PMID-sentid	Pub_year	Sent_text		comp_official_name	comp_offsetprotein_name	organism	prot_offset
19727527-2	2009	Glucocorticoid treatment (dexamethasone, or Dex) has been reported to amplify IL-2-mediated selective in vivo expansion of Treg cells.	Dexamethasone	26-39	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	78-82	
21377197-9	2011	A low dose of IL-2 (10(-9) to 10(-11) mol/L) can protect Treg cells but not CD4(+)CD25(-) cells from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in vitro, thereby explaining a possible mechanism of increased proportion of Treg cells.	Dexamethasone	101-114	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	14-18	
16841298-3	2006	Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid steroid, has been reported to suppress IL-2-mediated activation of Teff cells and increase the proportion of Treg cells.	Dexamethasone	0-13	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	87-91	
18395551-8	2008	Upregulation of BLT1 by DEX was accompanied by increased IL-2 receptor expression.	Dexamethasone	24-27	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	57-61	
16841298-3	2006	Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid steroid, has been reported to suppress IL-2-mediated activation of Teff cells and increase the proportion of Treg cells.	Dexamethasone	0-3	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	87-91	
11672928-2	2001	In this study, in order to selectively protect T cells from dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis we constructed a fusion protein (anti-CD3sFv-IL-2) in which anti-CD3 single-chain Fv (sFv), the smallest unit of antibody recognizing the CD3 epsilon moiety of the T-cell receptor (TCR), was covalently linked to murine interleukin-2 (IL-2).	Dexamethasone	75-78	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	332-336	
14991616-4	2004	Furthermore, IL-2 selectively protected CD4+CD25+ T cells from Dex-induced cell death, while IL-7 and IL-15 did not exert preferential protective effects.	Dexamethasone	63-66	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	13-17	
15527103-0	2004	Dexamethasone mediated inhibition of local IL-2 immunotherapy is dose dependent in experimental brain tumors.	Dexamethasone	0-13	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	43-47	
15527103-5	2004	Sixty percent of mice treated with IL-2 (P < 0.001 vs. control) vs. 55% (P < 0.005) of mice treated with IL-2 and 1 mg/kg of dexamethasone were long-term survivors (LTS) of > 120 days.	Dexamethasone	131-144	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	111-121	
15527103-6	2004	There was no difference in survival between control animals that received only wild type cells or animals that were treated with IL-2 and 10 mg/kg of dexamethasone.	Dexamethasone	150-163	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	129-140	
15527103-8	2004	These results suggest that while high doses of dexamethasone can completely inhibit the immune response observed with IL-2, lower and more likely therapeutic doses of dexamethasone do not inhibit local IL-2 immunotherapy.	Dexamethasone	47-60	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	118-122	
11672928-0	2001	Interleukin-2 fusion protein with anti-CD3 single-chain Fv (sFv) selectively protects T cells from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis.	Dexamethasone	99-112	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	0-13	
11672928-2	2001	In this study, in order to selectively protect T cells from dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis we constructed a fusion protein (anti-CD3sFv-IL-2) in which anti-CD3 single-chain Fv (sFv), the smallest unit of antibody recognizing the CD3 epsilon moiety of the T-cell receptor (TCR), was covalently linked to murine interleukin-2 (IL-2).	Dexamethasone	60-73	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	143-147	
11672928-5	2001	The anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 protein protected T lymphoma cells (S49.1) from DEX-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by oligonucleosomal genomic DNA fragmentation assay, and also recovered proliferation capacity of DEX-treated S49.1 cells and increased T cell composition both in DEX-treated spleen cell-populations and in DEX-treated mice, while the anti-CD3sFv protein did not.	Dexamethasone	69-72	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	16-20	
11672928-2	2001	In this study, in order to selectively protect T cells from dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis we constructed a fusion protein (anti-CD3sFv-IL-2) in which anti-CD3 single-chain Fv (sFv), the smallest unit of antibody recognizing the CD3 epsilon moiety of the T-cell receptor (TCR), was covalently linked to murine interleukin-2 (IL-2).	Dexamethasone	75-78	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	143-147	
11672928-2	2001	In this study, in order to selectively protect T cells from dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis we constructed a fusion protein (anti-CD3sFv-IL-2) in which anti-CD3 single-chain Fv (sFv), the smallest unit of antibody recognizing the CD3 epsilon moiety of the T-cell receptor (TCR), was covalently linked to murine interleukin-2 (IL-2).	Dexamethasone	75-78	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	317-330	
11672928-5	2001	The anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 protein protected T lymphoma cells (S49.1) from DEX-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by oligonucleosomal genomic DNA fragmentation assay, and also recovered proliferation capacity of DEX-treated S49.1 cells and increased T cell composition both in DEX-treated spleen cell-populations and in DEX-treated mice, while the anti-CD3sFv protein did not.	Dexamethasone	205-208	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	16-20	
11672928-5	2001	The anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 protein protected T lymphoma cells (S49.1) from DEX-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by oligonucleosomal genomic DNA fragmentation assay, and also recovered proliferation capacity of DEX-treated S49.1 cells and increased T cell composition both in DEX-treated spleen cell-populations and in DEX-treated mice, while the anti-CD3sFv protein did not.	Dexamethasone	205-208	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	16-20	
11672928-5	2001	The anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 protein protected T lymphoma cells (S49.1) from DEX-induced apoptosis as demonstrated by oligonucleosomal genomic DNA fragmentation assay, and also recovered proliferation capacity of DEX-treated S49.1 cells and increased T cell composition both in DEX-treated spleen cell-populations and in DEX-treated mice, while the anti-CD3sFv protein did not.	Dexamethasone	205-208	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	16-20	
11672928-6	2001	In addition, the anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 fusion protein was more efficient than a simple mixture of anti-CD3sFv and free rIL-2 in selectively protecting T cells from DEX-induced apoptosis.	Dexamethasone	159-162	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	29-33	
11672928-7	2001	The levels of bcl-2 gene expression were significantly increased in DEX-treated T cells in the presence of the anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 protein.	Dexamethasone	68-71	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	123-127	
11672928-8	2001	These studies indicate that the anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 fusion protein can selectively protect T cells from DEX-induced apoptosis and that the covalent linkage of anti-CD3sFv and IL-2 confines the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-2 to T cells.	Dexamethasone	101-104	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	44-48	
11672928-8	2001	These studies indicate that the anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 fusion protein can selectively protect T cells from DEX-induced apoptosis and that the covalent linkage of anti-CD3sFv and IL-2 confines the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-2 to T cells.	Dexamethasone	101-104	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	172-176	
11672928-8	2001	These studies indicate that the anti-CD3sFv-IL-2 fusion protein can selectively protect T cells from DEX-induced apoptosis and that the covalent linkage of anti-CD3sFv and IL-2 confines the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-2 to T cells.	Dexamethasone	101-104	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	172-176	
9723954-8	1998	Cyclosporin A (10, 100 ng ml(-1)) and dexamethasone (10, 100 ng ml(-1) suppressed the production of IL-5 as well as IL-2 and IL-4 by FJ17 in vitro.	Dexamethasone	38-51	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	116-120	
9723954-10	1998	Subcutaneously administered cyclosporin A (30 mg kg(-1)) and dexamethasone (10 mg kg(-1)) inhibited antigen-induced mRNA expression of IL-2 and IL-5, increase of BALF eosinophils and bronchial hyperresponsiveness of FJ17-transferred mice in vivo.	Dexamethasone	61-74	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	135-139	
8937459-2	1996	We analysed this structure-function relationship between dexamethasone (DEX; methyl group in position 16 alpha) and beta-methasone (BM; methyl group in position 16 beta) with regard to two important aspects of GC activity, namely the activation of transcription and induction of apoptosis in IL-2-dependent murine lymphoid cells.	Dexamethasone	57-70	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	292-296	
9626336-0	1998	Adrenal hormone modulation of type 1 and type 2 cytokine production by spleen cells: dexamethasone and dehydroepiandrosterone suppress interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and interferon-gamma production in vitro.	Dexamethasone	85-98	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	135-148	
9494518-10	1997	On the other hand, stress elevated the serum level of corticosterone and, in addition, the in vivo administration of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, decreased the capacity of the immunized spleen cells to turn into antitumor CTLs after in vitro restimulation and to produce both IFN-gamma and IL-2 in a manner similar to that of mice burdened by stress.	Dexamethasone	117-130	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	304-308	
8937459-2	1996	We analysed this structure-function relationship between dexamethasone (DEX; methyl group in position 16 alpha) and beta-methasone (BM; methyl group in position 16 beta) with regard to two important aspects of GC activity, namely the activation of transcription and induction of apoptosis in IL-2-dependent murine lymphoid cells.	Dexamethasone	72-75	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	292-296	
8648096-2	1996	In particular, the synthetic analogue dexamethasone has been shown to inhibit T cell proliferation and IL-2 production by interfering with the transcriptional activation of the IL-2 gene.	Dexamethasone	38-51	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	103-107	
8885245-2	1996	Here we report that the basal activity, and IL-2- and phorbol ester-dependent activation of the p70/p85 S6 kinases (referred to collectively as pp70S6k) are inhibited by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) in CTLL-20 cells.	Dexamethasone	189-202	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	44-48	
8885245-2	1996	Here we report that the basal activity, and IL-2- and phorbol ester-dependent activation of the p70/p85 S6 kinases (referred to collectively as pp70S6k) are inhibited by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) in CTLL-20 cells.	Dexamethasone	204-207	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	44-48	
8690786-5	1996	By contrast, DEX inhibited XS52 DC-stimulated IL-2 secretion by HDK-1 T cells, but not other changes that accompany T cell activation, including the secretion of IFNgamma and TNFalpha and the elevated expression of CD25, CD28, and CD44.	Dexamethasone	13-16	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	46-50	
8648096-2	1996	In particular, the synthetic analogue dexamethasone has been shown to inhibit T cell proliferation and IL-2 production by interfering with the transcriptional activation of the IL-2 gene.	Dexamethasone	38-51	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	177-181	
7831194-6	1994	We show that DEX-induced apoptosis is inhibited by IL-2 and IL-4 and that the IL-4 induced inhibition correlates with induction of c-jun (a component of AP-1 transcription factor).	Dexamethasone	13-16	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	51-55	
7751021-5	1995	In this report we show that IL-2 rescues murine T cells expressing exogenous intermediate- (TS1 beta) or high-affinity (TS1 alpha beta) IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis.	Dexamethasone	163-176	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	28-32	
8020589-4	1994	In addition, GF109203X reverts the suppression of apoptosis mediated by IL-2 or IL-2+ dexamethasone.	Dexamethasone	86-99	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	80-84	
8621905-0	1996	Differential activity of dexamethasone on IL-2-, IL-4-, or IL-9-induced proliferation of murine factor-dependent T cell lines.	Dexamethasone	25-38	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	42-46	
7605335-6	1995	Finally, higher concentrations of interleukin-2 were needed to protect CTLL-2 cells against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis than that induced by betamethasone or triamcinolone.	Dexamethasone	92-105	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	34-47	
7929803-4	1994	There is an apparent differential sensitivity of BALB/c and C57Bl/6 spleen cells to in vitro incubation with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone; IL-2 production by BALB/c spleen cells is more sensitive to the effects of steroid.	Dexamethasone	138-151	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	153-157	
8032542-4	1994	Both DEX and LPS tolerance blocked development of hydrothorax in IL-2-treated mice and inhibited TNF induction.	Dexamethasone	5-8	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	65-69	
8032542-5	1994	DEX and LPS tolerance also ameliorated IL-2 toxicity in terms of decrease in food intake and inhibited the increase of the acute-phase protein, serum amyloid A (SAA).	Dexamethasone	0-3	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	39-43	
8032542-6	1994	The IL-2 activation of splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity was also diminished by DEX and, to a lesser extent, by LPS-tolerance.	Dexamethasone	88-91	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	4-8	
8132215-5	1994	In both NK cells and CTL, DEX-induced apoptosis is inhibited by IL-2 and IL-4 but, unlike that induced in thymocytes, is augmented by mRNA and protein synthesis inhibitors, PKC inhibitors and HS.	Dexamethasone	26-29	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	64-68	
7905417-3	1994	Transfected cells were capable of responding to both muscarinic agonists and TCR ligands by inducing interleukin-2 secretion that was sensitive to cyclosporin A and dexamethasone.	Dexamethasone	165-178	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	101-114	
1531346-6	1992	Yet, when 3D3-mediated stimulation of TCR was supplemented with IL-2, D10 cells were capable of proliferating, even in the presence of DEX.	Dexamethasone	135-138	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	64-68	
8513511-7	1993	IL-1 alpha, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma levels were decreased by treatment with low doses of DEX (30 mg/kg), whereas higher doses were required to inhibit production of IL-2, IL-3, and TNF.	Dexamethasone	98-101	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	174-178	
8319766-10	1993	However, only interleukin 2 can initiate the tyrosine kinase-mediated modification that confers dexamethasone resistance and permits G1 progression.	Dexamethasone	96-109	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	14-27	
2969398-5	1988	Furthermore, on this cell line, representative of the Th2 group of helper cells, DEX had little effect on the proliferation induced by exogenous IL-4 but completely inhibited the growth-promoting effects of IL-2.	Dexamethasone	81-84	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	207-211	
1591384-4	1992	We tested the effects of several cytokines on the glucocorticoid hormone-induced apoptosis of mouse thymocytes in vitro, and demonstrated that interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-2, and interleukin-4 inhibit the apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, but that interleukin-3 and interleukin-6 exert no noteworthy effect.	Dexamethasone	230-243	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	164-177	
1591384-5	1992	Dose-response experiments indicated that interleukin-4 is more potent than interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-2 in inhibiting dexamethasone-induced apoptosis.	Dexamethasone	127-140	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	99-112	
2556479-1	1989	In the IL-2-dependent T cell clone CTLL-2, dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, induces a suicide program characterized by the early degradation of chromatin in oligonucleosome-length fragments which precedes the loss of cell viability by 2 to 4 h. These effects are most likely mediated through the interaction with a specific glucocorticoid receptor as suggested by the structure-activity relationship of the various steroids tested.	Dexamethasone	43-56	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	7-11	
2687057-0	1989	Effect of dexamethasone on the expression of interleukin-2 in a mouse T cell line.	Dexamethasone	10-23	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	45-58	
2687057-2	1989	The effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (dex), on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 mRNA was examined in the mouse T cell line, LBRM-33.4A2.	Dexamethasone	44-57	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	86-99	
2687057-2	1989	The effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (dex), on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 mRNA was examined in the mouse T cell line, LBRM-33.4A2.	Dexamethasone	44-57	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	101-105	
2687057-2	1989	The effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (dex), on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 mRNA was examined in the mouse T cell line, LBRM-33.4A2.	Dexamethasone	44-57	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	111-115	
2687057-2	1989	The effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (dex), on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 mRNA was examined in the mouse T cell line, LBRM-33.4A2.	Dexamethasone	44-47	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	86-99	
2687057-2	1989	The effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (dex), on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 mRNA was examined in the mouse T cell line, LBRM-33.4A2.	Dexamethasone	44-47	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	101-105	
2687057-2	1989	The effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (dex), on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2 mRNA was examined in the mouse T cell line, LBRM-33.4A2.	Dexamethasone	44-47	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	111-115	
2687057-4	1989	Treatment of Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated LBRM-33 cells with low concentrations of dex (10nM) inhibited the production of IL-2 activity by approx.	Dexamethasone	88-91	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	127-131	
2687057-9	1989	Thus it appears that inhibition by dex in stimulated LBRM-33 cells is specific for the expression of IL-2 mRNA.	Dexamethasone	35-38	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	101-105	
2687057-11	1989	Experiments with actinomycin D suggest that dex does not mediate its suppression of IL-2 mRNA accumulation by decreasing the stability of this message; rather, it appears that dex inhibits transcription of the IL-2 gene.	Dexamethasone	176-179	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	210-214	
29342458-8	2018	The expression of IL-4 and IL-13, as well as the ratios of eosinophils and lymphocytes, were significantly decreased, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-2 levels were significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after the administration of DEX and GSI.	Dexamethasone	241-244	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	140-144	
3263921-3	1988	A complete inhibition of DNA synthesis by dexamethasone (Dx) could be observed when IL 2-depleted cultures of CTL were either incubated for 6 h with the hormone prior to the addition of IL 2 or treated simultaneously with Dx and a low concentration of IL 2.	Dexamethasone	42-55	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	84-88	
3263921-3	1988	A complete inhibition of DNA synthesis by dexamethasone (Dx) could be observed when IL 2-depleted cultures of CTL were either incubated for 6 h with the hormone prior to the addition of IL 2 or treated simultaneously with Dx and a low concentration of IL 2.	Dexamethasone	42-55	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	186-190	
3263921-3	1988	A complete inhibition of DNA synthesis by dexamethasone (Dx) could be observed when IL 2-depleted cultures of CTL were either incubated for 6 h with the hormone prior to the addition of IL 2 or treated simultaneously with Dx and a low concentration of IL 2.	Dexamethasone	42-55	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	186-190	
2969398-6	1988	In contrast, the effects of DEX on the proliferation of the cytotoxic IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cell line are completely opposite.	Dexamethasone	28-31	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	70-74	
3491058-4	1986	The assay of IL2 in the culture fluid from Alo A-treated spleen cells and the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on IL2 production from Alo A-stimulated spleen cells and on generation of killer cells suggested that generation of Alo A-induced killer cells was closely associated with the amount of IL2 released from the spleen cells in culture.	Dexamethasone	88-101	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	111-114	
3491058-4	1986	The assay of IL2 in the culture fluid from Alo A-treated spleen cells and the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on IL2 production from Alo A-stimulated spleen cells and on generation of killer cells suggested that generation of Alo A-induced killer cells was closely associated with the amount of IL2 released from the spleen cells in culture.	Dexamethasone	88-101	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	111-114	
3491058-4	1986	The assay of IL2 in the culture fluid from Alo A-treated spleen cells and the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on IL2 production from Alo A-stimulated spleen cells and on generation of killer cells suggested that generation of Alo A-induced killer cells was closely associated with the amount of IL2 released from the spleen cells in culture.	Dexamethasone	103-106	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	111-114	
3491058-4	1986	The assay of IL2 in the culture fluid from Alo A-treated spleen cells and the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on IL2 production from Alo A-stimulated spleen cells and on generation of killer cells suggested that generation of Alo A-induced killer cells was closely associated with the amount of IL2 released from the spleen cells in culture.	Dexamethasone	103-106	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	111-114	
31647039-6	2019	In the 0 02 %VC and wild-type groups, dexamethasone caused a significant decrease in the cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8+ T cells among splenocytes as well as a significant decrease in IL-2, IL-12p40 and interferon-gamma protein production by splenocytes and a significant decrease in T-cell proliferation among splenocytes.	Dexamethasone	38-51	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	195-199	
6801116-7	1982	Although crude interleukin 2 preparations (supernatants of spleen cells cultured with concanavalin A) blocked dexamethasone inhibition, purified interleukin 2 had no protective effects.	Dexamethasone	110-123	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	15-28	
6606668-5	1984	The inhibitory effects of low concentrations (10(-10) M to 10(-9) M) of dexamethasone were reversed by human or mouse interleukin 2 (IL 2)-containing supernatants, but were not reversed by IL 1-containing supernatants.	Dexamethasone	72-85	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	118-131	
6606668-5	1984	The inhibitory effects of low concentrations (10(-10) M to 10(-9) M) of dexamethasone were reversed by human or mouse interleukin 2 (IL 2)-containing supernatants, but were not reversed by IL 1-containing supernatants.	Dexamethasone	72-85	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	133-137	
6606668-6	1984	The inhibitory effects of higher concentrations (10(-8) M to 10(-7) M) of dexamethasone could not be reversed even by very high doses of mouse IL 2.	Dexamethasone	74-87	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	143-147	
24561545-8	2014	In contrast, Dex significantly decreased Th1 and Th2 cytokines in MLNs and also decreased them (except IL-13 and IL-2) in spleen.	Dexamethasone	13-16	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	113-117	
28422515-10	2017	Dexamethasone significantly attenuated IL-2- and IL-33-stimulated IL-5 and IL-13 production by both cell types.	Dexamethasone	0-13	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	39-70	
24005553-6	2013	The levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and mouse gamma interferon in lung tissue after intranasal exposure to SEB were also significantly reduced in mice given a combination of dexamethasone and NAC versus controls.	Dexamethasone	218-231	interleukin 2	Mus musculus	50-63