breast cancer in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	95-117	haptoglobin-related protein	Homo sapiens	46-49
1834328-0	1991	Analysis of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutations in a shuttle vector plasmid propagated in mouse O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase-deficient cells in comparison with proficient cells.	Methylnitrosourea	12-34	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	101-139
1485917-1	1992	The occurrence of Ha-ras and Ki-ras oncogenes was investigated in mammary tumors produced by treating genetically resistant Copenhagen (Cop) rats with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	151-173	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	29-35
1834328-9	1991	These results show that the new pYZ289 plasmid is useful for the analysis of mutations and that a deficiency in O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase enhances the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation with significant specificity.	Methylnitrosourea	164-186	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	112-150
1933853-1	1991	Mammary and skin tumors induced in rodents by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment have a G:C to A:T transition mutation in codon 12 of H-ras, probably resulting from alkylation of O6 of guanine by the carcinogen.	Methylnitrosourea	46-68	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	132-137
1657427-7	1991	The high MGMT expressors became strongly resistant to the killing effects of MNNG, HeCNU, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and, to a significant lesser degree, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS).	Methylnitrosourea	90-112	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	9-13
1657427-7	1991	The high MGMT expressors became strongly resistant to the killing effects of MNNG, HeCNU, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and, to a significant lesser degree, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS).	Methylnitrosourea	114-117	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	9-13
1717139-1	1991	The presence of point mutations in the K-ras gene was examined in murine thymic lymphomas induced by a single dose of N-methylnitrosourea by the RNase A mismatch cleavage method and by allelic-specific oligonucleotide hybridization of in vitro amplified DNA by polymerase chain reaction.	Methylnitrosourea	118-137	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	39-44
1934271-0	1991	Site specificity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced transition mutations in the hprt gene.	Methylnitrosourea	20-42	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	79-83
1934271-3	1991	The present study aimed to investigate the types and position specificities of mutations induced by MNU in another gene, the hprt gene of V79 Chinese hamster cells.	Methylnitrosourea	100-103	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	125-129
1875945-5	1991	N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea, methyl methanesulfonate, N-hydroxyethyl-N-chloroethylnitrosourea, UV light, and X rays caused a similar accumulation of MGMT mRNA in rat hepatoma cells.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	144-148
1874567-2	1991	In this study, we investigated the alterations of H-ras gene in early focal lesions as well as carcinomas in the mammary glands of F344 rats treated with NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	154-157	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
1930356-1	1991	The in vitro antineoplastic activity of hexadecylphosphocholine (HPC, CAS 58066-85-6) on methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats and human mammary carcinoma was investigated with the modified Hamburger-Salmon-Colony-Assay (HSCA).	Methylnitrosourea	89-106	BCAR1 scaffold protein, Cas family member	Rattus norvegicus	70-73
2054779-8	1991	Thus, ada+ transgenic mice treated with methylnitrosourea have lower levels of persistent mutagenic O6-methylguanine adducts than ada- nontransgenic mice.	Methylnitrosourea	40-57	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	6-9
1664839-8	1991	Changes in contents of Fe(3+)-transferrin, ceruloplasmin, methemoglobin in blood and spleen of animals after MNU injections have been found.	Methylnitrosourea	109-112	transferrin	Mus musculus	30-41
1712425-6	1991	Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified HPRT cDNA from these mutants showed that the spontaneous and the 2 MNU-induced mutant clones lacked exon 4, while the EMS-induced mutant had a GC to AT transition in exon 6.	Methylnitrosourea	102-105	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	35-39
1868493-1	1991	The antineoplastic efficacy of human interleukin-2 (IL-2) in autochthonous methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinoma and in acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine-induced colorectal carcinoma of Sprague Dawley rats has been investigated.	Methylnitrosourea	75-92	interleukin 2	Homo sapiens	52-56
1840416-1	1991	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induces murine CD4-8+ T-lymphomas that express high levels of J11d and low levels of CD5 antigens, a phenotype characteristic of immature CD4-8+ thymocytes.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	38-41
1840416-1	1991	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induces murine CD4-8+ T-lymphomas that express high levels of J11d and low levels of CD5 antigens, a phenotype characteristic of immature CD4-8+ thymocytes.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	CD5 antigen	Mus musculus	108-111
1840416-1	1991	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induces murine CD4-8+ T-lymphomas that express high levels of J11d and low levels of CD5 antigens, a phenotype characteristic of immature CD4-8+ thymocytes.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	161-164
1890136-6	1991	Two out of eight NMU-induced liver tumours exhibited additional N-ras-related sequences of unknown origin.	Methylnitrosourea	17-20	NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	64-69
1680340-0	1991	Frequent activation of the Ki-ras oncogene at codon 12 in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat prostate adenocarcinomas and neurogenic sarcomas.	Methylnitrosourea	58-80	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	27-33
1680340-7	1991	Production of O6-methylguanine adducts in the Ki-ras codon 12 followed by base mispairing during replicative DNA synthesis is thus the likely molecular mechanism of initiation of prostatic carcinogenesis by MNU in the rat.	Methylnitrosourea	207-210	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	46-52
2064983-6	1991	A polyclonal antibody against TGF-alpha was used to study the role of TGF-alpha in E2-, prolactin(Prl)- and progesterone(Prog)-stimulated proliferation of NMU(nitrosomethylurea)-induced rat mammary tumor cells under similar culture conditions.	Methylnitrosourea	155-158	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	30-39
2064983-6	1991	A polyclonal antibody against TGF-alpha was used to study the role of TGF-alpha in E2-, prolactin(Prl)- and progesterone(Prog)-stimulated proliferation of NMU(nitrosomethylurea)-induced rat mammary tumor cells under similar culture conditions.	Methylnitrosourea	155-158	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	70-79
2052012-5	1991	Comparison of differences in biological response between transgenic and non-transgenic mice after treatment with the alkylating carcinogen methylnitrosourea (MNU) at various doses revealed transgenic mice to be more capable of repairing O6-MTase activity, only showing signs of exhaustion at very high levels of exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	139-156	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	237-245
2052012-5	1991	Comparison of differences in biological response between transgenic and non-transgenic mice after treatment with the alkylating carcinogen methylnitrosourea (MNU) at various doses revealed transgenic mice to be more capable of repairing O6-MTase activity, only showing signs of exhaustion at very high levels of exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	158-161	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	237-245
2052012-6	1991	In non-transgenic mice, on the other hand, the basal level of O6-MTase was low, and the activity was hardly detectable when the animals were treated with MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	154-157	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	62-70
2054841-6	1991	MNU administration was followed by selective differentiation of thymocytes within TNC-c to Lyt 1-thymocytes in some and to Lyt 2-thymocytes in others.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	tenascin C	Mus musculus	82-85
2054841-6	1991	MNU administration was followed by selective differentiation of thymocytes within TNC-c to Lyt 1-thymocytes in some and to Lyt 2-thymocytes in others.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	CD5 antigen	Mus musculus	91-96
2054841-6	1991	MNU administration was followed by selective differentiation of thymocytes within TNC-c to Lyt 1-thymocytes in some and to Lyt 2-thymocytes in others.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	CD8 antigen, alpha chain	Mus musculus	123-128
1899045-2	1991	Following exposure to 10(-3) M MNU, restriction fragments containing either the DHFR gene or the 3" flanking sequence had similar amounts of alkali labile sites, approximately 2 sites/restriction fragment.	Methylnitrosourea	31-34	dihydrofolate reductase	Cricetulus griseus	80-84
1899045-4	1991	Twenty-four h after exposure to MNU a consistent, but slight and not statistically significant, difference was seen with more adducts removed from the DHFR gene than the 3" flanking sequence.	Methylnitrosourea	32-35	dihydrofolate reductase	Cricetulus griseus	151-155
1898715-0	1991	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea alters thymocyte subset distribution and targets immature CD4-8+ cells for lymphoma development.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	81-84
1898715-1	1991	The majority of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced lymphomas in AKR/J mice express a CD4-8+ phenotype.	Methylnitrosourea	16-38	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	87-90
1898715-1	1991	The majority of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced lymphomas in AKR/J mice express a CD4-8+ phenotype.	Methylnitrosourea	40-43	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	87-90
1898715-3	1991	This study demonstrates that MNU-induced lymphomas correspond to the immature CD4-8+ subset.	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	78-81
1898715-4	1991	In addition, specific changes in the distribution of thymocyte subsets defined by CD4 and CD8 expression were observed after MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	125-128	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	82-85
1898715-8	1991	The data suggest that MNU induces neoplastic conversion in progenitor cells corresponding to the CD4-8- or immature CD4-8+ stages of thymocyte maturation.	Methylnitrosourea	22-25	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	97-100
1898715-8	1991	The data suggest that MNU induces neoplastic conversion in progenitor cells corresponding to the CD4-8- or immature CD4-8+ stages of thymocyte maturation.	Methylnitrosourea	22-25	CD4 antigen	Mus musculus	116-119
1930356-1	1991	The in vitro antineoplastic activity of hexadecylphosphocholine (HPC, CAS 58066-85-6) on methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats and human mammary carcinoma was investigated with the modified Hamburger-Salmon-Colony-Assay (HSCA).	Methylnitrosourea	108-111	BCAR1 scaffold protein, Cas family member	Rattus norvegicus	70-73
1844246-6	1991	Within 12 weeks after administration of MNU, the transgenic mice developed forestomach papillomas and then carcinomas very frequently, at the rate of almost 100% and almost all of the tumors had point mutations in their transgenes at the 12th codon from GGC (Gly) to GAC (Asp).	Methylnitrosourea	40-43	gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase	Mus musculus	254-257
2169341-6	1990	It is suggested that the presence of the AKv-1 loci, or a gene of the closely associated genomic region, increases the number of target cells that are susceptible to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	166-188	endogenous ecotropic MuLV 11	Mus musculus	41-46
2398914-1	1990	The Mex- (Mer-) phenotype of human cells is characterised by a sensitivity to agents such as N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	141-163	zinc finger SWIM-type containing 2	Homo sapiens	4-7
2398914-1	1990	The Mex- (Mer-) phenotype of human cells is characterised by a sensitivity to agents such as N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	165-168	zinc finger SWIM-type containing 2	Homo sapiens	4-7
2398914-3	1990	Resistance to MNNG and MNU may be acquired by Mex- cells either by reexpression of a methyltransferase function or by an ill-defined process of tolerance in which the cytotoxic potential of m6-Gua is circumvented without the altered base being removed from DNA.	Methylnitrosourea	23-26	zinc finger SWIM-type containing 2	Homo sapiens	46-49
2218942-6	1990	The possibility that two of the proteins which exhibit a shift in pI following MNU exposure represent the cell adhesion molecules, N-CAM and L-CAM (based on similar Mr values), was investigated by Western blot analysis.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Mus musculus	131-136
2218942-6	1990	The possibility that two of the proteins which exhibit a shift in pI following MNU exposure represent the cell adhesion molecules, N-CAM and L-CAM (based on similar Mr values), was investigated by Western blot analysis.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	cadherin 1	Mus musculus	141-146
2181280-0	1990	Transforming c-Ki-ras mutation is a preneoplastic event in mouse mammary carcinogenesis induced in vitro by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	108-130	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	13-21
2194653-6	1990	Promotion/progression was varied by increasing prolactin levels starting approximately 2 weeks after NMU administration.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	47-56
2185903-4	1990	In contrast, splenic NK cell cytotoxicity and IL-2 production of MNU-treated rats were actually elevated at several of the later sampling periods.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	interleukin 2	Rattus norvegicus	46-50
2116389-0	1990	Mutational activation of H-ras and K-ras genes is absent in N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced liver tumors in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	60-82	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	25-30
2116389-0	1990	Mutational activation of H-ras and K-ras genes is absent in N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced liver tumors in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	60-82	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	35-40
2116389-1	1990	We examined mutational activation of H- and K-ras genes in hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea or diethylnitrosamine using the polymerase chain reaction, followed by dot-blot hybridization.	Methylnitrosourea	121-143	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	44-49
2181280-2	1990	Mammary carcinomas arising from MNU-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules (a type of mouse mammary preneoplastic lesion) contained transforming c-Ki-ras genes when examined by the NIH 3T3 focus assay.	Methylnitrosourea	32-35	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	144-152
2181280-6	1990	These results demonstrate that the specific c-Ki-ras mutation is a preneoplastic event in MNU-induced mouse mammary carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	90-93	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	44-52
34145181-7	2021	To evaluate the mechanisms mediating the effect of propranolol on the development of MNU-induced cancer, we investigated several parameters of the tumor microenvironment and found that propranolol increased gene expression of Casp3.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	226-231
2320583-6	1990	The hMT-IIA transfectants, however, but not control transfectants harboring a BPV-MT promoter-neo construct, tolerated significantly higher doses of the alkylating agents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.	Methylnitrosourea	171-193	histamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	4-7
2320583-6	1990	The hMT-IIA transfectants, however, but not control transfectants harboring a BPV-MT promoter-neo construct, tolerated significantly higher doses of the alkylating agents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.	Methylnitrosourea	171-193	histamine N-methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	5-7
1975252-2	1990	MNU was chosen because it is well known that MNU-induced rat mammary carcinomas contain activated H-ras at very high frequency.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	98-103
1975252-2	1990	MNU was chosen because it is well known that MNU-induced rat mammary carcinomas contain activated H-ras at very high frequency.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	98-103
2139488-8	1990	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea produced slightly more DNA strand breaks in mutagen-sensitive mice, which are derived from the CD-1 strain, than in ICR mice.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	CD1 antigen complex	Mus musculus	118-122
2164817-6	1990	Some alteration in c-myc and Pim-1 genes were also found in MNU-induced tumors, but, mainly, these involved integration of ecotropic-like rather than recombinant MCF viruses.	Methylnitrosourea	60-63	proviral integration site 1	Mus musculus	29-34
2164817-7	1990	Furthermore, MNU-induced tumors frequently (in 24% of thymomas) contained G----A transition mutations, activating the Ki-ras oncogene at codon 12 position 2.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	118-124
28498946-6	2017	Using a small intestinal tumor model induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), we found that transgenic expression of Rev1 accelerated intestinal adenoma development in proportion to the Rev1 expression level; however, overexpression of Rev1 alone did not cause spontaneous development of intestinal adenomas.	Methylnitrosourea	48-70	REV1, DNA directed polymerase	Mus musculus	117-121
28498946-6	2017	Using a small intestinal tumor model induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), we found that transgenic expression of Rev1 accelerated intestinal adenoma development in proportion to the Rev1 expression level; however, overexpression of Rev1 alone did not cause spontaneous development of intestinal adenomas.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	REV1, DNA directed polymerase	Mus musculus	117-121
28498946-7	2017	In Rev1 Tg mice, MNU-induced mutagenesis was elevated, whereas apoptosis was suppressed.	Methylnitrosourea	17-20	REV1, DNA directed polymerase	Mus musculus	3-7
28498946-8	2017	The effects of hREV1 expression levels on the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of MNU were confirmed in the human cancer cell line HT1080.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	REV1 DNA directed polymerase	Homo sapiens	15-20
2195638-12	1990	In contrast to spontaneous gliomas in old rats, MNU and ENU-induced astrocytomas can be readily identified with well established biomarkers such as the S100 protein and particularly GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein).	Methylnitrosourea	48-51	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Rattus norvegicus	188-219
34717744-10	2021	BMP and sFRP2 antagonism also enhanced CE cell proliferation in response to exogenous growth factor stimulation and MNU-induced retinal degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	116-119	secreted frizzled related protein 2	Homo sapiens	8-13
34196654-7	2021	Results: It was shown that MNU could inhibit the proliferation and specific physiological functions of CECs by increasing apoptosis and decreasing the expression of ZO-1 and Na+/K+-ATPase, whereas H2 improved the proliferation and physiological function of CECs by anti-apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	tight junction protein 1	Homo sapiens	165-169
34228493-6	2021	FAN1 also contributes towards MMR in vivo: cells lacking both EXO1 and FAN1 have a MMR defect and display resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and 6-thioguanine (TG).	Methylnitrosourea	120-142	FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1	Mus musculus	0-4
34228493-6	2021	FAN1 also contributes towards MMR in vivo: cells lacking both EXO1 and FAN1 have a MMR defect and display resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and 6-thioguanine (TG).	Methylnitrosourea	120-142	exonuclease 1	Mus musculus	62-66
34228493-6	2021	FAN1 also contributes towards MMR in vivo: cells lacking both EXO1 and FAN1 have a MMR defect and display resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and 6-thioguanine (TG).	Methylnitrosourea	120-142	FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1	Mus musculus	71-75
34228493-6	2021	FAN1 also contributes towards MMR in vivo: cells lacking both EXO1 and FAN1 have a MMR defect and display resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and 6-thioguanine (TG).	Methylnitrosourea	144-147	FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1	Mus musculus	0-4
34228493-6	2021	FAN1 also contributes towards MMR in vivo: cells lacking both EXO1 and FAN1 have a MMR defect and display resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and 6-thioguanine (TG).	Methylnitrosourea	144-147	exonuclease 1	Mus musculus	62-66
34228493-6	2021	FAN1 also contributes towards MMR in vivo: cells lacking both EXO1 and FAN1 have a MMR defect and display resistance to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and 6-thioguanine (TG).	Methylnitrosourea	144-147	FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1	Mus musculus	71-75
34437490-3	2021	This study aimed to investigate whether the fixed combination with nMH improves the ocular hypotensive effect of TM and affects pupil size (PS), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in clinically healthy dogs.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	thrombomodulin	Canis lupus familiaris	113-115
34437490-8	2021	From these results, nMH improved the ocular hypotensive effect of TM without enhancing side effects.	Methylnitrosourea	20-23	thrombomodulin	Canis lupus familiaris	66-68
34589278-5	2021	After N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment, the incidence of GC in miR-497 knockout mice was significantly higher than that in wild-type mice.	Methylnitrosourea	6-28	microRNA 497	Mus musculus	63-70
34325589-10	2021	Strong expression of BCL-2, IL-6, COX 2, beta-catenin and iNOS in (NMU + BaP)-administered rats were observed.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	21-26
34325589-10	2021	Strong expression of BCL-2, IL-6, COX 2, beta-catenin and iNOS in (NMU + BaP)-administered rats were observed.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	28-32
34325589-10	2021	Strong expression of BCL-2, IL-6, COX 2, beta-catenin and iNOS in (NMU + BaP)-administered rats were observed.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	34-39
34325589-10	2021	Strong expression of BCL-2, IL-6, COX 2, beta-catenin and iNOS in (NMU + BaP)-administered rats were observed.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-53
34325589-10	2021	Strong expression of BCL-2, IL-6, COX 2, beta-catenin and iNOS in (NMU + BaP)-administered rats were observed.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	nitric oxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	58-62
34612094-7	2021	In addition, the immunoreactivity of ER-alpha was reduced significantly in MNU-induced mammary carcinoma, which is a key target in ER + breast cancer.	Methylnitrosourea	75-78	estrogen receptor 1	Homo sapiens	37-45
34267553-9	2021	Also in groups 2-4, levels of serum MMP1, NFkappaB, and TNFalpha significantly decreased, and serum caspase 3 significantly increased either in mother rats or their offspring compared to the MNU-alone group.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	matrix metallopeptidase 1	Rattus norvegicus	36-40
34267553-9	2021	Also in groups 2-4, levels of serum MMP1, NFkappaB, and TNFalpha significantly decreased, and serum caspase 3 significantly increased either in mother rats or their offspring compared to the MNU-alone group.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	tumor necrosis factor	Rattus norvegicus	56-64
34267553-9	2021	Also in groups 2-4, levels of serum MMP1, NFkappaB, and TNFalpha significantly decreased, and serum caspase 3 significantly increased either in mother rats or their offspring compared to the MNU-alone group.	Methylnitrosourea	191-194	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	100-109
34267553-10	2021	Levels of serum MDA significantly decreased; however, levels of serum antioxidants (CAT and SOD) significantly increased in all groups 2-4 compared to MNU-alone group.	Methylnitrosourea	151-154	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	84-95
34196654-8	2021	Cell experiments further confirmed that H2 could reverse MNU damage to CECs by decreasing oxidative stress injury, interfering with the NF-kappaB/NLRP3 pathway and the FOXO3a/p53/p21 pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	57-60	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	136-145
34196654-8	2021	Cell experiments further confirmed that H2 could reverse MNU damage to CECs by decreasing oxidative stress injury, interfering with the NF-kappaB/NLRP3 pathway and the FOXO3a/p53/p21 pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	57-60	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3	Homo sapiens	146-151
34196654-8	2021	Cell experiments further confirmed that H2 could reverse MNU damage to CECs by decreasing oxidative stress injury, interfering with the NF-kappaB/NLRP3 pathway and the FOXO3a/p53/p21 pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	57-60	forkhead box O3	Homo sapiens	168-174
34196654-8	2021	Cell experiments further confirmed that H2 could reverse MNU damage to CECs by decreasing oxidative stress injury, interfering with the NF-kappaB/NLRP3 pathway and the FOXO3a/p53/p21 pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	57-60	tumor protein p53	Homo sapiens	175-178
34196654-8	2021	Cell experiments further confirmed that H2 could reverse MNU damage to CECs by decreasing oxidative stress injury, interfering with the NF-kappaB/NLRP3 pathway and the FOXO3a/p53/p21 pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	57-60	H3 histone pseudogene 16	Homo sapiens	179-182
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	152-156
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	aquaporin 4	Rattus norvegicus	162-166
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	152-156
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	aquaporin 4	Rattus norvegicus	162-166
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	242-245	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	242-245	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	152-156
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	242-245	aquaporin 4	Rattus norvegicus	162-166
34295731-14	2021	Conclusions: Hydropenia exacerbates pathological alterations induced by MNU in rats with orthotopic BCa by increasing the expression levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	143-147
34295731-14	2021	Conclusions: Hydropenia exacerbates pathological alterations induced by MNU in rats with orthotopic BCa by increasing the expression levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	149-153
34295731-14	2021	Conclusions: Hydropenia exacerbates pathological alterations induced by MNU in rats with orthotopic BCa by increasing the expression levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	aquaporin 4	Rattus norvegicus	159-163
34122114-3	2021	This study aims to evaluate the N-nitroso-N-methyl urea (NMU)-induced anti-mammary gland tumor activity of 2,4,6 (O-nitrophenyl amino) 1,3,5-triazine (O-NPAT).	Methylnitrosourea	57-60	nuclear protein, coactivator of histone transcription	Homo sapiens	153-157
35592435-7	2022	In the MNU (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)-induced CRC in vivo model, PMBA instillation restricted and repressed polyp formation, suppressed tumor proliferation marker Ki67 (Marker of proliferation), ablated KRAS-associated cytokine signaling, and decreased mortality.	Methylnitrosourea	12-34	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	201-205
34295731-0	2021	Hydropenia may accelerates the progression of orthotopic bladder cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea by increasing the expression levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4.	Methylnitrosourea	83-105	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	145-149
34295731-0	2021	Hydropenia may accelerates the progression of orthotopic bladder cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea by increasing the expression levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4.	Methylnitrosourea	83-105	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	151-155
34295731-0	2021	Hydropenia may accelerates the progression of orthotopic bladder cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea by increasing the expression levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4.	Methylnitrosourea	83-105	aquaporin 4	Rattus norvegicus	161-165
34295731-2	2021	Here, we aimed to explore the role of hydropenia in the progression of bladder cancer (BCa), as well as to assess the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 in bladder tissues from hydropenic and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	192-214	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	132-136
34295731-2	2021	Here, we aimed to explore the role of hydropenia in the progression of bladder cancer (BCa), as well as to assess the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 in bladder tissues from hydropenic and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	192-214	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
34295731-2	2021	Here, we aimed to explore the role of hydropenia in the progression of bladder cancer (BCa), as well as to assess the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 in bladder tissues from hydropenic and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	192-214	aquaporin 4	Rattus norvegicus	148-152
34295731-2	2021	Here, we aimed to explore the role of hydropenia in the progression of bladder cancer (BCa), as well as to assess the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 in bladder tissues from hydropenic and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	216-219	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	132-136
34295731-2	2021	Here, we aimed to explore the role of hydropenia in the progression of bladder cancer (BCa), as well as to assess the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 in bladder tissues from hydropenic and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	216-219	aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group)	Rattus norvegicus	138-142
34295731-2	2021	Here, we aimed to explore the role of hydropenia in the progression of bladder cancer (BCa), as well as to assess the expression of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 in bladder tissues from hydropenic and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	216-219	aquaporin 4	Rattus norvegicus	148-152
34295731-13	2021	QRT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the MNU group, hydropenia group, and MNU + hydropenia group had significantly increased levels of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP4 compared to the control group, with the most dramatic increase seen in the MNU + hydropenia group.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	aquaporin 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-150
35623148-0	2022	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induces zebrafish anomalous angiogenesis through Wnt/beta-catenin pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1	Danio rerio	76-88
35623148-3	2022	In this study, we found that MNU induced abnormal angiogenesis which was accompanied by upregulation of rspo1, p53 and vegfaa in zebrafish embryos.	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	R-spondin 1	Danio rerio	104-109
35623148-3	2022	In this study, we found that MNU induced abnormal angiogenesis which was accompanied by upregulation of rspo1, p53 and vegfaa in zebrafish embryos.	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	tumor protein p53	Danio rerio	111-114
35623148-3	2022	In this study, we found that MNU induced abnormal angiogenesis which was accompanied by upregulation of rspo1, p53 and vegfaa in zebrafish embryos.	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	vascular endothelial growth factor Aa	Danio rerio	119-125
35623148-4	2022	Moreover, it revealed that MNU-induced ectopic sprouting of blood vessels was significantly reduced in rspo1-knockdown but not p53-knockdown embryos, indicating that rspo1 was necessary for MNU-induced abnormal angiogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	R-spondin 1	Danio rerio	103-108
35623148-4	2022	Moreover, it revealed that MNU-induced ectopic sprouting of blood vessels was significantly reduced in rspo1-knockdown but not p53-knockdown embryos, indicating that rspo1 was necessary for MNU-induced abnormal angiogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	R-spondin 1	Danio rerio	166-171
35623148-4	2022	Moreover, it revealed that MNU-induced ectopic sprouting of blood vessels was significantly reduced in rspo1-knockdown but not p53-knockdown embryos, indicating that rspo1 was necessary for MNU-induced abnormal angiogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	190-193	R-spondin 1	Danio rerio	103-108
35623148-4	2022	Moreover, it revealed that MNU-induced ectopic sprouting of blood vessels was significantly reduced in rspo1-knockdown but not p53-knockdown embryos, indicating that rspo1 was necessary for MNU-induced abnormal angiogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	190-193	R-spondin 1	Danio rerio	166-171
35623148-6	2022	These data together indicated that rspo1/Wnt/beta-catenin/vegfaa axis is involved in the modulation of MNU-induced anomalous angiogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	103-106	R-spondin 1	Mus musculus	35-40
35623148-6	2022	These data together indicated that rspo1/Wnt/beta-catenin/vegfaa axis is involved in the modulation of MNU-induced anomalous angiogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	103-106	catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1	Mus musculus	45-57
35623148-6	2022	These data together indicated that rspo1/Wnt/beta-catenin/vegfaa axis is involved in the modulation of MNU-induced anomalous angiogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	103-106	vascular endothelial growth factor Aa	Danio rerio	58-64
35203520-0	2022	Wedelolactone Attenuates N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Retinal Neurodegeneration through Suppression of the AIM2/CASP11 Pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	25-47	absent in melanoma 2	Mus musculus	109-113
35371322-10	2022	The results of our study indicate that TA ameliorated the endometrial cancer induced by MNU and estradiol by regulating the macrophage/MMP-12/plasminogen/angiostatin signal transmission pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	88-91	matrix metallopeptidase 12	Mus musculus	135-141
35371322-10	2022	The results of our study indicate that TA ameliorated the endometrial cancer induced by MNU and estradiol by regulating the macrophage/MMP-12/plasminogen/angiostatin signal transmission pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	88-91	plasminogen	Mus musculus	154-165
35203520-0	2022	Wedelolactone Attenuates N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Retinal Neurodegeneration through Suppression of the AIM2/CASP11 Pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	25-47	caspase 4, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase	Mus musculus	114-120
35203520-12	2022	The expression of Aim2, ACasp1, and Casp11 was increased in the retina from NMU-treated mice, and this was prevented by WD treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	absent in melanoma 2	Mus musculus	18-22
35203520-12	2022	The expression of Aim2, ACasp1, and Casp11 was increased in the retina from NMU-treated mice, and this was prevented by WD treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	caspase 4, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase	Mus musculus	36-42
35203520-15	2022	Aim2 inflammasome activation is critically involved in NMU-induced retinal neurodegeneration and WD can protect the retina particularly through the suppression of this inflammasome-linked pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	55-58	absent in melanoma 2	Mus musculus	0-4
3240780-1	1988	A male mouse displaying bilateral microphthalmia and cataract was found among the offspring of pregnant Slc: ICR mouse treated intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg methylnitrosourea on gestational day 4.	Methylnitrosourea	159-176	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21A (serine)	Mus musculus	104-107
2484616-6	1989	Sodium arsenite at relatively nontoxic concentrations (5 microM for 24 h or 10 microM for 3 h) is comutagenic with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MMU) at the hprt locus in V79 cells.	Methylnitrosourea	115-137	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	151-155
2539916-1	1989	We have selected two N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-resistant derivatives of the SV40-transformed, alkyltransferase-deficient (Mex-) human fibroblast cell line MRC5V1.	Methylnitrosourea	21-43	zinc finger SWIM-type containing 2	Homo sapiens	125-128
2539916-1	1989	We have selected two N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-resistant derivatives of the SV40-transformed, alkyltransferase-deficient (Mex-) human fibroblast cell line MRC5V1.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	zinc finger SWIM-type containing 2	Homo sapiens	125-128
2539916-5	1989	We have transfected MRC5V1 and one of our MNU-resistant lines with the bacterial O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG)-DNA methyltransferase (ada) gene.	Methylnitrosourea	42-45	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	130-133
2654935-4	1989	In contrast, 100% of the mutations in the Ki-ras gene detected in methylnitrosourea-induced lung tumors and 93% of the mutations in the Ki-ras genes detected in benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung tumors were in codon 12, whereas 90% of the mutations in the Ki-ras genes detected in ethyl carbamate-induced lung tumors were in codon 61.	Methylnitrosourea	66-83	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	42-48
2703914-5	1989	NMU treatment caused a sixfold increase in ODC activity in the mammary tissue in the HP group and a significantly lower response in the NP group.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	43-46
2703914-6	1989	Liver ODC activity had a minimal response to NMU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	6-9
3046741-6	1988	Southern blot analysis of the nude mouse transformants demonstrated K-ras transforming sequences in eight of eight NMU-induced lymphoma DNAs, two of 12 radiation-induced lymphoma DNAs and N-ras transforming sequences in five of 12 radiation-induced lymphoma DNAs.	Methylnitrosourea	115-118	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	68-73
3046741-9	1988	These results also emphasize the high sensitivity of the nude mouse assay to score for activated oncogenes and might also indicate a high frequency of K-ras activation in NMU-induced lymphomas in C57BL/6J mice.	Methylnitrosourea	171-174	Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog	Mus musculus	151-156
35221493-5	2022	Because tumor models with high phenotypic consistency are currently needed, we generated a lymphoma model by a single intraperitoneal injection of 37.5 or 75 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to p53 deficient mice.	Methylnitrosourea	164-186	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	190-193
35221493-6	2022	Lymphoma and retinal degeneration occurred in 100% of p53 +/- mice administered with higher concentrations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, a much greater response than those of previously reported models.	Methylnitrosourea	110-132	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	54-57
2643488-0	1989	Excision repair of O6-methylguanine synthesized at the rat H-ras N-methyl-N-nitrosourea activation site and introduced into Escherichia coli.	Methylnitrosourea	65-87	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	59-64
2643488-1	1989	O6-methylguanine (O6-methylG) is believed to be the premutagenic lesion responsible for mutational activation of the H-ras proto-oncogene in rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	159-181	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	117-122
2643488-1	1989	O6-methylguanine (O6-methylG) is believed to be the premutagenic lesion responsible for mutational activation of the H-ras proto-oncogene in rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	183-186	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	117-122
2643488-6	1989	We found that excision repair can help protect against mutation by O6-methylG at the rat H-ras MNU activation site.	Methylnitrosourea	95-98	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	89-94
2843522-12	1988	The Ada protein treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea did not show such an activity.	Methylnitrosourea	29-51	adenosine deaminase	Homo sapiens	4-7
3347053-0	1988	Activation of the estrogen receptor from N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	41-60	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	18-35
2826035-3	1988	In comparison with control cells that were transfected with the parent vector, the ATase-expressing clones were considerably more resistant to the toxic effects of the methylating agents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and methylmethanesulphonate or the chloroethylating agents Mz or taurine chloroethylnitrosourea, but unchanged in their susceptibility to the bis-chloroethylating agent nitrogen mustard.	Methylnitrosourea	187-209	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	83-88
3347053-1	1988	The activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) from N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors was studied in vitro.	Methylnitrosourea	50-69	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-39
3347053-1	1988	The activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) from N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors was studied in vitro.	Methylnitrosourea	50-69	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-43
3347053-1	1988	The activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) from N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors was studied in vitro.	Methylnitrosourea	71-74	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	22-39
3347053-1	1988	The activation of the estrogen receptor (ER) from N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors was studied in vitro.	Methylnitrosourea	71-74	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-43
3127736-8	1988	It was shown that both DNA polymerases alpha and DNA polymerase beta were involved in the repair of damages induced by MNU and only DNA polymerase beta was involved in repair of damages induced by BCNU.	Methylnitrosourea	119-122	polymerase (DNA directed), beta	Mus musculus	49-68
3367653-3	1988	In contrast, 63% of the thymic lymphomas induced by the chemical carcinogen MNU, expressed an Lyt-2+ L3T4- antigenic profile.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	CD8 antigen, alpha chain	Mus musculus	94-99
3367653-5	1988	Diagonal gel electrophoresis of 125I-labeled membrane extracts and immunoprecipitates revealed that 17 of 29 Lyt-2+ L3T4-MNU-induced lymphomas expressed cell surface T-cell receptor heterodimer components.	Methylnitrosourea	121-124	CD8 antigen, alpha chain	Mus musculus	109-114
3363628-3	1988	Administration of MNU with or without hydrocortisone is followed by disappearance of TNC complexes and stroma cell-thymocyte rosettes followed by their regeneration between 2 and 6 weeks after MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	tenascin C	Mus musculus	85-88
3652378-2	1987	One of these, an IgG3 with strong affinity for a membrane-associated 46 kd protein (p-46) in progenitor cells of methylnitrosourea (MNU)-treated human pancreas, was purified by h.p.l.c.	Methylnitrosourea	113-130	immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 (G3m marker)	Homo sapiens	17-21
3328039-3	1987	Significant protection against the mutagenic effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and ethylmethanesulphonate at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus was observed in clone 8 and SB cells.	Methylnitrosourea	56-78	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	113-151
3328039-3	1987	Significant protection against the mutagenic effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and ethylmethanesulphonate at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus was observed in clone 8 and SB cells.	Methylnitrosourea	56-78	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	153-157
3652378-2	1987	One of these, an IgG3 with strong affinity for a membrane-associated 46 kd protein (p-46) in progenitor cells of methylnitrosourea (MNU)-treated human pancreas, was purified by h.p.l.c.	Methylnitrosourea	132-135	immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 (G3m marker)	Homo sapiens	17-21
2484711-3	1987	In addition, the primary DMBA- and NMU-induced rat mammary adenocarcinomas express a specific 4.8-kilobase TGF alpha mRNA species, whereas little or no TGF alpha mRNA can be detected in the transplantable DMBA-I and NMU-II tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	107-116
2484711-3	1987	In addition, the primary DMBA- and NMU-induced rat mammary adenocarcinomas express a specific 4.8-kilobase TGF alpha mRNA species, whereas little or no TGF alpha mRNA can be detected in the transplantable DMBA-I and NMU-II tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	35-38	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	152-161
2484711-5	1987	Either TGF alpha or estrogens can differentially enhance the synthesis of type IV collagen by 0.5- to 4-fold over total protein synthesis in primary cultures of normal mouse mammary epithelial cells or in primary NMU-induced tumor cells, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	213-216	transforming growth factor alpha	Mus musculus	7-16
2484711-9	1987	Primary DMBA- or NMU-induced rat mammary tumor cells cultured in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol (10(-8) M) for 4 days show an increase in the level of TGF alpha mRNA over cells not treated with estrogen.	Methylnitrosourea	17-20	transforming growth factor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	154-163
3084262-0	1986	Binding of estrogen receptor from N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors to nuclei.	Methylnitrosourea	34-53	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	11-28
3600657-1	1987	Chinese hamster ovary cells were transfected by human DNA ligated to the bacterial gpt (xanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase) gene which was used either in its native form or after partial inactivation with methylnitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	213-230	glutamic--pyruvic transaminase	Homo sapiens	83-86
3031469-5	1987	The DNA sequence changes were determined for 61 lacI mutations induced by exposure of one of the cell lines to N-nitroso-N-methylurea.	Methylnitrosourea	111-133	tissue factor pathway inhibitor	Homo sapiens	48-52
3757165-9	1986	In contrast, MNU-induced DNA damage was increased by alpha MPG treatment whereas NAC treatment was without effect.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase	Rattus norvegicus	59-62
3745200-4	1986	A representative MF line, MF1, is resistant to both killing and mutation by MNNG or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	84-106	flap structure-specific endonuclease 1	Homo sapiens	26-29
3019224-1	1986	Serum growth hormone (GH) was suppressed in female rats bearing mammary tumors induced by 7, 12, dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or N-nitrosomethylurea(NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	133-152	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	6-20
3084121-0	1986	Effect of tamoxifen and D,L-2-difluoromethylornithine on the growth, ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine content of mammary carcinomas induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	157-179	ornithine decarboxylase 1	Rattus norvegicus	69-92
3026678-5	1987	A more detailed analysis of the Pim-1 gene demonstrated that the alterations observed in most MNU-induced and spontaneous tumours resulted from proviral integration at the 3" end of this gene.	Methylnitrosourea	94-97	proviral integration site 1	Mus musculus	32-37
3026678-6	1987	Our analyses also demonstrated that the majority of MNU-induced tumours, including those containing rearrangements in the Pim-1 gene, lacked the somatically acquired recombinant MCF proviruses that are present in most spontaneous AKR lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	proviral integration site 1	Mus musculus	122-127
3026678-7	1987	These results provide evidence that the mechanisms of development of MNU-induced and spontaneous tumours in AKR mice are distinct and the development of thymomas that contain proviral integrations at the Pim-1 locus in the MNU-treated AKR mice involve cooperation between the chemical carcinogen and endogenous murine leukaemia viruses.	Methylnitrosourea	223-226	proviral integration site 1	Mus musculus	204-209
3098407-9	1987	Cells that were grown in epidermal growth factor and treated three times with N-nitroso-N-methylurea produced 23% ductal hyperplasias and 17% lobuloalveolar hyperplasias.	Methylnitrosourea	78-100	epidermal growth factor	Mus musculus	25-48
3816911-13	1986	The relevance of estradiol receptor contents in tumours for antineoplastic activity of the most effective analogue, the 17-ester, became evident from the observed reduced responsiveness of MNU-induced rat tumours after ovariectomy.	Methylnitrosourea	189-192	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	17-35
3092037-5	1986	When the percentage of lethal mutations induced in mei-9L1 females were plotted against those determined for mei-9+ females, straight lines of following slopes were obtained: MMS = 7.6, MNU = 5.4, DMN = 2.4, EMS = 2.4, and iPMS = ENU = DEN = ENNG = 1.	Methylnitrosourea	186-189	meiotic 9	Drosophila melanogaster	51-56
3012179-1	1986	Prolactin (PRL) increases of Ia antigen (Ia Ag) expression in female Sprague-Dawley rats with N-nitroso-N-methylurea [(NMU) CAS: 684-93-5]-induced mammary tumors were studied.	Methylnitrosourea	94-116	neuromedin U	Rattus norvegicus	119-122
3084262-1	1986	The binding of the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ERc) from N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors to the nucleus using a cell-free system is described.	Methylnitrosourea	60-79	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-48
3084262-1	1986	The binding of the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ERc) from N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors to the nucleus using a cell-free system is described.	Methylnitrosourea	60-79	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
3084262-1	1986	The binding of the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ERc) from N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors to the nucleus using a cell-free system is described.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-48
3084262-1	1986	The binding of the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (ERc) from N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumors to the nucleus using a cell-free system is described.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	50-53
3332020-3	1986	In rats, almost 90% of the mammary carcinomas induced by a single dose of nitroso-methylurea (NMU) possess H-ras-1 oncogenes.	Methylnitrosourea	74-92	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
3087797-7	1986	Some mice show elevated amounts of gp70 in their bone marrow 2--3 weeks after MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	embigin	Mus musculus	35-39
3332020-3	1986	In rats, almost 90% of the mammary carcinomas induced by a single dose of nitroso-methylurea (NMU) possess H-ras-1 oncogenes.	Methylnitrosourea	94-97	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	107-114
6498820-0	1984	Growth enhancement of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumor cells in soft agar by estrogen or prolactin.	Methylnitrosourea	22-41	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	102-111
4042974-3	1985	Conditioned medium obtained from PRL-treated tumors, but not from control tumors, was found to exert a significant dose-dependent colony-stimulating effect when added to N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors plated in soft agar under serum-free medium conditions.	Methylnitrosourea	170-189	prolactin	Homo sapiens	33-36
4037735-0	1985	Interactions between estrogens, prolactin, and growth hormone on the growth of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	79-98	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	32-41
4037735-0	1985	Interactions between estrogens, prolactin, and growth hormone on the growth of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	79-98	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	47-61
3878165-3	1985	Early after MNU application the thymus and the bone marrow were positive for gp 70 in some animals.	Methylnitrosourea	12-15	embigin	Mus musculus	77-82
2415236-1	1985	Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity during urothelial carcinogenesis was examined histochemically in rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN).	Methylnitrosourea	128-150	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-29
2415236-1	1985	Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity during urothelial carcinogenesis was examined histochemically in rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN).	Methylnitrosourea	128-150	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
2415236-1	1985	Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity during urothelial carcinogenesis was examined histochemically in rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN).	Methylnitrosourea	152-155	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-29
2415236-1	1985	Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity during urothelial carcinogenesis was examined histochemically in rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN).	Methylnitrosourea	152-155	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-34
3858601-5	1985	The same relationship of diet restriction to tumor induction was demonstrable when MAM and MNU were administered to the same test rats: Numbers of MAM-related tumors, especially in the small intestine, were reduced and numbers of MNU-related tumors in the colon were unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	91-94	alpha-2-macroglobulin	Rattus norvegicus	147-150
3857388-0	1985	Polyamines as mediators of the effect of prolactin and growth hormone on the growth of N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary tumor cultured in vitro in soft agar.	Methylnitrosourea	87-109	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	41-50
3857388-0	1985	Polyamines as mediators of the effect of prolactin and growth hormone on the growth of N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary tumor cultured in vitro in soft agar.	Methylnitrosourea	87-109	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	55-69
3857388-1	1985	This study evaluated the role of polyamines in mediating the effect of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and ovine growth hormone (oGH) on the growth of the N-nitroso-N-methylurea [(NMU) CAS:684-93-5]-induced rat (Sprague-Dawley) mammary cancer cultured in soft agar.	Methylnitrosourea	146-168	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	77-86
3857388-1	1985	This study evaluated the role of polyamines in mediating the effect of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and ovine growth hormone (oGH) on the growth of the N-nitroso-N-methylurea [(NMU) CAS:684-93-5]-induced rat (Sprague-Dawley) mammary cancer cultured in soft agar.	Methylnitrosourea	146-168	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	104-118
3857388-1	1985	This study evaluated the role of polyamines in mediating the effect of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and ovine growth hormone (oGH) on the growth of the N-nitroso-N-methylurea [(NMU) CAS:684-93-5]-induced rat (Sprague-Dawley) mammary cancer cultured in soft agar.	Methylnitrosourea	146-168	neuromedin U	Rattus norvegicus	171-174
3920517-10	1985	These mei-9L1/mei-9+ indices are: MMS = 7.6, MNU = 5.4, DMN = 2.4, EMS = 2.4 and iPMS = ENU = DEN = ENNG = 1.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	meiotic 9	Drosophila melanogaster	6-11
6330421-1	1984	The effects of qualitative and quantitative differences in dietary lipid on the growth of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (CAS: 684-93-5)-initiated mammary tumors were evaluated in inbred female (F344) rats.	Methylnitrosourea	90-112	BCAR1 scaffold protein, Cas family member	Rattus norvegicus	114-117
6089339-1	1984	Treatment of mice with the carcinogen N-methylnitrosourea results in the development of thymic lymphomas with frequent involvement of the N-ras oncogene.	Methylnitrosourea	38-57	neuroblastoma ras oncogene	Mus musculus	138-143
6331636-1	1984	Methylation of horse heart cytochrome c has been examined in vitro with [methyl-14C]methanesulfonate (MMS) and [1-methyl-14C]-1-nitrosourea (MNU) as alkylating agents.	Methylnitrosourea	141-144	cytochrome c, somatic	Equus caballus	27-39
7160486-1	1982	Comparative alkylation of tRNA with methylnitrosourea, ethylnitrosourea and dimethylsulfate.	Methylnitrosourea	36-53	mitochondrially encoded tRNA glycine	Homo sapiens	26-30
6411709-5	1983	At high doses of damage, the fraction of repair synthesis mediated by DNA polymerase alpha reaches a maximal level which is dependent on the damaging agent; the maximal level of polymerase alpha involvement is about 80% for UV radiation and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, about 70% for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, and about 40% for bleomycin.	Methylnitrosourea	288-310	DNA polymerase alpha 1, catalytic subunit	Homo sapiens	70-90
6412136-0	1983	Drosophila mutations at the mei-9 and mus(2)201 loci which block excision of thymine dimers also block induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis by methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, UV light and X-rays.	Methylnitrosourea	194-216	meiotic 9	Drosophila melanogaster	28-33
6412136-0	1983	Drosophila mutations at the mei-9 and mus(2)201 loci which block excision of thymine dimers also block induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis by methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, UV light and X-rays.	Methylnitrosourea	194-216	mutagen-sensitive 201	Drosophila melanogaster	38-47
6850579-0	1983	Influence of thyroidectomy and prolactin suppression on the growth of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary carcinomas.	Methylnitrosourea	70-89	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	31-40
6850579-9	1983	Thus, regression of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors produced by thyroidectomy plus pergolide is due to the combined suppression of circulating growth hormone and prolactin.	Methylnitrosourea	20-39	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	154-168
6850579-9	1983	Thus, regression of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors produced by thyroidectomy plus pergolide is due to the combined suppression of circulating growth hormone and prolactin.	Methylnitrosourea	20-39	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	173-182
6307115-0	1983	Prolactin receptors in N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary tumors: relationship to tumor age and down-regulation in short-term explant culture.	Methylnitrosourea	23-45	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	0-9
6190099-4	1983	Acid DNase and acid RNase activities of MNU-treated rats were significantly elevated beyond the increase of these activities in controls in the cerebellum, but no change in these activities by MNU was observed in the cerebrum.	Methylnitrosourea	40-43	deoxyribonuclease 2, lysosomal	Rattus norvegicus	0-10
6717469-1	1984	The alkaline elution assay was used to monitor DNA single-strand breaks in embryonic tissue following exposure to the DNA-damaging teratogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU, CAS No.	Methylnitrosourea	141-163	breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1	Mus musculus	170-173
6703860-11	1984	Nuclei of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors of the rat possess apparently a "factor" which is able to inactivate the cytoplasmic estradiol receptor and is highly active at elevated temperatures.	Methylnitrosourea	12-29	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	138-156
6318112-0	1983	Induction of mammary carcinomas in rats by nitroso-methylurea involves malignant activation of H-ras-1 locus by single point mutations.	Methylnitrosourea	43-61	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	95-102
6318112-1	1983	Each of nine mammary carcinomas induced by a single injection of nitroso-methylurea into 50-day-old Buf/N female rats, contained a transforming H-ras-1 gene.	Methylnitrosourea	65-83	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	144-151
6296514-0	1983	N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced mammary tumors in the rat: role of prolactin and a prolactin-lowering drug.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	66-75
6296514-0	1983	N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced mammary tumors in the rat: role of prolactin and a prolactin-lowering drug.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	82-91
6296514-9	1983	The role of PRL also appears to be less important, at least for established tumors, for NMU-induced mammary tumors than for DMBA-induced mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	88-91	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	12-15
7305970-1	1981	The direct-acting carcinogens acetoxyacetylaminofluorene, methylnitrosourea, and N-methyl-N"-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were tested for their ability to inhibit rat liver DNA polymerase-alpha, -beta, and -gamma activity in vitro.	Methylnitrosourea	58-75	DNA polymerase beta	Rattus norvegicus	169-208
6279754-0	1982	Effect of high-dose oestrogen administration on the growth and prolactin receptor content of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumours in the rat.	Methylnitrosourea	93-112	prolactin receptor	Rattus norvegicus	63-81
7198931-1	1982	Methylnitrosourea (MNU), 20 mg/kg, was given IP to CD-1 mic on day 16 of pregnancy and the offspring examined at 3 and 5 weeks of age.	Methylnitrosourea	0-17	CD1c molecule	Homo sapiens	51-55
6299278-1	1982	Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) was detected in the nuclear fraction of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary cancers after the incubation of cytosol containing [3H]retinoic acid (RA)-bound CRABP with isolated nuclei.	Methylnitrosourea	87-109	cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	0-38
6299278-1	1982	Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) was detected in the nuclear fraction of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary cancers after the incubation of cytosol containing [3H]retinoic acid (RA)-bound CRABP with isolated nuclei.	Methylnitrosourea	87-109	cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	40-45
6299278-1	1982	Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) was detected in the nuclear fraction of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary cancers after the incubation of cytosol containing [3H]retinoic acid (RA)-bound CRABP with isolated nuclei.	Methylnitrosourea	87-109	cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1	Homo sapiens	206-211
6286107-0	1982	Role of estrogen and prolactin in the growth and receptor levels of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors.	Methylnitrosourea	68-87	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	21-30
6277522-0	1982	Potentiation of cell killing by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in four rodent cell lines exposed to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or UV light.	Methylnitrosourea	111-133	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	46-73
6274701-0	1981	Increases in protein A24 following treatment of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	81-103	CD164 antigen	Mus musculus	21-24
11219871-1	1980	Marked differences between the mutagenic efficiency of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a potent carcinogen, methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) and dimethyl sulphate (DMS), both weak carcinogens, have been reported at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and ouabain loci in V79 cells.	Methylnitrosourea	55-77	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	216-262
7460068-1	1981	A study has been made of the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induced in early spermatid stages of the mouse by methyl nitrosourea (MNU), a methylating agent that reacts predominantly by an SN1 type mechanism.	Methylnitrosourea	111-129	solute carrier family 38, member 3	Mus musculus	189-192
7460068-1	1981	A study has been made of the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induced in early spermatid stages of the mouse by methyl nitrosourea (MNU), a methylating agent that reacts predominantly by an SN1 type mechanism.	Methylnitrosourea	131-134	solute carrier family 38, member 3	Mus musculus	189-192
7460068-2	1981	In comparison with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), a methylating agent that reacts predominantly by an SN2 mechanism, MNU induced more UDS by a factor of about 1.4.	Methylnitrosourea	117-120	solute carrier family 38, member 5	Mus musculus	102-105
6779042-2	1981	N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) given iv to rats 50-55 days old induced mammary tumors in 70% of F344/N and 91% W/ICRF inbred females with mean latency periods of 149 and 93 days, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	regenerating family member 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	111-115
6779042-2	1981	N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) given iv to rats 50-55 days old induced mammary tumors in 70% of F344/N and 91% W/ICRF inbred females with mean latency periods of 149 and 93 days, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	24-27	regenerating family member 1 alpha	Rattus norvegicus	111-115
7273309-5	1981	TPA also markedly enhanced the expression, in crowded cultures, of HPRT- mutants induced by the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	107-129	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	67-71
7018999-3	1981	Study of the lethal effect of NMU on radiosensitive strains rad2, rad54 and xrs2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has demonstrated that the mutations rad2 and rad54 increase the sensitivity of these strains to low doses of the mutagen.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	ssDNA endodeoxyribonuclease RAD2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	60-64
7018999-3	1981	Study of the lethal effect of NMU on radiosensitive strains rad2, rad54 and xrs2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has demonstrated that the mutations rad2 and rad54 increase the sensitivity of these strains to low doses of the mutagen.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD54	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	66-71
7018999-3	1981	Study of the lethal effect of NMU on radiosensitive strains rad2, rad54 and xrs2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has demonstrated that the mutations rad2 and rad54 increase the sensitivity of these strains to low doses of the mutagen.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	ssDNA endodeoxyribonuclease RAD2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	145-149
7018999-3	1981	Study of the lethal effect of NMU on radiosensitive strains rad2, rad54 and xrs2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has demonstrated that the mutations rad2 and rad54 increase the sensitivity of these strains to low doses of the mutagen.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD54	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	154-159
7018999-4	1981	Mutations rad2, rad54 and xrs2 decreases the mutagenic effect of NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	ssDNA endodeoxyribonuclease RAD2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	10-14
7018999-4	1981	Mutations rad2, rad54 and xrs2 decreases the mutagenic effect of NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD54	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	16-21
11219871-1	1980	Marked differences between the mutagenic efficiency of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a potent carcinogen, methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) and dimethyl sulphate (DMS), both weak carcinogens, have been reported at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and ouabain loci in V79 cells.	Methylnitrosourea	55-77	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	264-269
11219871-1	1980	Marked differences between the mutagenic efficiency of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a potent carcinogen, methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) and dimethyl sulphate (DMS), both weak carcinogens, have been reported at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and ouabain loci in V79 cells.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	216-262
11219871-1	1980	Marked differences between the mutagenic efficiency of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a potent carcinogen, methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) and dimethyl sulphate (DMS), both weak carcinogens, have been reported at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and ouabain loci in V79 cells.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	Cricetulus griseus	264-269
6931740-1	1980	The effect of cyclophosphamide and N-nitrosomethylurea(NMU) was intensified by combining these alkylizing substances.	Methylnitrosourea	35-54	neuromedin U	Rattus norvegicus	55-58
6791848-0	1980	Inhibition of DNA-directed beta-galactosidase synthesis in a cell-free system by dimethyl sulfate and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	102-124	galactosidase beta 1	Homo sapiens	27-45
6791848-5	1980	Preincubation of DNA with MNU for 10 min at 37 degrees C prior to the addition of other assay components (including S30 cell lysate) results in greater inhibition than preincubation of the S30 preparation with MNU prior to DNA and cofactors addition.	Methylnitrosourea	26-29	FAU ubiquitin like and ribosomal protein S30 fusion	Homo sapiens	116-119
6791848-5	1980	Preincubation of DNA with MNU for 10 min at 37 degrees C prior to the addition of other assay components (including S30 cell lysate) results in greater inhibition than preincubation of the S30 preparation with MNU prior to DNA and cofactors addition.	Methylnitrosourea	26-29	FAU ubiquitin like and ribosomal protein S30 fusion	Homo sapiens	189-192
6791848-5	1980	Preincubation of DNA with MNU for 10 min at 37 degrees C prior to the addition of other assay components (including S30 cell lysate) results in greater inhibition than preincubation of the S30 preparation with MNU prior to DNA and cofactors addition.	Methylnitrosourea	210-213	FAU ubiquitin like and ribosomal protein S30 fusion	Homo sapiens	189-192
6245884-0	1980	The enhancement of cytotoxicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and of gamma-radiation by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.	Methylnitrosourea	35-57	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	98-125
363509-0	1978	[Effect of B polA1- exrA- and recA-gene mutations on the reparation of single-strand DNA breaks induced by N-nitrosomethylurea].	Methylnitrosourea	109-126	DNA polymerase alpha 1, catalytic subunit	Homo sapiens	13-18
389734-3	1979	Effect of mutations rad2 and rad54 in homozygous state on survival, mitotic segregation and crossing-over induced by NMU in yeast was studied.	Methylnitrosourea	117-120	ssDNA endodeoxyribonuclease RAD2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	20-24
389734-3	1979	Effect of mutations rad2 and rad54 in homozygous state on survival, mitotic segregation and crossing-over induced by NMU in yeast was studied.	Methylnitrosourea	117-120	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD54	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	29-34
389734-5	1979	The mutation rad54 increased sensitivity to the lethal effect, the frequencies of NMU-induced segregation and crossing-over were decreased in the strain rad54 rad54.	Methylnitrosourea	82-85	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD54	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	13-18
389734-5	1979	The mutation rad54 increased sensitivity to the lethal effect, the frequencies of NMU-induced segregation and crossing-over were decreased in the strain rad54 rad54.	Methylnitrosourea	82-85	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD54	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-158
389734-5	1979	The mutation rad54 increased sensitivity to the lethal effect, the frequencies of NMU-induced segregation and crossing-over were decreased in the strain rad54 rad54.	Methylnitrosourea	82-85	DNA-dependent ATPase RAD54	Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	153-158
445470-0	1979	Differences in the removal of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-methylated products in DNase I-sensitive and -resistant regions of rat brain DNA.	Methylnitrosourea	30-52	deoxyribonuclease 1	Rattus norvegicus	76-83
445470-8	1979	These results suggest that DNase I-sensitive regions of the DNA are preferentially alkylated by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and that the alkylated products, including O6-methylguanine, are selectively removed from the DNase I-sensitive regions of the DNA.	Methylnitrosourea	96-118	deoxyribonuclease 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-34
445470-8	1979	These results suggest that DNase I-sensitive regions of the DNA are preferentially alkylated by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and that the alkylated products, including O6-methylguanine, are selectively removed from the DNase I-sensitive regions of the DNA.	Methylnitrosourea	96-118	deoxyribonuclease 1	Rattus norvegicus	213-220
228934-0	1979	The involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in the degradation of NAD caused by gamma-radiation and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	103-125	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	19-46
489015-2	1979	Cycloheximide(CHM)-resistant mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human cells were induced with N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS); the mutants were viable and showed unlimited growth in the presence of CHM (7 X 10(-7) M), whereas this concentration inhibits protein synthesis in vivo as well as in vitro.	Methylnitrosourea	98-117	rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 1	Cricetulus griseus	14-17
489015-2	1979	Cycloheximide(CHM)-resistant mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human cells were induced with N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS); the mutants were viable and showed unlimited growth in the presence of CHM (7 X 10(-7) M), whereas this concentration inhibits protein synthesis in vivo as well as in vitro.	Methylnitrosourea	119-122	rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 1	Cricetulus griseus	14-17
363509-0	1978	[Effect of B polA1- exrA- and recA-gene mutations on the reparation of single-strand DNA breaks induced by N-nitrosomethylurea].	Methylnitrosourea	109-126	RAD51 recombinase	Homo sapiens	30-34
195715-6	1977	Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase with nicotinamide results in extensive degradation of MNU-damaged DNA.	Methylnitrosourea	96-99	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	14-41
908022-1	1977	Primary mammary carcinomas induced in nonlactating rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene or methylnitrosourea contained alpha-lactalbumin (alphaLA) in quantities equal to or less than 10% of the amounts found in the parenchyma of the 5-day lactating gland.	Methylnitrosourea	97-114	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	125-142
908022-1	1977	Primary mammary carcinomas induced in nonlactating rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene or methylnitrosourea contained alpha-lactalbumin (alphaLA) in quantities equal to or less than 10% of the amounts found in the parenchyma of the 5-day lactating gland.	Methylnitrosourea	97-114	lactalbumin, alpha	Rattus norvegicus	144-151
195715-7	1977	Taken as a whole, these results suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase may play a role in the repair of alkylation damage to cellular DNA and that the inhibition of this enzyme in vivo might be exploited to potentiate the antitumor and carcinogenic activities of MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	265-268	poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Homo sapiens	45-72
128691-0	1975	Inhibition of insulin biosynthesis by alloxan, streptozotocin, and N-nitrosomethylurea.	Methylnitrosourea	67-86	insulin	Homo sapiens	14-21
1250704-0	1976	The presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced leukaemia in BDF1 mice and its effect on the accuracy of the DNA polymerases.	Methylnitrosourea	61-83	deoxynucleotidyltransferase, terminal	Mus musculus	16-53
170515-1	1975	A single dose (0.8 mmole/kg) of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA) causes significantly more chromosome damage in the bone marrow of mice than a dose of equal toxicity to the animals, (1.1 mmole/kg) of methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) 6, 24 and 48 h after treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	32-54	minisatellites detected by probe MMS6	Mus musculus	197-229
170515-1	1975	A single dose (0.8 mmole/kg) of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA) causes significantly more chromosome damage in the bone marrow of mice than a dose of equal toxicity to the animals, (1.1 mmole/kg) of methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) 6, 24 and 48 h after treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	56-60	minisatellites detected by probe MMS6	Mus musculus	197-229
33314526-6	2021	Results showed that the administration of NMU and BaP increased serum nitric oxide [NO] and myeloperoxidase [MPO] by 220% and 132%, respectively, whereas the activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and level of total bilirubin remained unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	42-45	myeloperoxidase	Rattus norvegicus	92-107
33314526-8	2021	Mammary superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and glutathione-S-transferase were significantly decreased in [NMU + BaP]-administered rats by 165%, 146%, 35%, and 36%, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	124-127	hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase	Rattus norvegicus	65-90
33752057-3	2021	AIM: The present study aims to investigate the chemotherapeutic and the antiproliferative effects of the mono and the dual therapy of the newly synthesized CA-4 analogs OMA1520 and OMA1774 against hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC) induced in male adult rats by N-methylnitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	257-276	carbonic anhydrase 4	Rattus norvegicus	156-160
33752057-3	2021	AIM: The present study aims to investigate the chemotherapeutic and the antiproliferative effects of the mono and the dual therapy of the newly synthesized CA-4 analogs OMA1520 and OMA1774 against hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC) induced in male adult rats by N-methylnitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	278-281	carbonic anhydrase 4	Rattus norvegicus	156-160
33314526-6	2021	Results showed that the administration of NMU and BaP increased serum nitric oxide [NO] and myeloperoxidase [MPO] by 220% and 132%, respectively, whereas the activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and level of total bilirubin remained unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	42-45	myeloperoxidase	Rattus norvegicus	109-112
33475144-1	2021	Previously, we reported that MNU-induced mammary tumors could be established in mutant spontaneous dwarf rats (SDRs) which lack endogenous growth hormone (GH) by supplementing with exogenous GH, and almost all such tumors regressed upon GH withdrawal.	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	139-153
33314526-8	2021	Mammary superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, and glutathione-S-transferase were significantly decreased in [NMU + BaP]-administered rats by 165%, 146%, 35%, and 36%, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	124-127	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	30-38
33129844-3	2021	METHODS: Gastrin-deficient mice were given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in drinking water along with Helicobacter felis to induce gastric tumor formation; we also performed studies with H/K-ATPase-hIL1B mice, which develop spontaneous gastric tumors at the antral-corpus junction and have parietal cells that constitutively secrete IL1B.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	gastrin	Mus musculus	9-16
33082517-11	2021	Further experiments revealed that miR-21 mediated therapeutic effects of EXOT on MNU-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and retinal dysfunction.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	microRNA 21a	Mus musculus	34-40
33129844-3	2021	METHODS: Gastrin-deficient mice were given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in drinking water along with Helicobacter felis to induce gastric tumor formation; we also performed studies with H/K-ATPase-hIL1B mice, which develop spontaneous gastric tumors at the antral-corpus junction and have parietal cells that constitutively secrete IL1B.	Methylnitrosourea	43-65	gastrin	Mus musculus	9-16
33129844-10	2021	Expression of PDL1 by tumor or immune cells increased gastric tumorigenesis in mice given MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	90-93	CD274 antigen	Mus musculus	14-18
33129844-11	2021	Mice with gastric epithelial cells that expressed PDL1 did not develop spontaneous tumors, but they developed more and larger tumors after administration of MNU and H. felis, with accumulation of MDSCs.	Methylnitrosourea	157-160	CD274 antigen	Mus musculus	50-54
33129844-14	2021	Expression of PDL1 by gastric epithelial cells increases tumorigenesis in response to MNU and H. felis, and accumulation of MDSCs, which promote tumor progression.	Methylnitrosourea	86-89	CD274 antigen	Mus musculus	14-18
33363472-10	2020	Furthermore, AT-I could inhibit N-Nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary tumor progression through TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	32-54	toll-like receptor 4	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
33507682-10	2021	In addition, the testicular levels of testosterone and SOD increased in parallel with depletion of MDA, IL-6, AFP and caspase-3 levels in MNU and/or cisplatin-treatment after -quercetin-treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	138-141	interleukin 6	Rattus norvegicus	104-108
33507682-10	2021	In addition, the testicular levels of testosterone and SOD increased in parallel with depletion of MDA, IL-6, AFP and caspase-3 levels in MNU and/or cisplatin-treatment after -quercetin-treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	138-141	alpha-fetoprotein	Rattus norvegicus	110-113
33507682-10	2021	In addition, the testicular levels of testosterone and SOD increased in parallel with depletion of MDA, IL-6, AFP and caspase-3 levels in MNU and/or cisplatin-treatment after -quercetin-treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	138-141	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	118-127
32956680-12	2021	MNU-treated Ddit4-/- mice had increased spontaneous tumorigenesis after multiple rounds of paligenosis induced by TAM.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4	Mus musculus	12-17
33363472-10	2020	Furthermore, AT-I could inhibit N-Nitroso-N-methylurea-induced rat mammary tumor progression through TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	32-54	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	106-115
33004515-5	2020	Mutations in MNU were widely observed in chromatin remodeling genes such as KMT2D and KDM6A but rarely in TP53, PIK3CA, and FGFR3 KMT2D mutations were found to be common in urothelial cells, regardless of whether the cells experience exogenous mutagen exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	lysine methyltransferase 2D	Homo sapiens	76-81
33004515-5	2020	Mutations in MNU were widely observed in chromatin remodeling genes such as KMT2D and KDM6A but rarely in TP53, PIK3CA, and FGFR3 KMT2D mutations were found to be common in urothelial cells, regardless of whether the cells experience exogenous mutagen exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	lysine demethylase 6A	Homo sapiens	86-91
33004515-5	2020	Mutations in MNU were widely observed in chromatin remodeling genes such as KMT2D and KDM6A but rarely in TP53, PIK3CA, and FGFR3 KMT2D mutations were found to be common in urothelial cells, regardless of whether the cells experience exogenous mutagen exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	fibroblast growth factor receptor 3	Homo sapiens	124-129
33004515-5	2020	Mutations in MNU were widely observed in chromatin remodeling genes such as KMT2D and KDM6A but rarely in TP53, PIK3CA, and FGFR3 KMT2D mutations were found to be common in urothelial cells, regardless of whether the cells experience exogenous mutagen exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	lysine methyltransferase 2D	Homo sapiens	130-135
32721019-11	2020	Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis showed pervasive apoptotic staining in the lenses of MNU-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	135-138	DNA nucleotidylexotransferase	Rattus norvegicus	0-37
33112549-9	2020	In addition, all NMU-induced tumors are HER2/neu-negative scoring.	Methylnitrosourea	17-20	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	40-44
31955481-3	2020	Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1-MMR complex.	Methylnitrosourea	102-124	FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
32156780-7	2020	In a clinically relevant mouse gastric cancer model established by Helicobacter (H.) felis infection and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment, inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF activity by a pharmacologic inhibitor iCRT14 suppressed CCL28 expression and Treg cell infiltration in the stomach.	Methylnitrosourea	105-127	hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha	Homo sapiens	172-175
32156780-7	2020	In a clinically relevant mouse gastric cancer model established by Helicobacter (H.) felis infection and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment, inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF activity by a pharmacologic inhibitor iCRT14 suppressed CCL28 expression and Treg cell infiltration in the stomach.	Methylnitrosourea	129-132	catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1	Mus musculus	159-171
32156780-8	2020	Moreover, an anti-CCL28 antibody attenuated Treg cell infiltration and tumor progression in H. felis/MNU mouse models.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28	Mus musculus	18-23
32184629-0	2020	Omega-3PUFA Attenuates MNU-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Rats by Blocking PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 Signaling.	Methylnitrosourea	23-26	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	78-81
32184629-0	2020	Omega-3PUFA Attenuates MNU-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Rats by Blocking PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 Signaling.	Methylnitrosourea	23-26	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	82-87
32184629-12	2020	Conclusion: Omega-3PUFA can attenuate MNU-induced colorectal cancer in rats by blocking PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 signaling, which suggests that Omega-3PUFA may be a potent agent for CRC treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	38-41	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	93-96
32184629-12	2020	Conclusion: Omega-3PUFA can attenuate MNU-induced colorectal cancer in rats by blocking PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 signaling, which suggests that Omega-3PUFA may be a potent agent for CRC treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	38-41	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	97-102
31955481-3	2020	Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1-MMR complex.	Methylnitrosourea	102-124	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
31955481-3	2020	Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1-MMR complex.	Methylnitrosourea	102-124	mutS homolog 2	Homo sapiens	76-80
31955481-3	2020	Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1-MMR complex.	Methylnitrosourea	102-124	FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1	Homo sapiens	162-166
31955481-3	2020	Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1-MMR complex.	Methylnitrosourea	126-129	FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1	Homo sapiens	41-45
31955481-3	2020	Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1-MMR complex.	Methylnitrosourea	126-129	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	67-71
31955481-3	2020	Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1-MMR complex.	Methylnitrosourea	126-129	mutS homolog 2	Homo sapiens	76-80
31955481-3	2020	Immunoprecipitation analyses showed that FAN1 interacted with both MLH1 and MSH2 after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), indicating the formation of a FAN1-MMR complex.	Methylnitrosourea	126-129	FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1	Homo sapiens	162-166
31955481-4	2020	In comparison with control cells, FAN1-knockdown cells were more resistant to MNU, and the appearances of a sub-G1 population and caspase-9 activation were suppressed.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1	Homo sapiens	34-38
31955481-5	2020	FAN1 formed nuclear foci in an MLH1-dependent manner after MNU treatment, and some were colocalized with both MLH1 foci and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) created at damaged sites.	Methylnitrosourea	59-62	FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
31955481-7	2020	MNU-induced formation of ssDNA was dramatically suppressed in FAN1-knockdown cells.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	FANCD2 and FANCI associated nuclease 1	Homo sapiens	62-66
31843968-5	2020	Unlike control cells, SMARCAD1-knockout cells (DeltaSMARCAD1) were MNU-resistant, and the appearance of a sub-G1 population and caspase-9 activation were significantly suppressed in the DeltaSMARCAD1 cells.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, containing DEAD/H box 1	Homo sapiens	22-30
31841318-0	2020	Modulation of N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea Mutagenesis in Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts Derived from the gpt Delta Mouse by an Inhibitor of the O6-Methylguanine Methyltransferase, MGMT.	Methylnitrosourea	14-36	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	169-173
32184916-8	2020	In the serum of rats MNU-inoculated/PE-treated were found higher levels of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) than in MNU-induced.	Methylnitrosourea	21-24	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	103-106
32070320-0	2020	Protection of retinal function and morphology in MNU-induced retinitis pigmentosa rats by ALDH2: an in-vivo study.	Methylnitrosourea	49-52	aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member	Rattus norvegicus	90-95
32070320-12	2020	CONCLUSIONS: Together, our data demonstrated that ALDH2 could provide preservation of retinal function and morphology against MNU-induced RP, with the underlying mechanism at least partly related to the modulation of SIRT1, ERS and apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	126-129	aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member	Rattus norvegicus	50-55
31759414-0	2019	Autophagy, lysosome dysfunction and mTOR inhibition in MNU-induced photoreceptor cell damage.	Methylnitrosourea	55-58	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	36-40
31759414-15	2019	In conclusion, autophagy was activated through inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in the context of MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Homo sapiens	70-74
31825462-3	2019	This study was designed to study heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in the MNU-administered mice, and to explore the therapeutic effects of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP).	Methylnitrosourea	75-78	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	33-49
31825462-3	2019	This study was designed to study heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in the MNU-administered mice, and to explore the therapeutic effects of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP).	Methylnitrosourea	75-78	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	51-55
31825462-4	2019	Methods: The HO-1 expression in the retina of MNU-administered mice was analyzed.	Methylnitrosourea	46-49	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	13-17
31825462-7	2019	Results: HO-1 was involved in the MNU-induced photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	34-37	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	9-13
31825462-8	2019	CoPP treatment enhanced retinal HO-1 expression in the MNU-administered mice.	Methylnitrosourea	55-58	heme oxygenase 1	Mus musculus	32-36
30744451-3	2019	The present study is designed to deliver the erythropoietin (EPO) into the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced mice, a pharmacological retinopathy model via intranasal or intravenous route.	Methylnitrosourea	75-97	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	45-59
30744451-3	2019	The present study is designed to deliver the erythropoietin (EPO) into the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced mice, a pharmacological retinopathy model via intranasal or intravenous route.	Methylnitrosourea	75-97	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	61-64
30744451-3	2019	The present study is designed to deliver the erythropoietin (EPO) into the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced mice, a pharmacological retinopathy model via intranasal or intravenous route.	Methylnitrosourea	99-102	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	45-59
30744451-3	2019	The present study is designed to deliver the erythropoietin (EPO) into the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced mice, a pharmacological retinopathy model via intranasal or intravenous route.	Methylnitrosourea	99-102	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	61-64
30744451-5	2019	Our results showed that the intranasal delivery of EPO is effective to alleviate the morphological disruptions in the MNU induced mice.	Methylnitrosourea	118-121	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	51-54
30744451-6	2019	The intranasal delivery of EPO also ameliorated the visual impairments in the MNU induced mice.	Methylnitrosourea	78-81	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	27-30
30944280-3	2019	MNU and EMS, monofunctional alkylating agents, showed higher frequencies of MNRETs in the ZT15 than the ZT3 treatment similar to ENU.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	zinc finger protein 62	Mus musculus	104-107
31082387-5	2019	Lipid mediators (LTC4, LTD4, PGD2) and neuropeptide NMU promote production of IL-4 through the NFAT pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	interleukin 4	Homo sapiens	78-82
31179317-7	2019	One day following MNU administration, phosphorylation of the cell death-associated signalling proteins c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) increased, while the apoptosis-related proteins, full-length poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), were depleted.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	103-126
31179317-7	2019	One day following MNU administration, phosphorylation of the cell death-associated signalling proteins c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) increased, while the apoptosis-related proteins, full-length poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), were depleted.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	mitogen-activated protein kinase 8	Rattus norvegicus	128-131
31179317-7	2019	One day following MNU administration, phosphorylation of the cell death-associated signalling proteins c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) increased, while the apoptosis-related proteins, full-length poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), were depleted.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	137-140
31179317-7	2019	One day following MNU administration, phosphorylation of the cell death-associated signalling proteins c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) increased, while the apoptosis-related proteins, full-length poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), were depleted.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	mitogen activated protein kinase 14	Rattus norvegicus	175-178
31179317-7	2019	One day following MNU administration, phosphorylation of the cell death-associated signalling proteins c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) increased, while the apoptosis-related proteins, full-length poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), were depleted.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	241-268
31092975-7	2019	A significant increase in p21waf1 mRNA level was observed in the DMN group compared with the control, which was in contrast to the decreasing tendency of the h2afx mRNA level in the MNU and DMN groups.	Methylnitrosourea	182-185	H2A.X variant histone	Rattus norvegicus	158-163
31476572-9	2019	Patterns of MBD4 sumoylation were altered, in a DNA damage-specific way, by the anti-metabolite 5-fluorouracil, the alkylating agent N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea and the crosslinking agent cisplatin.	Methylnitrosourea	133-155	methyl-CpG binding domain 4, DNA glycosylase	Homo sapiens	12-16
30953819-4	2019	RESULTS: Brachystegia eurycoma significantly (P < 0.05) prevented MNU-induced elevation of malondialdehyde and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as well as reduced activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase.	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	CEA cell adhesion molecule 20	Rattus norvegicus	114-138
30953819-4	2019	RESULTS: Brachystegia eurycoma significantly (P < 0.05) prevented MNU-induced elevation of malondialdehyde and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as well as reduced activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase.	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	CEA cell adhesion molecule 20	Rattus norvegicus	140-143
30953819-4	2019	RESULTS: Brachystegia eurycoma significantly (P < 0.05) prevented MNU-induced elevation of malondialdehyde and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as well as reduced activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase.	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	178-186
30953819-6	2019	Similarly, colon immunohistochemistry assay showed that the dietary inclusion significantly prevented MNU-induced damage to mismatch repair gene (MutL homolog1).	Methylnitrosourea	102-105	mutL homolog 1	Rattus norvegicus	146-159
31179317-7	2019	One day following MNU administration, phosphorylation of the cell death-associated signalling proteins c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) increased, while the apoptosis-related proteins, full-length poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), were depleted.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	Rattus norvegicus	270-274
31179317-9	2019	Cell survival signalling, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, increased in the MNU- but not in the NAM-treated rat retinas.	Methylnitrosourea	167-170	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	34-71
31179317-9	2019	Cell survival signalling, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, increased in the MNU- but not in the NAM-treated rat retinas.	Methylnitrosourea	167-170	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	73-76
31179317-9	2019	Cell survival signalling, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, increased in the MNU- but not in the NAM-treated rat retinas.	Methylnitrosourea	167-170	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	79-82
31179317-9	2019	Cell survival signalling, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, increased in the MNU- but not in the NAM-treated rat retinas.	Methylnitrosourea	167-170	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	88-125
31179317-9	2019	Cell survival signalling, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, increased in the MNU- but not in the NAM-treated rat retinas.	Methylnitrosourea	167-170	cAMP responsive element binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	127-131
31179317-10	2019	Increased phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) levels were observed within 6 hours after MNU administration, suggestive of cell survival signalling activation.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	25-28
31179317-10	2019	Increased phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) levels were observed within 6 hours after MNU administration, suggestive of cell survival signalling activation.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	Eph receptor B1	Rattus norvegicus	32-35
30451368-7	2019	Finally, Otx2 induced photoreceptor precursor cells were injected into subretinal space of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced rat model of retinal degeneration and partially recovered retinal degeneration in the rats.	Methylnitrosourea	91-113	orthodenticle homeobox 2	Rattus norvegicus	9-13
30396952-3	2018	The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of genes and proteins of the SRC family, including FYN, YES, BLK, FGR, LYN and SRC, in a model of intestinal gastric carcinogenesis generated by treating Cebus apella, a New World non-human primate, with N-methyl nitrosourea (MNU).	Methylnitrosourea	285-288	SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase	Homo sapiens	88-91
30336191-7	2019	MNU at 50 mg/kg induced photoreceptor cell death, with elevation in serum miR-96-5p, -124-3p, and -183-5p levels.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	microRNA 96	Rattus norvegicus	74-80
29898754-4	2018	METHODS: Here, we used an 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumor rat model of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer to evaluate the long-term effects of metformin administration on metabolic and tumor endpoints.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	109-111
29679652-3	2018	MNU treated rat showed altered hemodynamic profile, distorted cellular architecture, upregulated inflammatory enzyme markers (COX, LOX, Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide) and distorted oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione).	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	lysyl oxidase	Rattus norvegicus	131-134
29679652-3	2018	MNU treated rat showed altered hemodynamic profile, distorted cellular architecture, upregulated inflammatory enzyme markers (COX, LOX, Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide) and distorted oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione).	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	292-300
29603395-4	2018	The mammary tumor level of Pin1 protein was lower by about 55% in WA-treated rats exposed to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, compared to control.	Methylnitrosourea	93-115	peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1	Rattus norvegicus	27-31
30059665-4	2018	Decreased SIRT1 activity reduced the development of thymic lymphomas in the NMU-treated mice but was permissive for the formation of lung adenomas.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	sirtuin 1	Mus musculus	10-15
29898754-4	2018	METHODS: Here, we used an 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumor rat model of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer to evaluate the long-term effects of metformin administration on metabolic and tumor endpoints.	Methylnitrosourea	26-48	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	90-107
29898754-4	2018	METHODS: Here, we used an 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumor rat model of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer to evaluate the long-term effects of metformin administration on metabolic and tumor endpoints.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	90-107
29681851-2	2018	The monotherapy and combination therapy of zaltoprofen (COX-2 inhibitor) and zileuton (5-LOX inhibitor) were validated for their effect against methyl nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary gland carcinoma in albino wistar rats.	Methylnitrosourea	144-162	arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase	Rattus norvegicus	87-92
29681851-2	2018	The monotherapy and combination therapy of zaltoprofen (COX-2 inhibitor) and zileuton (5-LOX inhibitor) were validated for their effect against methyl nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary gland carcinoma in albino wistar rats.	Methylnitrosourea	164-167	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	56-61
29681851-2	2018	The monotherapy and combination therapy of zaltoprofen (COX-2 inhibitor) and zileuton (5-LOX inhibitor) were validated for their effect against methyl nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary gland carcinoma in albino wistar rats.	Methylnitrosourea	164-167	arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase	Rattus norvegicus	87-92
29281877-0	2017	Cellular and Molecular Changes in MNU-Induced Breast Tumours Injected with PF4 or bFGF Background: Angiogenic activity has been considered to reflect important molecular events during breast tumourdevelopment.	Methylnitrosourea	34-37	platelet factor 4	Rattus norvegicus	75-78
29126840-0	2018	Neuroprotective effect of cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist in the MNU-induced retinal degeneration model.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain)	Mus musculus	26-48
29126840-6	2018	Administration of the CB1R antagonist SR141716A distinctly recovered the photoreceptor loss, decreased glial reactivity and reduced abnormal vascular complexes in an MNU-induced mouse model.	Methylnitrosourea	166-169	cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain)	Mus musculus	22-26
29126840-8	2018	In the MNU + SR1 group, both the function and structure of ON-BCs recovered.	Methylnitrosourea	7-10	spectrotype regulation	Mus musculus	13-16
29126840-9	2018	Taken together, our study showed that the inhibition of CB1R can effectively prevent MNU-induced retinal degeneration, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect of the CB1R antagonist SR1 in retinal degeneration diseases.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain)	Mus musculus	56-60
29126840-9	2018	Taken together, our study showed that the inhibition of CB1R can effectively prevent MNU-induced retinal degeneration, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect of the CB1R antagonist SR1 in retinal degeneration diseases.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain)	Mus musculus	168-172
29126840-9	2018	Taken together, our study showed that the inhibition of CB1R can effectively prevent MNU-induced retinal degeneration, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect of the CB1R antagonist SR1 in retinal degeneration diseases.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	spectrotype regulation	Mus musculus	184-187
29721956-3	2018	We previously reported that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which has a protective effect on neuronal cells, was cleaved by a calcium-dependent protease, calpain, in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated mice retina.	Methylnitrosourea	165-187	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	28-49
29721956-3	2018	We previously reported that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which has a protective effect on neuronal cells, was cleaved by a calcium-dependent protease, calpain, in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated mice retina.	Methylnitrosourea	165-187	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	51-56
29721956-3	2018	We previously reported that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which has a protective effect on neuronal cells, was cleaved by a calcium-dependent protease, calpain, in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated mice retina.	Methylnitrosourea	189-192	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	28-49
29721956-3	2018	We previously reported that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which has a protective effect on neuronal cells, was cleaved by a calcium-dependent protease, calpain, in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-treated mice retina.	Methylnitrosourea	189-192	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	51-56
29721956-7	2018	Therefore, protein carbonylation and subsequent calpain-dependent cleavage of HSP70 are key events in MNU-mediated photoreceptor cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	102-105	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	78-83
29038003-4	2018	The retinal Ngb expression in MNU administered mice attenuated following a time dependent manner, suggesting Ngb was involved in the photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	12-15
29038003-4	2018	The retinal Ngb expression in MNU administered mice attenuated following a time dependent manner, suggesting Ngb was involved in the photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	109-112
29038003-5	2018	Conversely, the intravenous delivery of Hemin, a Ngb up-regulator, enhanced the Ngb expressions in the retinas of MNU administered mice.	Methylnitrosourea	114-117	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	49-52
29038003-5	2018	Conversely, the intravenous delivery of Hemin, a Ngb up-regulator, enhanced the Ngb expressions in the retinas of MNU administered mice.	Methylnitrosourea	114-117	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	80-83
29038003-10	2018	In conclusion, the intraperitoneally delivery of Hemin can enhance the Ngb expressions in the MNU administered retinas, thereby ameliorating the photoreceptor degeneration and associated visual impairments.	Methylnitrosourea	94-97	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	71-74
30592231-6	2018	Prescription-adjusted prevalence of NMU was highest for methylphenidate IR (0.51%) and lowest for amphetamine ER (0.28%).	Methylnitrosourea	36-39	epiregulin	Homo sapiens	110-112
29767663-5	2018	This work aimed to study COX-2 methylation and expression in N-methyl-N-Nitrosurea (MNU)-induced intestinal GC in six Sapajus apella animals.	Methylnitrosourea	61-82	COX2	Cebus apella	25-30
29767663-5	2018	This work aimed to study COX-2 methylation and expression in N-methyl-N-Nitrosurea (MNU)-induced intestinal GC in six Sapajus apella animals.	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	COX2	Cebus apella	25-30
29309143-2	2018	Here, we demonstrate that installation of a noncanonical Ndelta-methyl histidine (NMH) as the proximal heme ligand in the oxygen binding protein myoglobin (Mb) leads to substantial increases in heme redox potential and promiscuous peroxidase activity.	Methylnitrosourea	82-85	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	145-154
29309143-2	2018	Here, we demonstrate that installation of a noncanonical Ndelta-methyl histidine (NMH) as the proximal heme ligand in the oxygen binding protein myoglobin (Mb) leads to substantial increases in heme redox potential and promiscuous peroxidase activity.	Methylnitrosourea	82-85	myoglobin	Homo sapiens	156-158
30110696-0	2018	Intravitreous Delivery of Alphab-Crystallin Ameliorates N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration in Mice: An in vivo and ex vivo Study.	Methylnitrosourea	56-78	crystallin, alpha B	Mus musculus	26-43
30110696-6	2018	OCT analysis showed that the major retinal architecture of the MNU administered mice was efficiently rescued by alphaBC treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	63-66	plexin A2	Mus musculus	0-3
29062766-11	2017	Furthermore, the Sirt1 mRNA and protein expression decreased after MNU administration, while HRS mitigated the MNU-induced downregulation of Sirt1.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	17-22
28891332-9	2017	The SD-OCT and histological examination suggested the morphological devastations in MNU-administered mice were alleviated after EPO treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	128-131
28891332-11	2017	Moreover, the EPO treatment rectified the apoptotic abnormalities in MNU-administered mice, and enhanced the expression level of Foxo3, a critical mediator of autophagy.	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	14-17
28891332-12	2017	The EPO treatment also mitigated the MDA concentration and enhanced the retinal SOD activity, thereby counteracting the retinal oxidative stress in MNU administered mice.	Methylnitrosourea	148-151	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	4-7
28786001-8	2017	Two days after first MNU administration, some genes associated with apoptosis were altered in the mammary tissue from the TCDD group (Bax and Caspase 3 down- and Bcl-2 upregulated) but were also partially reestablished by maternal Res.	Methylnitrosourea	21-24	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
28786001-8	2017	Two days after first MNU administration, some genes associated with apoptosis were altered in the mammary tissue from the TCDD group (Bax and Caspase 3 down- and Bcl-2 upregulated) but were also partially reestablished by maternal Res.	Methylnitrosourea	21-24	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	142-151
28786001-8	2017	Two days after first MNU administration, some genes associated with apoptosis were altered in the mammary tissue from the TCDD group (Bax and Caspase 3 down- and Bcl-2 upregulated) but were also partially reestablished by maternal Res.	Methylnitrosourea	21-24	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	162-167
29340033-5	2017	Mist1+ antral progenitors can serve as an origin of antral tumors induced by loss of Apc or MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	92-95	basic helix-loop-helix family member a15	Homo sapiens	0-5
28891332-0	2017	Subretinal delivery of erythropoietin alleviates the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor degeneration and visual functional impairments: an in vivo and ex vivo study.	Methylnitrosourea	53-75	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	23-37
28891332-2	2017	The present study sought to explore the therapeutic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	91-113	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	63-77
28891332-2	2017	The present study sought to explore the therapeutic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	91-113	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	79-82
28891332-2	2017	The present study sought to explore the therapeutic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	115-118	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	63-77
28891332-2	2017	The present study sought to explore the therapeutic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	115-118	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	79-82
28891332-3	2017	The MNU-administered mouse or normal control received a subretinal injection of EPO (at the dose of 10U).	Methylnitrosourea	4-7	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	80-83
28891332-7	2017	The subretinal injection of EPO up-regulated the retinal EPO level in the retinas of MNU-administered mice.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	28-31
28891332-7	2017	The subretinal injection of EPO up-regulated the retinal EPO level in the retinas of MNU-administered mice.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	57-60
28891332-8	2017	The optokinetic tests and ERG examination suggested the visual functional impairments in MNU-administered mice were ameliorated after EPO treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	erythropoietin	Mus musculus	134-137
28891332-9	2017	The SD-OCT and histological examination suggested the morphological devastations in MNU-administered mice were alleviated after EPO treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	84-87	plexin A2	Mus musculus	7-10
29062766-11	2017	Furthermore, the Sirt1 mRNA and protein expression decreased after MNU administration, while HRS mitigated the MNU-induced downregulation of Sirt1.	Methylnitrosourea	111-114	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	141-146
29062766-12	2017	CONCLUSION: HRS can effectively keep microglia activation induced by MNU to an appropriate extent, while upregulate Sirt1 in MNU-induced RP.	Methylnitrosourea	125-128	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	116-121
29075122-0	2017	Adeno-associated virus-mediated neuroglobin overexpression ameliorates the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal impairments: a novel therapeutic strategy against photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	75-97	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	32-43
29075122-3	2017	The present study found the retinal neuroglobin (NGB) expression in the MNU-administered mice was significantly lower than in normal controls, suggesting NGB was correlated with RD.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	36-47
29075122-3	2017	The present study found the retinal neuroglobin (NGB) expression in the MNU-administered mice was significantly lower than in normal controls, suggesting NGB was correlated with RD.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	49-52
29075122-3	2017	The present study found the retinal neuroglobin (NGB) expression in the MNU-administered mice was significantly lower than in normal controls, suggesting NGB was correlated with RD.	Methylnitrosourea	72-75	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	154-157
29075122-4	2017	Subsequently, an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-2-mCMV-NGB vector was delivered into the subretinal space of the MNU-administered mice.	Methylnitrosourea	111-114	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	53-56
29075122-6	2017	Further, we found NGB overexpression could alleviate visual impairments and morphological devastations in MNU-administered mice.	Methylnitrosourea	106-109	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	18-21
29075122-7	2017	NGB overexpression could rectify apoptotic abnormalities and ameliorate oxidative stress in MNU-administered mice, thereby promoting photoreceptor survival.	Methylnitrosourea	92-95	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	0-3
29075122-8	2017	The cone photoreceptors in MNU-administered mice were also sensitive to AAV-mediated NGB overexpression.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	neuroglobin	Mus musculus	85-88
28929374-0	2017	Inhibition of GSK-3beta Activation Protects SD Rat Retina Against N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Degeneration by Modulating the Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	66-88	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Rattus norvegicus	14-23
28929374-6	2017	GSK-3beta and Akt expression levels did not change during MNU-induced retinal degeneration but the phosphorylation of GSK-3beta and Akt was decreased by MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	132-135
28929374-0	2017	Inhibition of GSK-3beta Activation Protects SD Rat Retina Against N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Degeneration by Modulating the Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	66-88	Wnt family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	128-131
28929374-7	2017	Lithium chloride (LiCl), which increases p-GSK-3beta level and active-beta-catenin level, reversed retinal degeneration induced by MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	131-134	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	70-82
28929374-8	2017	These results suggest that GSK-3beta activation is closely related to photoreceptor cell loss and that the application of the GSK-3beta inhibitor LiCl could activate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and reduce photoreceptor cell loss induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	247-250	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Rattus norvegicus	126-135
28929374-0	2017	Inhibition of GSK-3beta Activation Protects SD Rat Retina Against N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Degeneration by Modulating the Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway.	Methylnitrosourea	66-88	catenin beta 1	Rattus norvegicus	132-144
28929374-8	2017	These results suggest that GSK-3beta activation is closely related to photoreceptor cell loss and that the application of the GSK-3beta inhibitor LiCl could activate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and reduce photoreceptor cell loss induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	247-250	Wnt family member 2	Rattus norvegicus	166-169
28929374-4	2017	The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (p-GSK-3beta) is a potent mediator of MNU-induced retinal degeneration and how p-GSK-3beta affects the process.	Methylnitrosourea	148-151	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Rattus norvegicus	79-109
28929374-4	2017	The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (p-GSK-3beta) is a potent mediator of MNU-induced retinal degeneration and how p-GSK-3beta affects the process.	Methylnitrosourea	148-151	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Rattus norvegicus	113-122
28929374-6	2017	GSK-3beta and Akt expression levels did not change during MNU-induced retinal degeneration but the phosphorylation of GSK-3beta and Akt was decreased by MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Rattus norvegicus	0-9
28929374-6	2017	GSK-3beta and Akt expression levels did not change during MNU-induced retinal degeneration but the phosphorylation of GSK-3beta and Akt was decreased by MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
28929374-6	2017	GSK-3beta and Akt expression levels did not change during MNU-induced retinal degeneration but the phosphorylation of GSK-3beta and Akt was decreased by MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Rattus norvegicus	118-127
28943948-0	2017	Analysis of the expression level and methylation of tumor protein p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog and mutS homolog 2 in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced thymic lymphoma in C57BL/6 mice.	Methylnitrosourea	124-146	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	66-69
28943948-0	2017	Analysis of the expression level and methylation of tumor protein p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog and mutS homolog 2 in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced thymic lymphoma in C57BL/6 mice.	Methylnitrosourea	124-146	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	106-120
28943948-4	2017	Subsequently, the protein expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), transformation protein 53 and mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) were evaluated concomitantly in the thymus, liver, kidney and spleen of MNU-treated mice by western blotting.	Methylnitrosourea	210-213	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Mus musculus	79-83
28943948-4	2017	Subsequently, the protein expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), transformation protein 53 and mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) were evaluated concomitantly in the thymus, liver, kidney and spleen of MNU-treated mice by western blotting.	Methylnitrosourea	210-213	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	116-130
28943948-4	2017	Subsequently, the protein expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), transformation protein 53 and mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) were evaluated concomitantly in the thymus, liver, kidney and spleen of MNU-treated mice by western blotting.	Methylnitrosourea	210-213	mutS homolog 2	Mus musculus	132-136
28943948-6	2017	During the tumorigenesis process of an MNU-induced single thymic lymphoma, the expression level of PTEN was revealed to be reduced in thymic lymphoma samples but not in normal or non-tumor thymus tissue samples.	Methylnitrosourea	39-42	phosphatase and tensin homolog	Mus musculus	99-103
28427145-1	2017	We previously demonstrated that chemopreventive methylselenocysteine (MSC) prevents N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the susceptible Fischer 344 (F344) rats by enhancing NAD+-dependent SIRT1 activity, restoring circadian expression of Period 2 (Per2) and circadian controlled genes.	Methylnitrosourea	84-106	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	215-220
28807016-0	2017	Endogenous controls of gene expression in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced T-cell lymphoma in p53-deficient mice.	Methylnitrosourea	42-64	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	92-95
28807016-4	2017	METHODS: T-cell lymphomas were generated in p53-deficient mice by treatment with 37.5 mg/kg MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	92-95	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	44-47
28807016-10	2017	Gene stability evaluation after MNU treatment and during lymphomagenesis revealed that Ctbp1 and Rplp0 were the most stably expressed genes in the thymus and spleen, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	32-35	C-terminal binding protein 1	Mus musculus	87-92
28807016-10	2017	Gene stability evaluation after MNU treatment and during lymphomagenesis revealed that Ctbp1 and Rplp0 were the most stably expressed genes in the thymus and spleen, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	32-35	ribosomal protein, large, P0	Mus musculus	97-102
28588015-5	2017	Our data demonstrate that cancer progression in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) rat model of bladder cancer was characterized by a decline in the CD8/FoxP3 ratio, consistent with decreased adaptive immunity.	Methylnitrosourea	52-74	forkhead box P3	Rattus norvegicus	151-156
28588015-5	2017	Our data demonstrate that cancer progression in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) rat model of bladder cancer was characterized by a decline in the CD8/FoxP3 ratio, consistent with decreased adaptive immunity.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	forkhead box P3	Rattus norvegicus	151-156
28422719-0	2017	Fbxw7 haploinsufficiency loses its protection against DNA damage and accelerates MNU-induced gastric carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7	Mus musculus	0-5
28688903-0	2017	Differential effects between developmental and postpubertal exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on progenitor cell proliferation of rat hippocampal neurogenesis in relation to COX2 expression in granule cells.	Methylnitrosourea	72-94	cytochrome c oxidase II, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus	175-179
28622829-5	2017	A hormetic-style dose-response following a 24h exposure to the alkylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was observed in a previous study for HPRT mutagenesis in the human lymphoblastoid cell line AHH-1.	Methylnitrosourea	80-102	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	146-150
28622829-5	2017	A hormetic-style dose-response following a 24h exposure to the alkylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was observed in a previous study for HPRT mutagenesis in the human lymphoblastoid cell line AHH-1.	Methylnitrosourea	104-107	hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens	146-150
28422719-8	2017	The repair potential of DNA damage was suppressed in MEFs from Fbxw7+/- mice after MNU exposure.	Methylnitrosourea	83-86	F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7	Mus musculus	63-68
28427145-4	2017	Exposure of COP rats to NMU had the opposite effect, enhancing SIRT1 activity, increasing circadian expression of Per2 and DDRR genes.	Methylnitrosourea	24-27	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	63-68
28422719-10	2017	In conclusion, Fbxw7 haploinsufficiency increased the risk of gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNU, which is associated with the accumulation of DNA damage as well as c-Myc oncoprotein.	Methylnitrosourea	96-99	F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7	Mus musculus	15-20
28427145-4	2017	Exposure of COP rats to NMU had the opposite effect, enhancing SIRT1 activity, increasing circadian expression of Per2 and DDRR genes.	Methylnitrosourea	24-27	period circadian regulator 2	Rattus norvegicus	114-118
28422719-10	2017	In conclusion, Fbxw7 haploinsufficiency increased the risk of gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNU, which is associated with the accumulation of DNA damage as well as c-Myc oncoprotein.	Methylnitrosourea	96-99	myelocytomatosis oncogene	Mus musculus	170-173
28427145-5	2017	Significantly, SIRT1 activity and circadian expression of Per2 and DDRR genes in NMU-treated F344 rats on a chemopreventive regimen of MSC approximated those in NMU-treated COP rats.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	15-20
28427145-5	2017	Significantly, SIRT1 activity and circadian expression of Per2 and DDRR genes in NMU-treated F344 rats on a chemopreventive regimen of MSC approximated those in NMU-treated COP rats.	Methylnitrosourea	81-84	period circadian regulator 2	Rattus norvegicus	58-62
28230087-7	2017	Furthremore, the deletion of Nrdc significantly suppressed N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced gastric tumorigenesis in the murine stomach.	Methylnitrosourea	59-81	nardilysin, N-arginine dibasic convertase, NRD convertase 1	Mus musculus	29-33
27738081-0	2017	Analysis of genes involved in the PI3K/Akt pathway in radiation- and MNU-induced rat mammary carcinomas.	Methylnitrosourea	69-72	AKT serine/threonine kinase 1	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
27094311-16	2017	Additionally, the mammary tumors from MNU exercised group exhibited higher immunoexpression of ER alpha that is an indicator of well-differentiated tumors and better response to hormone therapy.	Methylnitrosourea	38-41	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	95-103
28285967-2	2017	This study aimed to evaluate the immunoexpression of the prognostic factors estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), progesterone receptor (PR) and Ki-67, in MNU and DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors, in order to know the model that best suits to woman breast cancer.	Methylnitrosourea	152-155	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-108
28285967-2	2017	This study aimed to evaluate the immunoexpression of the prognostic factors estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), progesterone receptor (PR) and Ki-67, in MNU and DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors, in order to know the model that best suits to woman breast cancer.	Methylnitrosourea	152-155	progesterone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	111-132
28285967-2	2017	This study aimed to evaluate the immunoexpression of the prognostic factors estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), progesterone receptor (PR) and Ki-67, in MNU and DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors, in order to know the model that best suits to woman breast cancer.	Methylnitrosourea	152-155	progesterone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	134-136
28285967-8	2017	All MNU and DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas were ER+/PR+, with a higher expression of ERalpha when compared with PR.	Methylnitrosourea	4-7	progesterone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	53-55
28285967-8	2017	All MNU and DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas were ER+/PR+, with a higher expression of ERalpha when compared with PR.	Methylnitrosourea	4-7	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	86-93
28285967-9	2017	Tumors" weight, the expression of ERalpha, PR, Ki-67 PI and MAI were higher in MNU-induced mammary carcinomas when compared with the DMBA-induced ones.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	34-41
28285967-9	2017	Tumors" weight, the expression of ERalpha, PR, Ki-67 PI and MAI were higher in MNU-induced mammary carcinomas when compared with the DMBA-induced ones.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	progesterone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	43-45
28285967-12	2017	In this way, the use of the rat model of MNU-induced mammary tumors is advised in experimental protocols aiming to study more aggressive mammary tumors within the group of double-positive mammary tumors (ER+/PR+).	Methylnitrosourea	41-44	progesterone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	208-210
28230087-7	2017	Furthremore, the deletion of Nrdc significantly suppressed N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced gastric tumorigenesis in the murine stomach.	Methylnitrosourea	83-86	nardilysin, N-arginine dibasic convertase, NRD convertase 1	Mus musculus	29-33
28112220-4	2017	We determined that chrysophanol inhibited the functional and morphological features of MNU-induced retinal degeneration using scotopic electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and immunohistochemistry analysis of R/G opsin and rhodopsin.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	rhodopsin	Mus musculus	249-258
27862073-10	2016	Western blot analysis showed that nuclear IkappaBalpha level increased, whereas nuclear NF-kappaB p65 decreased significantly in the retinas of MNU-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	144-147	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	42-54
27703306-4	2016	METHODS: Photoreceptor damage was induced in wild-type (WT) and p27 knockout (KO) mice with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	92-114	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Mus musculus	64-67
28123413-0	2016	HSP70 cleavage-induced photoreceptor cell death caused by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	58-80	heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 4	Homo sapiens	0-5
27671329-9	2016	MNU treatment was evident with increased alveolar bud count, differentiation score, upregulated inflammatory enzymes markers (COX, LOX and NO) antioxidative stress markers (TBARs, SOD, catalase and GSH).MNU associated toxicity was also ascertained by PGP 9.5 and NF-kappaB expression in the mammary gland tissue followed by FAME analysis for fatty acid profiling.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	lysyl oxidase	Rattus norvegicus	131-134
27671329-9	2016	MNU treatment was evident with increased alveolar bud count, differentiation score, upregulated inflammatory enzymes markers (COX, LOX and NO) antioxidative stress markers (TBARs, SOD, catalase and GSH).MNU associated toxicity was also ascertained by PGP 9.5 and NF-kappaB expression in the mammary gland tissue followed by FAME analysis for fatty acid profiling.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	catalase	Rattus norvegicus	185-193
27671329-9	2016	MNU treatment was evident with increased alveolar bud count, differentiation score, upregulated inflammatory enzymes markers (COX, LOX and NO) antioxidative stress markers (TBARs, SOD, catalase and GSH).MNU associated toxicity was also ascertained by PGP 9.5 and NF-kappaB expression in the mammary gland tissue followed by FAME analysis for fatty acid profiling.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1	Rattus norvegicus	251-258
27703306-4	2016	METHODS: Photoreceptor damage was induced in wild-type (WT) and p27 knockout (KO) mice with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	116-119	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Mus musculus	64-67
27018768-8	2016	Furthermore, the prostate of KO animals had lower levels of p65 and p-mTOR after treatment with MNU+T than WT.	Methylnitrosourea	96-99	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	70-74
27538817-6	2016	HMGA1- and HMGA2-single knockdown cells showed an increased resistance to MNU, and HMGA1/HMGA2-double knockdown cells exhibited further increased tolerance compared to the control.	Methylnitrosourea	74-77	high mobility group AT-hook 1	Homo sapiens	0-5
27538817-6	2016	HMGA1- and HMGA2-single knockdown cells showed an increased resistance to MNU, and HMGA1/HMGA2-double knockdown cells exhibited further increased tolerance compared to the control.	Methylnitrosourea	74-77	high mobility group AT-hook 2	Homo sapiens	11-16
27473871-10	2016	Pgp 9.5 expression was dose dependently upregulated by beta-sitosterol treatment in comparison to MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	98-101	ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1	Rattus norvegicus	0-7
27473871-11	2016	On the contrary, downregulated NF-kB expression was perceived, when beta-sitosterol was concomitantly administered with MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	120-123	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus	31-36
27208869-9	2016	Western-blot analysis demonstrated the expression levels of procaspase-9, -7, -3 and cleaved caspase-9, -7, -3 were upregulated, and PARP were downregulated both 24h and 7 days after MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	183-186	caspase 9	Rattus norvegicus	63-72
27129157-6	2016	GFP+/Sca-1+/CD45- BMDCs were significantly increased in the MNU-induced PCa group, as compared to the citrated-treated control group (2.67 +- 0.25% vs 0.67 +- 0.31%, p = 0.006).	Methylnitrosourea	60-63	ataxin 1	Mus musculus	5-10
27284332-6	2016	It was observed that donepezil upregulates the expression of Hsp70, to increase resistance to MNU-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis by using its anti-apoptotic properties.	Methylnitrosourea	94-97	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	61-66
27129157-6	2016	GFP+/Sca-1+/CD45- BMDCs were significantly increased in the MNU-induced PCa group, as compared to the citrated-treated control group (2.67 +- 0.25% vs 0.67 +- 0.31%, p = 0.006).	Methylnitrosourea	60-63	protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C	Mus musculus	12-16
27196396-15	2016	Ofd1 overexpression partially attenuated MNU toxic effects by reducing ROS levels and mitigating apoptosis.	Methylnitrosourea	41-44	Ofd1 centriole and centriolar satellite protein	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
27188607-9	2016	After N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) treatment, the survival rate of mRad9(-/-)+ L101M cells was (33.7+-5.9)%, which was significantly higher than that in the mRad9(-/-)+ hRad9 cells [(21.3+-4.7)%, P<0.05].	Methylnitrosourea	6-28	RAD9 checkpoint clamp component A	Mus musculus	67-72
27188607-9	2016	After N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) treatment, the survival rate of mRad9(-/-)+ L101M cells was (33.7+-5.9)%, which was significantly higher than that in the mRad9(-/-)+ hRad9 cells [(21.3+-4.7)%, P<0.05].	Methylnitrosourea	6-28	RAD9 checkpoint clamp component A	Homo sapiens	169-174
27188607-9	2016	After N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) treatment, the survival rate of mRad9(-/-)+ L101M cells was (33.7+-5.9)%, which was significantly higher than that in the mRad9(-/-)+ hRad9 cells [(21.3+-4.7)%, P<0.05].	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	RAD9 checkpoint clamp component A	Mus musculus	67-72
27188607-9	2016	After N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) treatment, the survival rate of mRad9(-/-)+ L101M cells was (33.7+-5.9)%, which was significantly higher than that in the mRad9(-/-)+ hRad9 cells [(21.3+-4.7)%, P<0.05].	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	RAD9 checkpoint clamp component A	Mus musculus	157-162
27188607-9	2016	After N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) treatment, the survival rate of mRad9(-/-)+ L101M cells was (33.7+-5.9)%, which was significantly higher than that in the mRad9(-/-)+ hRad9 cells [(21.3+-4.7)%, P<0.05].	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	RAD9 checkpoint clamp component A	Homo sapiens	169-174
27188607-10	2016	Thus, ectopic expression of L101M hRad9 gene resulted in significantly reduced MMR activity and increased resistance to MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	120-123	RAD9 checkpoint clamp component A	Homo sapiens	34-39
26667451-6	2016	In contrast, it was unexpectedly found that MNU reduces liver tumor prevalence in wild-type and hMGMT transgenic mice despite increased tumor prevalence in other tissues.	Methylnitrosourea	44-47	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	96-101
27127121-2	2016	This study aimed to evaluate the immunoexpression of prognostic factor markers ERalpha, Ki-67 proliferation index (Ki-67 PI) and the mitotic activity index (MAI) in mammary tumors induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) in female Sprague-Dawley rats submitted to lifelong exercise training.	Methylnitrosourea	191-213	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	79-86
26852374-6	2016	Based on the observed ER and PgR positivity and HER2 negativity within these tumors, MNU-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in female rats appear to be hormonally dependent, similar to human luminal A type breast cancer.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	progesterone receptor	Rattus norvegicus	29-32
26852374-6	2016	Based on the observed ER and PgR positivity and HER2 negativity within these tumors, MNU-induced mammary adenocarcinomas in female rats appear to be hormonally dependent, similar to human luminal A type breast cancer.	Methylnitrosourea	85-88	erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2	Homo sapiens	48-52
26852374-9	2016	Based on our literature review, human male breast cancers are mainly dependent on ER and/or PgR, therefore the biological pathogenesis of MNU-induced male mammary cancer in rats may differ from that of male breast cancer in humans.	Methylnitrosourea	138-141	progesterone receptor	Homo sapiens	92-95
26667451-7	2016	hMGMT and MNU protections were additive, suggesting that MNU protects through a different mechanism, perhaps through the cytotoxic N7-alkylguanine and N3-alkyladenine lesions which have low mutagenic potential compared with O(6)-alkylguanine lesions.	Methylnitrosourea	57-60	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	0-5
26427417-7	2016	HSP70 induction by GGA was effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss as a result of its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	0-5
26427417-7	2016	HSP70 induction by GGA was effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss as a result of its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	45-48	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	119-124
26427435-4	2016	Although calcium ion influx triggers the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activation, the role of nNOS on photoreceptor cell death by MNU has not been reported yet.	Methylnitrosourea	139-142	nitric oxide synthase 1, neuronal	Mus musculus	103-107
26427435-5	2016	In this study, we investigated the contribution of nNOS on photoreceptor cell death induced by MNU in mice.	Methylnitrosourea	95-98	nitric oxide synthase 1, neuronal	Mus musculus	51-55
26427435-7	2016	Then, we evaluated the effect of nNOS specific inhibitor, ethyl[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]carbamimidothioate (ETPI) on the MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	124-127	nitric oxide synthase 1, neuronal	Mus musculus	33-37
26427435-9	2016	These data indicate that nNOS is a key molecule for pathogenesis of MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	68-71	nitric oxide synthase 1, neuronal	Mus musculus	25-29
26507240-7	2016	Using the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death model in mice, we could examine two stages of the novel cell death mechanism; the early stage, including HSP70 cleavage through protein carbonylation by production of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and Ca(2+) influx/calpain activation, and the late stage of cathepsin and/or caspase activation.	Methylnitrosourea	10-32	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	177-182
26728412-0	2016	Retraction: Suppression of N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea/Testosterone-Induced Rat Prostate Cancer Growth by Celecoxib: Effects on Cyclooxygenase-2, Cell Cycle Regulation, and Apoptosis Mechanism(s).	Methylnitrosourea	27-49	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	123-139
26507240-7	2016	Using the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death model in mice, we could examine two stages of the novel cell death mechanism; the early stage, including HSP70 cleavage through protein carbonylation by production of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and Ca(2+) influx/calpain activation, and the late stage of cathepsin and/or caspase activation.	Methylnitrosourea	34-37	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	177-182
26544624-7	2015	Changes in SIRT1 activity were temporally correlated with loss or restoration of rhythmic Per2 mRNA expression in NMU-treated or MSC-rescued rat mammary glands, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	114-117	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	11-16
26574664-4	2016	Mushroom extract supplementation effectively reduced oxidative damage in MNU-primed mice, which was marked by a significant decrease in the extent of lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) and a concomitant increase in the enzymatic antioxidant levels, primarily catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and peroxidase, and FRAP values (p < 0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	73-76	catalase	Mus musculus	257-265
26574664-4	2016	Mushroom extract supplementation effectively reduced oxidative damage in MNU-primed mice, which was marked by a significant decrease in the extent of lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) and a concomitant increase in the enzymatic antioxidant levels, primarily catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and peroxidase, and FRAP values (p < 0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	73-76	glutathione reductase	Mus musculus	289-310
26574664-4	2016	Mushroom extract supplementation effectively reduced oxidative damage in MNU-primed mice, which was marked by a significant decrease in the extent of lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) and a concomitant increase in the enzymatic antioxidant levels, primarily catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and peroxidase, and FRAP values (p < 0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	73-76	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Mus musculus	331-335
26685797-7	2015	Further mechanism study suggested that the up-regulation of Bax and Calpain-2, rather than the Caspase-3, should be responsible for the asymmetry in the MNU induced photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	BCL2-associated X protein	Mus musculus	60-63
26685797-7	2015	Further mechanism study suggested that the up-regulation of Bax and Calpain-2, rather than the Caspase-3, should be responsible for the asymmetry in the MNU induced photoreceptor degeneration.	Methylnitrosourea	153-156	calpain 2	Mus musculus	68-77
26544624-4	2015	Moreover, NMU inhibited intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and reduced NAD+-dependent SIRT1 activity in a dose-dependent manner, while MSC restored NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity in the NMU-treated cells, indicating that the NAD+-SIRT1 pathway was targeted by NMU and MSC.	Methylnitrosourea	10-13	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	81-86
26544624-4	2015	Moreover, NMU inhibited intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and reduced NAD+-dependent SIRT1 activity in a dose-dependent manner, while MSC restored NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity in the NMU-treated cells, indicating that the NAD+-SIRT1 pathway was targeted by NMU and MSC.	Methylnitrosourea	10-13	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-162
26544624-4	2015	Moreover, NMU inhibited intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and reduced NAD+-dependent SIRT1 activity in a dose-dependent manner, while MSC restored NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity in the NMU-treated cells, indicating that the NAD+-SIRT1 pathway was targeted by NMU and MSC.	Methylnitrosourea	10-13	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-162
26544624-4	2015	Moreover, NMU inhibited intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and reduced NAD+-dependent SIRT1 activity in a dose-dependent manner, while MSC restored NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity in the NMU-treated cells, indicating that the NAD+-SIRT1 pathway was targeted by NMU and MSC.	Methylnitrosourea	179-182	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-162
26544624-4	2015	Moreover, NMU inhibited intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and reduced NAD+-dependent SIRT1 activity in a dose-dependent manner, while MSC restored NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity in the NMU-treated cells, indicating that the NAD+-SIRT1 pathway was targeted by NMU and MSC.	Methylnitrosourea	179-182	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	157-162
26544624-5	2015	In rat mammary tissue, a carcinogenic dose of NMU also disrupted NAD+/NADH oscillations and decreased SIRT1 activity; dietary MSC restored NAD+/NADH oscillations and increased SIRT1 activity in the mammary glands of NMU-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	46-49	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	102-107
26544624-5	2015	In rat mammary tissue, a carcinogenic dose of NMU also disrupted NAD+/NADH oscillations and decreased SIRT1 activity; dietary MSC restored NAD+/NADH oscillations and increased SIRT1 activity in the mammary glands of NMU-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	46-49	sirtuin 1	Rattus norvegicus	176-181
26989304-0	2016	Green tea extract attenuates MNU-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis via suppression of heme oxygenase-1.	Methylnitrosourea	29-32	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	89-105
26544624-7	2015	Changes in SIRT1 activity were temporally correlated with loss or restoration of rhythmic Per2 mRNA expression in NMU-treated or MSC-rescued rat mammary glands, respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	114-117	period circadian regulator 2	Rattus norvegicus	90-94
26460950-2	2015	We previously demonstrated that recombinant adenovirus-mediated mda-7/IL-24 expression in the mammary glands of carcinogen-treated (methylnitrosourea, MNU) rats suppressed mammary tumor development.	Methylnitrosourea	132-149	interleukin 24	Rattus norvegicus	64-69
26438603-0	2015	Ablation of osteopontin suppresses N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer development in mice.	Methylnitrosourea	35-57	secreted phosphoprotein 1	Homo sapiens	12-23
26460950-2	2015	We previously demonstrated that recombinant adenovirus-mediated mda-7/IL-24 expression in the mammary glands of carcinogen-treated (methylnitrosourea, MNU) rats suppressed mammary tumor development.	Methylnitrosourea	132-149	interleukin 24	Rattus norvegicus	70-75
26460950-2	2015	We previously demonstrated that recombinant adenovirus-mediated mda-7/IL-24 expression in the mammary glands of carcinogen-treated (methylnitrosourea, MNU) rats suppressed mammary tumor development.	Methylnitrosourea	151-154	interleukin 24	Rattus norvegicus	64-69
26460950-2	2015	We previously demonstrated that recombinant adenovirus-mediated mda-7/IL-24 expression in the mammary glands of carcinogen-treated (methylnitrosourea, MNU) rats suppressed mammary tumor development.	Methylnitrosourea	151-154	interleukin 24	Rattus norvegicus	70-75
26394119-8	2015	Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis showed overexpression of cyclin D1 and p21(Cip1) in the NMU-induced breast tumors; however, the expression of both of them suppressed by crocin treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	130-133	cyclin D1	Rattus norvegicus	99-108
26394119-8	2015	Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis showed overexpression of cyclin D1 and p21(Cip1) in the NMU-induced breast tumors; however, the expression of both of them suppressed by crocin treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	130-133	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	113-116
26394119-8	2015	Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis showed overexpression of cyclin D1 and p21(Cip1) in the NMU-induced breast tumors; however, the expression of both of them suppressed by crocin treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	130-133	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Rattus norvegicus	117-121
26939332-6	2015	RESULTS: Due to the loss of retina photoreceptor cells induced by MNU in rats, in the model group the rhodopsin was stained in residual cell bodies, and there were sporadic rod terminals and little rod bipolar cells; outer segments, inter segments, cell bodies and cell terminals were all affected at different levels.	Methylnitrosourea	66-69	rhodopsin	Rattus norvegicus	102-111
24594278-10	2014	Increases of Calb1(+) interneurons on weaning and SGZ cell proliferation later on may reflect compensatory mechanism for MNU-induced aberrant neurogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	121-124	calbindin 1	Rattus norvegicus	13-18
26260943-6	2015	Moreover, EEDK treatment reduced the MNU-dependent up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin expression in Muller and astrocyte cells.	Methylnitrosourea	37-40	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Mus musculus	68-99
26260943-6	2015	Moreover, EEDK treatment reduced the MNU-dependent up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin expression in Muller and astrocyte cells.	Methylnitrosourea	37-40	glial fibrillary acidic protein	Mus musculus	101-105
26260943-7	2015	EEDK treatment also inhibited MNU-dependent down-regulation of rhodopsin expression.	Methylnitrosourea	30-33	rhodopsin	Mus musculus	63-72
26183928-6	2015	UBR1 attenuation reduced turnover of MGMT protein and increased repair of O6-methylguanine in nitrosomethylurea-treated human bronchial epithelial cells, while also reducing MGMT promoter activity and abolishing MGMT induction.	Methylnitrosourea	94-111	ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 1	Homo sapiens	0-4
25136745-7	2015	In addition, the group treated with MNU and RCM had higher expression levels of cannabinoid receptors-1, -2, and osteoprotegerin.	Methylnitrosourea	36-39	TNF receptor superfamily member 11B	Rattus norvegicus	113-128
25975007-0	2015	Dietary fatty acids affect lipid metabolism and estrogen receptor expression in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary cancer model.	Methylnitrosourea	80-102	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	48-65
24773621-0	2014	Heat shock protein 70 induction by valproic acid delays photoreceptor cell death by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in mice.	Methylnitrosourea	84-106	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	0-21
24773621-6	2014	HSP70 induction by valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, attenuated the photoreceptor cell death by MNU through inhibition of apoptotic caspase signals.	Methylnitrosourea	110-113	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	0-5
24773621-7	2014	Furthermore, HSP70 itself was rapidly and calpain-dependently cleaved after MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	13-18
24773621-8	2014	Therefore, HSP70 induction by valproic acid was dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss as a result of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	73-76	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	11-16
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	38-60	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	131-152
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	38-60	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	154-159
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	38-60	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	162-167
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	38-60	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	162-167
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	62-65	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	131-152
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	62-65	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	154-159
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	62-65	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	162-167
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	62-65	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	162-167
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	131-152
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	154-159
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	162-167
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	162-167
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	131-152
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	154-159
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	162-167
24773621-11	2014	We proposed the following cascade for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced photoreceptor cell death: MNU gives rise to cleavage of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); HSP70 induction by valproic acid (VPA) is dually effective against MNU-induced photoreceptor cell loss because of its anti-apoptotic actions and its ability to prevent HSP70 degradation.	Methylnitrosourea	101-104	heat shock protein 1B	Mus musculus	162-167
25837940-0	2015	Involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration in mice.	Methylnitrosourea	49-71	nitric oxide synthase 1, neuronal	Mus musculus	15-45
25837940-3	2015	We hypothesized that nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/NO are involved in photoreceptor cell death by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	96-99	nitric oxide synthase 1, neuronal	Mus musculus	21-42
25363767-3	2015	Although the MNU-induced tumours carried exactly the same initiating mutation in Kras as seen in the Kras(LA2) model (G12D), MNU tumours had an average of 192 non-synonymous, somatic single-nucleotide variants, compared with only six in tumours from the Kras(LA2) model.	Methylnitrosourea	13-16	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Homo sapiens	81-85
24935577-0	2014	Rapamycin and PF4 induce apoptosis by upregulating Bax and down-regulating survivin in MNU-induced breast cancer.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	platelet factor 4	Rattus norvegicus	14-17
24562771-4	2014	We found elevated levels of a fragment of the protein dermcidin (DCD) to be associated with early progression of N-methylnitrosourea-induced breast cancer, demonstrating significance at weeks 4 (p = 0.045) and 5 (p = 0.004), a time period during which mammary pathologies rapidly progress from ductal hyperplasia to adenocarcinoma.	Methylnitrosourea	113-132	dermcidin	Homo sapiens	54-63
24562771-4	2014	We found elevated levels of a fragment of the protein dermcidin (DCD) to be associated with early progression of N-methylnitrosourea-induced breast cancer, demonstrating significance at weeks 4 (p = 0.045) and 5 (p = 0.004), a time period during which mammary pathologies rapidly progress from ductal hyperplasia to adenocarcinoma.	Methylnitrosourea	113-132	dermcidin	Homo sapiens	65-68
24105445-5	2014	Hras mutations were characteristic of carcinomas that developed after chemical carcinogen treatments and were overrepresented in carcinomas induced by the combination of radiation and MNU (but not PhIP), indicating an interaction of radiation and MNU at the level of initiation.	Methylnitrosourea	184-187	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
24105445-5	2014	Hras mutations were characteristic of carcinomas that developed after chemical carcinogen treatments and were overrepresented in carcinomas induced by the combination of radiation and MNU (but not PhIP), indicating an interaction of radiation and MNU at the level of initiation.	Methylnitrosourea	247-250	HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	0-4
24519900-6	2014	As MGMT efficiently protects cells from mutations by repairing O(6) -methylguanine, a miscoding lesion induced by MNU, the question whether MGMT is able to nullify carcinogenic lesions to an extent where they would be considered nonhazardous has been addressed.	Methylnitrosourea	114-117	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	3-7
24519900-7	2014	It is shown here that MGMT overexpression significantly protects against, but does not completely nullify, the effect of MNU in tumor initiation.	Methylnitrosourea	121-124	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Mus musculus	22-26
24498271-2	2014	Previously, we reported a novel semi-dominant dwarf mutant, HD1, derived from chemical mutagenesis using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on a japonica rice cultivar, Hwacheong.	Methylnitrosourea	105-127	zinc finger protein HD1	Oryza sativa Japonica Group	60-63
24498271-2	2014	Previously, we reported a novel semi-dominant dwarf mutant, HD1, derived from chemical mutagenesis using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on a japonica rice cultivar, Hwacheong.	Methylnitrosourea	129-132	zinc finger protein HD1	Oryza sativa Japonica Group	60-63
24463056-7	2014	Thus, apart from the massive cell killing at the migratory stream causing microcephaly, MNU may decrease Dcx(+) cells reflecting disruption of the differentiation process of late-stage neuronal progenitors and immature granule cells through defective molecular functions by gene mutations.	Methylnitrosourea	88-91	doublecortin	Mus musculus	105-108
24935577-1	2014	BACKGROUND: To elucidate the role of rapamycin and PF4 on apoptosis regulation via Bax (pro-apoptosis), Bcl-2 (anti-apoptosis) and survivin activation on the growth in the 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea -induced invasive breast carcinoma model.	Methylnitrosourea	172-194	platelet factor 4	Rattus norvegicus	51-54
23883132-3	2014	C3G extracted from mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit (50 mg/kg) was orally administered, daily for 1, 2 and 4 weeks after MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	119-122	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-3
23883132-4	2014	The effects of C3G administration on MNU-induced RD retinas were histologically and functionally assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and electroretinography (ERG), respectively.	Methylnitrosourea	37-40	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	15-18
23883132-7	2014	RESULTS: Marked loss of photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was observed in RD rats at 2 and 4 weeks after MNU injection, while the ONL in the MNU-induced RD rats given C3G was relatively well preserved.	Methylnitrosourea	155-158	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	181-184
23883132-12	2014	CONCLUSIONS: Long-term administration of C3G extracted from mulberry fruit could structurally reduce photoreceptor damage and functionally improve scotopic visual functions in the RD rat model induced by MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	204-207	Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1	Rattus norvegicus	41-44
23722652-0	2013	N-methylnitrosourea aggravates gastrointestinal polyposis in Lkb1+/- mice.	Methylnitrosourea	0-19	serine/threonine kinase 11	Mus musculus	61-65
24459704-3	2013	We constructed a Trx1 knockdown system to demonstrate the specific mechanism of Trx1 shRNA cells compared with that in the wild type cells, leading to increased cellular susceptibility to a sublethal dose of BER-inducible toxicant, nitrosomethylurea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	232-249	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	17-21
24459704-3	2013	We constructed a Trx1 knockdown system to demonstrate the specific mechanism of Trx1 shRNA cells compared with that in the wild type cells, leading to increased cellular susceptibility to a sublethal dose of BER-inducible toxicant, nitrosomethylurea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	232-249	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	80-84
24459704-3	2013	We constructed a Trx1 knockdown system to demonstrate the specific mechanism of Trx1 shRNA cells compared with that in the wild type cells, leading to increased cellular susceptibility to a sublethal dose of BER-inducible toxicant, nitrosomethylurea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	251-254	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	17-21
24459704-3	2013	We constructed a Trx1 knockdown system to demonstrate the specific mechanism of Trx1 shRNA cells compared with that in the wild type cells, leading to increased cellular susceptibility to a sublethal dose of BER-inducible toxicant, nitrosomethylurea (NMU).	Methylnitrosourea	251-254	thioredoxin	Homo sapiens	80-84
24165159-6	2013	Using TALEN-based modification of the MLH1 gene, we further showed that GLI1 expression was indeed associated with an increased tolerance to a methylating agent, methylnitrosourea cooperatively with a lower copy number status of MLH1.	Methylnitrosourea	162-179	mutL homolog 1	Mus musculus	38-42
24165159-6	2013	Using TALEN-based modification of the MLH1 gene, we further showed that GLI1 expression was indeed associated with an increased tolerance to a methylating agent, methylnitrosourea cooperatively with a lower copy number status of MLH1.	Methylnitrosourea	162-179	GLI-Kruppel family member GLI1	Mus musculus	72-76
24205794-6	2013	An increase in the incidence of epithelial dysplasias, such as stratified epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, in the MNU group was accompanied by augmented cell proliferation, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression and pro-MMP-9 activity.	Methylnitrosourea	129-132	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Rattus norvegicus	199-204
24205794-6	2013	An increase in the incidence of epithelial dysplasias, such as stratified epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, in the MNU group was accompanied by augmented cell proliferation, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression and pro-MMP-9 activity.	Methylnitrosourea	129-132	matrix metallopeptidase 9	Rattus norvegicus	230-235
24173284-2	2013	Using a knock in mouse model with a Ser312 to Ala mutation, we show here that phosphorylation of p53 on Ser312 helps to prevent tumour induction by the alkylating agent MNU, which predominantly caused T cell lymphomas.	Methylnitrosourea	169-172	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	97-100
23620436-10	2013	MNU-induced lesions presented markers indicative of an aggressive phenotype: lack of basal cells, rupture of the smooth muscle cell layer, loss of E-cadherin, and high MGMT staining.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	cadherin 1	Homo sapiens	147-157
23620436-10	2013	MNU-induced lesions presented markers indicative of an aggressive phenotype: lack of basal cells, rupture of the smooth muscle cell layer, loss of E-cadherin, and high MGMT staining.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	168-172
23288051-8	2013	Inactivation of MGMT sensitizes cells to MNU-induced mutagenesis and shifts the NOGEL to the left on the dose axis.	Methylnitrosourea	41-44	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	16-20
22183835-0	2013	Organ differences in the impact of p27(kip1) deficiency on carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	85-107	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Mus musculus	35-38
22183835-0	2013	Organ differences in the impact of p27(kip1) deficiency on carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.	Methylnitrosourea	85-107	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Mus musculus	39-43
24099429-0	2013	MNU-induced rat mammary carcinomas: immunohistology and estrogen receptor expression.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	56-73
24083763-0	2013	Upregulated Myc expression in N-methyl nitrosourea (MNU)- induced rat mammary tumours.	Methylnitrosourea	52-55	MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor	Rattus norvegicus	12-15
23201403-4	2013	An immunoblotting analysis revealed that the amount of MAPO1 increased gradually after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), although the level of mRNA for MAPO1 was unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	102-124	folliculin interacting protein 2	Homo sapiens	55-60
23201403-4	2013	An immunoblotting analysis revealed that the amount of MAPO1 increased gradually after treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), although the level of mRNA for MAPO1 was unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	126-129	folliculin interacting protein 2	Homo sapiens	55-60
23201403-7	2013	In FLCN-knockdown cells, the MAPO1 level decreased, and no increases occurred even after MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	89-92	folliculin	Homo sapiens	3-7
23201403-9	2013	While MAPO1 retains its ability to stably bind to FLCN, it dissociates gradually from AMPK after exposure to MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	109-112	folliculin interacting protein 2	Homo sapiens	6-11
23201403-9	2013	While MAPO1 retains its ability to stably bind to FLCN, it dissociates gradually from AMPK after exposure to MNU.	Methylnitrosourea	109-112	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	86-90
23215791-2	2012	In our study, the effects of melatonin (Mel) and its antagonist Luzindole (Luz) on Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in a NMU (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)-induced rat mammary carcinoma model are investigated.	Methylnitrosourea	112-115	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	83-99
23215791-2	2012	In our study, the effects of melatonin (Mel) and its antagonist Luzindole (Luz) on Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in a NMU (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)-induced rat mammary carcinoma model are investigated.	Methylnitrosourea	112-115	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
23215791-2	2012	In our study, the effects of melatonin (Mel) and its antagonist Luzindole (Luz) on Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in a NMU (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)-induced rat mammary carcinoma model are investigated.	Methylnitrosourea	117-139	heme oxygenase 1	Rattus norvegicus	101-105
23508728-0	2012	High Expression of Cyclin D1 and p21 in N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea-Induced Breast Cancer in Wistar Albino Female Rats.	Methylnitrosourea	40-62	cyclin D1	Rattus norvegicus	19-28
23508728-0	2012	High Expression of Cyclin D1 and p21 in N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea-Induced Breast Cancer in Wistar Albino Female Rats.	Methylnitrosourea	40-62	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	33-36
23508728-3	2012	As a continuation of our recent work, we investigated the expressions of cyclin D1 and p21 in NMU-induced breast cancer of Wistar Albino rats.	Methylnitrosourea	94-97	KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase	Rattus norvegicus	87-90
23508728-3	2012	As a continuation of our recent work, we investigated the expressions of cyclin D1 and p21 in NMU-induced breast cancer of Wistar Albino rats.	Methylnitrosourea	94-97	cyclin D1	Rattus norvegicus	73-82
22616882-0	2012	MicroRNA-34a and microRNA-21 play roles in the chemopreventive effects of 3,6-dihydroxyflavone on 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced breast carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	98-120	microRNA 34a	Rattus norvegicus	0-12
22487424-5	2012	We show that human pol kappa has a significant protective role against methyl nitrosourea (MNU)-associated cytotoxicity without affecting significantly mutagenicity.	Methylnitrosourea	71-89	DNA polymerase lambda	Homo sapiens	19-28
22487424-5	2012	We show that human pol kappa has a significant protective role against methyl nitrosourea (MNU)-associated cytotoxicity without affecting significantly mutagenicity.	Methylnitrosourea	91-94	DNA polymerase lambda	Homo sapiens	19-28
22487424-6	2012	The increase in MNU-induced cytotoxicity when pol kappa is down-regulated was affected by the levels of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and fully abolished when mismatch repair (MMR) was defective.	Methylnitrosourea	16-19	DNA polymerase lambda	Homo sapiens	46-55
22487424-6	2012	The increase in MNU-induced cytotoxicity when pol kappa is down-regulated was affected by the levels of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and fully abolished when mismatch repair (MMR) was defective.	Methylnitrosourea	16-19	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	104-142
22487424-9	2012	After MNU exposure, in the absence of pol kappa, the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was unaffected whereas the induction of RAD 51 foci increased.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	RAD51 recombinase	Homo sapiens	133-139
22616882-18	2012	CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that 3,6-DHF is a potent natural chemopreventive agent, and that miR-34a and miR-21 play roles in MNU-induced breast carcinogenesis and the anticancer mechanism of flavonoids.	Methylnitrosourea	134-137	microRNA 34a	Rattus norvegicus	101-108
22616882-18	2012	CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that 3,6-DHF is a potent natural chemopreventive agent, and that miR-34a and miR-21 play roles in MNU-induced breast carcinogenesis and the anticancer mechanism of flavonoids.	Methylnitrosourea	134-137	microRNA 21	Rattus norvegicus	113-119
22616882-0	2012	MicroRNA-34a and microRNA-21 play roles in the chemopreventive effects of 3,6-dihydroxyflavone on 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced breast carcinogenesis.	Methylnitrosourea	98-120	microRNA 21	Rattus norvegicus	17-28
21842418-8	2012	In summary, VN/14-1 inhibited tumor growth in the MNU-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive rat mammary tumor model, and antagonized the stimulatory effect of estrogens on the uterus.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	62-79
21842418-8	2012	In summary, VN/14-1 inhibited tumor growth in the MNU-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive rat mammary tumor model, and antagonized the stimulatory effect of estrogens on the uterus.	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	81-83
22645991-11	2012	A single systemic administration of MNU (70 mg/kg) increased intracellular levels of p53, PARP, FasR, caspase 3 active, which was followed by destructive changes in retina with sings of apoptosis of photoreceptors.	Methylnitrosourea	36-39	transformation related protein 53, pseudogene	Mus musculus	85-88
22306981-1	2012	The status of inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 and key transcription factor NFkappaB in hepatic milieu of N-methyl N-nitroso Urea (MNU) primed Balb/c mice was assessed using RT-PCR and Western blot.	Methylnitrosourea	141-164	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	77-81
22306981-1	2012	The status of inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 and key transcription factor NFkappaB in hepatic milieu of N-methyl N-nitroso Urea (MNU) primed Balb/c mice was assessed using RT-PCR and Western blot.	Methylnitrosourea	141-164	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	111-119
22306981-1	2012	The status of inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 and key transcription factor NFkappaB in hepatic milieu of N-methyl N-nitroso Urea (MNU) primed Balb/c mice was assessed using RT-PCR and Western blot.	Methylnitrosourea	166-169	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	77-81
22306981-1	2012	The status of inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 and key transcription factor NFkappaB in hepatic milieu of N-methyl N-nitroso Urea (MNU) primed Balb/c mice was assessed using RT-PCR and Western blot.	Methylnitrosourea	166-169	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	111-119
22306981-4	2012	40 week MNU treatment induced increased expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6) of Bcl-2 at mRNA level and NFkappaB and IL-1beta at protein level.	Methylnitrosourea	8-11	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	79-87
22306981-4	2012	40 week MNU treatment induced increased expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6) of Bcl-2 at mRNA level and NFkappaB and IL-1beta at protein level.	Methylnitrosourea	8-11	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	89-93
22306981-4	2012	40 week MNU treatment induced increased expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6) of Bcl-2 at mRNA level and NFkappaB and IL-1beta at protein level.	Methylnitrosourea	8-11	B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2	Mus musculus	98-103
22306981-4	2012	40 week MNU treatment induced increased expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6) of Bcl-2 at mRNA level and NFkappaB and IL-1beta at protein level.	Methylnitrosourea	8-11	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	122-130
22306981-4	2012	40 week MNU treatment induced increased expressions of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6) of Bcl-2 at mRNA level and NFkappaB and IL-1beta at protein level.	Methylnitrosourea	8-11	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	135-143
22306981-7	2012	This study emphasizes that MNU, a harmful industrial and environmental pollutant, potentially activates inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6) in hepatic cells with increased expression of NFkappaB which might be responsible for hepatocarcinogenesis in Balb/c mice.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	128-136
22306981-7	2012	This study emphasizes that MNU, a harmful industrial and environmental pollutant, potentially activates inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6) in hepatic cells with increased expression of NFkappaB which might be responsible for hepatocarcinogenesis in Balb/c mice.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	138-142
22306981-7	2012	This study emphasizes that MNU, a harmful industrial and environmental pollutant, potentially activates inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6) in hepatic cells with increased expression of NFkappaB which might be responsible for hepatocarcinogenesis in Balb/c mice.	Methylnitrosourea	27-30	nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105	Mus musculus	190-198
21964634-11	2012	The NMU-induced group was positive for MPO, but negative for CD3, CD15, CD20, and CD34.	Methylnitrosourea	4-7	myeloperoxidase	Rattus norvegicus	39-42
22511931-10	2012	NMU-induced primary and invasive rat breast cancers expressed high levels of rat BRCA1-IRIS mRNA but low levels of rat ERalpha mRNA.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	BRCA1, DNA repair associated	Rattus norvegicus	81-86
22511931-10	2012	NMU-induced primary and invasive rat breast cancers expressed high levels of rat BRCA1-IRIS mRNA but low levels of rat ERalpha mRNA.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	estrogen receptor 1	Rattus norvegicus	119-126
22523287-2	2012	The tumor-suppressive property of hCG against palpable N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary carcinomas was examined.	Methylnitrosourea	55-77	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	34-37
22523287-2	2012	The tumor-suppressive property of hCG against palpable N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary carcinomas was examined.	Methylnitrosourea	79-82	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	34-37
22523287-5	2012	At the end of the treatment period, the 300 IU hCG treatment had significantly suppressed the growth of MNU-induced mammary carcinomas as compared to the sham treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	104-107	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	47-50
22523287-9	2012	In conclusion, 300 IU hCG treatment for a short duration (4 weeks) suppressed the growth of overt and palpable MNU-induced mammary carcinomas.	Methylnitrosourea	111-114	chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 5	Homo sapiens	22-25
22209521-7	2012	After MNU exposure, phosphorylation of AMPKalpha occurred in an MLH1-dependent manner, and this activation of AMPK was not observed in cells in which the expression of either the Mapo1 or the Flcn gene was downregulated.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	mutL homolog 1	Homo sapiens	64-68
22209521-7	2012	After MNU exposure, phosphorylation of AMPKalpha occurred in an MLH1-dependent manner, and this activation of AMPK was not observed in cells in which the expression of either the Mapo1 or the Flcn gene was downregulated.	Methylnitrosourea	6-9	protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2	Homo sapiens	39-43
22690125-6	2012	The expressions of phosphorylated inhibitor kappaB alpha (phospho-IkappaBalpha), 8-hydroxy-2"-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and cyclin D1 significantly increased in MNU + s-NaCl compared with CO. Curcumin treatments for 3 and 20 weeks reduced the cancer incidence resulting in a decrease of phospho-IkappaBalpha expression in benign tumor-bearing rats compared with MNU + s-NaCl.	Methylnitrosourea	160-163	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	66-78
22690125-6	2012	The expressions of phosphorylated inhibitor kappaB alpha (phospho-IkappaBalpha), 8-hydroxy-2"-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and cyclin D1 significantly increased in MNU + s-NaCl compared with CO. Curcumin treatments for 3 and 20 weeks reduced the cancer incidence resulting in a decrease of phospho-IkappaBalpha expression in benign tumor-bearing rats compared with MNU + s-NaCl.	Methylnitrosourea	160-163	cyclin D1	Rattus norvegicus	123-132
22690125-6	2012	The expressions of phosphorylated inhibitor kappaB alpha (phospho-IkappaBalpha), 8-hydroxy-2"-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and cyclin D1 significantly increased in MNU + s-NaCl compared with CO. Curcumin treatments for 3 and 20 weeks reduced the cancer incidence resulting in a decrease of phospho-IkappaBalpha expression in benign tumor-bearing rats compared with MNU + s-NaCl.	Methylnitrosourea	160-163	NFKB inhibitor alpha	Rattus norvegicus	294-306
22645991-11	2012	A single systemic administration of MNU (70 mg/kg) increased intracellular levels of p53, PARP, FasR, caspase 3 active, which was followed by destructive changes in retina with sings of apoptosis of photoreceptors.	Methylnitrosourea	36-39	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	Mus musculus	90-94
22645991-11	2012	A single systemic administration of MNU (70 mg/kg) increased intracellular levels of p53, PARP, FasR, caspase 3 active, which was followed by destructive changes in retina with sings of apoptosis of photoreceptors.	Methylnitrosourea	36-39	caspase 3	Mus musculus	102-111
22167885-1	2011	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was evaluated in the in vivo Pig-a mutation assay as part of an International Collaborative Trial to investigate laboratory reproducibility, 28-day study integration, and comparative analysis with micronucleus (MN), comet, and clinical pathology endpoints.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class A	Sus scrofa	58-63
22199294-3	2011	An MGMT-inducible, MMR- and BER-proficient HeLa cell line was treated with different concentrations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a model S(N)1 methylating agent, analogous to widely used methylating cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, under different expression levels of the repair enzyme (MGMT).	Methylnitrosourea	103-125	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	3-7
22199294-3	2011	An MGMT-inducible, MMR- and BER-proficient HeLa cell line was treated with different concentrations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), a model S(N)1 methylating agent, analogous to widely used methylating cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, under different expression levels of the repair enzyme (MGMT).	Methylnitrosourea	127-130	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	3-7
22199294-4	2011	MNU induced MGMT-dependent apoptotic cell death.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase	Homo sapiens	12-16
22167885-1	2011	N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was evaluated in the in vivo Pig-a mutation assay as part of an International Collaborative Trial to investigate laboratory reproducibility, 28-day study integration, and comparative analysis with micronucleus (MN), comet, and clinical pathology endpoints.	Methylnitrosourea	24-27	phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class A	Sus scrofa	58-63
22021677-9	2011	Quantitative analysis revealed a significant decrease in phosphorylated 4E-BP1 levels in the carcinomas induced by MNU alone or MNU combined with gamma-rays.	Methylnitrosourea	115-118	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	72-78
22021677-9	2011	Quantitative analysis revealed a significant decrease in phosphorylated 4E-BP1 levels in the carcinomas induced by MNU alone or MNU combined with gamma-rays.	Methylnitrosourea	128-131	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	72-78
22021677-10	2011	CONCLUSION: Expression of 4E-BP1 isoforms varied among rat mammary carcinomas, their phosphorylation level being low in MNU-induced carcinomas, suggesting an association of mTOR activity with cancer etiology.	Methylnitrosourea	120-123	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1	Rattus norvegicus	26-32
22021677-10	2011	CONCLUSION: Expression of 4E-BP1 isoforms varied among rat mammary carcinomas, their phosphorylation level being low in MNU-induced carcinomas, suggesting an association of mTOR activity with cancer etiology.	Methylnitrosourea	120-123	mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase	Rattus norvegicus	173-177
21709005-10	2011	RESULTS: During the 72-h period after MNU exposure, the caspase-3 expression increased and the LC3 and Atg5 expression decreased, indicating increased levels of apoptosis and decreased levels of autophagy, as compared with the MNU-unexposed control mouse retina.	Methylnitrosourea	38-41	caspase 3	Mus musculus	56-65
21865407-6	2011	On the contrary, significantly increased phase I drug metabolizing enzyme activities, lipid peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) protein levels were observed in the dorsolateral prostate of MNU + T-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	237-240	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	167-175
21709005-10	2011	RESULTS: During the 72-h period after MNU exposure, the caspase-3 expression increased and the LC3 and Atg5 expression decreased, indicating increased levels of apoptosis and decreased levels of autophagy, as compared with the MNU-unexposed control mouse retina.	Methylnitrosourea	38-41	microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha	Mus musculus	95-98
21709005-10	2011	RESULTS: During the 72-h period after MNU exposure, the caspase-3 expression increased and the LC3 and Atg5 expression decreased, indicating increased levels of apoptosis and decreased levels of autophagy, as compared with the MNU-unexposed control mouse retina.	Methylnitrosourea	38-41	autophagy related 5	Mus musculus	103-107
21240523-13	2011	CONCLUSION: MNU leads to the dose-dependent degeneration of photoreceptor cells in mice by caspase-3-independent pathways and is, therefore, a suitable model to study retinal degeneration in an animal model.	Methylnitrosourea	12-15	caspase 3	Mus musculus	91-100
21273289-9	2011	Additionally, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea mutant zebrafish homozygous for a tsen54 premature stop-codon mutation die within 9 days post-fertilization.	Methylnitrosourea	14-36	TSEN54 tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit	Danio rerio	71-77
21240523-0	2011	Caspase-3-independent photoreceptor degeneration by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induces morphological and functional changes in the mouse retina.	Methylnitrosourea	52-74	caspase 3	Mus musculus	0-9
21240523-0	2011	Caspase-3-independent photoreceptor degeneration by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induces morphological and functional changes in the mouse retina.	Methylnitrosourea	76-79	caspase 3	Mus musculus	0-9
21207221-4	2011	Changes in IRAP activity have been reported in both human breast cancer and N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumours.	Methylnitrosourea	76-96	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Homo sapiens	11-15
21207221-4	2011	Changes in IRAP activity have been reported in both human breast cancer and N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumours.	Methylnitrosourea	98-101	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Homo sapiens	11-15
21207221-5	2011	Here, we measure IRAP activity fluorometrically using cystyl-beta-naphthylamide as the substrate, in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis together with the circulating levels of OXT, and its relationship with circulating levels of TSH and free thyroxine (fT4), as markers of thyroid function in control rats and rats with breast cancer induced by NMU.	Methylnitrosourea	350-353	leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	17-21
20552224-13	2011	Serum zinc level and PAcP activity were significantly increased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas these were decreased in zinc-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	67-70	acid phosphatase 3	Rattus norvegicus	21-25
21464033-4	2011	AM6-36 inhibited COX-2 expression and anchorage-independent growth with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-stimulated JB6 Cl41 cells, induced the expression of CD38 in HL-60 cells, and attenuated the growth of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary tumors in rats.	Methylnitrosourea	212-234	CD38 antigen	Mus musculus	162-166
20552224-14	2011	The ventral prostatic PAcP and glutathione-S-transferase activities, zinc, citrate, reduced glutathione levels, and protein levels of p53, caspase-3 were significantly decreased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas increased in zinc-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	181-184	acid phosphatase 3	Rattus norvegicus	22-26
20552224-14	2011	The ventral prostatic PAcP and glutathione-S-transferase activities, zinc, citrate, reduced glutathione levels, and protein levels of p53, caspase-3 were significantly decreased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas increased in zinc-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	181-184	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	134-137
20552224-14	2011	The ventral prostatic PAcP and glutathione-S-transferase activities, zinc, citrate, reduced glutathione levels, and protein levels of p53, caspase-3 were significantly decreased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas increased in zinc-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	181-184	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	139-148
20552224-15	2011	Phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2) levels, PCNA, and Bcl-X(L) levels were increased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas these levels were restored to within normal limits in zinc-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	126-129	proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Rattus norvegicus	82-86
20552224-15	2011	Phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2) levels, PCNA, and Bcl-X(L) levels were increased in MNU + T-treated rats, whereas these levels were restored to within normal limits in zinc-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	126-129	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	92-100
21119048-7	2011	CDB-4124 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in MNU-induced mammary tumors, which correlated with a decreased proportion of PR(+) tumor cells and with decreased serum progesterone.	Methylnitrosourea	63-66	progesterone receptor	Homo sapiens	139-141
21285353-8	2011	ATR activation induced by the DNA methylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea was also shown to be hMSH2-dependent.	Methylnitrosourea	52-74	mutS homolog 2	Homo sapiens	96-101
20347815-8	2010	The number of tumors was significantly less in the MNU-treated Ikkbeta(DeltaST) group than in the Ikkbeta(F/F) group (mean +/- standard error, 2.21 +/- 0.48 vs 0.80 +/- 0.23), and the size of the tumors did not differ (2.75 +/- 0.99 vs 2.89 +/- 1.12 mm).	Methylnitrosourea	51-54	inhibitor of kappaB kinase beta	Mus musculus	63-70
21471528-1	2011	AIM: To study the effects of short-term pregnancy hormone treatment, estradiol and progesterone or prolactin, against pre-existing mammary cancer as well as newly developing mammary cancer by using the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary cancer model.	Methylnitrosourea	202-224	prolactin	Rattus norvegicus	99-108
21336733-8	2011	The positive rate of mt-p53 expression in the 3 nicotine groups (25, 15, 5 mg/kg) was 75.00%, 58.33% and 41.67% by the 14th week, respectively, significantly higher than that in the MNU group (33.33%) (all P<0.05).	Methylnitrosourea	182-185	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	24-27
21111741-7	2011	Mice treated with MNU exhibited a field defect characterized by widespread Tff1 repression associated with histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and H3 deacetylation at the Tff1 promoter in epithelial cells.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	trefoil factor 1	Mus musculus	75-79
21111741-7	2011	Mice treated with MNU exhibited a field defect characterized by widespread Tff1 repression associated with histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and H3 deacetylation at the Tff1 promoter in epithelial cells.	Methylnitrosourea	18-21	trefoil factor 1	Mus musculus	167-171
21111741-8	2011	In MNU-induced advanced cancers, DNA methylation at the Tff1 promoter was observed.	Methylnitrosourea	3-6	trefoil factor 1	Mus musculus	56-60
21111741-9	2011	Tumor induction and Tff1 repression were increased in MNU-treated mice by Helicobacter infection.	Methylnitrosourea	54-57	trefoil factor 1	Mus musculus	20-24
21111741-10	2011	Hypergastrinemia suppressed MNU-dependent tumor initiation and progression in a manner that correlated with gene silencing and epigenetic alterations of Tff1.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	trefoil factor 1	Mus musculus	153-157
20732338-11	2011	Hormone treatment sustained the growth of the lesions induced by MNU by increasing expression of Areg, Bcl-2, Ccnd-1 and Vegf genes, while decreasing expression of Bad, Bax, Casp 3, 8, 9 and p53 genes.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	amphiregulin	Rattus norvegicus	97-101
20732338-11	2011	Hormone treatment sustained the growth of the lesions induced by MNU by increasing expression of Areg, Bcl-2, Ccnd-1 and Vegf genes, while decreasing expression of Bad, Bax, Casp 3, 8, 9 and p53 genes.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	BCL2, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	103-108
20732338-11	2011	Hormone treatment sustained the growth of the lesions induced by MNU by increasing expression of Areg, Bcl-2, Ccnd-1 and Vegf genes, while decreasing expression of Bad, Bax, Casp 3, 8, 9 and p53 genes.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	cyclin D1	Rattus norvegicus	110-116
20732338-11	2011	Hormone treatment sustained the growth of the lesions induced by MNU by increasing expression of Areg, Bcl-2, Ccnd-1 and Vegf genes, while decreasing expression of Bad, Bax, Casp 3, 8, 9 and p53 genes.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	169-172
20732338-11	2011	Hormone treatment sustained the growth of the lesions induced by MNU by increasing expression of Areg, Bcl-2, Ccnd-1 and Vegf genes, while decreasing expression of Bad, Bax, Casp 3, 8, 9 and p53 genes.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	174-180
20732338-11	2011	Hormone treatment sustained the growth of the lesions induced by MNU by increasing expression of Areg, Bcl-2, Ccnd-1 and Vegf genes, while decreasing expression of Bad, Bax, Casp 3, 8, 9 and p53 genes.	Methylnitrosourea	65-68	Wistar clone pR53P1 p53 pseudogene	Rattus norvegicus	191-194
20652663-6	2010	The results show that soluble and membrane-bound specific aspartyl aminopeptidase activities and membrane-bound glutamyl aminopeptidase activity increased in mammary tissue from NMU-treated animals and soluble aminopeptidase N and aminopeptidase B activities significantly decreased in mammary tissue from NMU-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	178-181	alanyl aminopeptidase, membrane	Rattus norvegicus	210-226
20652663-6	2010	The results show that soluble and membrane-bound specific aspartyl aminopeptidase activities and membrane-bound glutamyl aminopeptidase activity increased in mammary tissue from NMU-treated animals and soluble aminopeptidase N and aminopeptidase B activities significantly decreased in mammary tissue from NMU-treated rats.	Methylnitrosourea	178-181	arginyl aminopeptidase	Rattus norvegicus	231-247
20347815-9	2010	After a single oral dose of MNU, interleukin (IL)-1alpha was up-regulated significantly in control mice compared with Ikkbeta(DeltaST) mice, whereas the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	33-56
20347815-9	2010	After a single oral dose of MNU, interleukin (IL)-1alpha was up-regulated significantly in control mice compared with Ikkbeta(DeltaST) mice, whereas the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	inhibitor of kappaB kinase beta	Mus musculus	118-125
20347815-9	2010	After a single oral dose of MNU, interleukin (IL)-1alpha was up-regulated significantly in control mice compared with Ikkbeta(DeltaST) mice, whereas the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	interleukin 1 beta	Mus musculus	163-171
20347815-9	2010	After a single oral dose of MNU, interleukin (IL)-1alpha was up-regulated significantly in control mice compared with Ikkbeta(DeltaST) mice, whereas the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were unchanged.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	interleukin 6	Mus musculus	173-210
20347815-10	2010	MNU significantly increased apoptotic cell death in Ikkbeta(DeltaST) mice compared with Ikkbeta(F/F) mice, and apoptosis was dependent on decreased IL-1alpha expression.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	inhibitor of kappaB kinase beta	Mus musculus	52-59
20347815-10	2010	MNU significantly increased apoptotic cell death in Ikkbeta(DeltaST) mice compared with Ikkbeta(F/F) mice, and apoptosis was dependent on decreased IL-1alpha expression.	Methylnitrosourea	0-3	interleukin 1 alpha	Mus musculus	148-157
20054649-4	2010	Curcumin supplementation to MNU treated mice was able to reduce significantly the activities of the G6P, G6I, hexokinase, LDH, SDH and increased the glycogen contents in both the regions of brain which were altered following MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic	Mus musculus	100-103
20054649-4	2010	Curcumin supplementation to MNU treated mice was able to reduce significantly the activities of the G6P, G6I, hexokinase, LDH, SDH and increased the glycogen contents in both the regions of brain which were altered following MNU treatment.	Methylnitrosourea	28-31	aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase	Mus musculus	127-130
20003911-8	2010	RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that transcription levels of Bax, Bcl-xl and Caspase-3 in MNU control group and GSL treatment group were all upregulated on 1 d (p < 0.01) and peaked on 3 d (p < 0.01) after MNU injection compared to before MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	58-61
20003911-8	2010	RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that transcription levels of Bax, Bcl-xl and Caspase-3 in MNU control group and GSL treatment group were all upregulated on 1 d (p < 0.01) and peaked on 3 d (p < 0.01) after MNU injection compared to before MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	63-69
20003911-8	2010	RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that transcription levels of Bax, Bcl-xl and Caspase-3 in MNU control group and GSL treatment group were all upregulated on 1 d (p < 0.01) and peaked on 3 d (p < 0.01) after MNU injection compared to before MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	87-90	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	74-83
20003911-8	2010	RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that transcription levels of Bax, Bcl-xl and Caspase-3 in MNU control group and GSL treatment group were all upregulated on 1 d (p < 0.01) and peaked on 3 d (p < 0.01) after MNU injection compared to before MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	209-212	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	58-61
20003911-8	2010	RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that transcription levels of Bax, Bcl-xl and Caspase-3 in MNU control group and GSL treatment group were all upregulated on 1 d (p < 0.01) and peaked on 3 d (p < 0.01) after MNU injection compared to before MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	209-212	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	74-83
20003911-8	2010	RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that transcription levels of Bax, Bcl-xl and Caspase-3 in MNU control group and GSL treatment group were all upregulated on 1 d (p < 0.01) and peaked on 3 d (p < 0.01) after MNU injection compared to before MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	209-212	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	58-61
20003911-8	2010	RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that transcription levels of Bax, Bcl-xl and Caspase-3 in MNU control group and GSL treatment group were all upregulated on 1 d (p < 0.01) and peaked on 3 d (p < 0.01) after MNU injection compared to before MNU injection.	Methylnitrosourea	209-212	caspase 3	Rattus norvegicus	74-83
20003911-10	2010	Bcl-xl was clearly upregulation on 1, 3, 7 and 10 d vs. MNU group (all p < 0.01).	Methylnitrosourea	56-59	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	0-6
20003911-11	2010	Expression ratios of Bax/Bcl-xl were raised after MNU injection on 1 and 3 d vs. 0 h before MNU (both p < 0.01), peaked on 3 d, then dropped after GSL treatment on 1, 3, 7 and 10 d vs. MNU group (all p < 0.01).	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
20003911-11	2010	Expression ratios of Bax/Bcl-xl were raised after MNU injection on 1 and 3 d vs. 0 h before MNU (both p < 0.01), peaked on 3 d, then dropped after GSL treatment on 1, 3, 7 and 10 d vs. MNU group (all p < 0.01).	Methylnitrosourea	50-53	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-31
20003911-11	2010	Expression ratios of Bax/Bcl-xl were raised after MNU injection on 1 and 3 d vs. 0 h before MNU (both p < 0.01), peaked on 3 d, then dropped after GSL treatment on 1, 3, 7 and 10 d vs. MNU group (all p < 0.01).	Methylnitrosourea	92-95	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
20003911-11	2010	Expression ratios of Bax/Bcl-xl were raised after MNU injection on 1 and 3 d vs. 0 h before MNU (both p < 0.01), peaked on 3 d, then dropped after GSL treatment on 1, 3, 7 and 10 d vs. MNU group (all p < 0.01).	Methylnitrosourea	92-95	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-31
20003911-11	2010	Expression ratios of Bax/Bcl-xl were raised after MNU injection on 1 and 3 d vs. 0 h before MNU (both p < 0.01), peaked on 3 d, then dropped after GSL treatment on 1, 3, 7 and 10 d vs. MNU group (all p < 0.01).	Methylnitrosourea	92-95	BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator	Rattus norvegicus	21-24
20003911-11	2010	Expression ratios of Bax/Bcl-xl were raised after MNU injection on 1 and 3 d vs. 0 h before MNU (both p < 0.01), peaked on 3 d, then dropped after GSL treatment on 1, 3, 7 and 10 d vs. MNU group (all p < 0.01).	Methylnitrosourea	92-95	Bcl2-like 1	Rattus norvegicus	25-31
20170512-7	2010	2) The degree of up-regulation of p27 expression by these anti-cancer agents in human breast cancer cells in vitro linearly correlated with the degree of inhibition of methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma in vivo.	Methylnitrosourea	168-185	interferon alpha inducible protein 27	Homo sapiens	34-37
20170512-7	2010	2) The degree of up-regulation of p27 expression by these anti-cancer agents in human breast cancer cells in vitro linearly correlated with the degree of inhibition of methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma in vivo.	Methylnitrosourea	187-190	interferon alpha inducible protein 27	Homo sapiens	34-37
20191354-0	2010	N-nitroso-N-methylurea and N-nitroso-N-ethylurea induce upregulation of cellular NF-kappa B activity through protein kinase C-dependent pathway in human malignant keratinocytes.	Methylnitrosourea	0-22	nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Homo sapiens	81-91
20238048-11	2010	The MNU-induced retinal degeneration in p27(-/-) mice closely resembled the reaction of the other mice with no retinal regeneration observed in our experimental condition.	Methylnitrosourea	4-7	cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B	Mus musculus	40-43