PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Thiazolidinediones 55-73 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Thiazolidinediones 55-73 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Thiazolidinediones 55-73 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Thiazolidinediones 55-73 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 25695301-1 2014 INTRODUCTION: The thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) increases the action of insulin and produces the glycemic control in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 24844968-2 2014 Insulin, metformin and thiazolidinediones (TDZs) are among the major diabetes therapies that improve glycaemic control by acting via molecular targets including the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Thiazolidinediones 23-41 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 24844968-2 2014 Insulin, metformin and thiazolidinediones (TDZs) are among the major diabetes therapies that improve glycaemic control by acting via molecular targets including the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Thiazolidinediones 23-41 insulin Homo sapiens 186-193 24774061-1 2014 Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones exert a pleiotropic pharmacology with therapeutic potential in a number of disease states ranging from metabolic syndrome and diabetes to neurodegeneration and cancer. Thiazolidinediones 20-38 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 25396404-8 2014 PPARgamma is the molecular target of thiazolidinediones, which are used clinically as insulin sensitizers to lower blood glucose levels in diabetes type 2 patients. Thiazolidinediones 37-55 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 24606795-30 2014 In addition some of the current used strategies could be used to treat insulin resistance such as lifestyle interventions (caloric restriction and endurance exercise) and pharmacological interventions (thiazolidinediones and other PPAR agonists, resveratrol and other calorie restriction mimetics, AMPK activators, ERR activators). Thiazolidinediones 202-220 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 24799988-4 2014 Insulin sensitizers such as biguanides, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors have been studied as therapeutic approaches for NAFLD in recent years. Thiazolidinediones 40-58 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 24329524-7 2014 Final insulin doses were significantly greater in patients discontinuing treatment with sulphonylureas (0 29 vs. 0 26 IU/kg, P < 0 001), glinides (0 28 vs. 0 26 IU/kg, P < 0 01), thiazolidinediones (0 31 vs. 0 26 IU/kg, P < 0 001) and DPP-IV inhibitors (0 35 vs. 0 29 IU/kg, P < 0 001) compared with patients continuing these respective agents. Thiazolidinediones 185-203 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 24598039-1 2014 There is a concern of an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with the use of thiazolidinediones, a class of oral glucose-lowering drugs commonly used in patients with type 2 diabetes with a mechanism of improving insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 85-103 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 24073940-1 2014 Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) correct a root cause of type 2 diabetes and potentially other diseases of metabolic dysfunction, including conditions ranging from oncologic, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thiazolidinediones 20-38 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 24073940-1 2014 Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) correct a root cause of type 2 diabetes and potentially other diseases of metabolic dysfunction, including conditions ranging from oncologic, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thiazolidinediones 40-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 24373239-3 2014 Pharmacologically, PPARalpha is activated by fibrate hypolipidemic drugs, whereas PPARgamma is activated by insulin sensitizers thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 128-146 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 24373239-3 2014 Pharmacologically, PPARalpha is activated by fibrate hypolipidemic drugs, whereas PPARgamma is activated by insulin sensitizers thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 148-152 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 24251709-5 2013 Given the important role of insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, thiazolidinediones are used to improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 104-122 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 24251709-5 2013 Given the important role of insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, thiazolidinediones are used to improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 104-122 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 23872402-7 2013 We have been testing predictions of the Ca(2+) dysregulation/diabetes/brain aging hypothesis and have found that insulin and insulin-sensitizers (thiazolidinediones) target several hippocampal Ca(2+)-related processes affected by aging. Thiazolidinediones 146-164 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 24843703-3 2013 This close association leads to numerous clinical studies to investigate the effects of insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), on hepatic fat accumulation. Thiazolidinediones 109-127 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 24843703-3 2013 This close association leads to numerous clinical studies to investigate the effects of insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), on hepatic fat accumulation. Thiazolidinediones 129-133 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 24843703-4 2013 Thiazolidinediones affect glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues, which in turn reduces the lipid content in the liver by modulating several mediators. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 23872402-7 2013 We have been testing predictions of the Ca(2+) dysregulation/diabetes/brain aging hypothesis and have found that insulin and insulin-sensitizers (thiazolidinediones) target several hippocampal Ca(2+)-related processes affected by aging. Thiazolidinediones 146-164 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 24002894-4 2013 At present, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin-related drugs, and thiazolidinediones are among the most important oral hypoglycemic drugs used to improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 70-88 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 23564921-4 2013 RESULTS: iHOMA2 modeling of thiazolidinediones effect suggested that changes in insulin sensitivity in the fasting state are predominantly hepatic. Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 23951179-2 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the insulin-sensitizing drugs, antagonize TNFalpha-induced lipolysis in adipocytes, thereby increasing insulin sensitivity in diabetes patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 23951179-2 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the insulin-sensitizing drugs, antagonize TNFalpha-induced lipolysis in adipocytes, thereby increasing insulin sensitivity in diabetes patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 23951179-2 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the insulin-sensitizing drugs, antagonize TNFalpha-induced lipolysis in adipocytes, thereby increasing insulin sensitivity in diabetes patients. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 23951179-2 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the insulin-sensitizing drugs, antagonize TNFalpha-induced lipolysis in adipocytes, thereby increasing insulin sensitivity in diabetes patients. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 24141239-0 2013 Insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects of thiazolidinediones are heightened in obese patients. Thiazolidinediones 53-71 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23797471-10 2013 RESULTS: Therapies used as add-on to insulin include agents associated with weight gain (thiazolidinediones and sulfonylureas) and/or hypoglycemia (sulfonylureas), which, therefore, may exacerbate risks already present with insulin. Thiazolidinediones 89-107 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 23173973-14 2013 However, recent adverse experiences with the thiazolidinediones suggest the need for a cautious approach to the use of insulin sensitizing drugs in older people. Thiazolidinediones 45-63 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 23713695-3 2013 Furthermore, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a condition in which an individual"s ability to respond to insulin is lowered, is treated by drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZDs) that are known to activated PPAR-gamma, thus augmenting insulin signaling and glucose uptake by adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 152-170 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 23713695-3 2013 Furthermore, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a condition in which an individual"s ability to respond to insulin is lowered, is treated by drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZDs) that are known to activated PPAR-gamma, thus augmenting insulin signaling and glucose uptake by adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 152-170 insulin Homo sapiens 234-241 23713695-3 2013 Furthermore, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a condition in which an individual"s ability to respond to insulin is lowered, is treated by drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZDs) that are known to activated PPAR-gamma, thus augmenting insulin signaling and glucose uptake by adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 172-176 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 23713695-3 2013 Furthermore, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a condition in which an individual"s ability to respond to insulin is lowered, is treated by drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZDs) that are known to activated PPAR-gamma, thus augmenting insulin signaling and glucose uptake by adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 172-176 insulin Homo sapiens 234-241 24124423-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improves insulin sensitivity by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-g). Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 23462886-1 2013 It may be possible to achieve insulin sensitivity through the recently identified mitochondrial target of thiazolidinediones (mTOT), thereby avoiding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma)-dependent side effects. Thiazolidinediones 106-124 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 23680744-1 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin-sensitizing antidiabetes agents that act through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma to cause a durable improvement in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 23680744-1 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin-sensitizing antidiabetes agents that act through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma to cause a durable improvement in glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 23680744-3 2013 In addition to their beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis, TZDs-especially pioglitazone-exert a number of other pleiotropic effects that make them ideal agents as monotherapy or in combination with other oral agents, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, or insulin. Thiazolidinediones 64-68 insulin Homo sapiens 258-265 23110810-1 2013 BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to explore the possible association between the use of insulin sensitizers (thiazolidinediones, TZDs) and the risk of cancer in Taiwanese diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 117-135 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 24124423-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improves insulin sensitivity by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-g). Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 23402842-0 2013 Thiazolidinediones/insulin use and cancer risk: insights from the recent meta-analyses. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 24029780-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - rosiglitazone and pioglitazone - a class of insulin sensitizer for treating type 2 diabetes, have been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies and have good effects in the control of blood sugar for diabetic patients with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 24029780-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - rosiglitazone and pioglitazone - a class of insulin sensitizer for treating type 2 diabetes, have been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies and have good effects in the control of blood sugar for diabetic patients with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 289-296 24029780-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - rosiglitazone and pioglitazone - a class of insulin sensitizer for treating type 2 diabetes, have been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies and have good effects in the control of blood sugar for diabetic patients with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 24029780-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - rosiglitazone and pioglitazone - a class of insulin sensitizer for treating type 2 diabetes, have been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies and have good effects in the control of blood sugar for diabetic patients with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 289-296 23148347-0 2012 Is thiazolidinediones use a factor in delaying the need for insulin therapy in type 2 patients with diabetes? Thiazolidinediones 3-21 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 25374688-3 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent PPARgamma ligand and used as insulin sensitizers in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 25374688-3 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent PPARgamma ligand and used as insulin sensitizers in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 23142675-1 2012 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of oral antidiabetic drugs that improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 23142675-1 2012 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of oral antidiabetic drugs that improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 24379032-3 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) activate PPARg and enhance the actions of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 24379032-3 2013 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) activate PPARg and enhance the actions of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 23024191-1 2013 Earlier studies suggest that glitazones exert beneficial effects in patients with type 2 diabetes by directly affecting insulin secretion of beta-cells, besides improving the effectiveness of insulin in peripheral tissues. Thiazolidinediones 29-39 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 23024191-1 2013 Earlier studies suggest that glitazones exert beneficial effects in patients with type 2 diabetes by directly affecting insulin secretion of beta-cells, besides improving the effectiveness of insulin in peripheral tissues. Thiazolidinediones 29-39 insulin Homo sapiens 192-199 23424927-5 2012 Glitazones improve insulin resistance and also NASH, but are associated with side effects particularly unwelcome in NASH patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-10 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 23148347-2 2012 OBJECTIVE: To understand the independent role of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in delaying progression to parenteral insulin therapy. Thiazolidinediones 49-67 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 23148347-2 2012 OBJECTIVE: To understand the independent role of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in delaying progression to parenteral insulin therapy. Thiazolidinediones 69-73 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 22443197-4 2012 In clinical practice, PPAR-alpha agonists such as fibrates improve dyslipidaemia, while PPAR-gamma agonists such as thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance and diabetes control. Thiazolidinediones 116-134 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 22122457-4 2012 Thiazolidinediones are PPAR-gamma agonists regulating the expression of several genes involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and protein metabolism, enhancing the action of insulin in insulin-sensitive tissue by increasing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and decreasing hepatic glucose production. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 179-186 22314192-5 2012 Various treatments successful at improving insulin response (thiazolidinediones (TZDs), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation) also stimulate adiponectin production. Thiazolidinediones 61-79 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 22314192-5 2012 Various treatments successful at improving insulin response (thiazolidinediones (TZDs), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation) also stimulate adiponectin production. Thiazolidinediones 81-85 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 23616933-2 2012 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin-sensitizing agents used to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 23616933-2 2012 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin-sensitizing agents used to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 22122457-4 2012 Thiazolidinediones are PPAR-gamma agonists regulating the expression of several genes involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and protein metabolism, enhancing the action of insulin in insulin-sensitive tissue by increasing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and decreasing hepatic glucose production. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 190-197 22183689-9 2012 Treatment strategies targeting adipose tissue insulin resistance (e.g., weight loss and thiazolidinediones) may be of value in this population. Thiazolidinediones 88-106 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 22649490-1 2012 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act through peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma to increase insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but deleterious effects of these ligands mean that selective modulators with improved clinical profiles are needed. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 22187345-2 2012 Thiazolidinediones can increase adiponectin levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 22221092-4 2012 Thiazolidinediones, antidiabetic drugs, induce insulin sensitivity by controlling adipokines. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 22221092-6 2012 Thiazolidinediones stimulate PPARg2, by which they down-regulate tumour necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, interleukin-6 and plasminogen and also enhance insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 22221092-12 2012 There is a strong mutual relationship between receptor binding and agonism, which is evidence of the insulin-sensitizing target of thiazolidinediones in PPARg2. Thiazolidinediones 131-149 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 22221092-15 2012 The variant Pro12Ala of the PPARg2 gene promotes the activity of thiazolidinediones in minimizing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 65-83 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 22221092-17 2012 Thus thiazolidinediones promote the phosphorylation of PPARg2 to induce insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 5-23 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 22182833-7 2012 Most studies in PCOS have demonstrated that thiazolidinediones reduce insulin resistance; however, effects on dyslipidemia were disappointing. Thiazolidinediones 44-62 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 22649490-1 2012 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act through peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma to increase insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but deleterious effects of these ligands mean that selective modulators with improved clinical profiles are needed. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 22103494-3 2011 The early endothelial focus of PPARs was PPARgamma, the molecular target for the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione/glitazone class of drugs. Thiazolidinediones 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 22740727-6 2012 We point out that thiazolidinediones exert their major effects through insulin sensitization, which potentiates the action of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 22740727-6 2012 We point out that thiazolidinediones exert their major effects through insulin sensitization, which potentiates the action of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 21696362-7 2011 PPARalpha and PPARgamma are the most extensively examined and characterized, mainly because they are activated by compounds, such as fibrates and thiazolidinediones, that are in clinical use for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, respectively. Thiazolidinediones 146-164 insulin Homo sapiens 237-244 21675944-4 2011 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent exogenous agonists of PPAR-gamma, which augment the effects of insulin to its cellular targets and mainly at the level of adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 21703200-2 2011 Insulin sensitisers such as thiazolidinediones ameliorate insulin resistance and are a potential therapeutic option. Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 21703200-2 2011 Insulin sensitisers such as thiazolidinediones ameliorate insulin resistance and are a potential therapeutic option. Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 21757225-1 2011 Insulin resistance in patients with type II diabetes has recently been treated with thiazolidinediones, a class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists. Thiazolidinediones 84-102 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 21675944-4 2011 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent exogenous agonists of PPAR-gamma, which augment the effects of insulin to its cellular targets and mainly at the level of adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 21453253-6 2011 Various drug classes such as glitazones, newer sulfonylureas, angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors and nicotinic acid exert beneficial effects on insulin resistance partly by increasing plasma adiponectin levels. Thiazolidinediones 29-39 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 21558015-2 2011 It is a target for the insulin-sensitising thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which have been used to treat diabetes since the late nineties. Thiazolidinediones 43-61 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 21558015-2 2011 It is a target for the insulin-sensitising thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which have been used to treat diabetes since the late nineties. Thiazolidinediones 63-67 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 21765869-7 2011 Insulin sensitizers such as the thiazolidinediones, biguanides, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, also known as incretins, will be discussed with respect to their mechanism of action and how these drugs might target aspects of NASH pathophysiology. Thiazolidinediones 32-50 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 21863614-7 2011 Insulin sensitisers include both metformin and glitazones. Thiazolidinediones 47-57 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 21612059-10 2011 Several pilot studies have provided evidence that insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones and antioxidants such as vitamin E improve clinical and histologic features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Thiazolidinediones 78-96 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 21347323-5 2011 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists, are peripheral insulin sensitisers used to treat T2DM. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 21347323-5 2011 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists, are peripheral insulin sensitisers used to treat T2DM. Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 21628978-3 2011 This is because PPARgamma/RXR is known to be a target of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are used for the treatment of insulin resistance, LXR/RXR is reported to be involved in glucose/lipid metabolism, and these heterodimers can be activated by RXR agonists alone (permissive mechanism). Thiazolidinediones 57-75 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 21628978-3 2011 This is because PPARgamma/RXR is known to be a target of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are used for the treatment of insulin resistance, LXR/RXR is reported to be involved in glucose/lipid metabolism, and these heterodimers can be activated by RXR agonists alone (permissive mechanism). Thiazolidinediones 77-81 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 20724929-2 2010 Insulin resistance represents a major pathophysiological feature of the syndrome and, therefore, insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin and thiazolidinediones) have been applied in PCOS women. Thiazolidinediones 139-157 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20724929-2 2010 Insulin resistance represents a major pathophysiological feature of the syndrome and, therefore, insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin and thiazolidinediones) have been applied in PCOS women. Thiazolidinediones 139-157 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 20883052-4 2010 Thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers developed specifically for T2DM, which act via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 20528570-5 2010 The thiazolidinediones rosiglitazone and pioglitazone were recently applied as insulin sensitising treatment in patients with PCOS. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 20206412-4 2010 Insulin resistance can be treated through diet, physical exercise and the use of insulin-sensitizing agents such as biguanides or glitazones. Thiazolidinediones 130-140 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20455892-8 2010 Insulin sensitization, initially with metformin but later with trials of additional agents such as thiazolidinediones, is the mainstay of early therapy, but insulin replacement, eventually with very high doses, is required once diabetes has supervened. Thiazolidinediones 99-117 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20206412-4 2010 Insulin resistance can be treated through diet, physical exercise and the use of insulin-sensitizing agents such as biguanides or glitazones. Thiazolidinediones 130-140 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 20554237-3 2010 Treatments inducing elevated plasma insulin seem to increase cancer risk but insulin-sensitizers (metformine, thiazolidinediones) seem to reduce cancer risk. Thiazolidinediones 110-128 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 21437092-8 2010 Thiazolidinediones represent an effective tool for targeting some features of this increased risk as they decrease insulin resistance and can prevent and/or delay diabetes progression. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 20609972-6 2010 This unifying hypothesis accounts for the mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity, type 2 diabetes, lipodystrophy, and ageing; and the insulin-sensitising effects of thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 169-187 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 20414637-1 2010 AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Glitazones are powerful insulin sensitisers prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 17-27 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 20361178-7 2010 Treatment with thiazolidinediones mobilises fat out of tissues, leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity, improved beta cell function and decreased atherogenesis. Thiazolidinediones 15-33 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 20701717-8 2010 Recent epidemiological data indicate a survival advantage and better nutritional status in insulin-free Type II DM patients treated with insulin sensitizer thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 156-174 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 20026082-3 2010 The thiazolidinediones, widely prescribed as anti-diabetic therapy, are generally regarded as insulin-sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 20470234-2 2010 Some authors have reported that thiazolidinediones increase total body glucose disposal and reduce hepatic glucose production, reducing both peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance (or enhances both peripheral and insulin sensitivity). Thiazolidinediones 32-50 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 20407626-1 2010 To prevent hyperinsulinemia, which may cause atherosclerosis, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also known as insulin sensitizers, are often added to the therapeutic regimen of patients with type 2 diabetes who are receiving insulin. Thiazolidinediones 62-80 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 20425680-5 2010 A diabetes therapy with insulin or sulfonylureas, which leads to elevated exogenous or endogenous insulin levels, appears to be related with an increased cancer risk, whereas administration of metformin or thiazolidinediones, which is associated with a decrease of insulin concentrations, results in risk reduction. Thiazolidinediones 206-224 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 20454453-1 2010 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and are used clinically to help restore peripheral insulin sensitivity in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 20454453-1 2010 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and are used clinically to help restore peripheral insulin sensitivity in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 20407626-1 2010 To prevent hyperinsulinemia, which may cause atherosclerosis, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also known as insulin sensitizers, are often added to the therapeutic regimen of patients with type 2 diabetes who are receiving insulin. Thiazolidinediones 62-80 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 20407626-1 2010 To prevent hyperinsulinemia, which may cause atherosclerosis, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also known as insulin sensitizers, are often added to the therapeutic regimen of patients with type 2 diabetes who are receiving insulin. Thiazolidinediones 82-86 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 20407626-1 2010 To prevent hyperinsulinemia, which may cause atherosclerosis, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also known as insulin sensitizers, are often added to the therapeutic regimen of patients with type 2 diabetes who are receiving insulin. Thiazolidinediones 82-86 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 20307399-8 2010 RESULTS: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (1.25), metformin (2.20), and thiazolidinediones (TZDs; 1.25-1.32) demonstrate a greater effect on glucose supply (SD ratio >1), while secretagogues (0.69-0.81), basal insulins (0.77-0.79), and bolus insulins (0.62-0.67) demonstrate a greater effect on insulin demand (SD ratio <1). Thiazolidinediones 68-86 insulin Homo sapiens 209-216 20307399-8 2010 RESULTS: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (1.25), metformin (2.20), and thiazolidinediones (TZDs; 1.25-1.32) demonstrate a greater effect on glucose supply (SD ratio >1), while secretagogues (0.69-0.81), basal insulins (0.77-0.79), and bolus insulins (0.62-0.67) demonstrate a greater effect on insulin demand (SD ratio <1). Thiazolidinediones 88-92 insulin Homo sapiens 209-216 20158098-1 2010 The members of the PPARgamma agonists, such as the thiazolidinediones, act as insulin sensitizer and improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 19850645-2 2010 The importance of PPARgamma is accentuated by the widespread use of synthetic PPARgamma agonists, thiazolidinediones (such as rosiglitazone), as drugs for insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 98-116 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 20640230-7 2010 In conjunction with weight reduction and exercise, a pharmacologic reduction in insulin levels by either metformin or thiazolidinediones ameliorates both hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Thiazolidinediones 118-136 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 20158098-1 2010 The members of the PPARgamma agonists, such as the thiazolidinediones, act as insulin sensitizer and improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 20460925-4 2010 Insulin resistance can be treated with exercise, diet or through the use of drugs that improve insulin sensitivity, like biguanides or glitazones. Thiazolidinediones 135-145 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20121885-2 2010 Conflicting results have been reported on the ability of insulin sensitizer agents, such as thiazolidinediones, to modify muscle fat distribution. Thiazolidinediones 92-110 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 20460925-4 2010 Insulin resistance can be treated with exercise, diet or through the use of drugs that improve insulin sensitivity, like biguanides or glitazones. Thiazolidinediones 135-145 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 20981297-1 2010 Thiazolidinediones are a class of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists that reduce insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 20107300-5 2010 Medications that decrease insulin needs like metformin, thiazolidinediones, or pramlintide may help, but some patients also need high doses of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 56-74 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 19765050-3 2009 Metformin and thiazolidinediones are both antihyperglycaemic drugs, both lower blood glucose concentrations in type 2 diabetes without causing overt hypoglycaemia and both require the presence of insulin to generate their therapeutic effects, but act without stimulating insulin secretion. Thiazolidinediones 14-32 insulin Homo sapiens 196-203 27713238-5 2009 Insulin-sensitizing drugs such as the thiazolidinediones are a new class of synthetic compounds that potentiate insulin action in the target tissues and act as specific agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). Thiazolidinediones 38-56 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27713238-5 2009 Insulin-sensitizing drugs such as the thiazolidinediones are a new class of synthetic compounds that potentiate insulin action in the target tissues and act as specific agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). Thiazolidinediones 38-56 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 19755409-2 2009 Thiazolidinediones might reverse this effect and improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 19940606-7 2009 Although prevention of prediabetes is a huge challenge, a tight glycemic control with lifestyle modifications and antihyperglycemics like thiazolidinediones play a vital role in increasing the insulin sensitivity of tissues and decreasing the cardiovascular risk factor of diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 138-156 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 20388946-7 2009 Metformin and thiazolidinediones may improve insulin sensitivity, serum aminotransferase level and liver histology. Thiazolidinediones 14-32 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 18768334-5 2009 In general, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay carbohydrate absorption, metiglinides and sulfonylureas increase insulin supply, and biguanides and thiazolidinediones enhance insulin action. Thiazolidinediones 147-165 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 19820024-2 2009 In rodent models, treatment with the insulin-sensitizers thiazolidinediones (TZDs) leads to the appearance of small, insulin-sensitive adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 57-75 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 19820024-2 2009 In rodent models, treatment with the insulin-sensitizers thiazolidinediones (TZDs) leads to the appearance of small, insulin-sensitive adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 57-75 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 19820024-2 2009 In rodent models, treatment with the insulin-sensitizers thiazolidinediones (TZDs) leads to the appearance of small, insulin-sensitive adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 77-81 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 19820024-2 2009 In rodent models, treatment with the insulin-sensitizers thiazolidinediones (TZDs) leads to the appearance of small, insulin-sensitive adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 77-81 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 19909598-9 2009 Promising treatments for PCOS seem to be insulin sensitizers such as metformin and glitazones. Thiazolidinediones 83-93 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 19338578-12 2009 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The human insulin gene represents a novel PPARgamma target that may contribute to the action of thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 126-144 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 19172665-1 2009 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin sensitizing drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 19172665-1 2009 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin sensitizing drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 19602323-3 2009 PPARgamma plays a role in regulating cellular anti-inflammatory responses and is a mediator of insulin sensitization induced by thiazolidinediones, which also can reduce elevated blood pressure both clinically and experimentally. Thiazolidinediones 128-146 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 19520186-1 2009 OBJECTIVE: PPAR-gamma agonists such as thiazolidinediones, used in patients with insulin resistance have been shown to reduce neointimal hyperplasia in the short term. Thiazolidinediones 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 19634921-3 2009 Thus, the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, has been proposed for PCOS treatment. Thiazolidinediones 66-84 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 19169664-1 2009 AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The molecular mechanisms by which thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes are not fully understood. Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 19626930-1 2009 The insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones are effective drugs to achieve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 24-42 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 19156545-3 2009 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), known to have potent enhancing effects on insulin sensitivity, have been developed for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 18671797-2 2009 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are now widely used in the management of T2DM, and their use may increase in other diseases characterized by insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 18671797-2 2009 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are now widely used in the management of T2DM, and their use may increase in other diseases characterized by insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 19156545-3 2009 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), known to have potent enhancing effects on insulin sensitivity, have been developed for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 30780856-8 2009 Furthermore, other exciting positive roles for insulin sensitizers, in particular glitazones, have been reported at the level of endothelial function. Thiazolidinediones 82-92 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 19384816-4 2009 Thiazolidinediones reduce insulin resistance thus allowing to direct the treatment of type 2 diabetes towards its pathophysiologic origin. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 19449752-4 2009 Thiazolidinediones, in particular of the rosiglitazone type, have a positive impact on increased tissue sensitivity to insulin built on the activation of PPAR-gamma. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 19298680-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Both insulin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are effective in the treatment of hyperglycaemia and amelioration of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes but have side effects including weight gain and fluid retention. Thiazolidinediones 29-47 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 19298680-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Both insulin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are effective in the treatment of hyperglycaemia and amelioration of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes but have side effects including weight gain and fluid retention. Thiazolidinediones 49-53 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 21299185-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) whether administered alone or in combination with metformin, sulfonylurea, or insulin, are often accompanied by an increase in weight and/or plasma volume. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 18996102-1 2009 BACKGROUND: The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve tissue sensitivity to insulin in patients with type II diabetes, resulting in reduced levels of fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Thiazolidinediones 16-34 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 18996102-1 2009 BACKGROUND: The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve tissue sensitivity to insulin in patients with type II diabetes, resulting in reduced levels of fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Thiazolidinediones 36-40 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 19506327-2 2009 Thiazolidinediones are reported to reduce insulin resistance in these patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 19008007-1 2009 The newly developed insulin sensitizer-thiazolidinediones have the potential to downregulate inflammation and autoimmune response. Thiazolidinediones 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 19530741-1 2009 The insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (commonly known as glitazones) are an important and widely prescribed class of antidiabetic agents. Thiazolidinediones 24-42 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 19530741-1 2009 The insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (commonly known as glitazones) are an important and widely prescribed class of antidiabetic agents. Thiazolidinediones 62-72 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 18936159-2 2009 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, improve insulin sensitivity and are currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 18936159-2 2009 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, improve insulin sensitivity and are currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 20047115-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones represent a novel class of drugs that exert pleiotropic effects at various levels and lower blood glucose through reduction of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 19096512-2 2009 Thiazolidinediones are insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic agents which-as an untoward side effect in obese diabetic patients-increase SAT. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 19096512-7 2009 Despite the poor effect on lipoatrophy, thiazolidin-ediones improved insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 40-59 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 19108012-0 2008 Short insulin tolerance test can determine the effects of thiazolidinediones treatment in type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 58-76 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 19108012-2 2008 This study was designed to compare the insulin sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on the degree of insulin resistance, determined by a short insulin tolerance test (Kitt) in type 2 diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 70-88 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 19108012-2 2008 This study was designed to compare the insulin sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on the degree of insulin resistance, determined by a short insulin tolerance test (Kitt) in type 2 diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 70-88 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 19108012-2 2008 This study was designed to compare the insulin sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on the degree of insulin resistance, determined by a short insulin tolerance test (Kitt) in type 2 diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 90-94 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 19108012-2 2008 This study was designed to compare the insulin sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on the degree of insulin resistance, determined by a short insulin tolerance test (Kitt) in type 2 diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 90-94 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 19108012-9 2008 CONCLUSION: The glucose lowering effects of TZDs by improving insulin resistance could be determined by using Kitt. Thiazolidinediones 44-48 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 19195626-10 2008 Moreover, when insulin resistance is decreased by weight loss in obese subjects or by treatment with insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones, the levels of liver fat and insulin resistance vary accordingly. Thiazolidinediones 129-147 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 19195626-10 2008 Moreover, when insulin resistance is decreased by weight loss in obese subjects or by treatment with insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones, the levels of liver fat and insulin resistance vary accordingly. Thiazolidinediones 129-147 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 18284435-0 2008 Adiponectin and its response to thiazolidinediones are associated with insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients and their first-degree relatives. Thiazolidinediones 32-50 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 19195626-10 2008 Moreover, when insulin resistance is decreased by weight loss in obese subjects or by treatment with insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones, the levels of liver fat and insulin resistance vary accordingly. Thiazolidinediones 129-147 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 18284435-2 2008 In T2D patients, plasma adiponectin and insulin sensitivity (SI) increase in response to thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 89-107 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 18284435-2 2008 In T2D patients, plasma adiponectin and insulin sensitivity (SI) increase in response to thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 109-113 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 18284435-11 2008 Moreover, these data provide evidence for an adiponectin-dependent insulin-sensitizing effect of TZDs at an early stage before development of T2D and that this effect is exerted mainly on insulin-mediated glucose metabolism. Thiazolidinediones 97-101 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 18940393-1 2008 Thiazolidinediones are supposed to be the pharmacologic agents that more physiologically fight the insulin resistance, but a possible adverse effect may be a weight increase. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 18722695-5 2008 Recently, thiazolidinediones (TZD) have addressed some aspects of insulin-resistance that characterized several T2DM patients. Thiazolidinediones 10-28 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 18722695-5 2008 Recently, thiazolidinediones (TZD) have addressed some aspects of insulin-resistance that characterized several T2DM patients. Thiazolidinediones 30-33 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 18786090-5 2008 However, there are concerns regarding the use of certain insulin sensitizers, most notably, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which have been associated with increased risk of hospitalizations for CHF. Thiazolidinediones 96-114 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 18786090-5 2008 However, there are concerns regarding the use of certain insulin sensitizers, most notably, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which have been associated with increased risk of hospitalizations for CHF. Thiazolidinediones 116-120 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 17825080-6 2008 The pharmacological tools available to improve insulin sensitivity include the biguanides (metformin) and thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone). Thiazolidinediones 106-124 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 18331610-1 2008 CONTEXT: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through effects on fat metabolism whereas GH stimulates lipolysis and induces insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 88-106 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 18331610-1 2008 CONTEXT: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through effects on fat metabolism whereas GH stimulates lipolysis and induces insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 88-106 insulin Homo sapiens 255-262 17825080-7 2008 Data from a number of sources indicate that thiazolidinediones, in particular, can improve multiple aspects of hepatic dysfunction, including reducing HGO, insulin insensitivity and liver fat content, as well as improving other markers of liver function and the levels of mediators with potential involvement in hepatic function, including fatty acids and adipocytokines. Thiazolidinediones 44-62 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 24692813-3 2008 Biguanides, such as metformin, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as pioglitazone, improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 35-53 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 18728124-13 2008 Identifying such forms of PCOS with monogenic insulin resistance as the primary pathogenic abnormality may have practical implications for therapy, since they respond to thiazolidinediones, but not to metformin. Thiazolidinediones 170-188 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 18544642-3 2008 To address the hypothesis that thiazolidinediones, which improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, act in part by reducing the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, we tested subcutaneous adipose tissue from 20 obese volunteers treated with pioglitazone for 10 wk. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 24692813-3 2008 Biguanides, such as metformin, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as pioglitazone, improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 55-59 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 18700562-2 2008 Pioglitazone is one of thiazolidinediones that acts as insulin sensitizer. Thiazolidinediones 23-41 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 18422634-3 2008 Among these new classes, the group of thiazolidinediones, which act through reduction of insulin resistance is perhaps the most widely used. Thiazolidinediones 38-56 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 17593232-1 2008 AIMS: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, are antidiabetic agents that improve hyperglycemia by decreasing insulin resistance in obese diabetic animal models and patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 6-24 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 17593232-1 2008 AIMS: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, are antidiabetic agents that improve hyperglycemia by decreasing insulin resistance in obese diabetic animal models and patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 26-30 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 18331610-1 2008 CONTEXT: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through effects on fat metabolism whereas GH stimulates lipolysis and induces insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 108-112 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 18331610-1 2008 CONTEXT: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through effects on fat metabolism whereas GH stimulates lipolysis and induces insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 108-112 insulin Homo sapiens 255-262 18331610-10 2008 CONCLUSION: The impact of GH on lipolysis and insulin sensitivity can be modified by administration of TZDs. Thiazolidinediones 103-107 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 18560589-3 2008 We hypothesized that the effect of TZDs in PCOS is, in part, mediated by changes in the transcriptional profile of muscle favoring insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 35-39 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 18510480-6 2008 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduce insulin resistance through the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma activity and are, therefore, used for the treatment of individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 18510480-6 2008 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduce insulin resistance through the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma activity and are, therefore, used for the treatment of individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 18347650-4 2008 Traditional approaches used in this regard include exercise, weight loss, and insulin-sensitizing drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 112-130 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 18514142-2 2008 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) can improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and have been suggested as an adjunct to metformin (MF) and sulfonylurea (SU) in type 2 diabetes in a consensus statement from the ADA and EASD. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 18514142-2 2008 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) can improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and have been suggested as an adjunct to metformin (MF) and sulfonylurea (SU) in type 2 diabetes in a consensus statement from the ADA and EASD. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 18378631-2 2008 Commonly used oral glucose-lowering agents include sulfonylureas, which are insulin secretagogues, and thiazolidinediones, which are insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones 103-121 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 18252787-1 2008 CONTEXT: Insulin sensitizers, including metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), improve hyperinsulinemia and reproductive dysfunctions in some women with hyperandrogenism. Thiazolidinediones 54-72 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 18252787-1 2008 CONTEXT: Insulin sensitizers, including metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), improve hyperinsulinemia and reproductive dysfunctions in some women with hyperandrogenism. Thiazolidinediones 74-78 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 18348723-1 2008 BACKGROUND: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are often treated with insulin-sensitizing agents, e.g. thiazolidinediones (TZD), which have been shown to reduce androgen levels and improved ovulatory function. Thiazolidinediones 112-130 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 18348723-1 2008 BACKGROUND: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are often treated with insulin-sensitizing agents, e.g. thiazolidinediones (TZD), which have been shown to reduce androgen levels and improved ovulatory function. Thiazolidinediones 132-135 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 18310298-3 2008 Herein, we studied the effects of PPARgamma and the PPARgamma agonists thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on the insulin receptor (IR), a cell membrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein, whose role is of paramount importance in mediating the metabolic and growth-promoting effects of the peptide hormone insulin. Thiazolidinediones 71-89 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 18310298-3 2008 Herein, we studied the effects of PPARgamma and the PPARgamma agonists thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on the insulin receptor (IR), a cell membrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein, whose role is of paramount importance in mediating the metabolic and growth-promoting effects of the peptide hormone insulin. Thiazolidinediones 91-95 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 21221185-3 2008 Metformin and the thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, are insulin-sensitizing agents available for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 18690882-4 2008 Thiazolidinediones effect on lipids and lipid metabolism will be reviewed, particularly as regard their activity on the abnormal FFA metabolism, related to insulin-resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 18316956-2 2008 RECENT FINDINGS: Several classes of oral antidiabetic drugs are available to treat type 2 diabetes, but glitazones offer the unique promise of insulin-sensitizing ability coupled with potential to reverse cardiovascular abnormalities associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 104-114 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 18316956-2 2008 RECENT FINDINGS: Several classes of oral antidiabetic drugs are available to treat type 2 diabetes, but glitazones offer the unique promise of insulin-sensitizing ability coupled with potential to reverse cardiovascular abnormalities associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 104-114 insulin Homo sapiens 250-257 18568311-4 2008 Retrospective analyses indicate a rather positive effect of the insulin sensitizers metformin and glitazones and a neutral or rather negative effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in diabetic patients with heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 98-108 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 18191635-1 2008 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and its ligands, the thiazolidinediones, might directly stimulate insulin release and insulin synthesis in pancreatic beta-cells. Thiazolidinediones 126-144 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 18347650-4 2008 Traditional approaches used in this regard include exercise, weight loss, and insulin-sensitizing drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 132-136 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 18392690-1 2008 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, but the effect on arterial stiffness is less clear. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 17906687-0 2008 Thiazolidinediones: effects on insulin resistance and the cardiovascular system. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 17906687-4 2008 PPAR-gamma receptor activation by TZDs improves insulin sensitivity by promoting fatty acid uptake into adipose tissue, increasing production of adiponectin and reducing levels of inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Thiazolidinediones 34-38 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 18392690-1 2008 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, but the effect on arterial stiffness is less clear. Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 18062354-7 2007 Metformin, Thiazolidinediones and Acarbose are anti-hyperglycemic drugs of choice: they reduce the incidence of DM2 and IR (or improve insulin sensitivity) and they decrease or stabilize the visceral adipose tissue mass (Thiazolidinediones increases subcutaneous fat only). Thiazolidinediones 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 19075761-4 2008 The discovery of PPARgamma as a target of multimodal insulin sensitizers, represented by thiazolidinediones (TZDs), has attracted remarkable scientific interest and had a great impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Thiazolidinediones 89-107 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 19075761-4 2008 The discovery of PPARgamma as a target of multimodal insulin sensitizers, represented by thiazolidinediones (TZDs), has attracted remarkable scientific interest and had a great impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Thiazolidinediones 109-113 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 18191079-6 2008 Insulin-sensitizing agents such as thiazolidinediones have demonstrated a number of clinical benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties, which may impact on the course of atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones 35-53 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 18288288-2 2008 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and the molecular target for the thiazolidinediones (TZD), used clinically to treat insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 145-163 insulin Homo sapiens 196-203 18288288-2 2008 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and the molecular target for the thiazolidinediones (TZD), used clinically to treat insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 165-168 insulin Homo sapiens 196-203 18288291-2 2008 PPAR-gamma agonists, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), increase insulin sensitivity, lower blood glucose, decrease circulating free fatty acids and triglycerides, lower blood pressure, reduce inflammatory markers, and reduce atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant patients and animal models. Thiazolidinediones 25-43 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 18288291-2 2008 PPAR-gamma agonists, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), increase insulin sensitivity, lower blood glucose, decrease circulating free fatty acids and triglycerides, lower blood pressure, reduce inflammatory markers, and reduce atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant patients and animal models. Thiazolidinediones 45-49 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 17963725-1 2007 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor regulated by the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 120-138 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 17963725-1 2007 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor regulated by the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 140-144 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 18054742-4 2007 PPARgamma agonists, such as the thiazolidinediones, act as insulin sensitizers and improve insulin resistance in patients with T2DM. Thiazolidinediones 32-50 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 18054742-4 2007 PPARgamma agonists, such as the thiazolidinediones, act as insulin sensitizers and improve insulin resistance in patients with T2DM. Thiazolidinediones 32-50 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 18176372-5 2007 Drugs such as thiazolidinediones, known to reduce insulin resistance and inflammation, still need further evaluation. Thiazolidinediones 14-32 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 18059282-4 2007 This is a clinically crucial question because PPAR-gamma agonists, "such as thiazolidinediones-" a class of insulin-sensitizing drugs, have been reported to cause a higher rate of fractures in human patients. Thiazolidinediones 76-94 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 18034622-3 2007 Fibrates are hypolipidemic drugs acting through activation of PPARalpha, whereas glitazones are insulin sensitizers activating PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 81-91 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 17954424-13 2007 A pronounced weight gain might result from synergism between thiazolidinediones and insulin promoting adipogenesis, which diminished somewhat after discontinuation of insulin therapy. Thiazolidinediones 61-79 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 17721754-1 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) have become a powerful tool for lowering insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 17721754-1 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) have become a powerful tool for lowering insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 18225964-6 2008 The thiazolidinediones, however, contribute to the development of heart failure and increase the risk of heart failure exacerbations particularly when used in combination with insulin. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 18021872-2 2007 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones were found to improve insulin sensitivity and MGU in type 2 diabetes and MBF in Mexican Americans with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 18021872-2 2007 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones were found to improve insulin sensitivity and MGU in type 2 diabetes and MBF in Mexican Americans with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 18028013-1 2007 The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors and is the molecular target of antidiabetic thiazolidinediones that exert insulin sensitizing effects in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and the liver. Thiazolidinediones 187-205 insulin Homo sapiens 217-224 18059215-4 2007 The hypoglycemic class of thiazolidinediones that act through reduction of insulin resistance were found to protect against renal injury in diabetic animals and to reduce urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Thiazolidinediones 26-44 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 17826042-9 2007 Insulin-sensitizing therapy with TZDs is a promising intervention for patients with diabetes at risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Thiazolidinediones 33-37 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 18088046-12 2007 In contrast, thiazolidinediones improve peripheral insulin sensitivity by reducing circulating free fatty amino acids, but also increasing production of adiponectin, which improves insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 13-31 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 17696960-2 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZD), oral hypoglycaemic agents that act as insulin sensitizers, have been demonstrated in multiple in vivo and in vitro studies to possess antihypertensive properties. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 17696960-2 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZD), oral hypoglycaemic agents that act as insulin sensitizers, have been demonstrated in multiple in vivo and in vitro studies to possess antihypertensive properties. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 18092442-5 2007 Furthermore, drugs able to reduce insulin resistance, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, already in the therapeutic armamentarium of type 2 diabetes, could be used in subjects with the metabolic syndrome as a preventive measure. Thiazolidinediones 76-94 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 18088046-12 2007 In contrast, thiazolidinediones improve peripheral insulin sensitivity by reducing circulating free fatty amino acids, but also increasing production of adiponectin, which improves insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 13-31 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 17896661-1 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are used as insulin sensitizers in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but are associated with an increased risk of congestive heart failure (CHF). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 17716295-3 2007 However, glitazones may have important adverse effects that outweight their beneficial effect on insulin resistance and glycemia. Thiazolidinediones 9-19 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 17896661-1 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are used as insulin sensitizers in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but are associated with an increased risk of congestive heart failure (CHF). Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 17896661-4 2007 In four real life registries, the relative risk of CHF with TZDs varied between 1.06 and 1.76 (between 1.10 and 1.44 combined with insulin) as compared to a treatment without TZDs. Thiazolidinediones 60-64 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 17486315-1 2007 AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In addition to the improvement in insulin sensitivity, it has been shown that thiazolidinediones modulate beta cell function and insulin clearance in type 2 diabetic subjects. Thiazolidinediones 95-113 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 17619673-9 2007 Glitazones are an alternative to insulin, but for HbA1c, >or=9.5% insulin results in greater improvement in fasting glucose and HbA1c. Thiazolidinediones 0-10 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 17691915-7 2007 Insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones and metformin show promise, and several studies have explored the role of lipid lowering agents, antioxidants, and cytoprotective agents. Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17686386-1 2007 Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists (known as thiazolidinediones; TDZs) activate nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression; they were developed as insulin-sensitizing drugs to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 81-99 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 17716227-1 2007 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists and have glucose-lowering, insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 17716227-1 2007 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists and have glucose-lowering, insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects. Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 17594390-5 2007 Sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones exert their glucose-lowering effect through differing mechanisms of action - the sulfonylureas by stimulating insulin secretion, whereas the thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitisers. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 17983557-5 2007 PPAR agonists such as fibrates (PPARalpha) and insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (PPARgamma) are in clinical use and may alter the process of atherosclerosis, especially in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 67-85 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 17550551-3 2007 At a physiologic level, glitazones stimulate adipocyte differentiation, enhance insulin-sensitive glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells, suppress angiogenesis, inhibit tumor cell growth, and normalize keratinocyte differentiation. Thiazolidinediones 24-34 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 17374711-12 2007 CONCLUSIONS: Insulin and TZDs independently stimulate expression of PPAR-gamma, insulin receptor, IRS-1, and StAR protein in human ovarian cells. Thiazolidinediones 25-29 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 17703795-4 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve insulin sensitivity and preserve beta-cell function, and clinical evidence supports the early use of these agents in preventing the progression of diabetes in high-risk patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 17703795-4 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve insulin sensitivity and preserve beta-cell function, and clinical evidence supports the early use of these agents in preventing the progression of diabetes in high-risk patients. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 17563269-7 2007 Biguanides and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are two unique classes of oral antidiabetic agents that are the most commonly used medications to improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 15-33 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 17563269-7 2007 Biguanides and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are two unique classes of oral antidiabetic agents that are the most commonly used medications to improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 35-39 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 18370819-3 2007 The selective ligands of the nuclear transcription factor PPARgamma, Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), induce differentiation of preadipocytes to mature and more insulin sensitive adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 69-87 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 18370819-3 2007 The selective ligands of the nuclear transcription factor PPARgamma, Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), induce differentiation of preadipocytes to mature and more insulin sensitive adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 89-93 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 17594390-5 2007 Sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones exert their glucose-lowering effect through differing mechanisms of action - the sulfonylureas by stimulating insulin secretion, whereas the thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitisers. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 17594390-5 2007 Sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones exert their glucose-lowering effect through differing mechanisms of action - the sulfonylureas by stimulating insulin secretion, whereas the thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitisers. Thiazolidinediones 178-196 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 17594390-7 2007 The thiazolidinediones protect beta-cell structural and functional integrity and functionality and complement the sulfonylureas by inducing and maintaining improvements in insulin resistance, the abnormal lipid profile associated with type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 17213476-0 2007 Insulin-sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones are not linked to adiponectin receptor expression in human fat or muscle. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17052795-4 2007 Clinical study evidence from several sources now suggests that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have profound effects on the beta-cell, such as improving insulin secretory capacity, preserving beta-cell mass and islet structure and protecting beta-cells from oxidative stress, as well as improving measures of beta-cell function, such as insulinogenic index and homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-%B). Thiazolidinediones 63-81 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 17052795-4 2007 Clinical study evidence from several sources now suggests that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have profound effects on the beta-cell, such as improving insulin secretory capacity, preserving beta-cell mass and islet structure and protecting beta-cells from oxidative stress, as well as improving measures of beta-cell function, such as insulinogenic index and homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-%B). Thiazolidinediones 83-87 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 17353295-9 2007 The TZDs improve insulin secretory capacity, decrease beta-cell apoptosis, and reduce islet cell amyloid with maintenance of neogenesis. Thiazolidinediones 4-8 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 17489673-5 2007 Nevertheless, appropriate treatment of MS components often requires pharmacologic intervention with insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, while statins and fibrates, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are the first-line lipid-modifying or antihypertensive drugs. Thiazolidinediones 150-168 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 17235334-1 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) may improve insulin resistance in patients with diabetes and HIV. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 22477242-10 2007 The glitazones increase insulin sensitivity for diabetes control. Thiazolidinediones 4-14 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 17264176-1 2007 CONTEXT: Thiazolidinediones, which are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists, are widely prescribed to patients with disorders characterized by insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 9-27 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 17106061-1 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 17106061-1 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 18220657-1 2007 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) rosiglitazone (ROS) and pioglitazone (PIO) are insulin-sensitising agents widely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 18220657-1 2007 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) rosiglitazone (ROS) and pioglitazone (PIO) are insulin-sensitising agents widely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 18220657-2 2007 Thiazolidinediones significantly improve glycaemic control in diabetics by reduced fasting glucose, insulin and glycated haemoglobin and they delay the progression of insulin resistance/impaired glucose tolerance into T2DM. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 18220657-2 2007 Thiazolidinediones significantly improve glycaemic control in diabetics by reduced fasting glucose, insulin and glycated haemoglobin and they delay the progression of insulin resistance/impaired glucose tolerance into T2DM. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 18220657-8 2007 Thiazolidinediones, provide an effective treatment for populations with insulin resistance which is at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 17323035-4 2007 Thiazolidinediones, in activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, lower the insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 17258675-4 2007 Thiazolidinediones or glitazones (insulin sensitizers) improve peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 17258675-4 2007 Thiazolidinediones or glitazones (insulin sensitizers) improve peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 17258675-4 2007 Thiazolidinediones or glitazones (insulin sensitizers) improve peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 22-32 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 17258675-4 2007 Thiazolidinediones or glitazones (insulin sensitizers) improve peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 22-32 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 18200800-6 2007 The combination of nateglinide with insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, targets both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance and results in reductions in HbA1c that could not be achieved by monotherapy with other antidiabetic agents. Thiazolidinediones 86-104 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 17235334-1 2007 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) may improve insulin resistance in patients with diabetes and HIV. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 17389772-3 2007 PPARalpha and PPARgamma are activated by hypolipidemic and insulin-sensitizer compounds, such as fibrates and thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 110-128 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 18200815-3 2007 Of all the hypoglycemic agents in the pharmacological arsenal against diabetes, thiazolidinediones, in particular pioglitazone, as well as metformin appear to have additional effects in ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation; rendering them attractive tools for prevention of insulin resistance and diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 80-98 insulin Homo sapiens 284-291 17076999-3 2006 The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists, the thiazolidinediones, may potentially correct the inflammatory disarray, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and plaque vulnerability associated with diabetic cardiovascular disease through their effects on insulin resistance and fat metabolism, yet they can also exacerbate congestive heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 67-85 insulin Homo sapiens 275-282 17203528-11 2006 In the single-arm trials, metformin and thiazolidinediones improved insulin resistance markers and liver function tests, and beneficial histological changes were reported. Thiazolidinediones 40-58 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 16973418-2 2006 PPARalpha activators primarily improve dyslipidemia, whereas thiazolidinediones are potent PPARgamma activators that improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 61-79 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 16968800-7 2006 The impact of weight loss, metformin, and thiazolidinediones, all treatments aimed at improving insulin sensitivity, as well as other agents such as vitamin E, have been evaluated in patients with NAFLD and have shown some benefit. Thiazolidinediones 42-60 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 17112325-4 2006 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduce insulin resistance and have favorable effects on lipids, blood pressure, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 17112325-4 2006 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduce insulin resistance and have favorable effects on lipids, blood pressure, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 17242494-2 2006 However, there are conflicting reports in the literature on the effect of thiazolidinediones (a new class of insulin sensitizing drugs) on skeletal muscle ceramide content. Thiazolidinediones 74-92 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 17087301-5 2006 For patients with insulin resistance, biguanide or thiazolidinediones are the drugs of choice. Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 17130580-1 2006 Thiazolidinediones improve glycemic control by reducing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 17002258-3 2006 Thiazolidinediones are a relatively new class of compounds for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus that lower glucose levels by decreasing insulin resistance and glucose production by the liver. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 17086933-4 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are selective ligands of PPARgamma and act as insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 17086933-4 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are selective ligands of PPARgamma and act as insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 17086933-7 2006 Given that TZDs show anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and antiprocoagulant properties in addition to their insulin sensitizing and antilipotoxic properties, a case may be made for initiating TZD therapy early in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in those patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Thiazolidinediones 11-15 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 17214277-14 2006 For insulin resistance, drugs such as thiazolidinediones and renin-angiotensin system blockers are available. Thiazolidinediones 38-56 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 17969380-6 2007 Biguanides and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are two classes of oral agents for the management of DM2 that improve insulin resistance, and thus have potential cardiovascular benefits beyond glycemic control alone. Thiazolidinediones 15-33 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 17969380-6 2007 Biguanides and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are two classes of oral agents for the management of DM2 that improve insulin resistance, and thus have potential cardiovascular benefits beyond glycemic control alone. Thiazolidinediones 35-39 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 16981971-1 2006 The clinical efficacy of currently available thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in improving glycaemic control and ameliorating several risk factors for cardiovascular disease (linked to their insulin-sensitising actions as well as direct vascular effects) is well established. Thiazolidinediones 45-63 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 16981971-1 2006 The clinical efficacy of currently available thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in improving glycaemic control and ameliorating several risk factors for cardiovascular disease (linked to their insulin-sensitising actions as well as direct vascular effects) is well established. Thiazolidinediones 65-69 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 16883325-4 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of agents that lower blood glucose through reduction of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 16883325-4 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of agents that lower blood glucose through reduction of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 17009067-0 2006 Improvement of glycemic control after a 3-5 day insulin infusion in type 2-diabetic patients with insulin resistance can be maintained with glitazone therapy. Thiazolidinediones 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 17009067-0 2006 Improvement of glycemic control after a 3-5 day insulin infusion in type 2-diabetic patients with insulin resistance can be maintained with glitazone therapy. Thiazolidinediones 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 17009067-14 2006 With additional glitazone treatment after the insulin infusion, the improvement in metabolic control and the reduced insulin requirement can be maintained for more than six months. Thiazolidinediones 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 17009067-14 2006 With additional glitazone treatment after the insulin infusion, the improvement in metabolic control and the reduced insulin requirement can be maintained for more than six months. Thiazolidinediones 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 16950750-2 2006 This theoretical background is now supported by substantial evidence for treating women with PCOS with insulin sensitising agents such as metformin or the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 155-173 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 16959622-3 2006 Thiazolidinediones have been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity, improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients and to improve the histologic markers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 16776743-6 2006 The thiazolidinediones, a new class of agents that improve insulin resistance, have the ability, in addition to their glucose-lowering effects, to exert several powerful anti-atherogenic properties, including anti-inflammatory effects in the vascular endothelium, redistribution of visceral fat and reduction of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperproinsulinaemia. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 16776743-6 2006 The thiazolidinediones, a new class of agents that improve insulin resistance, have the ability, in addition to their glucose-lowering effects, to exert several powerful anti-atherogenic properties, including anti-inflammatory effects in the vascular endothelium, redistribution of visceral fat and reduction of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and hyperproinsulinaemia. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 312-319 17243079-11 2006 A new class of anti-diabetic drugs (thiazolidinediones, or glitazones) bind to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-gamma) and lower thereby plasma free fatty acids and cytokine production in adipocytes, in addition to a decrease of resistin and an increase in adiponectin observed in animals, resulting in an overall increase in insulin sensitivity and in an improvement of glucose homeostasis. Thiazolidinediones 36-54 insulin Homo sapiens 342-349 17243079-11 2006 A new class of anti-diabetic drugs (thiazolidinediones, or glitazones) bind to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-gamma) and lower thereby plasma free fatty acids and cytokine production in adipocytes, in addition to a decrease of resistin and an increase in adiponectin observed in animals, resulting in an overall increase in insulin sensitivity and in an improvement of glucose homeostasis. Thiazolidinediones 59-69 insulin Homo sapiens 342-349 16822926-2 2006 BACKGROUND: Adult patients with type 2 diabetes controlled with insulin frequently require the addition of insulin sensitising drugs such as metformin and sometimes glitazones to achieve optimum glycaemic control. Thiazolidinediones 165-175 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 16823284-9 2006 Oral hypoglycemic drugs like thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance and may have a favorable effect in those with metabolic syndrome. Thiazolidinediones 29-47 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 16823476-4 2006 Upregulation of adiponectin is a partial cause of the insulin-sensitizing and antidiabetic actions of thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 102-120 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 16810145-5 2006 Insulin sensitizers (thiazolidinediones), new-generation insulin secretagogue (glimepiride), acarbose, and designer insulin (lispro and aspart) have enormously helped in achieving better metabolic control. Thiazolidinediones 21-39 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16305809-8 2006 Evidently, activation of the nuclear receptor, PPAR-gamma, by thiazolidinediones has been reported to ameliorate insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 62-80 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 16750656-2 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) increase insulin sensitivity, reduce blood glucose and improve cardiovascular parameters. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 16733240-3 2006 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma agonists or thiazolidinediones (TZD) are a class of agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus that act through improvement of insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 62-80 insulin Homo sapiens 187-194 16733240-3 2006 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma agonists or thiazolidinediones (TZD) are a class of agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus that act through improvement of insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 82-85 insulin Homo sapiens 187-194 16777491-6 2006 Because the thiazolidinediones target insulin resistance, these agents may improve many of the risk factors associated with obesity and insulin resistance including dyslipidemia, hypertension, impaired fibrinolysis, and atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 16777491-6 2006 Because the thiazolidinediones target insulin resistance, these agents may improve many of the risk factors associated with obesity and insulin resistance including dyslipidemia, hypertension, impaired fibrinolysis, and atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 16750656-2 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) increase insulin sensitivity, reduce blood glucose and improve cardiovascular parameters. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 16768125-5 2006 The insulin-sensitizing drugs, which were biguanides (metformin) and thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) have been shown to correct not only insulin resistance but also steatosis and inflammation in the liver. Thiazolidinediones 69-87 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 16768125-5 2006 The insulin-sensitizing drugs, which were biguanides (metformin) and thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) have been shown to correct not only insulin resistance but also steatosis and inflammation in the liver. Thiazolidinediones 69-87 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 16634983-8 2006 In addition to lifestyle changes, PPARgamma agonists such as thiazolidinediones are frequently beneficial and have been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance, while activation of PPARalpha (e.g. by fibrates) can lead to improvements in free fatty acid oxidation and lipid profile, and a reduction in cardiovascular events. Thiazolidinediones 61-79 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 16751851-5 2006 The thiazolindinediones (glitazones) are effective new adjunctive oral hypoglycaemic agents that can be used in combination with either oral hypoglycaemics or insulin. Thiazolidinediones 25-35 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 16634986-10 2006 Thus, adiponectin may be the common mechanism by which TNF-alpha promotes, and the thiazolidinediones suppress, insulin resistance and inflammation. Thiazolidinediones 83-101 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 16767293-7 2006 Glitazones are PPAR-gamma agonists that improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-10 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 16767294-6 2006 Recently, oral contraceptives are being substituted for insulin sensitizing agents (metformin and glitazones) in the PCOS treatment, due to their effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. Thiazolidinediones 98-108 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 16767294-6 2006 Recently, oral contraceptives are being substituted for insulin sensitizing agents (metformin and glitazones) in the PCOS treatment, due to their effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. Thiazolidinediones 98-108 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 16620274-8 2006 CONCLUSIONS: However, although thiazolidinediones lower insulin resistance and increase subcutaneous peripheral fat in Type 2 diabetes, pioglitazone treatment had little effect on either serum adiponectin, glycaemic control or the lipoatrophy. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 16477438-8 2006 TZDs, but not metformin, also improve insulin-mediated glucose uptake at all insulin levels. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 16477438-8 2006 TZDs, but not metformin, also improve insulin-mediated glucose uptake at all insulin levels. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 16628256-5 2006 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which activate PPARgamma, appear to improve glycemic control primarily by increasing peripheral insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic glucose production, thereby helping to preserve beta-cell function. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 16628256-5 2006 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which activate PPARgamma, appear to improve glycemic control primarily by increasing peripheral insulin sensitivity and reducing hepatic glucose production, thereby helping to preserve beta-cell function. Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 16503758-2 2006 The potential of a class of thiazolidinediones for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes, by decreasing glucose and triglycerides alongside lowering circulating insulin, was made public during the 1980s. Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 16352689-2 2006 Thiazolidinediones have been shown to improve glycemic control and increase peripheral insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 16515377-0 2006 What is the future of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) after market introduction of inhaled insulin? Thiazolidinediones 22-40 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 16515377-0 2006 What is the future of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) after market introduction of inhaled insulin? Thiazolidinediones 42-46 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 16483873-1 2006 Troglitazone is a member of the class of thiazolidinediones that are known to act as insulin-sensitizing agents. Thiazolidinediones 41-59 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 16466323-5 2006 The only available drug class that primarily targets insulin resistance is the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 79-97 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 17168709-5 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are ligands for PPARgamma used therapeutically to enhance insulin-mediated glucose uptake in persons with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 17168709-5 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are ligands for PPARgamma used therapeutically to enhance insulin-mediated glucose uptake in persons with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 16599348-6 2006 Thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity and have beneficial effects on pancreatic beta-cell function and hepatic glucose production. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 16599348-7 2006 Furthermore, their potent insulin-sensitization effect predicts that treatment with thiazolidinediones will improve cardiovascular risk factors, including lipid profile, fibrinolysis, endothelial function, and atheroinflammatory markers. Thiazolidinediones 84-102 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 17347533-2 2006 The treatment of PCOS patients with insulin sensitizers, such as metformin or thiazolidinediones, increases the ovulation rate and the number of successful pregnancies. Thiazolidinediones 78-96 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 17347533-4 2006 We report in this review different hypotheses of thiazolidinediones actions to improve PCOS (steroid secretion by ovarian cells ; insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipocyte and fat redistribution). Thiazolidinediones 49-67 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 16396516-2 2006 Originally described as having important functions in adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis, their pharmacologic agonists, the thiazolidinediones, were introduced as antihyperglycemic, insulin-sensitizing agents for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 126-144 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 16396516-6 2006 Early appreciation that the thiazolidinediones have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-procoagulant, and antiproliferative properties in addition to their insulin-sensitizing, anti-lipotoxic properties created a marriage of investigative pathways that has not only led to a very large body of literature on the pleiotropic effects of thiazolidinediones, but also to the development of new understandings of the connections between insulin resistance, obesity, and hyperglycemia and the onset of vascular disease. Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 433-440 16478090-6 2006 PPARgamma is the target of glitazones, drugs used for treatment of insulin resistance associated with type II diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 27-37 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 16497186-7 2006 Restriction or elimination of the fat load by weight control, regular exercise and thiazolidinediones has been shown to improve insulin resistance and beta-cell function and to delay the development of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 83-101 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 16522281-3 2006 Weight loss, metformin, and thiazolidinediones ameliorate insulin resistance and decrease concentrations of PAI-1. Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 16545318-9 2006 Glitazones have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-10 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 16622294-4 2006 Weight loss and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve glucose disposal, in part, by increasing insulin-stimulated insulin receptor and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and PI 3-kinase activity. Thiazolidinediones 16-34 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 16622294-4 2006 Weight loss and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve glucose disposal, in part, by increasing insulin-stimulated insulin receptor and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and PI 3-kinase activity. Thiazolidinediones 16-34 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 16622294-4 2006 Weight loss and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve glucose disposal, in part, by increasing insulin-stimulated insulin receptor and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and PI 3-kinase activity. Thiazolidinediones 36-40 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 16622294-4 2006 Weight loss and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve glucose disposal, in part, by increasing insulin-stimulated insulin receptor and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and PI 3-kinase activity. Thiazolidinediones 36-40 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 16913824-5 2006 The antiatherogenic and insulin sensitizing effects of the thiazolidinediones in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may be associated with this action. Thiazolidinediones 59-77 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 16409149-6 2006 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce blood glucose levels, and also preserve beta-cell mass, although it remains unclear whether TZDs affect beta-cell mass via direct mechanisms. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 16409149-6 2006 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce blood glucose levels, and also preserve beta-cell mass, although it remains unclear whether TZDs affect beta-cell mass via direct mechanisms. Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 16864155-3 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) constitute a class of oral antihyperglycaemic agents that act by decreasing insulin resistance, and apart from their action on glycaemic control, they have been also reported to exert beneficial effects on other parameters of the metabolic syndrome. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 16864155-3 2006 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) constitute a class of oral antihyperglycaemic agents that act by decreasing insulin resistance, and apart from their action on glycaemic control, they have been also reported to exert beneficial effects on other parameters of the metabolic syndrome. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 16914073-3 2006 Two key classes of insulin-sensitizing agents--the biguanides (principally metformin) and thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone)--have distinct molecular mechanisms of action and differing effects on metabolic dysfunction. Thiazolidinediones 90-108 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 16914073-6 2006 FINDINGS: The different insulin-sensitizing mechanisms of metformin and the thiazolidinediones are manifest in partially distinct effects on hepatic and peripheral glucose homeostasis, and clinical studies show improved glucose control with combination therapy. Thiazolidinediones 76-94 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 16914073-11 2006 CONCLUSION: The distinct, but complementary, mechanisms of action of the thiazolidinediones and metformin provide the opportunity for effective combination therapy with two insulin-sensitizing agents. Thiazolidinediones 73-91 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 15991254-7 2006 Some antidiabetic agents, for example, glitazones that reduce insulin resistance, and insulin itself, reduce inflammation. Thiazolidinediones 39-49 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 16677059-14 2006 Pharmacologic reduction in insulin levels using thiazolidinediones appears to offer another therapeutic modality for PCOS, which may ameliorate the progress of both hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Thiazolidinediones 48-66 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 16268963-8 2005 Theoretically, thiazolidinediones are an attractive way to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, because they improve insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 15-33 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 16311221-8 2005 Finally, the role of thiazolidinediones as modulators of FFA-induced insulin resistance will be discussed. Thiazolidinediones 21-39 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 16298909-3 2005 Fibrates are hypolipidemic drugs operating through activation of PPARalpha, whereas glitazones are insulin sensitizers activating PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 84-94 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 16246040-9 2005 TZDs (thiazolidinediones) reduce peripheral insulin concentrations by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 16246040-9 2005 TZDs (thiazolidinediones) reduce peripheral insulin concentrations by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 16246040-9 2005 TZDs (thiazolidinediones) reduce peripheral insulin concentrations by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 6-24 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 16246040-9 2005 TZDs (thiazolidinediones) reduce peripheral insulin concentrations by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 6-24 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 16250043-9 2005 Finally, the ability of insulin-sensitizing, pharmacological agents to treat NAFLD by reducing IR in the liver (metformin) and in the periphery (thiazolidinediones) are discussed. Thiazolidinediones 145-163 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 16219007-2 2005 Thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone enhance insulin-mediated glucose disposal, leading to reduced plasma insulin concentrations. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 16219007-2 2005 Thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone enhance insulin-mediated glucose disposal, leading to reduced plasma insulin concentrations. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 16219007-5 2005 The thiazolidinediones in combination with insulin have also been effective in lowering blood glucose levels and total daily insulin dose. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 16219011-0 2005 Treating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes with metformin and thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 66-84 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 16219011-2 2005 Metformin and thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) counter insulin resistance by different cellular mechanisms and with complementary effects, making them suited for use in combination. Thiazolidinediones 14-32 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 16219011-4 2005 Basal insulin concentrations are not raised by metformin or thiazolidinediones, so there is minimal risk of hypoglycaemia, and metformin can reduce the weight gain associated with thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 180-198 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 16248830-15 2005 In a pilot study, we recently demonstrated that insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones appear to be associated with better clinical outcomes compared to insulin providers in diabetic patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes. Thiazolidinediones 76-94 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 16278525-8 2005 Glucose-lowering agents may be indicated, and drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, which reduce insulin resistance, should form the basis of therapy. Thiazolidinediones 74-92 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 16188168-2 2005 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a new class of oral drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, reduce insulin resistance via an action on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 16188168-2 2005 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a new class of oral drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, reduce insulin resistance via an action on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 16126119-1 2005 The class of antidiabetic drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZD), possesses as its main feature, the ability to ameliorate insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 16126119-1 2005 The class of antidiabetic drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZD), possesses as its main feature, the ability to ameliorate insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 59-62 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 16179727-5 2005 Interestingly, insulin-sensitizing agents (e.g., thiazolidinediones, metformin) improve aPKC activation by insulin in vivo and PIP3 in vitro, most likely by activating 5"-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which favorably alters intracellular lipid metabolism. Thiazolidinediones 49-67 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 16179727-5 2005 Interestingly, insulin-sensitizing agents (e.g., thiazolidinediones, metformin) improve aPKC activation by insulin in vivo and PIP3 in vitro, most likely by activating 5"-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which favorably alters intracellular lipid metabolism. Thiazolidinediones 49-67 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 16185166-7 2005 This review examines the evidence that the existing therapies for Type 2 diabetes that were developed to lower plasma glucose (metformin) or improve insulin sensitivity (thiazolidinediones) may also have islet-protective function. Thiazolidinediones 170-188 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 16178991-5 2005 The combination of nateglinide with insulin-sensitising agents, for example, metformin and thiazolidinediones, addresses the dual defects of loss of insulin secretion and insulin resistance to provide optimal management of type 2 diabetes, and more patients achieve HbA 1c goal with nateglinide combination therapy rather than with monotherapy with other oral agents. Thiazolidinediones 91-109 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 15990591-7 2005 Treatments aimed at weight loss remain a primary option; among pharmacological interventions, insulin sensitizers (glitazones and metformin) have confirmed beneficial effects on both biochemical and histological data, but new treatments are on the horizon. Thiazolidinediones 115-125 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 16285076-7 2005 (5) Randomised comparative trials show that, when glycaemia is no longer controlled by a sulphonylurea plus metformin, adding a daily insulin injection is more effective in lowering HbA1c levels than the addition of acarbose and as effective as adding a glitazone. Thiazolidinediones 254-263 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 16231594-7 2005 Two classes of drugs have been shown to correct insulin resistance: biguanides (e.g., metformin) and thiazolidinediones (e.g., rosiglitazone and pioglitazone). Thiazolidinediones 101-119 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 16240868-4 2005 The thiazolidinediones are agonists of the PPARgamma and ameliorate the insulin resistance with decrease of the HbA1c. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 16117910-10 2005 The thiazolidinediones (pio- and rosiglitazone), a novel class of insulin-sensitising agents, also seem to ameliorate the metabolic disturbances and clinical symptoms characterizing PCOS, but more randomised, controlled trials are needed before clinical guidelines can be determined. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 15963471-1 2005 Thiazolidinediones are a new class of anti-diabetic agents which increase insulin sensitivity by binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR(gamma)) and stimulating the expression of insulin-responsive genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 16033672-0 2005 The role of thiazolidinediones in reversing insulin resistance and altering coronary vasomotor function. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 16217983-6 2005 Treatment with insulin sensitizers, metformin, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve both metabolic and hormonal patterns and also improve ovulation in PCOS. Thiazolidinediones 71-75 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 15752951-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones are antidiabetic agents that improve insulin sensitivity (IS). Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 23570224-5 2005 Accumulating evidence suggests that thiazolidinediones may blunt the lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity that underlie insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and that early treatment may provide important therapeutic benefits. Thiazolidinediones 36-54 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 15727952-14 2005 Augmentation of fatty acid disposal in skeletal muscle, potentially reducing intramyocellular triglyceride content, may represent one mechanism for the lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 202-220 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 15983320-1 2005 OBJECTIVE: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and metformin are insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic agents with reported benefits on atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 15983320-1 2005 OBJECTIVE: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and metformin are insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic agents with reported benefits on atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones 31-35 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 15936183-6 2005 In recent years, PPARgamma and its ligands, the thiazolidinediones (TZD), have achieved great attention due to their insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties. Thiazolidinediones 48-66 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 15936183-6 2005 In recent years, PPARgamma and its ligands, the thiazolidinediones (TZD), have achieved great attention due to their insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties. Thiazolidinediones 68-71 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 16225162-4 2005 In the short term, treatment with thiazolidinediones is associated with weight gain, expansion of plasma volume, fluid retention, peripheral oedema, an increased risk of congestive heart failure when combined with insulin, and an idiosyncratic hepatotoxic reaction to troglitazone. Thiazolidinediones 34-52 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 16035301-7 2005 Insulin secretagogues can be used as monotherapy, in association with metformin or a glitazone, or even in combination with a basal insulin regimen. Thiazolidinediones 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16035302-4 2005 If necessary, drugs may be prescribed, such as metformin, the first choice antidiabetic oral agent in overweight individuals, or thiazolidinediones (glitazones), new insulin sensitizers with promising effects. Thiazolidinediones 129-147 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 16035302-4 2005 If necessary, drugs may be prescribed, such as metformin, the first choice antidiabetic oral agent in overweight individuals, or thiazolidinediones (glitazones), new insulin sensitizers with promising effects. Thiazolidinediones 149-159 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 15903057-6 2005 The use of glitazones makes possible a largely causal treatment of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 11-21 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 15798962-10 2005 The improvement in liver function parameters known to be associated with fatty liver in the present study, together with an improvement in fatty liver reported for another class of insulin sensitizers, biguanides, suggests that thiazolidinediones may have a beneficial effect on fatty liver. Thiazolidinediones 228-246 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 15386806-2 2005 In addition to antidiabetic effects, the newly developed insulin sensitizer-thiazolidinediones have the potential to increase the insulin content of islet cells by downregulating local inflammation and autoimmune response. Thiazolidinediones 76-94 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 15386806-2 2005 In addition to antidiabetic effects, the newly developed insulin sensitizer-thiazolidinediones have the potential to increase the insulin content of islet cells by downregulating local inflammation and autoimmune response. Thiazolidinediones 76-94 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 15734868-1 2005 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of insulin-sensitizing drugs. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 15734868-1 2005 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of insulin-sensitizing drugs. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 15930975-13 2005 The favourable effect of non-specific insulin sensitizers such as glitazone may also help to reduce this risk. Thiazolidinediones 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 15824748-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones as PPARgamma agonists and fibrates as PPARalpha agonists improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-responsive tissues. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 15824748-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones as PPARgamma agonists and fibrates as PPARalpha agonists improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-responsive tissues. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 15834303-3 2005 The class of insulin-sensitizing drugs known as thiazolidinediones have been identified as specific PPARgamma agonists that have allowed the characterization of many genes regulated by PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 48-66 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 15918508-0 2005 Synthesis of polymeric thiazolidinediones and L-ascorbic acid towards the development of insulin-sensitizer. Thiazolidinediones 23-41 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 15828230-3 2005 While PPARalpha potentiates fatty acid catabolism in the liver and is the molecular target of the lipid-lowering fibrates, PPARgamma is essential for adipocyte differentiation and hypertrophy, and mediates the activity of the insulin sensitizing thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 246-264 insulin Homo sapiens 226-233 15828237-5 2005 Insulin-sensitizing drugs such as thiazolidinediones are expected to be a novel therapy for PCOS, although further studies on the effectiveness and safety should be required. Thiazolidinediones 34-52 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15683603-6 2005 Thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance and lower insulin concentrations, which is beneficial because hyperinsulinemia is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 15683603-6 2005 Thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance and lower insulin concentrations, which is beneficial because hyperinsulinemia is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 15655035-9 2005 Adiponectin levels are increased by thiazoledinedione treatment, and this effect might be important for the enhanced insulin sensitivity induced by thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 148-166 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 17877135-7 2005 According to several surveys the drugs reducing insulin resistance, such as biguanides or thiazolidinediones, as well as those improving lipid disorders (fibrates) seem to be efficient, but it needs to be confirmed in randomized clinical trials. Thiazolidinediones 90-108 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 15751771-2 2005 In HIV-uninfected adults with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, thiazolidinediones can lower blood pressure and improve both insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. Thiazolidinediones 69-87 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 15673477-2 2005 The role of PPAR gamma in macronutrient metabolism has received particular attention, for three main reasons: first, it is the target of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a novel class of insulin sensitisers widely used to treat type 2 diabetes; second, it plays a central role in adipogenesis; and third, it appears to be primarily involved in regulating lipid metabolism with predominantly secondary effects on carbohydrate metabolism, a notion in keeping with the currently in vogue "lipocentric" view of diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 141-159 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 15673477-2 2005 The role of PPAR gamma in macronutrient metabolism has received particular attention, for three main reasons: first, it is the target of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a novel class of insulin sensitisers widely used to treat type 2 diabetes; second, it plays a central role in adipogenesis; and third, it appears to be primarily involved in regulating lipid metabolism with predominantly secondary effects on carbohydrate metabolism, a notion in keeping with the currently in vogue "lipocentric" view of diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 161-165 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 15704569-2 2005 The glitazones (pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) impact directly and selectively on the key problem of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 4-14 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 15751771-2 2005 In HIV-uninfected adults with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, thiazolidinediones can lower blood pressure and improve both insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. Thiazolidinediones 69-87 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 16053338-2 2005 Biguanides and thiazolidinediones are the two currently available classes of anti-hyperglycemic agents with insulin-sensitizing properties. Thiazolidinediones 15-33 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 15813654-7 2005 The thiazolidinediones, also called glitazones, are insulin sensitisers that enable peripheral tissues to utilise insulin more effectively. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 15813654-7 2005 The thiazolidinediones, also called glitazones, are insulin sensitisers that enable peripheral tissues to utilise insulin more effectively. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 15813654-7 2005 The thiazolidinediones, also called glitazones, are insulin sensitisers that enable peripheral tissues to utilise insulin more effectively. Thiazolidinediones 36-46 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 15813654-7 2005 The thiazolidinediones, also called glitazones, are insulin sensitisers that enable peripheral tissues to utilise insulin more effectively. Thiazolidinediones 36-46 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 16053338-6 2005 When added to insulin therapy, thiazolidinediones appear to effectively lower glucose levels and reduce insulin dosage in clinical trials involving individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 16053338-6 2005 When added to insulin therapy, thiazolidinediones appear to effectively lower glucose levels and reduce insulin dosage in clinical trials involving individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 16053338-9 2005 Risk stratification and careful management of patients at risk for heart failure, including those taking insulin concomitantly, allow healthcare providers to safely administer combination therapy with thiazolidinediones in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 201-219 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 15561641-4 2004 The concept that insulin-resistance, coupled with oxidative stress, may be the underlying mechanism responsible for fat accumulation and disease progression points to insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin, thiazolidinediones) as the most promising drugs. Thiazolidinediones 206-224 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 15561641-4 2004 The concept that insulin-resistance, coupled with oxidative stress, may be the underlying mechanism responsible for fat accumulation and disease progression points to insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin, thiazolidinediones) as the most promising drugs. Thiazolidinediones 206-224 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 15614340-7 2004 Because endothelial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, the GATE study may provide the rationale and impetus for the aggressive treatment of insulin-resistant patients with glitazone therapy. Thiazolidinediones 225-234 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 15684639-0 2004 Thiazolidinediones: a review of their mechanisms of insulin sensitization, therapeutic potential, clinical efficacy, and tolerability. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 15578932-4 2004 These include the use of photo-affinity probes in the identification of the mechanism of action of synthetic oxazolidinones, a class of novel acting antibiotics and in the identification of a novel target for the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 233-251 insulin Homo sapiens 213-220 15459582-6 2004 TZDs decrease plasma insulin levels, improve endothelial function, decrease vascular inflammation, and decrease C-reactive protein levels, effects that are potentially beneficial in patients with heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 15589686-5 2004 Of clinical interest, thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes stimulate adiponectin expression and secretion whereas several hormones dysregulated in insulin resistance and obesity downregulate this adipokine. Thiazolidinediones 22-40 insulin Homo sapiens 187-194 15498094-0 2004 The preventive anti-oxidant action of thiazolidinediones: a new therapeutic prospect in diabetes and insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 38-56 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 15498094-5 2004 RESULTS: Thiazolidinediones are a new class of insulin-sensitizing agents. Thiazolidinediones 9-27 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 15762051-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) [Troglitazone (TRO), Pioglitazone (PGZ), Rosiglitazone, (RGZ)] are a novel class of antidiabetic drugs for patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) able to decrease blood glucose, working through a reduction of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 241-248 15762051-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) [Troglitazone (TRO), Pioglitazone (PGZ), Rosiglitazone, (RGZ)] are a novel class of antidiabetic drugs for patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) able to decrease blood glucose, working through a reduction of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 241-248 15519889-5 2004 The thiazolidinediones are useful in treating insulin resistance, but newer agents with broader specificity might be more efficacious without deleterious side effects. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 16053338-4 2005 In the US, thiazolidinediones are indicated either as monotherapy or in combination with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in cases where diet, exercise, and a single drug fail. Thiazolidinediones 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 16053338-5 2005 In contrast, the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence included in its re-appraisal of "glitazones" in August 2003 the continued exclusion from licensed use in the UK of combination therapy with thiazolidinediones and insulin. Thiazolidinediones 96-106 insulin Homo sapiens 226-233 15384008-3 2004 In addition, the use in recent years of thiazolidinediones, which improve insulin sensitivity, has been associated with weight gain and peripheral edema, which can progress to pulmonary edema, particularly when thiazolidinediones are used in combination with insulin. Thiazolidinediones 40-58 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 15384008-3 2004 In addition, the use in recent years of thiazolidinediones, which improve insulin sensitivity, has been associated with weight gain and peripheral edema, which can progress to pulmonary edema, particularly when thiazolidinediones are used in combination with insulin. Thiazolidinediones 40-58 insulin Homo sapiens 259-266 16035392-11 2004 Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, for example the thiazolidinediones, redistribute fat within the body (decrease visceral and hepatic fat; increase subcutaneous fat) and have been shown to enhance adipocyte insulin sensitivity, inhibit lipolysis, reduce plasma FFA and favourably influence the production of adipocytokines. Thiazolidinediones 87-105 insulin Homo sapiens 244-251 15525588-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) increase peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by activating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 15525588-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) increase peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by activating the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 15469778-4 2004 Combining an insulin secretagogue (ie, sulfonylurea or meglitinide) and an insulin sensitizer (ie, metformin or a glitazone) capitalizes on unique mechanisms of action and results in significant A1C lowering (SOR: C). Thiazolidinediones 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 15469778-4 2004 Combining an insulin secretagogue (ie, sulfonylurea or meglitinide) and an insulin sensitizer (ie, metformin or a glitazone) capitalizes on unique mechanisms of action and results in significant A1C lowering (SOR: C). Thiazolidinediones 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 15628822-4 2004 The thiazolidinediones control hyperglycemia by targeting the fundamental defects of the disease, and have shown well-documented improvements in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function, both in monotherapy and in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 15531002-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are widely used oral antihyperglycemic drugs that facilitate insulin action and increase insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, thereby decreasing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 15262299-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones (glitazones) are the only compounds currently available that specifically target tissue insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 15262299-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones (glitazones) are the only compounds currently available that specifically target tissue insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 20-30 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 15262299-3 2004 The therapeutic potential of the glitazones for other consequences of insulin resistance has stirred considerable interest, especially with regard to their potential beneficial impact on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes prevention. Thiazolidinediones 33-43 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 18370694-5 2004 The thiazolidinediones are unique in their ability to modulate free fatty acid metabolism and to improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 18370697-0 2004 Do thiazolidinediones exert their insulin-sensitizing effect through the suppression of free Fatty acids? Thiazolidinediones 3-21 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 15523254-1 2004 SUPPLEMENTARY ORAL ANTIDIABETICS: Thiazolidinediones or glitazones are a new class of oral antidiabetics, the effects on blood sugar control of which are mediated by the sensitivity of the peripheral tissue to the effect of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 34-52 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 15523254-1 2004 SUPPLEMENTARY ORAL ANTIDIABETICS: Thiazolidinediones or glitazones are a new class of oral antidiabetics, the effects on blood sugar control of which are mediated by the sensitivity of the peripheral tissue to the effect of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 56-66 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 15356026-1 2004 We examined the effect of pioglitazone (PIO) on circulating adipocytokine levels to elucidate the mechanisms by which thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thiazolidinediones 118-136 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 15531002-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are widely used oral antihyperglycemic drugs that facilitate insulin action and increase insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, thereby decreasing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 15531002-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are widely used oral antihyperglycemic drugs that facilitate insulin action and increase insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, thereby decreasing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 15531002-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are widely used oral antihyperglycemic drugs that facilitate insulin action and increase insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, thereby decreasing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 15531002-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are widely used oral antihyperglycemic drugs that facilitate insulin action and increase insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, thereby decreasing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 15531002-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are widely used oral antihyperglycemic drugs that facilitate insulin action and increase insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, thereby decreasing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 15270782-0 2004 C-reactive protein, its role in inflammation, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and the effects of insulin-sensitizing treatment with thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 144-162 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 15647714-3 2004 Metformin has been joined by thiazolidinediones to reduce insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 29-47 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 15647716-5 2004 Therefore, agents that improve beta-cell function (such as sulfonylureas and meglitinides) and insulin sensitizers (such as metformin and thiazolidinediones) both are useful alone or in combination for treating type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 138-156 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 15270782-7 2004 Additionally, the insulin-sensitizing effect of thiazolidinediones improves other factors of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, including dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Thiazolidinediones 48-66 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 15270782-7 2004 Additionally, the insulin-sensitizing effect of thiazolidinediones improves other factors of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, including dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Thiazolidinediones 48-66 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 15470905-2 2004 However, the thiazolidinediones, currently prescribed to treat hyperglycemia and improve peripheral insulin resistance, may also have cardiovascular benefits that have yet to be fully realized. Thiazolidinediones 13-31 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 15193996-8 2004 This reduction of body weight contrasts sharply with the adipogenic response observed with thiazolidinediones, another family of insulin-sensitizing agents. Thiazolidinediones 91-109 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 15171752-2 2004 Recent studies suggest that early treatment with TZDs may prevent the progression from insulin resistance (IR) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thiazolidinediones 49-53 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 15220243-1 2004 OBJECTIVE: Pioglitazone is a member of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), insulin-sensitizing agents used to treat type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 43-61 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 15220243-1 2004 OBJECTIVE: Pioglitazone is a member of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), insulin-sensitizing agents used to treat type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 63-67 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 15510236-2 2004 The thiazolidinediones are a novel class of oral antihyperglycemic drugs that improve glycemic control primarily by increasing peripheral insulin resistance and sensitizing the skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue to the actions of insulin, in addition to improving beta-cell function. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 15510236-2 2004 The thiazolidinediones are a novel class of oral antihyperglycemic drugs that improve glycemic control primarily by increasing peripheral insulin resistance and sensitizing the skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue to the actions of insulin, in addition to improving beta-cell function. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 237-244 15149866-7 2004 Thiazolidinediones, which are insulin-sensitizing agents, increased the production of adiponectin through directly enhancing its gene expression. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 15262452-10 2004 However, various studies have found TZDs to be more effective in promoting an increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 36-40 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 15161771-0 2004 Mechanisms of early insulin-sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 15475228-5 2004 The discovery of a new class of insulin sensitizing agents, the thiazolidinediones, represents a major advance in the understanding of the etiology of insulin resistance, particularly in relation to adipocyte biology and possibly, its inflammatory origins. Thiazolidinediones 64-82 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 15475228-5 2004 The discovery of a new class of insulin sensitizing agents, the thiazolidinediones, represents a major advance in the understanding of the etiology of insulin resistance, particularly in relation to adipocyte biology and possibly, its inflammatory origins. Thiazolidinediones 64-82 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 15198846-8 2004 It could also be shown in other studies that successful resistance treatment with insulin or glitazones led to a decrease in elevated proinsulin levels and, thus, to a decrease of cardiovascular risk, while the levels remained high during sulfonylurea therapy. Thiazolidinediones 93-103 insulin Homo sapiens 134-144 15059968-8 2004 Moreover, the insulin-sensitizing drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs) decreased Grb14 expression in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 40-58 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 15059968-8 2004 Moreover, the insulin-sensitizing drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs) decreased Grb14 expression in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 60-64 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 15163284-6 2004 Improvement of insulin sensitivity can be obtained with metformin and thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 70-88 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 15163284-7 2004 These drugs act through different mechanisms with metformin exerting a prevalent effect on the liver and glitazones improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue. Thiazolidinediones 105-115 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 15161808-7 2004 There are several classes of medications that can be used to treat lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 200-218 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 15206158-2 2004 Oral hypoglycemic agents such as thiazolidinediones and biguanides improve glycemic control by reducing insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 33-51 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 15161771-1 2004 Whereas thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are known to rapidly improve insulin action in animals, short durations of TZD therapy have never been studied in humans. Thiazolidinediones 8-26 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 15161771-1 2004 Whereas thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are known to rapidly improve insulin action in animals, short durations of TZD therapy have never been studied in humans. Thiazolidinediones 28-32 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 19807516-3 2004 Newer medications, such as the thiazolidinediones, have been shown to reverse some of the metabolic processes believed to be responsible for the development of insulin resistance and ultimately, Type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 15228086-1 2004 We have previously reported that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are able to restore the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1, activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and glucose uptake in insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells. Thiazolidinediones 33-51 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 15228086-1 2004 We have previously reported that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are able to restore the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1, activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and glucose uptake in insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells. Thiazolidinediones 33-51 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 15228086-1 2004 We have previously reported that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are able to restore the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1, activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and glucose uptake in insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells. Thiazolidinediones 33-51 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 15228086-1 2004 We have previously reported that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are able to restore the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1, activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and glucose uptake in insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells. Thiazolidinediones 53-57 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 15228086-1 2004 We have previously reported that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are able to restore the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1, activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and glucose uptake in insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells. Thiazolidinediones 53-57 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 15228086-1 2004 We have previously reported that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are able to restore the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1, activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and glucose uptake in insulin resistant skeletal muscle cells. Thiazolidinediones 53-57 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 15228086-5 2004 Treatment with TZDs resulted in the restoration of p38 MAPK activity in insulin resistant cells. Thiazolidinediones 15-19 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 15038907-27 2004 The impact of the glitazones in delaying transfer to insulin and the impact on long-term outcomes should also be considered for investigation. Thiazolidinediones 18-28 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 15046183-6 2004 Insulin resistance provides a target for specific treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver, and insulin-sensitising agents (metformin or thiazolidinediones) as well as lifestyle changes to reduce visceral adiposity are the most promising therapeutic options. Thiazolidinediones 135-153 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 15641325-8 2004 Insulin secretagogues increase insulin levels, whereas insulin sensitizers, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, decrease insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 98-116 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 15641325-8 2004 Insulin secretagogues increase insulin levels, whereas insulin sensitizers, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, decrease insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 98-116 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 15072549-0 2004 Cinnamic acid based thiazolidinediones inhibit human P450c17 and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and improve insulin sensitivity independent of PPARgamma agonist activity. Thiazolidinediones 20-38 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 15072549-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus by acting as peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, and decrease circulating androgen concentrations in polycystic ovary syndrome by unknown mechanisms. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 15235215-5 2004 Treatment with insulin sensitizers, metformin and thiazolidinediones, improve both metabolic and hormonal patterns and also improve ovulation in PCOS. Thiazolidinediones 50-68 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 15019860-2 2004 However, the emphasis on initial therapy has been shifting from secretagogues and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors to insulin sensitizers such as metformin and the thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 180-184 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 15032627-8 2004 This goal can be obtained with preventive measures, as physical activity, diet and drugs that can reduce insulin resistance (metformin and thiazolidinediones). Thiazolidinediones 139-157 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 15258553-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZD), a class of oral hypoglycemic agents that act as insulin sensitizers have been demonstrated, in many in vivo and in vitro studies, to possess antihypertensive properties. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 15094965-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones have become a powerful tool for lowering insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 15120703-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as rosiglitazone, are a class of oral antidiabetic agents that act primarily as insulin sensitisers, reducing insulin resistance with associated improvements in glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 15120703-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as rosiglitazone, are a class of oral antidiabetic agents that act primarily as insulin sensitisers, reducing insulin resistance with associated improvements in glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 15120703-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as rosiglitazone, are a class of oral antidiabetic agents that act primarily as insulin sensitisers, reducing insulin resistance with associated improvements in glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 15120703-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as rosiglitazone, are a class of oral antidiabetic agents that act primarily as insulin sensitisers, reducing insulin resistance with associated improvements in glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 15013941-1 2004 The discovery that the insulin-sensitising thiazolidinediones (TZDs), specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, have antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has led to the evaluation of their potential use in the treatment of diabetic complications and inflammatory, proliferative diseases in non-insulin-resistant, euglycaemic individuals. Thiazolidinediones 43-61 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 15013941-1 2004 The discovery that the insulin-sensitising thiazolidinediones (TZDs), specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, have antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has led to the evaluation of their potential use in the treatment of diabetic complications and inflammatory, proliferative diseases in non-insulin-resistant, euglycaemic individuals. Thiazolidinediones 43-61 insulin Homo sapiens 361-368 15013941-1 2004 The discovery that the insulin-sensitising thiazolidinediones (TZDs), specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, have antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has led to the evaluation of their potential use in the treatment of diabetic complications and inflammatory, proliferative diseases in non-insulin-resistant, euglycaemic individuals. Thiazolidinediones 63-67 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 15013941-1 2004 The discovery that the insulin-sensitising thiazolidinediones (TZDs), specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, have antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has led to the evaluation of their potential use in the treatment of diabetic complications and inflammatory, proliferative diseases in non-insulin-resistant, euglycaemic individuals. Thiazolidinediones 63-67 insulin Homo sapiens 361-368 15013941-2 2004 Apart from improving insulin resistance, plasma lipids and systemic inflammatory markers, ameliorating atherosclerosis and preventing coronary artery restenosis in diabetic subjects, currently approved TZDs have been shown to improve psoriasis and ulcerative colitis in euglycaemic human subjects. Thiazolidinediones 202-206 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 15013941-4 2004 Through their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions, TZDs and other PPAR-gamma agonists may prove to be effective in treating diseases unrelated to insulin resistance, such as autoimmune (e.g., multiple sclerosis), atopic (e.g., asthma, atopic dermatitis) and other inflammatory diseases (e.g., psoriasis, ulcerative colitis). Thiazolidinediones 62-66 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 15258553-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZD), a class of oral hypoglycemic agents that act as insulin sensitizers have been demonstrated, in many in vivo and in vitro studies, to possess antihypertensive properties. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 15258553-3 2004 Whether the ability of TZD to lower blood pressure (BP) should be ascribed to a reduction of insulin resistance, or to a direct vasodilating effect, is matter of debate. Thiazolidinediones 23-26 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 14761669-1 2004 We examined the effect of combination of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and metformin on insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells. Thiazolidinediones 41-59 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 14761669-1 2004 We examined the effect of combination of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and metformin on insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells. Thiazolidinediones 61-65 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Thiazolidinediones 168-172 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Thiazolidinediones 168-172 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Thiazolidinediones 168-172 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Thiazolidinediones 168-172 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Thiazolidinediones 107-111 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Thiazolidinediones 107-111 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Thiazolidinediones 107-111 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 15055868-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a new class of oral drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, reduce insulin resistance via an action on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 14749267-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones are a class of antidiabetic agents that are known to improve insulin sensitivity in various animal models of diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 15055868-2 2004 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a new class of oral drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, reduce insulin resistance via an action on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 15579048-4 2004 The synthetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a novel class of insulin-sensitizing drugs, were the first class of compounds identified as PPARgamma ligands, and represent a significant advance in anti-diabetic therapy. Thiazolidinediones 14-32 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 24936106-2 2004 Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and some thiazolidinediones, which act as insulin sensitizers, may increase oxidative stress, and/or influence the levels of cellular reducing equivalents and homeostasis. Thiazolidinediones 42-60 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 14979733-8 2004 Studies aimed at reversing insulin resistance have identified weight loss, exercise and pharmacological treatment with metformin, thiazolidinediones, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and ACE inhibitors as potential therapies to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 130-148 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 15200348-12 2004 Metformin and thiazolidinediones affect insulin sensitivity by independent mechanisms. Thiazolidinediones 14-32 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 15366973-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones, also called glitazones, are insulin sensitisers that act as agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 15366973-1 2004 Thiazolidinediones, also called glitazones, are insulin sensitisers that act as agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 32-42 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 15366973-3 2004 The combination of glitazones with insulin is also appealing, as it allows improvement of glycaemic control while decreasing the daily insulin requirement. Thiazolidinediones 19-29 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 15366973-5 2004 However, some concerns have been raised about such combined glitazone-insulin therapy because it may favour weight gain due to both enhanced adipogenesis and fluid retention. Thiazolidinediones 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 15366973-14 2004 Additionally, glitazones may potentiate the renal effects of insulin on sodium and water retention. Thiazolidinediones 14-24 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Thiazolidinediones 169-173 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Thiazolidinediones 169-173 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Thiazolidinediones 169-173 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 14678870-5 2003 There is evidence that the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), aside from exerting insulin-sensitizing effects on fat and skeletal muscles, also act on the myocardium as a result of reducing circulating fatty acid concentrations. Thiazolidinediones 27-45 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 14766373-7 2004 Thiazolidinediones, a class of oral insulin-sensitizing agents in broad clinical use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, have been shown to ameliorate cardiovascular disease in animal trials and clinical studies. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 15696851-11 2004 Weight loss, metformin or thiazolidinediones can improve NAFLD by increasing insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 26-44 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 15743102-4 2004 Clearly, there is a need for a paradigm shift away from the traditional approach of therapy using insulin secretagogues to a more pathophysiologic approach using an insulin-sensitizing agent, such as the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 204-222 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 15743102-5 2004 The thiazolidinediones have been shown to reduce insulin resistance, improve the ability of beta-cells to produce insulin, and decrease cardiac risk factors. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 15743102-5 2004 The thiazolidinediones have been shown to reduce insulin resistance, improve the ability of beta-cells to produce insulin, and decrease cardiac risk factors. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 14678870-5 2003 There is evidence that the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), aside from exerting insulin-sensitizing effects on fat and skeletal muscles, also act on the myocardium as a result of reducing circulating fatty acid concentrations. Thiazolidinediones 47-51 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 14678875-4 2003 The association between heart failure and insulin resistance suggests that agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are likely to be of cardiovascular benefit in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 128-146 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 14678875-4 2003 The association between heart failure and insulin resistance suggests that agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are likely to be of cardiovascular benefit in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 128-146 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 14678875-4 2003 The association between heart failure and insulin resistance suggests that agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are likely to be of cardiovascular benefit in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 148-152 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 14678875-4 2003 The association between heart failure and insulin resistance suggests that agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are likely to be of cardiovascular benefit in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 148-152 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 14678877-8 2003 Thiazolidinediones should be considered as early as possible in the natural history of type 2 diabetes because of their persistent glucose-lowering effect and their ability to reduce insulin resistance as well as because these agents may preserve beta-cell function and reverse some of the adverse metabolic consequences of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 14678877-8 2003 Thiazolidinediones should be considered as early as possible in the natural history of type 2 diabetes because of their persistent glucose-lowering effect and their ability to reduce insulin resistance as well as because these agents may preserve beta-cell function and reverse some of the adverse metabolic consequences of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 324-331 14597889-4 2003 Thiazolidinediones, agonists of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, are one such insulin-sensitizing therapeutic intervention in current use among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 14693409-1 2004 Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) decrease inflammatory markers such as high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in sera in addition to their hypoglycemic effects. Thiazolidinediones 20-38 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 14693409-1 2004 Insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) decrease inflammatory markers such as high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in sera in addition to their hypoglycemic effects. Thiazolidinediones 40-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 14624133-5 2003 The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists, the thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, are insulin sensitizing agents, that are licensed for the management of hyperglycaemia. Thiazolidinediones 67-85 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 14605806-4 2003 Thiazolidinediones which decrease insulin resistance and are used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes seem to mediate part of their insulin-sensitising effects via modulation of adipocytokine expression. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 14605806-4 2003 Thiazolidinediones which decrease insulin resistance and are used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes seem to mediate part of their insulin-sensitising effects via modulation of adipocytokine expression. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 14671216-14 2003 Our in vitro studies suggest a modest effect of resistin in reducing glucose uptake, and suppression of resistin expression may contribute to the insulin-sensitizing and glucose-lowering actions of the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 202-220 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 14585066-1 2003 Thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitisers now widely used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 15260389-1 2003 BACKGROUND: The thiazolidinediones are a class of antidiabetes medication that enhance the actions of insulin in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 16-34 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 15639967-4 2003 It is the target molecular of thiazolidinediones which is a novel class of insulin sensitizer. Thiazolidinediones 30-48 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 14678860-4 2003 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) significantly improve insulin sensitivity and exert numerous effects on the vascular bed, including improved endothelial function, decreased vascular inflammation, decreased plasma free fatty acid levels, improved dyslipidemic profiles, and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 14678860-4 2003 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) significantly improve insulin sensitivity and exert numerous effects on the vascular bed, including improved endothelial function, decreased vascular inflammation, decreased plasma free fatty acid levels, improved dyslipidemic profiles, and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation. Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 14678863-4 2003 Thiazolidinediones have been shown not only to improve insulin sensitivity but also to reduce FFA plasma levels. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 14678864-10 2003 Agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones, have been shown to reduce visceral obesity. Thiazolidinediones 53-71 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 14678869-4 2003 Insulin-sensitizing agents, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), improve flow-mediated vasodilation, decrease macrophage and smooth muscle cell activation, proliferation, and migration, and decrease plaque formation. Thiazolidinediones 40-58 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 14678869-4 2003 Insulin-sensitizing agents, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), improve flow-mediated vasodilation, decrease macrophage and smooth muscle cell activation, proliferation, and migration, and decrease plaque formation. Thiazolidinediones 60-64 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 14626649-7 2003 The administration of thiazolidinediones, which are synthetic PPARs-gamma ligands, significantly increases the plasma adiponectin concentrations, an effect that could improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 22-40 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 14510863-3 2003 Preliminary results from animals and man suggest that increasing subcutaneous fat by treatment with thiazolidinediones should improve insulin resistance and the associated features of this syndrome. Thiazolidinediones 100-118 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 12919147-3 2003 Furthermore, modulation of receptor action in these diseases may be of therapeutic value, as exemplified by the recent introduction of the thiazolidinediones, a novel class of insulin-sensitizing agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 139-157 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 14578253-2 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) also improve insulin action but paradoxically increase total fat mass, perhaps through remodeling (recruitment of smaller fat cells) and redistribution of adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 14578253-2 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) also improve insulin action but paradoxically increase total fat mass, perhaps through remodeling (recruitment of smaller fat cells) and redistribution of adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 12882909-1 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 12866663-7 2003 Thiazolidinediones, such as rosiglitazone that act primarily as insulin sensitisers, have a profound anti-inflammatory and potentially antiatherosclerotic activity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 12957327-7 2003 The thiazolidinediones directly improve insulin resistance, decrease plasma insulin concentration, and have the potential to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 12957327-7 2003 The thiazolidinediones directly improve insulin resistance, decrease plasma insulin concentration, and have the potential to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 12882909-1 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 12946541-9 2003 Thiazolidinediones offer the therapeutic benefits of increasing insulin sensitivity and perhaps preserving beta-cell function. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 12915671-1 2003 Thiazolidinediones have well-established insulin-sensitizing effects. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 14593612-5 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) or glitazones by increasing insulin sensitivity decrease plasma glucose levels in diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 14593612-5 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) or glitazones by increasing insulin sensitivity decrease plasma glucose levels in diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 14593612-5 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) or glitazones by increasing insulin sensitivity decrease plasma glucose levels in diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones 28-38 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 12924536-3 2003 Glitazones, a novel class of insulin-sensitizing anti-diabetic agents, increase subcutaneous fat in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-10 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 12831352-3 2003 Thiazolidinediones have been shown to interfere with expression and release of mediators of insulin resistance originating in adipose tissue (e.g., increased free fatty acids, decreased adiponectin) in a way that results in net improvement of insulin sensitivity (i.e., in muscle and liver). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 12831352-3 2003 Thiazolidinediones have been shown to interfere with expression and release of mediators of insulin resistance originating in adipose tissue (e.g., increased free fatty acids, decreased adiponectin) in a way that results in net improvement of insulin sensitivity (i.e., in muscle and liver). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 243-250 12885108-2 2003 Theoretically, insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) should be beneficial in this patient population. Thiazolidinediones 35-53 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 12885108-2 2003 Theoretically, insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) should be beneficial in this patient population. Thiazolidinediones 55-59 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 12831352-9 2003 In summary, with the thiazolidinediones, a novel concept for the treatment of insulin resistance and possibly preservation of beta-cell function is available that could become effective in the prevention of Type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 21-39 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 12788836-6 2003 Recent interest has focused on the thiazolidinediones, a novel class of antidiabetic agents, which act as insulin sensitizers and, therefore, potentially target the underlying metabolic disturbance. Thiazolidinediones 35-53 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 12682906-1 2003 The anti-diabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of compounds with insulin-sensitizing activity that were originally discovered using in vivo pharmacological screens. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 12682906-1 2003 The anti-diabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of compounds with insulin-sensitizing activity that were originally discovered using in vivo pharmacological screens. Thiazolidinediones 38-42 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 12785130-2 2003 The newest class, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), should be a mainstay of treatment for most patients with type 2 diabetes, because these agents reduce insulin resistance as well as improve glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 42-46 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 12940112-8 2003 It should be confirmed in large prospective ongoing clinical trials with new insulin sensitizers like thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 102-120 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 12721671-10 2003 Applicable are oral antidiabetic drugs, particularly metformin and the glitazones as insulin sensitizers both requiring consideration of contraindications, or treatment with insulin. Thiazolidinediones 71-81 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 12721671-10 2003 Applicable are oral antidiabetic drugs, particularly metformin and the glitazones as insulin sensitizers both requiring consideration of contraindications, or treatment with insulin. Thiazolidinediones 71-81 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 12808879-2 2003 Unlike other oral antidiabetic drugs, thiazolidinediones function to ameliorate insulin resistance, a primary factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 38-56 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 12778365-2 2003 It has recently been shown to be upregulated in insulin resistance stimulated by thiazolidinediones and inhibited by insulin. Thiazolidinediones 81-99 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 12683699-4 2003 With the introduction of metformin in the United States in the mid-1990s and the subsequent advent of thiazolidinediones, an opportunity exists to address and directly reverse, at least in part, the defects in insulin action seen in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 102-120 insulin Homo sapiens 210-217 12670740-0 2003 The adipocyte in insulin resistance: key molecules and the impact of the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 73-91 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 12670740-5 2003 For example, the thiazolidinediones, a class of oral anti-diabetic agents that reduce insulin resistance and improve beta-cell function, might mediate these effects by regulating adipocyte-derived factors, in particular TNF-alpha and FFAs. Thiazolidinediones 17-35 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 12611609-4 2003 In addition, thiazolidinediones, drugs that enhance insulin sensitivity through stimulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, increase plasma adiponectin and mRNA levels in mice. Thiazolidinediones 13-31 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 12785127-3 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) modulate lipid metabolism, improve insulin sensitivity, exert numerous nonglycemic effects on the vasculature and lipid metabolism, and may improve many risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 12785127-3 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) modulate lipid metabolism, improve insulin sensitivity, exert numerous nonglycemic effects on the vasculature and lipid metabolism, and may improve many risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 12785129-5 2003 Because thiazolidinediones (TZDs) directly improve insulin resistance, early use may provide substantial benefits to patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 8-26 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 12785129-5 2003 Because thiazolidinediones (TZDs) directly improve insulin resistance, early use may provide substantial benefits to patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 28-32 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 12785129-6 2003 TZDs reduce plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, promote relocation of body fat, and have anti-inflammatory effects on the vascular endothelium. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 12785130-2 2003 The newest class, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), should be a mainstay of treatment for most patients with type 2 diabetes, because these agents reduce insulin resistance as well as improve glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 22-40 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 12686020-9 2003 Attention is currently focused on the insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinediones), as they appear to impact processes related to the insulin resistance syndrome and the vascular pathophysiologic changes of atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones 73-91 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 12189153-3 2002 One of the members, resistin (for "resistance to insulin"), also called FIZZ3, was identified in a screen for molecules that are down-regulated in mature adipocytes upon administration of thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 188-206 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 12653342-12 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the new insulin-sensitizing drugs, provide the proof that pharmacologic treatment of insulin resistance can be of enormous clinical benefit. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 12653342-12 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the new insulin-sensitizing drugs, provide the proof that pharmacologic treatment of insulin resistance can be of enormous clinical benefit. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 12653342-12 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the new insulin-sensitizing drugs, provide the proof that pharmacologic treatment of insulin resistance can be of enormous clinical benefit. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 12653342-12 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the new insulin-sensitizing drugs, provide the proof that pharmacologic treatment of insulin resistance can be of enormous clinical benefit. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 12653342-13 2003 The great potential of insulin resistance therapy illuminated by the TZDs will continue to catalyze research in this area directed toward the discovery of new insulin-sensitizing agents that work through other mechanisms. Thiazolidinediones 69-73 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 12553872-14 2003 Treatment with fibrates and thiazolidinediones also led to an improvement in insulin resistance and reduced androgen levels. Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 12942379-5 2003 Initial studies of thiazolidinediones also suggest the potential utility of such agents to improve insulin sensitivity, decrease hepatic steatosis, and increase subcutaneous fat. Thiazolidinediones 19-37 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 14553864-3 2003 OBJECTIVE: This article provides an overview of the cardiovascular risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes and discusses the cardiovascular consequences of use of the thiazolidinediones (insulin-sensitizing agents) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 173-191 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 14553866-6 2003 In particular, information on insulin-sensitizing agents-metformin and the currently available thiazolidinediones (TZDs), pioglitazone and rosiglitazone-is presented. Thiazolidinediones 115-119 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 12884646-6 2003 Furthermore, resistine gene expression is markedly downregulated by treatment with anti-diabetic drugs called thiazolidinediones, that improve target-tissue sensitivity to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 110-128 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 12489380-6 2002 Metformin and the thiazolidinediones are used to treat insulin resistance, but their actions differ. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 12489380-8 2002 Thiazolidinediones improve peripheral insulin sensitivity by reducing circulating free fatty acids but also by suppressing adipocytokines, which increase insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 12489380-8 2002 Thiazolidinediones improve peripheral insulin sensitivity by reducing circulating free fatty acids but also by suppressing adipocytokines, which increase insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 12489380-14 2002 Metformin and thiazolidinediones are insulin-sensitizing agents with different mechanisms of action and effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 14-32 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 12725709-1 2003 Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) mediates the insulin-sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones used for treatment of type 2 diabetes, owing to changes in the transcription and expression of genes influencing carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Thiazolidinediones 110-128 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 12825962-3 2003 Recently, a novel class of agents, the thiazolidinediones, has been introduced that favourably influence insulin sensitivity and possibly also pancreatic beta-cell function. Thiazolidinediones 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 12825962-6 2003 When given as monotherapy or in combination with sulphonylureas, metformin or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes, the currently available thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) ameliorate glycaemic control, by lowering fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, and improve insulin sensitivity in placebo-controlled trials. Thiazolidinediones 144-162 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 12825962-6 2003 When given as monotherapy or in combination with sulphonylureas, metformin or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes, the currently available thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) ameliorate glycaemic control, by lowering fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, and improve insulin sensitivity in placebo-controlled trials. Thiazolidinediones 144-162 insulin Homo sapiens 297-304 12716216-9 2003 Thiazolidinediones have been successfully tested for the treatment of insulin resistance in adults, but not in children as yet. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 14668701-4 2003 The TZDs rosiglitazone and pioglitazone work mainly by reducing insulin resistance and may have the potential to alter the natural history of type 2 diabetes and reduce the cardiovascular mortality and morbidity associated with this condition. Thiazolidinediones 4-8 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 12466369-8 2002 Furthermore, enhanced adiponectin secretion from fat cells derived from the visceral compartment in response to rosiglitazone alone or in combination with insulin may play a role in some of the systemic insulin-sensitizing and antiinflammatory properties of the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 262-280 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 12469695-5 2002 (4) Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone (glitazones that reduce insulin resistance) have been authorized in the European Union for combination with a glucose-lowering sulphonylurea (for patients in whom metformin is ineffective or poorly tolerated) or with metformin (for obese patients). Thiazolidinediones 36-46 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 12520825-6 2002 Thiazolidinediones constitute a new class of insulin sensitizers that work predominantly in improving glucose uptake by the adipose tissues and skeletal muscles. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 12213349-12 2002 Thiazolidinediones may improve diabetes-related parameters by antagonizing pathways of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance and by reversing adverse effects of glucocorticoids on beta cell function. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 12379175-0 2002 Insulin resistance, diabetes, and atherosclerosis: thiazolidinediones as therapeutic interventions. Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12379175-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of insulin-sensitizing agents that activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g. TZDs may improve not only glucose levels but also other metabolic parameters associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 12379175-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of insulin-sensitizing agents that activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g. TZDs may improve not only glucose levels but also other metabolic parameters associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 246-253 12379175-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of insulin-sensitizing agents that activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g. TZDs may improve not only glucose levels but also other metabolic parameters associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 12379175-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of insulin-sensitizing agents that activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g. TZDs may improve not only glucose levels but also other metabolic parameters associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 246-253 12379175-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of insulin-sensitizing agents that activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g. TZDs may improve not only glucose levels but also other metabolic parameters associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 153-157 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 12379175-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a new class of insulin-sensitizing agents that activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g. TZDs may improve not only glucose levels but also other metabolic parameters associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 153-157 insulin Homo sapiens 246-253 12588051-2 2002 It has been reported that the insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), increase UCP2 mRNA levels and, more recently, that TZDs stimulate UCP2 reporter genes but that the sequences involved do not bind peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 12588051-2 2002 It has been reported that the insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), increase UCP2 mRNA levels and, more recently, that TZDs stimulate UCP2 reporter genes but that the sequences involved do not bind peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 71-75 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 12588051-2 2002 It has been reported that the insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), increase UCP2 mRNA levels and, more recently, that TZDs stimulate UCP2 reporter genes but that the sequences involved do not bind peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 129-133 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 12477625-3 2002 Growing evidence suggests that treatment with anti-diabetic agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones, improve multiple components of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, have beneficial effects on various atherothrombotic mechanisms, and reduce atherosclerosis in animal models and perhaps humans as well. Thiazolidinediones 113-131 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 12477625-3 2002 Growing evidence suggests that treatment with anti-diabetic agents that improve insulin sensitivity, such as the thiazolidinediones, improve multiple components of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, have beneficial effects on various atherothrombotic mechanisms, and reduce atherosclerosis in animal models and perhaps humans as well. Thiazolidinediones 113-131 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 12403851-2 2002 Its synthetic ligands, the thiazolidinediones (TZD), are used as insulin sensitizers in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 27-45 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 12403851-2 2002 Its synthetic ligands, the thiazolidinediones (TZD), are used as insulin sensitizers in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 47-50 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 12148078-11 2002 The newest drugs are the thiazolidinediones, a totally novel class of insulin sensitisers. Thiazolidinediones 25-43 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 15251829-4 2002 RESULTS: By lowering insulin resistance, thiazolidinediones have common effects on lipoproteins; however, these drugs may have important differences in their effects on individual lipid particles. Thiazolidinediones 41-59 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 12500431-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) were the first class of compounds to be identified as PPAR gamma-ligands, constituting a new class of antidiabetic drugs that have recently been introduced as therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by acting as insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 263-270 12500431-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) were the first class of compounds to be identified as PPAR gamma-ligands, constituting a new class of antidiabetic drugs that have recently been introduced as therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by acting as insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 263-270 12231075-9 2002 Studies have shown that enhancing insulin sensitivity with insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones, may improve insulin resistance and limit the development of adverse cardiovascular consequences. Thiazolidinediones 88-106 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 12231075-9 2002 Studies have shown that enhancing insulin sensitivity with insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones, may improve insulin resistance and limit the development of adverse cardiovascular consequences. Thiazolidinediones 88-106 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 12231075-9 2002 Studies have shown that enhancing insulin sensitivity with insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones, may improve insulin resistance and limit the development of adverse cardiovascular consequences. Thiazolidinediones 88-106 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 12231077-5 2002 By decreasing insulin resistance, thiazolidinediones may preserve beta-cell function, and patients may experience prolonged glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 34-52 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 12196460-12 2002 We conclude that increased PKB phosphorylation may contribute to the insulin-sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones in human skeletal muscle. Thiazolidinediones 100-118 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 12352144-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are used to treat patients with diabetes secondary to insulin resistance, and TZDs are being studied in HAART-related metabolic disorders. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 12352144-3 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are used to treat patients with diabetes secondary to insulin resistance, and TZDs are being studied in HAART-related metabolic disorders. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 12643190-7 2002 These effects of insulin and TZDs are important because the two major states of insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes, are associated with a marked increase in atherosclerosis coronary heart disease, and stroke. Thiazolidinediones 29-33 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 12405274-1 2002 The glitazones are a new class of anti-diabetic drugs that act by improving sensitivity to insulin and are indicated in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-14 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 12405274-2 2002 The glitazones have effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and hold the promise of being able to influence the many components of the insulin resistance syndrome seen in type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-14 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 12536122-4 2002 Evidence is discussed that the thiazolidinediones, which improve glycemic control by directly targeting insulin resistance, have the additional benefit of improving many of the CVD risk factors in the IRS, and thus have the potential to reduce CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 12351424-1 2002 Glucocorticoids induce insulin resistance in humans, whereas thiazolidinediones enhance insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 61-79 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 12231073-6 2002 The thiazolidinediones are potent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists and directly improve insulin resistance and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 12231073-7 2002 Increasing evidence supports the early use of thiazolidinediones for preventing, delaying, or treating diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and beta-cell insulin secretion. Thiazolidinediones 46-64 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 12231073-7 2002 Increasing evidence supports the early use of thiazolidinediones for preventing, delaying, or treating diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and beta-cell insulin secretion. Thiazolidinediones 46-64 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 12028373-4 2002 Emerging data indicate that anti-diabetic agents, such as the thiazolidinediones that simultaneously target insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, may have a beneficial impact on disease onset and progression. Thiazolidinediones 62-80 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 12041635-1 2002 Thiazolidinediones are a new class of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and act by improving insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 12422705-5 2002 The glitazones improve one of the disorders underlying type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 4-14 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 15989542-0 2002 Insulin-sensitising agents: beyond thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 35-53 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12037503-1 2002 The thiazolidinediones (TZD), a new class of oral antidiabetic agent, act by improving insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 12037503-1 2002 The thiazolidinediones (TZD), a new class of oral antidiabetic agent, act by improving insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 24-27 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 12643137-2 2002 Furthermore, PPAR gamma is the receptor for the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones, which are commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 68-86 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 12677257-10 2002 Synthetic PPARgamma ligands, including thiazolidinediones and non-thiazolidinedione compounds, have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and improve hyperglycemia in insulin resistance and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 12677257-10 2002 Synthetic PPARgamma ligands, including thiazolidinediones and non-thiazolidinedione compounds, have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and improve hyperglycemia in insulin resistance and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 11872666-1 2002 Thiazolidinediones, synthetic ligands of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), improve peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 11921433-4 2002 TZDs reduce insulin resistance in adipose tissue, muscle and the liver. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 11872682-6 2002 In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that thiazolidinediones enhance insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes by promoting increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral adipocytes, which results in lower plasma fatty acid concentrations and a redistribution of intracellular lipid from insulin responsive organs into peripheral adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 57-75 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 11872682-6 2002 In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that thiazolidinediones enhance insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes by promoting increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral adipocytes, which results in lower plasma fatty acid concentrations and a redistribution of intracellular lipid from insulin responsive organs into peripheral adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 57-75 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 11872682-6 2002 In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that thiazolidinediones enhance insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes by promoting increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral adipocytes, which results in lower plasma fatty acid concentrations and a redistribution of intracellular lipid from insulin responsive organs into peripheral adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 57-75 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 11921433-6 2002 It is possible that the effect of TZDs on insulin resistance in muscle and liver is promoted via endocrine signalling from adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 34-38 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 11921436-7 2002 The introduction of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones", a class of agents that offer effective glycemic control and work through the reduction of insulin resistance, offers a new strategy in the management of this condition. Thiazolidinediones 24-42 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 11921436-7 2002 The introduction of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones", a class of agents that offer effective glycemic control and work through the reduction of insulin resistance, offers a new strategy in the management of this condition. Thiazolidinediones 44-48 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 11921436-7 2002 The introduction of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones", a class of agents that offer effective glycemic control and work through the reduction of insulin resistance, offers a new strategy in the management of this condition. Thiazolidinediones 54-64 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 12017763-13 2002 In cases of severe insulin resistance the use of glitazones in conjunction with metformin or sulphonylureas may be indicated. Thiazolidinediones 49-59 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 11836319-2 2002 Insulin resistance, a key component in the pathogenesis of PCOS and glucose intolerance, is ameliorated by the thiazolidinediones, synthetic ligands for the PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 111-129 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11833043-0 2002 Thiazolidinediones enhance insulin-mediated suppression of fatty acid flux in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 11833043-2 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) enhance insulin-mediated glucose disposal, but their effects on lipid kinetics are unknown. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 11833043-2 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) enhance insulin-mediated glucose disposal, but their effects on lipid kinetics are unknown. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 12614487-4 2002 Insulin-sensitizing agents--specifically, thiazolidinediones (TZDs)--may be useful for preventing or mitigating endothelial dysfunction. Thiazolidinediones 42-60 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 14727995-11 2002 Thiazolidinediones, a new class of compound for treating patients with type 2 DM, primarily exert their glucose-lowering effect by increasing insulin sensitivity at the level of skeletal muscle, and to a lesser extent, at the liver by decreasing hepatic glucose output. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 14727995-13 2002 The nonhypoglycemic effects of thiazolidinediones, therefore, offer additional potential mechanisms for benefit in patients with type 2 DM and insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 12173692-4 2002 Thiazolidinediones reduce insulin resistance not only in type 2 diabetes but also in non-diabetic conditions associated with insulin resistance such as obesity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 12173692-4 2002 Thiazolidinediones reduce insulin resistance not only in type 2 diabetes but also in non-diabetic conditions associated with insulin resistance such as obesity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 12173692-7 2002 Thiazolidinediones have been shown to interfere with expression and release of mediators of insulin resistance originating in adipose tissue (e.g. free fatty acids, adipocytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, resistin, adiponectin) in a way that results in net improvement of insulin sensitivity (i.e. in muscle and liver). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 12173692-7 2002 Thiazolidinediones have been shown to interfere with expression and release of mediators of insulin resistance originating in adipose tissue (e.g. free fatty acids, adipocytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, resistin, adiponectin) in a way that results in net improvement of insulin sensitivity (i.e. in muscle and liver). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 284-291 12173692-16 2002 In summary, with the thiazolidinediones a novel concept for the treatment of insulin resistance is available that in theory could also be used for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 21-39 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 12055342-2 2002 Research on PPARgamma is oriented towards understanding its role in insulin sensitization, which was inspired by the discovery that antidiabetic agents, the thiazolidinediones, were agonists for PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 157-175 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 12506489-1 2002 The thiazolidinediones are the insulin sensitizers used in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 12365817-0 2002 Insulin-sensitizing agents--thiazolidinediones (glitazones). Thiazolidinediones 28-46 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12365817-0 2002 Insulin-sensitizing agents--thiazolidinediones (glitazones). Thiazolidinediones 48-58 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12365817-2 2002 The thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizing agents which improve insulin resistance by combining with an intranuclear hormone receptor. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 12365817-2 2002 The thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizing agents which improve insulin resistance by combining with an intranuclear hormone receptor. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 11921431-1 2002 This supplement focuses on the benefits of targeting insulin resistance through therapy with a new class of oral antidiabetic agents, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones". Thiazolidinediones 138-156 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 12614487-4 2002 Insulin-sensitizing agents--specifically, thiazolidinediones (TZDs)--may be useful for preventing or mitigating endothelial dysfunction. Thiazolidinediones 62-66 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11921431-1 2002 This supplement focuses on the benefits of targeting insulin resistance through therapy with a new class of oral antidiabetic agents, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones". Thiazolidinediones 158-162 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 12614487-9 2002 These beneficial effects of TZDs may help to decrease the risk of vascular damage and atherosclerosis in patients with insulin resistance or diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 28-32 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 11921431-1 2002 This supplement focuses on the benefits of targeting insulin resistance through therapy with a new class of oral antidiabetic agents, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones". Thiazolidinediones 168-178 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 11921433-1 2002 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones" are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs that improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes through the improvement of insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 11921433-1 2002 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones" are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs that improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes through the improvement of insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 24-28 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 11921433-1 2002 The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or "glitazones" are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs that improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes through the improvement of insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 34-44 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 11966407-1 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZD, glitazones) are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs which exert their insulin sensitizing action by stimulation of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 12076180-13 2002 In fact, in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have shown that thiazolidinediones (selective PPAR-gamma ligands) are not only powerful insulin sensitisers, but also have anti-hypertensive and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Thiazolidinediones 67-85 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 12093315-10 2002 Thiazolidinediones are PPAR-gamma agonists and constitute a new class of pharmacological agents for the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 12093315-12 2002 Thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 12093315-16 2002 The paradox of adipocyte differentiation with weight gain concurring with the insulin-sensitising effect of thiazolidinediones is not completely understood. Thiazolidinediones 108-126 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 12036379-7 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) represent a relatively new class of oral hypoglycaemic medications that have been shown to reverse some of the metabolic processes believed responsible for the development of insulin resistance and, ultimately, type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 12036379-7 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) represent a relatively new class of oral hypoglycaemic medications that have been shown to reverse some of the metabolic processes believed responsible for the development of insulin resistance and, ultimately, type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 12396745-1 2002 The thiazolidinediones are an important class of insulin-sensitizing agents used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 11966407-1 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZD, glitazones) are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs which exert their insulin sensitizing action by stimulation of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 11966407-1 2002 Thiazolidinediones (TZD, glitazones) are a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs which exert their insulin sensitizing action by stimulation of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). Thiazolidinediones 25-35 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 11729635-2 2001 Supraphysiological activation of PPAR gamma by thiazolidinediones can reduce insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, but these drugs can also cause weight gain. Thiazolidinediones 47-65 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 11742860-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are oral insulin sensitizers in broad clinical use that enhance insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 11742860-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are oral insulin sensitizers in broad clinical use that enhance insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 11742860-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are oral insulin sensitizers in broad clinical use that enhance insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 11742860-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are oral insulin sensitizers in broad clinical use that enhance insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 15765617-5 2002 The main effect of thiazolidinediones is amelioration of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 19-37 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 15765617-9 2002 Thiazolidinediones are commonly used as add-on therapy for those requiring large daily doses of insulin therapy, or in addition to sulfonylurea agents and metformin for those reluctant to start insulin therapy. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 15765617-9 2002 Thiazolidinediones are commonly used as add-on therapy for those requiring large daily doses of insulin therapy, or in addition to sulfonylurea agents and metformin for those reluctant to start insulin therapy. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 194-201 11727406-13 2001 The use of metformin or glitazones in combination with insulin has been demonstrated to have insulin-sparing properties. Thiazolidinediones 24-34 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 11533050-2 2001 We show here that supraphysiological activation of PPARgamma by PPARgamma agonist thiazolidinediones (TZD) markedly increases triglyceride (TG) content of white adipose tissue (WAT), thereby decreasing TG content of liver and muscle, leading to amelioration of insulin resistance at the expense of obesity. Thiazolidinediones 82-100 insulin Homo sapiens 261-268 11533050-2 2001 We show here that supraphysiological activation of PPARgamma by PPARgamma agonist thiazolidinediones (TZD) markedly increases triglyceride (TG) content of white adipose tissue (WAT), thereby decreasing TG content of liver and muscle, leading to amelioration of insulin resistance at the expense of obesity. Thiazolidinediones 102-105 insulin Homo sapiens 261-268 11712393-2 2001 Thiazolidinediones are drugs to ameliorate insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 11565740-3 2001 The newest drugs are the thiazolidinediones, a totally novel class of insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones 25-43 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 11581301-2 2001 Supraphysiological activation of PPARgamma by thiazolidinediones can reduce insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, but these drugs can also cause weight gain. Thiazolidinediones 46-64 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 11547215-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are a new class of insulin sensitizers recently approved in Europe, in combination therapy with sulfonylureas or/and metformin, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 11787371-5 2001 In the context of the "orthodox" view which links obesity and diabetes, and its relation to the controversy, we analyse on one hand the effects of thiazolidine-diones on insulin sensitivity and on adipogenesis and, on the other hand, those of extreme situations represented by lipoatrophic diabetes and morbid obesity. Thiazolidinediones 147-166 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 11594243-4 2001 The thiazolidinediones are a new class of drug that ameliorate insulin resistance, and we await to see if their use is associated with improved diabetes outcomes. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 11594246-8 2001 Therefore, treatment of insulin resistance with thiazolidinediones has the potential to offer improvements both in glycaemic control and in cardiovascular events. Thiazolidinediones 48-66 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 11715668-3 2001 The second is rosiglitazone, a member of the thiazolidinediones family, which improves the sensitivity of tissues to insulin and reduces insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 45-63 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 11715668-3 2001 The second is rosiglitazone, a member of the thiazolidinediones family, which improves the sensitivity of tissues to insulin and reduces insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 45-63 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 11712411-2 2001 Recently, either biguanides or thiazolidinediones among oral hypoglycemic agents is widely used to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for reversal of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 31-49 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 11712411-3 2001 As clinical difference between biguanides and thiazolidinediones in reducing blood glucose, the former primarily lowers endogenous glucose production presumably at the level of liver, whereas the latter increases insulin-mediated peripheral glucose disposal, which occurs predominantly in skeletal muscle. Thiazolidinediones 46-64 insulin Homo sapiens 213-220 11712415-1 2001 Potent activation of PPAR gamma by thiazolidinediones(TZD) increases TG content of WAT, thereby decreasing TG content of liver/muscle, leading to amelioration of insulin resistance at the expense of obesity. Thiazolidinediones 35-53 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 11463859-1 2001 The RXR serves as a heterodimer partner for the PPARgamma and the dimer is a molecular target for insulin sensitizers such as the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 130-148 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 11480129-2 2001 By directly targeting insulin resistance, the thiazolidinediones offer a new mode of treatment. Thiazolidinediones 46-64 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 11422732-9 2001 Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) such as troglitazone and rosiglitazone are specific ligands of PPARgamma, and this interaction is responsible for the insulin-sensitizing and hypoglycemic effect of these drugs. Thiazolidinediones 13-31 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 11422732-9 2001 Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) such as troglitazone and rosiglitazone are specific ligands of PPARgamma, and this interaction is responsible for the insulin-sensitizing and hypoglycemic effect of these drugs. Thiazolidinediones 33-37 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 11431595-1 2001 Thiazolidinediones or glitazones specifically target insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 11431595-1 2001 Thiazolidinediones or glitazones specifically target insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 22-32 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 11547215-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are a new class of insulin sensitizers recently approved in Europe, in combination therapy with sulfonylureas or/and metformin, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 11547215-4 2001 TZD show beneficial effects on insulin action, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism despite a substantial weight gain. Thiazolidinediones 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 11329231-2 2001 BACKGROUND: The thiazolidinediones are a new class of antidiabetes medication that enhances the actions of insulin in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Thiazolidinediones 16-34 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 11412781-10 2001 Glitazones, the new oral antidiabetic drugs and agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, have been shown to improve peripheral insulin sensitivity and to also delay atherosclerosis progression in experimental models. Thiazolidinediones 0-10 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 11368854-1 2001 Thiazolidinediones, represented by troglitazone, are insulin-sensitizing agents with proven efficacy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 11380072-2 2001 Our aim was to identify potential target genes of PPARgamma in the human adipocyte in order to clarify how thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 107-125 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 11380072-9 2001 CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: This work demonstrates that the gene of p85alphaPI-3K is probably a target of PPARgamma and that thiazolidinediones can improve insulin action in normal human adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 124-142 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 11380072-10 2001 Although the precise mechanism of action of BRL 49653 on PI3-Kinase activity is not completely clear, these findings improve our understanding of the insulin-sensitizing effects of the thiazolidinediones, possible drugs for the treatment of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 185-203 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 11383915-0 2001 Enhancing insulin action: from chemical elements to thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 52-70 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 11356159-7 2001 The nuclear receptor peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) regulates adipogenesis and mediates the action of thiazolidinediones - novel anti-diabetic agents which enhance tissue insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 132-150 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 11452221-1 2001 The recent discovery and marketing of a new class of antidiabetic drug improving insulin sensitivity, the thiazolidinediones (TZD), has opened interesting therapeutic perspectives. Thiazolidinediones 106-124 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 11452221-1 2001 The recent discovery and marketing of a new class of antidiabetic drug improving insulin sensitivity, the thiazolidinediones (TZD), has opened interesting therapeutic perspectives. Thiazolidinediones 126-129 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 11452221-6 2001 TZD have also been used with success to treat insulin resistance in non-diabetic obeses, in glucose-intolerant prediabetic subjects and in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos). Thiazolidinediones 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 11452223-2 2001 The aim of this article is to briefly review the new therapeutic class: thiazolidinediones (TZD), acting as these insulin sensitizer and to suggest a logical use of these drugs in the guidelines proposed by the french recommendations for the treatment of type 2 diabetic subjects. Thiazolidinediones 72-90 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 11452223-2 2001 The aim of this article is to briefly review the new therapeutic class: thiazolidinediones (TZD), acting as these insulin sensitizer and to suggest a logical use of these drugs in the guidelines proposed by the french recommendations for the treatment of type 2 diabetic subjects. Thiazolidinediones 92-95 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 11121836-1 2000 The recent development of a novel class of insulin-sensitizing drugs, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), represents a significant advance in antidiabetic therapy. Thiazolidinediones 74-92 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 11336599-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones improve insulin action by activating a nuclear receptor, PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 11158003-1 2001 As insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones could affect the hormonal counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia via the modulatory effect of insulin on counterregulation. Thiazolidinediones 24-42 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 11158003-1 2001 As insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones could affect the hormonal counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia via the modulatory effect of insulin on counterregulation. Thiazolidinediones 24-42 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 11160777-7 2001 The thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), a new class of oral antidiabetic agents, are "insulin sensitizers" and exert direct effects on the mechanisms of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 11160777-7 2001 The thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), a new class of oral antidiabetic agents, are "insulin sensitizers" and exert direct effects on the mechanisms of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 11160777-9 2001 Long-term studies are needed to determine whether the insulin-sensitizing effects of the glitazones can prevent or delay premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and death. Thiazolidinediones 89-99 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 11735645-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones, more commonly termed glitazones, are the first drugs to specifically target muscular insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 11735645-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones, more commonly termed glitazones, are the first drugs to specifically target muscular insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 41-51 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 11149909-1 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) improve insulin sensitivity in human as well as in different animal models of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 11149909-1 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) improve insulin sensitivity in human as well as in different animal models of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 11149909-1 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) improve insulin sensitivity in human as well as in different animal models of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 11149909-1 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) improve insulin sensitivity in human as well as in different animal models of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 11149909-9 2001 These data show the first direct link between TZD and a critical molecule in insulin"s signaling cascade in both 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes, and indicate a novel mode of action of these compounds. Thiazolidinediones 46-49 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 11453039-12 2001 Studies using PPARgamma receptor agonists, the thiazolidinediones, have supported the principle that reduced muscle lipid accumulation is associated with increased insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 47-65 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 11460566-4 2001 Nevertheless, clinical experience has demonstrated that therapies directed at improving beta cell function (sulfonylureas) and at improving hepatic (metformin) and muscle (thiazolidinediones) insulin sensitivity are effective treatments for the condition. Thiazolidinediones 172-190 insulin Homo sapiens 192-199 11460570-6 2001 These interactions are fundamental to understanding metabolic effects of new insulin "sensitizers", e.g. thiazolidinediones, which alter lipid metabolism and improve muscle insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant states. Thiazolidinediones 105-123 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 11460570-6 2001 These interactions are fundamental to understanding metabolic effects of new insulin "sensitizers", e.g. thiazolidinediones, which alter lipid metabolism and improve muscle insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant states. Thiazolidinediones 105-123 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 11460577-5 2001 The category of insulin sensitizers includes metformin and thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 59-77 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 11460577-8 2001 Thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) increase the sensitivity of the tissues to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 11684868-10 2001 The pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance has recently acquired a novel class of agents: the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 103-121 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 11237217-0 2001 Insulin resistance and its treatment by thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 40-58 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11237217-19 2001 Specifically, the thiazolidinediones improve insulin action and decrease insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 11237217-19 2001 Specifically, the thiazolidinediones improve insulin action and decrease insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 11237217-21 2001 Treatment of insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients with thiazolidinediones not only improves glycemic control and decreases insulin resistance, it also improves many of the abnormalities that are part of the insulin resistance syndrome. Thiazolidinediones 61-79 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 11237217-21 2001 Treatment of insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients with thiazolidinediones not only improves glycemic control and decreases insulin resistance, it also improves many of the abnormalities that are part of the insulin resistance syndrome. Thiazolidinediones 61-79 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 11249474-4 2000 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) may, therefore, represent a breakthrough in the management of Type 2 diabetes as it is the first class of oral agents for diabetes that act as an insulin action enhancer to reduce insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 11249474-4 2000 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) may, therefore, represent a breakthrough in the management of Type 2 diabetes as it is the first class of oral agents for diabetes that act as an insulin action enhancer to reduce insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 205-212 11249474-4 2000 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) may, therefore, represent a breakthrough in the management of Type 2 diabetes as it is the first class of oral agents for diabetes that act as an insulin action enhancer to reduce insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 11249474-4 2000 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) may, therefore, represent a breakthrough in the management of Type 2 diabetes as it is the first class of oral agents for diabetes that act as an insulin action enhancer to reduce insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 205-212 11121836-1 2000 The recent development of a novel class of insulin-sensitizing drugs, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), represents a significant advance in antidiabetic therapy. Thiazolidinediones 94-98 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 11129120-5 2000 Metformin and the recently introduced thiazolidinediones have beneficial effects on reducing insulin resistance as well as providing glycaemic control. Thiazolidinediones 38-56 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 11065164-2 2000 containing thiazolidinediones (TZD) are a novel class of antidiabetic agents which decrease blood glucose in diabetic animal models and in patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) through alleviating insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 11065164-2 2000 containing thiazolidinediones (TZD) are a novel class of antidiabetic agents which decrease blood glucose in diabetic animal models and in patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) through alleviating insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 31-34 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 11065164-4 2000 Therefore, TZD class of insulin sensitizers seem to have therapeutic potential to improve this clustering syndrome in addition to diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 11-14 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 11065164-5 2000 Moreover, it was demonstrated that the TZD class of insulin sensitizers including troglitazone bind and activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a nuclear hormone receptor. Thiazolidinediones 39-42 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 11065164-8 2000 In addition, troglitazone has potent antioxidant effect, and suppresses both L-type and receptor operated Ca2+ channel and protein kinase C. Thus since TZD class of insulin sensitizers has many kind of therapeutic effect in addition to lowering blood glucose, these agents expect to have therapeutic potential beyond diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 152-155 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 11467345-1 2000 Thiazolidinediones are a powerful and clinically important new class of oral antidiabetic agents that act by improving insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 11965830-10 2000 Another very promising approach is the use of thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) to improve the insulin resistance and possibly preserve the beta cells by reducing the need for increased insulin secretion. Thiazolidinediones 46-64 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 10976920-1 2000 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists such as the thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 82-100 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 11109896-2 2000 Troglitazone is the first of a new class of drugs, the thiazolidinediones (TZD) with insulin sensitising actions. Thiazolidinediones 55-73 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 11109896-2 2000 Troglitazone is the first of a new class of drugs, the thiazolidinediones (TZD) with insulin sensitising actions. Thiazolidinediones 75-78 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 11109896-4 2000 In clinical trials, the TZD decrease plasma glucose, plasma insulin and Hb A1C. Thiazolidinediones 24-27 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 11050888-2 2000 The glitazones, also known as insulin sensitizers, represent a new concept in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-14 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 11050888-3 2000 While previously available antidiabetics have no influence on an existing insulin resistance, the glitazones act directly on the receptors in the muscles, fatty tissue and liver, and in this way reduce insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 98-108 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 10976920-7 2000 Such selective PPARgamma antagonists may help determine whether insulin sensitization by thiazolidinediones is mediated solely through PPARgamma activation, and whether there are PPARgamma-ligand-independent pathways for adipocyte differentiation. Thiazolidinediones 89-107 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 10945722-3 2000 Thiazolidinediones, which are recently introduced insulin sensitizing agents, have been shown to be effective not only in reducing elevated glucose levels, but also in improving the other metabolic abnormalities that are associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 10945722-3 2000 Thiazolidinediones, which are recently introduced insulin sensitizing agents, have been shown to be effective not only in reducing elevated glucose levels, but also in improving the other metabolic abnormalities that are associated with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 237-244 10815754-15 2000 Therefore, further studies including non-diabetic patients with ART-associated insulin resistance may be helpful in evaluating the long-term effects of thiazolidinediones on ART-associated insulin resistance and other metabolic complications, such as adipose maldistribution and dyslipidaemia. Thiazolidinediones 152-170 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 10959155-8 2000 The thiazolidinediones, a group of agents that enhance the effects of insulin in target tissue, reduce insulin resistance and improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 10959155-8 2000 The thiazolidinediones, a group of agents that enhance the effects of insulin in target tissue, reduce insulin resistance and improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 10959155-8 2000 The thiazolidinediones, a group of agents that enhance the effects of insulin in target tissue, reduce insulin resistance and improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 10959156-2 2000 Via their central point of attack on the nuclear PPAR gamma receptors, thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity and thus bring lower blood sugar and insulin levels. Thiazolidinediones 71-89 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 10959156-2 2000 Via their central point of attack on the nuclear PPAR gamma receptors, thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity and thus bring lower blood sugar and insulin levels. Thiazolidinediones 71-89 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 11122762-4 2000 Such effects may have clinical implications given PPAR agonists in use as pharmacologic agents (eg, thiazolidinediones as insulin sensitizers [gamma] and fibric acids as lipid lowering agents [alpha]). Thiazolidinediones 100-118 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 10929931-11 2000 The third modality consists of agents such as biguanides and thiazolidinediones which enhance insulin sensitivity, or agents that decrease insulin requirements like the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Thiazolidinediones 61-79 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 10814527-2 2000 Troglitazone (Tro), one of the insulin-sensitizing compounds, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and is effective in the treatment of both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) as well as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Thiazolidinediones 82-86 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 10748014-2 2000 It is also the functional receptor for a new class of insulin-sensitizing drugs, the thiazolidinediones, now widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 85-103 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 10872292-7 2000 The group of insulin sensitizers includes the biguanide, metformin and the thiazolidinediones or glitazones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone). Thiazolidinediones 75-93 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 10872292-7 2000 The group of insulin sensitizers includes the biguanide, metformin and the thiazolidinediones or glitazones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone). Thiazolidinediones 97-107 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 10814527-2 2000 Troglitazone (Tro), one of the insulin-sensitizing compounds, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and is effective in the treatment of both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) as well as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Thiazolidinediones 62-80 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 10815754-15 2000 Therefore, further studies including non-diabetic patients with ART-associated insulin resistance may be helpful in evaluating the long-term effects of thiazolidinediones on ART-associated insulin resistance and other metabolic complications, such as adipose maldistribution and dyslipidaemia. Thiazolidinediones 152-170 insulin Homo sapiens 189-196 10768450-1 2000 Thiazolidinediones, which are being developed for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, bind and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of several genes involved in metabolism. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 10725292-1 2000 BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is activated by fatty acids, eicosanoids, and insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 139-157 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 10725292-1 2000 BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is activated by fatty acids, eicosanoids, and insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 159-163 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 10707567-4 2000 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are useful to reduce insulin resistance especially in obesity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 10707574-3 2000 Therefore, it seems rational to treat cirrhotic patients with such an insulin sensitizer as thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 92-110 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 10789389-2 2000 A new class of insulin-sensitizing agents, the thiazolidinediones, reduce insulin resistance and improve glycaemia both as monotherapy and in combination with sulphonylureas or metformin. Thiazolidinediones 47-65 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 10789389-2 2000 A new class of insulin-sensitizing agents, the thiazolidinediones, reduce insulin resistance and improve glycaemia both as monotherapy and in combination with sulphonylureas or metformin. Thiazolidinediones 47-65 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 10766667-0 2000 ["Insulin sensitizers" (glitazones), obesity, insulin resistance--is there a connection? Thiazolidinediones 24-34 insulin Homo sapiens 2-9 10707552-5 2000 This review deals with molecular mechanisms of the TNF/TNF receptor system promoting insulin resistance, and its prevention by the insulin-sensitizing drugs, thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 158-176 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 10707578-3 2000 Troglitazone, one of the thiazolidinediones, improves not only insulin sensitivity but also hyperandrogenism and ovulatory function. Thiazolidinediones 25-43 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 10707567-4 2000 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are useful to reduce insulin resistance especially in obesity. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 10707569-6 2000 As the thiazolidinediones are clearly excellent drugs to diabetics with insulin resistance, we should check hepatic function and monitor symptomes of hepatic damage. Thiazolidinediones 7-25 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 11346220-10 2000 Drug treatments with positive effects on insulin sensitivity include some angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors as well as newer drug groups, such as the glitazones and moxonidine, a centrally active agent with effects on the recently described imidazoline I-1 receptor that inhibits central sympathetic tone. Thiazolidinediones 157-167 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 10926309-2 2000 With a focus on clinical efficacy, this paper discusses the results from the 20 major therapeutical trials published in the years 1997-1999, that evaluated the new insulinsensitizing thiazolidinediones Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone and the new insulin-releasing potassium channel blockers Repaglinide and Nateglinide. Thiazolidinediones 183-201 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 11467410-5 2000 Compared to pre-dosing, insulin-stimulated GS activity and G6P content were increased by this TZD: GS independent activity (p = 0.02), GS total activity (p = 0.005), GS fractional activity (p = 0.06) and G6P content (p = 0.02). Thiazolidinediones 94-97 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 11467410-6 2000 The change in GS activity induced by in vivo insulin (insulin-stimulated minus basal) was also increased by this TZD: GS independent activity (p = 0.03) and GS fractional activity (p = 0.04). Thiazolidinediones 113-116 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 11467410-6 2000 The change in GS activity induced by in vivo insulin (insulin-stimulated minus basal) was also increased by this TZD: GS independent activity (p = 0.03) and GS fractional activity (p = 0.04). Thiazolidinediones 113-116 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 11467410-7 2000 We conclude that the TZD R-102380 improves insulin action at the skeletal muscle in part by increasing the activity of glycogen synthase. Thiazolidinediones 21-24 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 11475273-2 1999 The thiazolidinediones are a new class of drugs that act as insulin sensitizers with well-documented-efficacy in the control of hyperglycemia in patients with overt diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 11202216-2 2000 alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors slow carbohydrate absorption, resulting in reduced postprandial hyperglycemia; thiazolidinediones increase insulin sensitivity, especially in muscle and adipocytes; metformin decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis; sulfonylureas result in prolonged increases in insulin secretion; and meglitinide causes rapid, short-lived increases in insulin secretion. Thiazolidinediones 108-126 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 10622252-1 1999 Thiazolidinediones are a new class of antidiabetic agent that improve insulin sensitivity and reduce plasma glucose and blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 10535741-6 1999 At present, metformin and thiazolidinediones are the only therapies for T2DM that directly address aspects of insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 26-44 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 11139830-1 1999 The discovery of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) as the molecular target for antidiabetic thiazolidinediones has heralded a new era in the approach to understanding the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and its relationship to cardiovascular disease. Thiazolidinediones 119-137 insulin Homo sapiens 217-224 10322388-0 1999 Mechanisms by which Thiazolidinediones Enhance Insulin Action. Thiazolidinediones 20-38 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 10322388-1 1999 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are an exciting new class of insulin-sensitizing drugs being used currently for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 10322388-1 1999 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are an exciting new class of insulin-sensitizing drugs being used currently for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 10548525-5 1999 Because p85alphaPI-3K is a major component of insulin action, the induction of its expression might explain, at least in part, the insulin-sensitizing effect of the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 165-183 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 11475273-4 1999 This review will summarize our current notions of the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones, which appears to involve a fascinating interplay between the partitioning of triglyceride stores, circulating free fatty acids and insulin signaling pathways. Thiazolidinediones 77-95 insulin Homo sapiens 228-235 11475273-5 1999 A detailed understanding of the action of thiazolidinediones will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, diabetes and some of the causes of increased cardiovascular mortality in these conditions. Thiazolidinediones 42-60 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 10643211-11 1999 The thiazolidinediones increase peripheral insulin sensitivity and are effective as both monotherapy and combination therapy. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 10447513-4 1999 Secondly, the discovery that its synthetic ligands, the thiazolidinediones, are promising insulin sensitizing drugs, which are currently being developed for the treatment of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 56-74 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 10480188-5 1999 A new therapeutic class, the thiazolidinediones (troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) has recently completed the family of insulin-sensitizing agents. Thiazolidinediones 29-47 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 11220287-11 1999 Recent advances in type 2 diabetes therapy have seen the development of the thiazolidinediones (troglitazone, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone), which improve insulin resistance in patients whose diabetes is poorly controlled by diet and exercise therapy. Thiazolidinediones 76-94 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 11220289-14 1999 It is therefore currently hoped that the introduction of a new class of insulin-sensitizing agents, the thiazolidinediones, may attenuate these processes. Thiazolidinediones 104-122 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 11220295-1 1999 AIM: Rosiglitazone is the most potent of the thiazolidinediones, a novel class of oral antidiabetic agents that reduce blood glucose levels by sensitizing peripheral tissues to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 45-63 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 10193691-14 1999 Nevertheless, as the first member of a new class of oral antidiabetic agents, the thiazolidinediones, troglitazone offers an effective treatment option in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus through its action of improving insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 82-100 insulin Homo sapiens 226-233 10199144-8 1999 The new "glitazones" (thiazolidinediones) is used clinically to improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 9-19 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 10199144-8 1999 The new "glitazones" (thiazolidinediones) is used clinically to improve insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 22-40 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 10199153-1 1999 Troglitazone is a new oral insulin-sensitizing agent from the thiazolidinedione group of compounds that has been developed in Japan Thiazolidinediones improve the insulin sensitivity at muscle, adipose tissue and liver. Thiazolidinediones 132-150 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 10199153-1 1999 Troglitazone is a new oral insulin-sensitizing agent from the thiazolidinedione group of compounds that has been developed in Japan Thiazolidinediones improve the insulin sensitivity at muscle, adipose tissue and liver. Thiazolidinediones 132-150 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 10227562-4 1999 TZDs act additively with other types of oral antidiabetic agents (suphonylureas, metformin and acarbose) and reduce the insulin dosage required in insulin-treated patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 10227562-4 1999 TZDs act additively with other types of oral antidiabetic agents (suphonylureas, metformin and acarbose) and reduce the insulin dosage required in insulin-treated patients. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 10079680-17 1999 Combination of insulin with newer drugs, like thiazolidinediones, may perhaps achieve this. Thiazolidinediones 46-64 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 10052651-0 1999 Thiazolidinediones--the new insulin enhancers. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 10052651-5 1999 By interacting with a family of nuclear receptors known as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors thiazolidinediones are thought to enhance the actions of insulin, thereby increasing insulin dependent glucose disposal and reducing hepatic glucose output. Thiazolidinediones 103-121 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 10052651-7 1999 Thus, thiazolidinediones by unlocking insulin resistance act as a key to glycemic control and hence are likely to prove a useful and rational therapy in NIDDM and possibly other disorders resulting from insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 6-24 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 10052651-7 1999 Thus, thiazolidinediones by unlocking insulin resistance act as a key to glycemic control and hence are likely to prove a useful and rational therapy in NIDDM and possibly other disorders resulting from insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 6-24 insulin Homo sapiens 203-210 9748292-1 1998 The thiazolidinediones troglitazone and BRL 49653 improve insulin sensitivity in humans and animals with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 9748292-1 1998 The thiazolidinediones troglitazone and BRL 49653 improve insulin sensitivity in humans and animals with insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 9514873-2 1998 Although thiazolidinediones are commonly thought of as insulin-sensitizing agents, these drugs have opposing and antagonistic effects to that of insulin on CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha) gene expression in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Thiazolidinediones 9-27 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 9621947-5 1998 Cortisol and insulin are potent stimulators of leptin expression, and expression is attenuated by beta-adrenergic agonists, cAMP, and thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 134-152 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 9568706-0 1998 BRL 49653 blocks the lipolytic actions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a potential new insulin-sensitizing mechanism for thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 121-139 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 9514873-4 1998 When added in combination, thiazolidinediones block the suppression of C/EBP alpha mRNA by insulin; however, thiazolidinediones do not block the insulin-induced decline in GLUT4 mRNA, indicating that repression of C/EBP alpha mRNA is not required for insulin to suppress expression of a C/EBP alpha-responsive gene such as GLUT4. Thiazolidinediones 27-45 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 9514873-5 1998 Instead, insulin may regulate GLUT4 mRNA by inactivating C/EBP alpha through dephosphorylation as well as by inducing the expression of the dominant-negative form of C/EBP beta (liver inhibitory protein), since both of these processes occur in the presence of thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 260-278 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 9541719-3 1998 The thiazolidinediones (e.g. troglitazone), by improving insulin sensitivity of target tissues, appear to be a novel pathophysiologically interesting approach for the treatment of patients with NIDDM or impaired glucose tolerance. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 9449686-1 1998 UNLABELLED: The two isoforms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2), are ligand-activated transcription factors that are the intracellular targets of a new class of insulin sensitizing agents, the thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 238-256 insulin Homo sapiens 206-213 9449686-2 1998 The observation that thiazolidinediones enhance skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in obesity and in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), by activating PPARgamma, and possibly by inducing its expression, suggests that PPARgamma expression in skeletal muscle plays a key role in determining tissue sensitivity to insulin, and that PPARgamma expression may be decreased in insulin resistant subjects. Thiazolidinediones 21-39 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 10212839-4 1998 In this brief review we discuss how the known and potential insulin sensitizers: metformin, appetite suppressants, thiazolidinediones, and the new class of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs, I1-receptor agonists, may work. Thiazolidinediones 115-133 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 9312188-0 1997 Thiazolidinediones block tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced inhibition of insulin signaling. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 9312188-3 1997 Recently, a new class of compounds, the antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs), has been shown to improve insulin resistance in obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in both rodents and man. Thiazolidinediones 53-71 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 9312188-3 1997 Recently, a new class of compounds, the antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs), has been shown to improve insulin resistance in obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in both rodents and man. Thiazolidinediones 73-77 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 9312188-4 1997 Here we show that TZDs have powerful effects on the ability of TNF-alpha to alter the most proximal steps of insulin signaling, including tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and its major substrate, IRS-1, and activation of PI3-kinase. Thiazolidinediones 18-22 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 9312188-8 1997 These data indicate that TZDs can specifically block certain actions of TNF-alpha related to insulin resistance, suggesting that this block may contribute to their antidiabetic actions. Thiazolidinediones 25-29 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 9314015-1 1997 The thiazolidinediones are a unique class of compounds that exert direct effects on the mechanisms of insulin resistance and result in improved insulin action and reduced hyperinsulinemia. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 9342538-8 1997 Insulin and glucocorticoids increase leptin expression, whereas catecholamines, via beta-adrenergic receptors and cAMP, and long-chain fatty acids (and thiazolidinediones), via PPARy, inhibit leptin expression. Thiazolidinediones 152-170 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 9287037-1 1997 Thiazolidinediones are potent antidiabetic compounds, in both animal and human models, which act by enhancing peripheral sensitivity to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 9314015-1 1997 The thiazolidinediones are a unique class of compounds that exert direct effects on the mechanisms of insulin resistance and result in improved insulin action and reduced hyperinsulinemia. Thiazolidinediones 4-22 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 9134273-8 1997 Diet and exercise are central, and novel orally active hyperglycemic agents such as the biguanides and the thiazolidinediones that sensitize diverse tissues to insulin offer particular promise. Thiazolidinediones 107-125 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 15989661-2 1997 In these models, animals treated with thiazolidinediones had notable improvements in blood glucose levels, hepatic glucose output, peripheral insulin resistance, and serum lipid levels. Thiazolidinediones 38-56 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 15989661-3 1997 Mechanistic studies indicate that thiazolidinediones act at many intracellular sites and can influence several processes to increase cell sensitivity to insulin. Thiazolidinediones 34-52 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 9231657-3 1997 In addition, thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance in vivo by activating PPAR gamma. Thiazolidinediones 13-31 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 9231657-9 1997 In addition, PPAR gamma mRNA was barely detectable in skeletal muscle, suggesting that improvement of insulin resistance with thiazolidinediones may not result from a direct effect of these agents on PPAR gamma in muscle. Thiazolidinediones 126-144 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 15989634-5 1997 Thiazolidinediones are ligands for a specific subtype of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), and decrease plasma glucose levels in both obesity and NIDDM, while at the same time reducing circulating insulin and free fatty acid levels. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 218-225 9200953-4 1997 Newly developed antidiabetic thiazolidinediones known as high affinity ligands for PPAR gamma improved insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 29-47 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 8944206-10 1996 Another new class of drugs is the thiazolidine-diones, which seem to work by enhancing insulin action. Thiazolidinediones 34-53 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 9128211-1 1997 Thiazolidinediones, insulin-sensitizing agents that lower insulin and lipid levels in insulin-resistant states, block agonist-induced Ca2+ entry into vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells in vitro and lower blood pressure in animals and humans in vivo. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 9128211-1 1997 Thiazolidinediones, insulin-sensitizing agents that lower insulin and lipid levels in insulin-resistant states, block agonist-induced Ca2+ entry into vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells in vitro and lower blood pressure in animals and humans in vivo. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 8922349-0 1996 Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 8922349-3 1996 Thiazolidinediones are a new class of orally active drugs that are designed to enhance the actions of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 8922349-5 1996 Clinical studies in patients with type II diabetes, as well as other syndromes characterized by insulin resistance, have demonstrated that thiazolidinediones may represent a safe and effective new treatment. Thiazolidinediones 139-157 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 22745632-3 2012 Currently marketed drugs targeting this receptor, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have proven benefits on insulin resistance and hyperglycemia associated with T2D. Thiazolidinediones 54-72 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 8828512-2 1996 The observations that PPAR alpha is a regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and that the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones are ligands for PPAR gamma suggest that cross-talk might exist between insulin signaling and PPAR activity, possibly through insulin-induced PPAR phosphorylation. Thiazolidinediones 109-127 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 8828512-2 1996 The observations that PPAR alpha is a regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and that the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones are ligands for PPAR gamma suggest that cross-talk might exist between insulin signaling and PPAR activity, possibly through insulin-induced PPAR phosphorylation. Thiazolidinediones 109-127 insulin Homo sapiens 199-206 8828512-2 1996 The observations that PPAR alpha is a regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and that the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones are ligands for PPAR gamma suggest that cross-talk might exist between insulin signaling and PPAR activity, possibly through insulin-induced PPAR phosphorylation. Thiazolidinediones 109-127 insulin Homo sapiens 199-206 8894498-11 1996 The most effective improvers of insulin action seem to be the thiazolidinediones, but they are not yet marketed. Thiazolidinediones 62-80 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 15251529-6 1996 A new class of antidiabetic agents called the thiazolidinediones (not yet available for clinical use) apparently works by mainly reducing insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Thiazolidinediones 46-64 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 7648818-3 1995 Agents that reduce insulin resistance include the thiazolidinediones, which are very effective in animals. Thiazolidinediones 50-68 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 22966224-5 2012 The frequent line of treatment to improve insulin sensitivity is the use of thiazolidinediones (TZD) which activate the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (Ppargamma). Thiazolidinediones 76-94 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 22745632-3 2012 Currently marketed drugs targeting this receptor, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have proven benefits on insulin resistance and hyperglycemia associated with T2D. Thiazolidinediones 74-78 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 22966224-5 2012 The frequent line of treatment to improve insulin sensitivity is the use of thiazolidinediones (TZD) which activate the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (Ppargamma). Thiazolidinediones 96-99 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 34127848-6 2021 Clinically, PPARgamma activation by glitazones and PPARalpha activation by fibrates reduce insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, respectively. Thiazolidinediones 36-46 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 12670479-1 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin-sensitising drugs that are ligands for the nuclear receptor PPAR gamma. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 34133753-0 2021 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) enhance insulin secretory response via GPR40 and adenylate cyclase (AC). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 34133753-0 2021 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) enhance insulin secretory response via GPR40 and adenylate cyclase (AC). Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 34133753-1 2021 Thiazolidinediones are synthetic PPARgamma ligands that enhance insulin sensitivity, and that could increase insulin secretion from beta-cells. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 34133753-1 2021 Thiazolidinediones are synthetic PPARgamma ligands that enhance insulin sensitivity, and that could increase insulin secretion from beta-cells. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 34563556-6 2021 Moreover, some older antihyperglycemic drugs (metformin, thiazolidinediones), but also novel therapeutic concepts (new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, incretin mimetics, sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitors, modulators of energy metabolism) can directly or indirectly reduce insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 57-75 insulin Homo sapiens 299-306 12670479-1 2003 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin-sensitising drugs that are ligands for the nuclear receptor PPAR gamma. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 34417811-4 2021 Independent of the level of obesity and hepatic PPARgamma expression, the TZD treatment enhanced insulin sensitivity, associated with an increase in white adipose tissue (WAT) fat accumulation, consistent with clinical observations. Thiazolidinediones 74-77 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 33106148-4 2021 Though, thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are principally insulin sensitizers, they possess an ability to preserve pancreatic beta-cell function and thereby exhibit durable glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 8-26 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 35059243-3 2022 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) can specifically treat insulin resistance and improve metabolic syndrome, including rosiglitazone, troglitazone and pioglitazone, which are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 35059243-3 2022 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) can specifically treat insulin resistance and improve metabolic syndrome, including rosiglitazone, troglitazone and pioglitazone, which are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 33927970-6 2021 Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs including metformin, thiazolidinediones, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue could modulate IRS-1 phosphorylation, brain IR, PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway, and other pathologic processes of AD. Thiazolidinediones 54-72 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 34407851-0 2021 Comparative efficacy of oral insulin sensitizers metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositol, and berberine in improving endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS: a network meta-analysis. Thiazolidinediones 60-78 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 34407851-1 2021 BACKGROUND: Multiple oral insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositols, and berberine, have been proven safe and efficacious in improving the endocrine, metabolic, and reproductive abnormalities seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), providing more options for healthcare providers and patients. Thiazolidinediones 73-91 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 34407851-11 2021 Thiazolidinediones, metformin + thiazolidinediones, and myo-inositol + D-chiro-inositol were associated with a lower insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared with that in metformin alone (mean differences: - 0.72 (95% CI (- 1.11)-(- 0.34)) to - 0.89 (95% CI (- 1.460)-(- 0.32))). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 34407851-11 2021 Thiazolidinediones, metformin + thiazolidinediones, and myo-inositol + D-chiro-inositol were associated with a lower insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared with that in metformin alone (mean differences: - 0.72 (95% CI (- 1.11)-(- 0.34)) to - 0.89 (95% CI (- 1.460)-(- 0.32))). Thiazolidinediones 32-50 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 34407851-13 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Ours is the first study to report that for women with PCOS, myo-inositol combined with D-chiro-inositol and metformin combined with thiazolidinediones appear superior to metformin alone in improving insulin resistance and decreasing total testosterone. Thiazolidinediones 145-163 insulin Homo sapiens 212-219 34221378-3 2021 Thiazolidinediones were first developed as insulin-sensitizers but also regulate gene transcription in multiple tissues, leading to systemic effects on metabolism, inflammation and vascular reactivity. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 35420373-8 2022 Thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance, which is associated with an increase in urine pH. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 35498407-2 2022 Patients with this condition will eventually develop diabetes, presenting a variable response to insulin-sensitizers, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, and high doses of insulin. Thiazolidinediones 140-158 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 35309069-2 2022 Clinically, it was shown that Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, are insulin sensitizers with reducing risk of CVD, while the potential adverse effects, such as weight gain, fluid retention, bone loss, and cardiovascular risk, restricts its use in diabetic treatment. Thiazolidinediones 30-48 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 35309069-2 2022 Clinically, it was shown that Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, are insulin sensitizers with reducing risk of CVD, while the potential adverse effects, such as weight gain, fluid retention, bone loss, and cardiovascular risk, restricts its use in diabetic treatment. Thiazolidinediones 50-54 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 35203272-7 2022 In fact, synthetic PPAR-alpha agonists, such as fibrates, are drugs currently in use for the clinical treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, while PPAR-gamma agonists, including thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are known as insulin-sensitizing drugs. Thiazolidinediones 174-192 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 33866775-2 2021 Among available oral antidiabetic agents, only the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) primarily target insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 33670968-1 2021 Thiazolidinediones form drugs that treat insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 31916505-3 2021 A wide range of synthetic insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinedione act as PPAR-gamma agonists thereby enhancing insulin action and improving hyperglycemia in patients. Thiazolidinediones 54-71 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 31916505-3 2021 A wide range of synthetic insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinedione act as PPAR-gamma agonists thereby enhancing insulin action and improving hyperglycemia in patients. Thiazolidinediones 54-71 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 33106148-4 2021 Though, thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are principally insulin sensitizers, they possess an ability to preserve pancreatic beta-cell function and thereby exhibit durable glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 28-32 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 32363472-3 2020 Several studies have assessed the effect of glitazones, an insulin-sensitizing agent, in diabetic population on PD future risk. Thiazolidinediones 44-54 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 32532851-6 2020 Patients intensified with insulin had the highest incidence of all-cause mortality (incidence rate=3.22/100 person-years) and the insulin itself posed the greatest risk (HR 2.46, 95% CI 2.25 to 2.70, p<0.001; 2.44, 95% CI 2.23 to 2.67) compared with thiazolidinediones and DPP4i, respectively. Thiazolidinediones 250-268 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 32766764-3 2020 In addition, the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones, such as rosiglitazone, are potent and specific activators of PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 37-55 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 32344313-6 2020 Our hypothesis is that drugs belonging to the family of thiazolidinediones (TZD) such as pioglitazone or rosiglitazone, approved for treating the condition of insulin resistance and the accompanying inflammation, could ameliorate the prognosis of those COVID-19 patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disorders comorbidities. Thiazolidinediones 56-74 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 32344313-6 2020 Our hypothesis is that drugs belonging to the family of thiazolidinediones (TZD) such as pioglitazone or rosiglitazone, approved for treating the condition of insulin resistance and the accompanying inflammation, could ameliorate the prognosis of those COVID-19 patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disorders comorbidities. Thiazolidinediones 76-79 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 32532851-6 2020 Patients intensified with insulin had the highest incidence of all-cause mortality (incidence rate=3.22/100 person-years) and the insulin itself posed the greatest risk (HR 2.46, 95% CI 2.25 to 2.70, p<0.001; 2.44, 95% CI 2.23 to 2.67) compared with thiazolidinediones and DPP4i, respectively. Thiazolidinediones 250-268 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 31591015-2 2019 The anti-diabetic drugs thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity by blocking PPARgamma phosphorylation at S273; however, their full agonism on PPARgamma also causes significant unwanted side effects. Thiazolidinediones 24-42 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 32238842-8 2020 TZDs and DPP-4is were both associated with similar risks of MACEs and hypoglycemia but a lower risk of all-cause mortality than basal insulin (TZDs: HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38-0.81; DPP-4is: HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.39-0.82). Thiazolidinediones 143-147 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 31969093-0 2020 Pharmacological strategies for insulin sensitivity: thiazolidinediones and metformin. Thiazolidinediones 52-70 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 31969093-6 2020 In this regard, thiazolidinediones (TZD) possess multiple molecular targets and regulates PPARgamma in obesity and cancer related to insulin resistance, while metformin acts through the AMPK pathway. Thiazolidinediones 16-34 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 31969093-6 2020 In this regard, thiazolidinediones (TZD) possess multiple molecular targets and regulates PPARgamma in obesity and cancer related to insulin resistance, while metformin acts through the AMPK pathway. Thiazolidinediones 36-39 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 31969093-7 2020 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review TZD and metformin as pharmacological treatments for insulin resistance associated with obesity and cancer. Thiazolidinediones 47-50 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 31776781-1 2019 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are the only pharmacologic agents that specifically treat insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 19-37 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 31776781-1 2019 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are the only pharmacologic agents that specifically treat insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones 39-43 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 31776781-2 2019 The beneficial effects of TZDs on the cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance have been well documented. Thiazolidinediones 26-30 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 31449359-4 2020 However, there is growing evidence that other antidiabetic drugs, such as metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and thiazolidinediones, might have a role in optimizing glycemic control and preserving beta cell function in individuals with LADA, either alone or in combination with insulin. Thiazolidinediones 167-185 insulin Homo sapiens 332-339 31014100-4 2019 Among glucose-lowering agents, metformin and thiazolidinediones provide cellular actions that counter some effects of insulin resistance: reduced glucotoxicity and weight-lowering with antidiabetic therapies also improve insulin action, except that endogenously- or exogenously-created hyperinsulinaemia may partially compromise these benefits. Thiazolidinediones 45-63 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 31129998-1 2019 Background Thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) are oral insulin-sensitizing medications used in type 2 diabetes mellitus that reduce glucose with minimal risk of hypoglycemia and potential benefits on atherosclerosis. Thiazolidinediones 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 31014100-4 2019 Among glucose-lowering agents, metformin and thiazolidinediones provide cellular actions that counter some effects of insulin resistance: reduced glucotoxicity and weight-lowering with antidiabetic therapies also improve insulin action, except that endogenously- or exogenously-created hyperinsulinaemia may partially compromise these benefits. Thiazolidinediones 45-63 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 31131751-3 2019 Furthermore, glitazones, the synthetic thiazolidinediones, also known as insulin sensitizers, are the largely studied PPARgamma agonists and the only ones approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 13-23 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 30506494-0 2019 Differential Effects of Thiazolidinediones and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors on Insulin Resistance and beta-Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Thiazolidinediones 24-42 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 31131751-3 2019 Furthermore, glitazones, the synthetic thiazolidinediones, also known as insulin sensitizers, are the largely studied PPARgamma agonists and the only ones approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 30398029-1 2019 Previous study has shown that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improved endothelium insulin resistance (IR) induced by high glucose concentration (HG)/hyperglycaemia through a PPARgamma-dependent-NFkappaB trans-repression mechanism. Thiazolidinediones 30-48 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 29469167-4 2018 By contrast, in patients who were treated with insulin, sulphonylureas and thiazolidinediones, an inverse or U-shaped relationship between HbA1c and the risk of death was generally observed, and mortality was lowest in patients with both heart failure and diabetes if the level of HbA1c was >7.0%. Thiazolidinediones 75-93 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 30398029-1 2019 Previous study has shown that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) improved endothelium insulin resistance (IR) induced by high glucose concentration (HG)/hyperglycaemia through a PPARgamma-dependent-NFkappaB trans-repression mechanism. Thiazolidinediones 50-54 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 30429097-0 2018 PPARgamma-sparing thiazolidinediones as insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones 18-36 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 30413050-10 2018 Thiazolidinediones modulate insulin sensitivity by the activation of PPAR-gamma. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 30123711-1 2018 Background: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also called glitazones, are five-membered carbon ring molecules commonly used for the management of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 12-30 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 30123711-1 2018 Background: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also called glitazones, are five-membered carbon ring molecules commonly used for the management of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 32-36 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 30123711-1 2018 Background: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also called glitazones, are five-membered carbon ring molecules commonly used for the management of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 51-61 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 29581079-1 2018 BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether insulin-sensitizing therapy (thiazolidinediones or metformin) decreased the risk of developing atrial fibrillation compared with insulin-providing therapy (insulin, sulfonylurea, or a meglitinide). Thiazolidinediones 72-90 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 29581079-2 2018 Thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers that also decrease the inflammatory response. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 30278161-1 2018 Rosiglitazone (ROSI), a member of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which act as high-affinity agonists of the nuclear receptor peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), is clinically used as an antidiabetic drug which could attenuate the insulin resistance associated with obesity, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance in humans. Thiazolidinediones 34-52 insulin Homo sapiens 251-258 30278161-1 2018 Rosiglitazone (ROSI), a member of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) which act as high-affinity agonists of the nuclear receptor peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), is clinically used as an antidiabetic drug which could attenuate the insulin resistance associated with obesity, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance in humans. Thiazolidinediones 54-58 insulin Homo sapiens 251-258 30328521-4 2018 Trials with insulin sensitizing therapies, including biguanides and thiazolidinediones, have provided inconsistent results on lipid lowering in people with and without diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 68-86 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 30079233-3 2018 TZDs were expected to be amazing drugs not only for type 2 diabetes but also for metabolic syndrome and atherosclerotic vascular disease because they can reduce both insulin resistance and inflammation in experimental studies. Thiazolidinediones 0-4 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 28716729-2 2017 Glitazones or thiazolidinediones (TZD) are drugs that act as insulin-sensitizing agents whose molecular target is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 0-10 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 28641522-3 2018 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent insulin sensitizers that function by activating PPARs, with a high specificity for PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 28641522-3 2018 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent insulin sensitizers that function by activating PPARs, with a high specificity for PPARgamma. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 28641522-4 2018 Due to their ability to preserve pancreatic beta cell function and reduce insulin resistance, TZDs have become one of the most prescribed classes of medications for type 2 diabetes (T2D) since their approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and initial use in 1997. Thiazolidinediones 94-98 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 29736714-2 2018 Agents that correct obesity-linked adipocyte dysfunction serve as useful insulin sensitizers in humans, as is exemplified by the thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 129-147 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 29736714-2 2018 Agents that correct obesity-linked adipocyte dysfunction serve as useful insulin sensitizers in humans, as is exemplified by the thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Thiazolidinediones 149-153 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 29736714-4 2018 These molecules mimic the activity of TZDs in culture and thus may also serve as insulin sensitizers in vivo. Thiazolidinediones 38-42 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 30062227-3 2018 In both randomized clinical trials and observational studies, antihyperglycemic drugs that act through insulin signaling (i.e., sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and incretins) increase the risk or worsen the clinical course of heart failure, whereas drugs that ameliorate hyperinsulinemia and do not signal through insulin (i.e., metformin and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors) reduce the risk of heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 143-161 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 30062227-3 2018 In both randomized clinical trials and observational studies, antihyperglycemic drugs that act through insulin signaling (i.e., sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and incretins) increase the risk or worsen the clinical course of heart failure, whereas drugs that ameliorate hyperinsulinemia and do not signal through insulin (i.e., metformin and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors) reduce the risk of heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 143-161 insulin Homo sapiens 279-286 28716729-2 2017 Glitazones or thiazolidinediones (TZD) are drugs that act as insulin-sensitizing agents whose molecular target is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 14-32 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 28716729-2 2017 Glitazones or thiazolidinediones (TZD) are drugs that act as insulin-sensitizing agents whose molecular target is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Thiazolidinediones 34-37 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 28611274-11 2017 Insulin resistance also improves with both TZDs and metformin. Thiazolidinediones 43-47 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28589542-25 2017 Insulin is an important part of our armamentarium for T2D, and is certainly needed for many patients, but with current therapeutic approaches including metformin, incretin-based treatments, SGLT2 inhibitors, and, possibly, thiazolidinediones, we can reconsider its use in many instances. Thiazolidinediones 223-241 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28404813-2 2017 In conditions of obesity and insulin resistance mitochondrial content in this tissue is reduced, while treatment with insulin sensitizing drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) increase mitochondrial content. Thiazolidinediones 152-170 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 28404813-2 2017 In conditions of obesity and insulin resistance mitochondrial content in this tissue is reduced, while treatment with insulin sensitizing drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) increase mitochondrial content. Thiazolidinediones 172-176 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 28275367-7 2017 Indeed, activation of PPAR-gamma by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or other agonists may inhibit cell growth and proliferation by lowering circulating insulin and affecting key pathways of the Insulin/IGF axis, such as PI3K/mTOR, MAPK, and GSK3-beta/Wnt/beta-catenin cascades, which regulate cancer cell survival, cell reprogramming, and differentiation. Thiazolidinediones 36-54 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 28275367-7 2017 Indeed, activation of PPAR-gamma by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or other agonists may inhibit cell growth and proliferation by lowering circulating insulin and affecting key pathways of the Insulin/IGF axis, such as PI3K/mTOR, MAPK, and GSK3-beta/Wnt/beta-catenin cascades, which regulate cancer cell survival, cell reprogramming, and differentiation. Thiazolidinediones 36-54 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 28275367-7 2017 Indeed, activation of PPAR-gamma by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or other agonists may inhibit cell growth and proliferation by lowering circulating insulin and affecting key pathways of the Insulin/IGF axis, such as PI3K/mTOR, MAPK, and GSK3-beta/Wnt/beta-catenin cascades, which regulate cancer cell survival, cell reprogramming, and differentiation. Thiazolidinediones 56-60 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 28275367-7 2017 Indeed, activation of PPAR-gamma by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or other agonists may inhibit cell growth and proliferation by lowering circulating insulin and affecting key pathways of the Insulin/IGF axis, such as PI3K/mTOR, MAPK, and GSK3-beta/Wnt/beta-catenin cascades, which regulate cancer cell survival, cell reprogramming, and differentiation. Thiazolidinediones 56-60 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 29056962-1 2017 Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often treated with insulin-sensitizing drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZD), which improve insulin resistance and glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 80-98 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 28093996-9 2017 Thiazolidinediones are known as insulin sensitizers and are effective for a longer duration in comparison to sulfonylureas, however, have side effects such as fluid retention, edema and heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 29056962-1 2017 Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often treated with insulin-sensitizing drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZD), which improve insulin resistance and glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 80-98 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 29056962-1 2017 Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often treated with insulin-sensitizing drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZD), which improve insulin resistance and glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 100-103 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 29056962-1 2017 Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often treated with insulin-sensitizing drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZD), which improve insulin resistance and glycemic control. Thiazolidinediones 100-103 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 27815072-5 2016 Currently thiazolidinediones (TZDs) targeting transcriptional factor PPARgamma are used as insulin sensitizers for treating patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 10-28 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 28026829-6 2016 Drugs stimulating receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma (PPARgamma) - thiazolidinediones - inhibit the production of RBP4 by adipose tissue and increase the insulin sensitivity of the tissues. Thiazolidinediones 81-99 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 27815072-5 2016 Currently thiazolidinediones (TZDs) targeting transcriptional factor PPARgamma are used as insulin sensitizers for treating patients with type 2 diabetes. Thiazolidinediones 30-34 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 28001263-5 2016 Insulin-sensitizing agents and antioxidants, especially thiazolidinediones and vitamin E, seem to be the most promising pharmacologic treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, but further long-term multicenter studies to assess safety are recommended. Thiazolidinediones 56-74 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28331909-2 2016 One of the common therapeutic methods is using insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones. Thiazolidinediones 95-113 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 26956846-3 2016 Among type 2 diabetes mellitus SNPs, rs1801282 is of particular interest because (i) it is harbored by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 (PPARgamma2), which is the target for thiazolidinediones which are used as antidiabetic drugs, decreasing all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and (ii) it is associated with insulin resistance and related traits, risk factors for overall mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones 191-209 insulin Homo sapiens 339-346 27620069-3 2016 Although Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are outstanding insulin sensitizers and are in clinical use since 1990s, however, their serious side effects such as heart attack and bladder cancer have limited their utilization. Thiazolidinediones 9-27 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 27620069-3 2016 Although Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are outstanding insulin sensitizers and are in clinical use since 1990s, however, their serious side effects such as heart attack and bladder cancer have limited their utilization. Thiazolidinediones 29-33 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 27613867-2 2016 Thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers that activate the nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma and have been shown to partially ameliorate autoimmune type 1 diabetes in humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 27759627-8 2016 Although TZD treatment resulted in no significant improvement in IR, NASH patients who underwent both lifestyle changes and TZD therapy experienced a significantly greater reduction in their fasting insulin level than that observed in the control patients, whereas patients treated with TZDs alone did not. Thiazolidinediones 287-291 insulin Homo sapiens 199-206 27165418-4 2016 Indeed, glitazones increase insulin sensitivity by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which plays an important role in regulating various metabolic parameters. Thiazolidinediones 8-18 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 27130246-11 2016 Treatment regimens that avoid short-acting insulin but include oral agents other than thiazolidinediones might prevent insulin-induced weight gain in T2D. Thiazolidinediones 86-104 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 27422345-1 2016 The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) regulates osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, and is the molecular target of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose utilization and adipocyte differentiation. Thiazolidinediones 149-167 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 27422345-1 2016 The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) regulates osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, and is the molecular target of thiazolidinediones (TZDs), insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose utilization and adipocyte differentiation. Thiazolidinediones 169-173 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 25687252-2 2015 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are clinical insulin-sensitizers acting through a canonical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)-dependent insulin trans-activation pathway. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 29200746-5 2016 Importantly, its peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist (such as thiazolidinediones, the insulin sensitizers) action increases the uptake of free fatty acid (FFA) and facilitates their storage in subcutaneous fat rather than the visceral fat. Thiazolidinediones 90-108 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 26917795-3 2016 Thiazolidinediones are considered a promising treatment for HALS, because they improve insulin sensitivity and increase subcutaneous fat mass. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 27397605-6 2016 Thiazolidinediones (TZD"s), a class of oral hypoglycemic drugs, have shown to modify these responses, leading to insulin sensitizing effect(s). Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 26031505-8 2015 In the subset who were insulin resistant at baseline and received thiazolidinediones (n=47), 77% (n=36) showed improved insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 66-84 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 26031505-8 2015 In the subset who were insulin resistant at baseline and received thiazolidinediones (n=47), 77% (n=36) showed improved insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones 66-84 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 26381272-8 2016 Evidence from RCTs and observational studies suggested that greater hepatic fat content reduction and improved liver histology were seen in thiazolidinediones for 12-72 weeks; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists had beneficial effects on hepatic fat content after 26-50 weeks intervention, and insulin/metformin combination with 3-7 months improved hepatic fat content. Thiazolidinediones 140-158 insulin Homo sapiens 300-307 25959529-2 2015 Animal studies demonstrate that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduce ceramide concentrations in plasma and skeletal muscle and support lowering of ceramide levels as a potential mediator of TZDs" mechanism of action in reducing insulin resistance; however, studies in humans have yet to be reported. Thiazolidinediones 32-50 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 25959529-2 2015 Animal studies demonstrate that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduce ceramide concentrations in plasma and skeletal muscle and support lowering of ceramide levels as a potential mediator of TZDs" mechanism of action in reducing insulin resistance; however, studies in humans have yet to be reported. Thiazolidinediones 52-56 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 25959529-2 2015 Animal studies demonstrate that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) reduce ceramide concentrations in plasma and skeletal muscle and support lowering of ceramide levels as a potential mediator of TZDs" mechanism of action in reducing insulin resistance; however, studies in humans have yet to be reported. Thiazolidinediones 186-190 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 26009231-4 2015 Insulin, for example, induces sodium retention and thiazolidinediones increase the risk of heart failure. Thiazolidinediones 51-69 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 25687252-2 2015 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are clinical insulin-sensitizers acting through a canonical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)-dependent insulin trans-activation pathway. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 25687252-2 2015 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are clinical insulin-sensitizers acting through a canonical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)-dependent insulin trans-activation pathway. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 25687252-2 2015 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are clinical insulin-sensitizers acting through a canonical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)-dependent insulin trans-activation pathway. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 25852263-8 2015 Currently, insulin sensitizers (thiazolidinediones) and antioxidants (vitamin E) seem to be the most promising therapeutic agents for NAFLD/NASH, and lipid-lowering drugs, pentoxifylline, angiotensin receptor blockers, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids also have promise. Thiazolidinediones 32-50 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 25674933-4 2015 Currently used pharmacotherapies for the management of diabetes and dyslipidemia like thiazolidinediones (PPAR-gamma agonist; for insulin resistance) and fibrates (PPAR-alpha agonist; for hypertriglyceridemia) have many limitations and side effects. Thiazolidinediones 86-104 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 25875942-3 2015 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act as an insulin sensitizer and have been used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions, including NAFLD. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 25875942-3 2015 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act as an insulin sensitizer and have been used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions, including NAFLD. Thiazolidinediones 0-18 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 25875942-3 2015 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act as an insulin sensitizer and have been used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions, including NAFLD. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 25875942-3 2015 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act as an insulin sensitizer and have been used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions, including NAFLD. Thiazolidinediones 20-24 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 25925376-1 2015 The insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been used as anti-diabetic drugs since the discovery of their ability to alter insulin resistance through transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Thiazolidinediones 25-43 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 25925376-1 2015 The insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been used as anti-diabetic drugs since the discovery of their ability to alter insulin resistance through transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Thiazolidinediones 25-43 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 25925376-1 2015 The insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been used as anti-diabetic drugs since the discovery of their ability to alter insulin resistance through transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Thiazolidinediones 45-49 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 25925376-1 2015 The insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been used as anti-diabetic drugs since the discovery of their ability to alter insulin resistance through transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Thiazolidinediones 45-49 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143