PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 32641220-12 2021 The current study supports the hypothesis that higher unacylated ghrelin contributes to improvements in insulin sensitivity following diet-induced weight loss in human obesity. Ghrelin 65-72 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 32564394-0 2020 Association of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and ghrelin plasma levels with insulin resistance and disease severity in non-diabetic patients with Hidradenitis suppurativa. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 33042003-3 2020 Recently, we showed that the hormone ghrelin is permissive for the normal CRR to insulin-induced hypoglycemia when assessed in mice without diabetes. Ghrelin 37-44 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 33042003-4 2020 Here, we tested the hypothesis that ghrelin also is protective against insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the streptozotocin (2) mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Ghrelin 36-43 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 33042003-7 2020 Also, the STZ-treated ghrelin-KO mice exhibited attenuated plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to the insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Ghrelin 22-29 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 33230309-14 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Given the known inhibitory role on insulin secretion of ghrelin, these results suggest a possible role for gastric ghrelin overproduction in the complex architecture that takes part in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin 69-76 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 33230309-14 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Given the known inhibitory role on insulin secretion of ghrelin, these results suggest a possible role for gastric ghrelin overproduction in the complex architecture that takes part in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin 128-135 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 33023555-1 2020 BACKGROUND: A number of studies have explored the association between depression and ghrelin, leptin, and cortisol; further, postprandial C-peptide levels have a therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ghrelin 85-92 insulin Homo sapiens 138-147 33071750-5 2020 Ghrelin improves lipid distribution and alters insulin sensitivity, effects that are hypothesized to delay the progression of AD. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 32480033-5 2020 In muscle, ghrelin has been shown to acutely stimulate fat oxidation, which may protect the muscle from the insulin-desensitizing effects of high fatty acid concentrations. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 32535024-2 2020 In the endocrine pancreas, ghrelin inhibits insulin release to prevent hypoglycemia during fasting. Ghrelin 27-34 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 32535024-3 2020 The mechanism through which this is accomplished is unclear, but recent studies suggest that ghrelin acts on delta cells to stimulate somatostatin release, which in turn inhibits insulin release from beta cells. Ghrelin 93-100 insulin Homo sapiens 179-186 32535024-7 2020 Together, these findings establish that ghrelin signaling within delta cells is essential for the inhibition of insulin release and identify MRAP2 as a regulator of insulin secretion. Ghrelin 40-47 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 32371087-0 2020 Ghrelin suppresses insulin secretion in human islets and type 2 diabetes patients have diminished islet ghrelin cell number and lower plasma ghrelin levels. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 32371087-2 2020 Here we sought out to identify the effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion in human islets and the impact of T2D on circulating ghrelin levels and on islet ghrelin cells. Ghrelin 45-52 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 32371087-3 2020 The effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion was assessed in human T2D and non-T2D islets. Ghrelin 14-21 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 32371087-6 2020 Ghrelin exerted a glucose-dependent insulin-suppressing effect in islets from both T2D and non-T2D donors. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 32371087-9 2020 Thus, ghrelin has direct insulin-suppressing effects in human islets and T2D patients have lower fasting ghrelin levels, likely as a result of reduced number of islet ghrelin cells. Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 32371087-10 2020 These findings support inhibition of ghrelin signaling as a potential therapeutic avenue for stimulation of insulin secretion in T2D patients. Ghrelin 37-44 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 31039435-6 2019 Finally, insulin is co-secreting with other components that are present in the secretory granules, including C-peptide, ATP, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ghrelin and amylin. Ghrelin 157-164 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 32124259-3 2020 Ghrelin is associated with obesity and blood levels of insulin. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 31434007-1 2019 Ghrelin, which has many important physiological roles, such as stimulating food intake, regulating energy homeostasis, and releasing insulin, has recently been studied for its roles in a diverse range of neurological disorders. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 30791747-12 2019 Elevated ghrelin levels are indicative of insulin resistance, which can lead to increased muscle loss represented by increased LDH activity in the NTA group. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 30894307-4 2019 This study aimed to assess the hunger pattern before and after an ad libitum meal and the association between insulin and plasma ghrelin with hunger perception in women with obesity, with and without PCOS. Ghrelin 129-136 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 29860506-10 2018 Ghrelin was also inversely associated with IGF-1 (both sexes: P < 0.05), leptin in girls (P < 0.01), and insulin in boys (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with annual height and weight velocity (both sexes: P <= 0.01). Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 30286482-7 2018 In the diabetics" group ghrelin levels showed a statistically significant negative correlation with insulin and a positive correlation with HbA1c and glucose. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 30298019-0 2018 The Correlation Between Circulating Ghrelin and Insulin Resistance in Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Ghrelin 36-43 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 30298019-3 2018 However, the correlation between circulating ghrelin levels and insulin resistance in obesity remained uncertain. Ghrelin 45-52 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 30298019-15 2018 Conclusion: In obesity, circulating ghrelin levels were significantly negative correlated with insulin resistance in individuals with normal fasting blood glucose. Ghrelin 36-43 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 30131073-10 2018 In the PCOS group, there were significant correlations between ghrelin and leptin levels with Body Mass Index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and insulin levels. Ghrelin 63-70 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 30131073-11 2018 Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that insulin was the main determinant for ghrelin (R2 = 0.316) and leptin (R2 = 0.352) levels (P = 0.0001 for both). Ghrelin 84-91 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 30537756-0 2018 Insulin Pump Therapy - Influence on Body Fat Redistribution, Skeletal Muscle Mass and Ghrelin, Leptin Changes in T1D Patients. Ghrelin 86-93 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 30151379-2 2018 Adiponectin, omentin, ghrelin, and visfatin are adipokines involved in insulin sensitivity or regulation of inflammatory disease. Ghrelin 22-29 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 29932432-10 2018 A significant positive correlation was observed between ANGPTL2 and insulin (p = 0.02), HOMA-IR (p = 0.01) and, on the other hand, a significant negative correlation was observed between obestatin and insulin (p = 0.01), HOMA-IR (p = 0.008) in PCOS group. Ghrelin 187-196 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 30390290-9 2018 Ghrelin signaling offers an exciting novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of obesity and insulin resistance of the elderly. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 28778977-1 2017 Unacylated ghrelin (UnAG) may lower skeletal muscle oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance in lean and obese rodents. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 29056169-4 2017 More recently, a role of unacylated ghrelin (UnAG) has been described to reduce skeletal muscle mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, and insulin resistance both in experimental models and in clinical studies. Ghrelin 36-43 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 29098797-3 2017 The acylated form of the gastric hormone ghrelin (AG) may improve mitochondrial oxidative capacity and insulin signalling in both healthy and diseased rodent models. Ghrelin 41-48 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 29104675-0 2017 Fasting Ghrelin Levels Are Decreased in Obese Subjects and Are Significantly Related With Insulin Resistance and Body Mass Index. Ghrelin 8-15 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 29104675-3 2017 AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of ghrelin levels with obesity, insulin resistance and glucose in normal and obese subjects. Ghrelin 66-73 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 29104675-9 2017 Fasting plasma ghrelin was negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.77, P < 0.001), fasting insulin levels (r = -0.55, P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.66, P < 0.001). Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 29104675-11 2017 In multiple regression analysis, insulin levels (Beta:-2.66, 95%CI:-2.49, -2.78, P < 0.001) HOMA-IR (Beta:-2.41, 95%CI:-2.33, -2.55, P < 0.001) and BMI (Beta:-1.77, 95%CI:-1.66, -1.89, P < 0.001) were significant independent determinants of fasting ghrelin. Ghrelin 258-265 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 29104675-12 2017 CONCLUSION: Obese subjects have low fasting ghrelin levels that they are significantly related to insulin resistance and body mass index. Ghrelin 44-51 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 28555463-0 2017 Association of Plasma Ghrelin Levels with Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Saudi Subjects. Ghrelin 22-29 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 28555463-9 2017 However, ghrelin levels were inversely correlated with the HOMA-IR index, body weight, and fasting plasma insulin levels, mainly in the control subjects, which was indicative of the breakdown of metabolic homeostasis in T2DM. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 28198428-2 2017 We have shown that ghrelin also induces insulin resistance via GH-independent mechanisms, but it is unknown if this effect depends on ambient fatty acid (FFA) levels. Ghrelin 19-26 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 28453173-2 2017 Obestatin is a hormone that regulates body weight by suppressing appetite and reducing food intake; fasting obestatin level is negatively correlated with basal insulin level. Ghrelin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 28453173-2 2017 Obestatin is a hormone that regulates body weight by suppressing appetite and reducing food intake; fasting obestatin level is negatively correlated with basal insulin level. Ghrelin 108-117 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 28198428-6 2017 Peripheral insulin sensitivity was reduced by ghrelin independently of ambient FFA concentrations and was increased by acipimox independently of ghrelin. Ghrelin 46-53 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 28198428-6 2017 Peripheral insulin sensitivity was reduced by ghrelin independently of ambient FFA concentrations and was increased by acipimox independently of ghrelin. Ghrelin 145-152 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 28198428-9 2017 Our data demonstrate that ghrelin induces peripheral insulin resistance independently of GH, cortisol, and FFA. Ghrelin 26-33 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 28745606-0 2017 Ghrelin levels could be involved in the improvement of insulin resistance after bariatric surgery. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 28745606-10 2017 After bariatric surgery, the decrease in insulin resistance was associated to increased ghrelin levels in procedures in which the fundus is not excluded. Ghrelin 88-95 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 27055279-0 2016 Ghrelin Impairs Prandial Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Secretion in Healthy Humans Despite Increasing GLP-1. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 26508327-0 2016 Plasma total and unacylated ghrelin predict 5-year changes in insulin resistance. Ghrelin 28-35 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 26508327-1 2016 BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ghrelin is a gastric hormone circulating in acylated (AG) and unacylated (UG) forms, and higher plasma total ghrelin (TG) and UG may be cross-sectionally associated with lower insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome patients. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 199-206 26508327-2 2016 The potential value of ghrelin forms in predicting insulin resistance and its time-related changes in community-based population cohorts remains unknown. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 26695196-10 2016 Ghrelin showed a significant negative relationship with waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio and fat mass (p<0.05) in both genders, and with weight and BMI (p<0.01) in girls, and insulin (p<0.01) and HOMA (p<0.05) in boys. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 27348010-0 2016 An Evaluation of Acylated Ghrelin and Obestatin Levels in Childhood Obesity and Their Association with Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Oxidative Stress. Ghrelin 26-33 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 27348010-0 2016 An Evaluation of Acylated Ghrelin and Obestatin Levels in Childhood Obesity and Their Association with Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Oxidative Stress. Ghrelin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 27055279-1 2016 OBJECTIVES: Administration of ghrelin inhibits the acute insulin response to glucose and worsens IV glucose tolerance in healthy subjects. Ghrelin 30-37 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 27055279-3 2016 Our objective was to test the effects of ghrelin on glucose and insulin responses during a meal tolerance test. Ghrelin 41-48 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 27055279-7 2016 RESULTS: We found that ghrelin infusions of 0.26 and 2.0 mug/kg/h raised steady-state plasma total ghrelin levels to 1.7- and 4.8-fold above fasting concentrations, but did not alter fasting plasma glucose or insulin levels. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 209-216 27055279-8 2016 During the meal tolerance test, ghrelin decreased insulin sensitivity, impaired beta-cell function, and induced glucose intolerance. Ghrelin 32-39 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 26159083-0 2015 Chronic administration of ghrelin regulates plasma glucose and normalizes insulin levels following fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Ghrelin 26-33 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 26784385-1 2016 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ghrelin increases growth hormone secretion, gastric acid secretion, gastric motility and hunger but decreases glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in humans. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 27235674-7 2016 Ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 27235674-8 2016 In addition, ghrelin secretion is impaired in obesity and insulin resistance. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 27235674-10 2016 Genetic, immunological, and pharmacological blockade of ghrelin signaling resulted in improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 56-63 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 27235674-11 2016 Furthermore, exogenous ghrelin administration was shown to decrease glucose-induced insulin release and increase glucose level in both humans and rodents. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 27235674-12 2016 GHS-R was shown to be expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and ghrelin suppressed insulin release via a Ca2+-mediated pathway. Ghrelin 61-68 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 27235674-13 2016 In this review, we provide a detailed summary of recent advances in the field that focuses on the role of insulin and insulin resistance in the regulation of ghrelin secretion and on the role of ghrelin in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Ghrelin 158-165 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 27235674-13 2016 In this review, we provide a detailed summary of recent advances in the field that focuses on the role of insulin and insulin resistance in the regulation of ghrelin secretion and on the role of ghrelin in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Ghrelin 158-165 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 27235674-13 2016 In this review, we provide a detailed summary of recent advances in the field that focuses on the role of insulin and insulin resistance in the regulation of ghrelin secretion and on the role of ghrelin in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Ghrelin 158-165 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 27657553-4 2016 RESULTS: The level of insulin resistance was associated with BMI-SDS (p < 0.001), leptin (p < 0.001), ghrelin (p = 0.002), age (p < 0.002) and negatively with GDF-15 (p = 0.005). Ghrelin 108-115 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 26159083-8 2015 These findings indicate that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia caused by the exogenous ghrelin during acute treatment are temporary and prolonged treatment with ghrelin regulates plasma glucose and restores insulin to normal levels, suggesting a possible role for ghrelin in improving insulin resistance. Ghrelin 162-169 insulin Homo sapiens 208-215 27207912-0 2016 Serum Insulin Levels Are Reduced by Intravenous Ghrelin Administration but Do Not Correlate with Alcohol Craving in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals. Ghrelin 48-55 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 27207912-8 2016 ghrelin may also decrease endogenous serum insulin levels in alcoholic individuals. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 27207912-14 2016 ghrelin, compared to placebo in reducing serum insulin (P<.05). Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 27207912-17 2016 The change in serum insulin was consistent with a parallel reduction in serum connective-peptide in the ghrelin group compared with placebo, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P=.076). Ghrelin 104-111 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 27207912-20 2016 ghrelin administration has an effect on reducing serum insulin in alcohol-dependent individuals; however, the reduction of insulin did not correlate with changes in alcohol cue-elicited craving. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 26159083-4 2015 In this study, we assessed acute (1 day) and chronic (21 days) effects of intraperitoneally administered ghrelin (at different doses of 1, 10 and 20 mug/kg) during a 12-h fasting period in rats using glucose oxidase method and direct sandwich ELISA (the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and then compared the effects of exogenous ghrelin on blood glucose and insulin levels on day 21 with those on day 1. Ghrelin 105-112 insulin Homo sapiens 361-368 26159083-5 2015 The results showed that acute ghrelin administration markedly increased fasting plasma glucose at doses of 1 and 10 mug/kg as well as insulin levels at 1 mug/kg in comparison to control values. Ghrelin 30-37 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 26159083-7 2015 In addition, the comparison of the influence of ghrelin administration on plasma glucose and insulin levels on day 21 with those on the first day revealed that the chronic administration of ghrelin notably decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels relative to the acute ghrelin treatment. Ghrelin 48-55 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 26159083-7 2015 In addition, the comparison of the influence of ghrelin administration on plasma glucose and insulin levels on day 21 with those on the first day revealed that the chronic administration of ghrelin notably decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels relative to the acute ghrelin treatment. Ghrelin 190-197 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 26159083-7 2015 In addition, the comparison of the influence of ghrelin administration on plasma glucose and insulin levels on day 21 with those on the first day revealed that the chronic administration of ghrelin notably decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels relative to the acute ghrelin treatment. Ghrelin 190-197 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 26159083-7 2015 In addition, the comparison of the influence of ghrelin administration on plasma glucose and insulin levels on day 21 with those on the first day revealed that the chronic administration of ghrelin notably decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels relative to the acute ghrelin treatment. Ghrelin 190-197 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 26159083-7 2015 In addition, the comparison of the influence of ghrelin administration on plasma glucose and insulin levels on day 21 with those on the first day revealed that the chronic administration of ghrelin notably decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels relative to the acute ghrelin treatment. Ghrelin 190-197 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 26159083-8 2015 These findings indicate that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia caused by the exogenous ghrelin during acute treatment are temporary and prolonged treatment with ghrelin regulates plasma glucose and restores insulin to normal levels, suggesting a possible role for ghrelin in improving insulin resistance. Ghrelin 88-95 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 26159083-8 2015 These findings indicate that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia caused by the exogenous ghrelin during acute treatment are temporary and prolonged treatment with ghrelin regulates plasma glucose and restores insulin to normal levels, suggesting a possible role for ghrelin in improving insulin resistance. Ghrelin 88-95 insulin Homo sapiens 208-215 26159083-8 2015 These findings indicate that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia caused by the exogenous ghrelin during acute treatment are temporary and prolonged treatment with ghrelin regulates plasma glucose and restores insulin to normal levels, suggesting a possible role for ghrelin in improving insulin resistance. Ghrelin 162-169 insulin Homo sapiens 208-215 26435134-8 2015 Plasma levels of ghrelin were significantly negatively correlated with age, insulin, glucose, body mass index (BMI), and HOMA-IR. Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 25755216-4 2015 RESULTS: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR), triglycerides, leptin (all P < 0.001), and adiponectin (P = 0.03) decreased from Monday to Friday, whereas ghrelin increased (P < 0.001). Ghrelin 180-187 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 26138507-0 2015 Ghrelin counteracts insulin-induced activation of vagal afferent neurons via growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 26138507-6 2015 Insulin at 10(-7)M increased [Ca(2+)]i in NG neurons, and the insulin-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase was inhibited by treatment with ghrelin at 10(-8)M. This inhibitory effect of ghrelin was attenuated by [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of growth hormone-secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin 129-136 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26138507-6 2015 Insulin at 10(-7)M increased [Ca(2+)]i in NG neurons, and the insulin-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase was inhibited by treatment with ghrelin at 10(-8)M. This inhibitory effect of ghrelin was attenuated by [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of growth hormone-secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin 129-136 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 26138507-6 2015 Insulin at 10(-7)M increased [Ca(2+)]i in NG neurons, and the insulin-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase was inhibited by treatment with ghrelin at 10(-8)M. This inhibitory effect of ghrelin was attenuated by [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of growth hormone-secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin 175-182 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26138507-6 2015 Insulin at 10(-7)M increased [Ca(2+)]i in NG neurons, and the insulin-induced [Ca(2+)]i increase was inhibited by treatment with ghrelin at 10(-8)M. This inhibitory effect of ghrelin was attenuated by [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, an antagonist of growth hormone-secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin 175-182 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 26138507-9 2015 These results demonstrate that ghrelin via GHSR suppresses insulin-induced activation of NG neurons. Ghrelin 31-38 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 26138507-10 2015 The action of ghrelin to counteract insulin effects on NG might serve to efficiently inform the brain of the systemic change between fasting-associated ghrelin-dominant and fed-associated insulin-dominant states for the homeostatic central regulation of feeding and metabolism. Ghrelin 14-21 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 26138507-10 2015 The action of ghrelin to counteract insulin effects on NG might serve to efficiently inform the brain of the systemic change between fasting-associated ghrelin-dominant and fed-associated insulin-dominant states for the homeostatic central regulation of feeding and metabolism. Ghrelin 14-21 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 26138507-10 2015 The action of ghrelin to counteract insulin effects on NG might serve to efficiently inform the brain of the systemic change between fasting-associated ghrelin-dominant and fed-associated insulin-dominant states for the homeostatic central regulation of feeding and metabolism. Ghrelin 152-159 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 25186095-8 2014 In hypertensive obese patients, ghrelin and obestatin levels were negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Ghrelin 32-39 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 24958127-4 2015 Thus, to assess its peripheral effects correlated with diabetes, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms about adipokines, which play a central role in inducing peripheral insulin resistance, secreted from mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulated with ghrelin in vitro . Ghrelin 249-256 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 24796864-9 2015 The 12-month change in total ghrelin was inversely associated with changes in leptin, insulin and insulin resistance, and positively associated with change in adiponectin. Ghrelin 29-36 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 24796864-9 2015 The 12-month change in total ghrelin was inversely associated with changes in leptin, insulin and insulin resistance, and positively associated with change in adiponectin. Ghrelin 29-36 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 25186095-8 2014 In hypertensive obese patients, ghrelin and obestatin levels were negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Ghrelin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 25186095-9 2014 In normotensive obese patients, ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio were negatively associated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Ghrelin 32-39 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 25111866-4 2014 In partnership with insulin and leptin, ghrelin defends against energy deficit by enhancing hunger, conserving carbohydrate and promoting fat oxidation. Ghrelin 40-47 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 25356031-6 2014 This may be related to disturbances in postprandial glucose, insulin, and ghrelin levels, which, in turn, appear to be associated to insulin resistance, a common finding in cirrhosis. Ghrelin 74-81 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 25657751-3 2014 In the present study, the aim was to determine the relationship between resistin and ghrelin levels, which were found to be closely related to insulin resistance and fibrosis scores in NAFLD. Ghrelin 85-92 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 24639470-0 2014 Increased plasma ghrelin suppresses insulin release in wethers fed with a high-protein diet. Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 25317239-2 2014 These drive the nonhomeostatic feeding and locomotor motivated behaviors in interaction with circulating ghrelin and lateral hypothalamic neurons signaling through melanin concentrating hormone and orexin-hypocretin peptides; (4) counterregulation of insulin by leptin of both gastric and adipose tissue origin through: potentiation by leptin of cholecystokinin-mediated satiation, inhibition of insulin secretion, suppression of insulin lipogenesis by leptin lipolysis, and modulation of peripheral tissue and brain sensitivity to insulin action. Ghrelin 105-112 insulin Homo sapiens 251-258 25317239-2 2014 These drive the nonhomeostatic feeding and locomotor motivated behaviors in interaction with circulating ghrelin and lateral hypothalamic neurons signaling through melanin concentrating hormone and orexin-hypocretin peptides; (4) counterregulation of insulin by leptin of both gastric and adipose tissue origin through: potentiation by leptin of cholecystokinin-mediated satiation, inhibition of insulin secretion, suppression of insulin lipogenesis by leptin lipolysis, and modulation of peripheral tissue and brain sensitivity to insulin action. Ghrelin 105-112 insulin Homo sapiens 396-403 25317239-2 2014 These drive the nonhomeostatic feeding and locomotor motivated behaviors in interaction with circulating ghrelin and lateral hypothalamic neurons signaling through melanin concentrating hormone and orexin-hypocretin peptides; (4) counterregulation of insulin by leptin of both gastric and adipose tissue origin through: potentiation by leptin of cholecystokinin-mediated satiation, inhibition of insulin secretion, suppression of insulin lipogenesis by leptin lipolysis, and modulation of peripheral tissue and brain sensitivity to insulin action. Ghrelin 105-112 insulin Homo sapiens 396-403 25317239-2 2014 These drive the nonhomeostatic feeding and locomotor motivated behaviors in interaction with circulating ghrelin and lateral hypothalamic neurons signaling through melanin concentrating hormone and orexin-hypocretin peptides; (4) counterregulation of insulin by leptin of both gastric and adipose tissue origin through: potentiation by leptin of cholecystokinin-mediated satiation, inhibition of insulin secretion, suppression of insulin lipogenesis by leptin lipolysis, and modulation of peripheral tissue and brain sensitivity to insulin action. Ghrelin 105-112 insulin Homo sapiens 396-403 25051539-11 2014 By inhibiting glucose-driven maternal insulin secretion, ghrelin might ensure adequate fasting glucose and nutrient supplies to the fetus while limiting overall fetal adipose tissue deposition. Ghrelin 57-64 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 24520086-8 2014 The ghrelin AUC was negatively correlated with the insulin AUC (r = -.5138; P = .01) only in the control group. Ghrelin 4-11 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 24936254-9 2014 On the other hand, insulin was also shown to influence circulating levels of ghrelin. Ghrelin 77-84 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 24936254-10 2014 Here, we review the relationship between ghrelin and insulin and we describe the impact of this interaction on the modulation of glucose homeostasis. Ghrelin 41-48 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 24639470-9 2014 Overall, our findings indicate a role of endogenous ghrelin action in secretion of insulin, which acts as a regulator after the consumption of a HP diet. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 24392605-10 2013 These findings indicate that insulin resistant obese AA adolescents have impaired ghrelin suppression. Ghrelin 82-89 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 24433403-0 2014 Lipid, adipokine and ghrelin levels in myocardial infarction patients with insulin resistance. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 25276131-7 2014 Higher levels of ghrelin were shown to associate with increased insulin resistance, as measured by HOMAIR, in male Arab subjects (P-trend = 0.0202) but not in females. Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 25276131-8 2014 In this study we show that higher ghrelin level was negatively associated with measures of obesity, HbA1C, and blood pressure in females and positively associated with increased insulin resistance in Arab males. Ghrelin 34-41 insulin Homo sapiens 178-185 24354802-3 2013 To clarify the relationship between ghrelin and insulin resistance and also DM 2, a cross-sectional study was designed. Ghrelin 36-43 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 24354802-8 2013 Also inverse relationship between ghrelin level and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r: -.032, p: 0.002) was seen in all subjects. Ghrelin 34-41 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 24354802-11 2013 It seems that the process of ghrelin reduction is initiated in earlier stages of insulin resistance prior to the onset of overt DM. Ghrelin 29-36 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 24197679-0 2014 Circulating obestatin levels correlate with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR but not with hypertension in elderly men. Ghrelin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 24438371-0 2014 Obestatin levels are associated with C-peptide and antiinsulin antibodies at the onset, whereas unacylated and acylated ghrelin levels are not predictive of long-term metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Ghrelin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 37-46 24438371-1 2014 CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin secretion is altered at the onset and after the start of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 23572405-0 2014 Circulating glucagon to ghrelin ratio as a determinant of insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 23981480-0 2013 Correlation between insulin resistance and serum ghrelin in non-diabetic ankylosing spondylitis patients undergoing anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Ghrelin 49-56 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 23981480-7 2013 RESULTS: We observed a negative correlation between ghrelin concentration and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR immediately before infliximab infusion- at time 0 and at the end of infliximab infusion- at time 120") (r=-0.496; p=0.01 at time 0; r=-0.393; p=0.047 at time 120", respectively). Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 23981480-12 2013 CONCLUSIONS: In AS patients undergoing periodical treatment with anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody-infliximab a link between insulin resistance and serum ghrelin concentration was observed. Ghrelin 155-162 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 23592479-2 2013 Intravenous infusion of ghrelin induces insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and increases circulating levels of nonesterified free fatty acids. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 23850060-2 2013 Although desacyl ghrelin (DAG), the predominant form of ghrelin, is associated with insulin sensitivity and improved metabolic state, not much is known about its direct regulation by insulin. Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 23966238-13 2013 In contrast to the insulin-independent glucagon-induced suppression of total ghrelin, glucagon- and/or insulin-induced modification of lipolysis may determine changes in acylated ghrelin. Ghrelin 179-186 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 23994275-9 2013 Plasma total ghrelin showed negative correlation to BMI, plasma insulin and insulin resistance index HOMA-A. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 23994275-9 2013 Plasma total ghrelin showed negative correlation to BMI, plasma insulin and insulin resistance index HOMA-A. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 23994275-11 2013 Plasma insulin concentration and HOMA-A showed significant negative correlation with pericardial ghrelin levels. Ghrelin 97-104 insulin Homo sapiens 7-14 23994275-13 2013 According to our results, pericardial ghrelin content is negatively influenced by left ventricular hypertrophy and insulin resistance. Ghrelin 38-45 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 23781325-0 2013 Ghrelin- and GH-induced insulin resistance: no association with retinol-binding protein-4. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 23589527-0 2013 Physiologic concentrations of exogenously infused ghrelin reduces insulin secretion without affecting insulin sensitivity in healthy humans. Ghrelin 50-57 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 23589527-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Infusion of ghrelin to supraphysiologic levels inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduces insulin sensitivity, and worsens glucose tolerance in humans. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 23589527-2 2013 OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of lower doses of ghrelin on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women. Ghrelin 84-91 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 23589527-10 2013 CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin infused to levels occurring in physiologic states such as starvation decreases insulin secretion without affecting insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 23527561-11 2013 With ghrelin infusion, plasma insulin was unchanged except for lower values postoperatively (P < 0.05). Ghrelin 5-12 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 23781325-1 2013 OBJECTIVE: Supraphysiological levels of ghrelin and GH induce insulin resistance. Ghrelin 40-47 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 23781325-8 2013 RESULTS: Ghrelin acutely decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 23781325-9 2013 Serum RBP4 concentrations decreased in response to insulin infusion during the saline experiment (mg/l): 43.2+-4.3 (baseline) vs 40.4+-4.2 (clamp), P<0.001, but this effect was abrogated during ghrelin infusion (mg/l): 42.4+-4.5 (baseline) vs 42.9+-4.7 (clamp), P=0.73. Ghrelin 197-204 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 23781325-11 2013 CONCLUSIONS: i) Serum RBP4 concentrations decrease in response to hyperinsulinemia, ii) ghrelin abrogates the inhibitory effect of insulin on circulating RBP4 concentrations, and iii) ghrelin as well as GH acutely induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle without significant changes in circulating RBP4 levels. Ghrelin 88-95 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 23712974-2 2013 Ghrelin is a gastric orexigenic and adipogenic hormone contributing to modulate energy balance and insulin action. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 23712974-3 2013 Total plasma ghrelin (T-Ghr) level is low and inversely related to body weight and insulin resistance in moderately obese patients, but these observations may not extend to the orexigenic acylated form (A-Ghr) whose plasma concentration increase in moderate obesity. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 23278489-5 2013 Recent reports show that low plasma ghrelin is associated with elevated fasting insulin levels, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ghrelin 36-43 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 22974102-11 2013 In the pre-DM group, elevated BDNF and ghrelin levels are likely to influence insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and fasting glucose levels. Ghrelin 39-46 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 22974102-11 2013 In the pre-DM group, elevated BDNF and ghrelin levels are likely to influence insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and fasting glucose levels. Ghrelin 39-46 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 23278489-5 2013 Recent reports show that low plasma ghrelin is associated with elevated fasting insulin levels, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ghrelin 36-43 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 23107365-7 2012 Leptin and insulin suppress the ghrelin-induced activation in 30-40% of the ghrelin-activated NPY neurons. Ghrelin 32-39 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 24340956-0 2013 [Lipid, adipokine and ghrelin concentrations in myocardial infarction patients with insulin resistance]. Ghrelin 22-29 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 23245314-2 2012 Obestatin, improving insulin resistance, exerts obscure effects on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and carotid atherosclerosis. Ghrelin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 23107365-7 2012 Leptin and insulin suppress the ghrelin-induced activation in 30-40% of the ghrelin-activated NPY neurons. Ghrelin 76-83 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 22782019-6 2012 Melatonin and ghrelin inhibit insulin secretion through inhibitory G proteins, whereas aldosterone may attenuate insulin secretion by increasing oxidative stress in islets cells. Ghrelin 14-21 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 23079033-7 2012 In multivariate analysis, insulin (beta = -0.327, p <0.001) and adiponectin (beta = 0.301, p <0.001) determined ghrelin level (R(2) = 0.199, p <0.001). Ghrelin 118-125 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 23079033-12 2012 Ghrelin level is determined by elevated insulin and decreased adiponectin levels. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 23029165-0 2012 Serum acylated ghrelin is negatively correlated with the insulin resistance in the CODING study. Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 22760567-10 2012 Insulin decreased ghrelin and increased leptin concentrations but had no additional effect of hypercaloric feeding despite significantly lower HOMA-IR indexes. Ghrelin 18-25 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 22413940-0 2012 Unacylated Ghrelin is associated with the isolated low HDL-cholesterol obese phenotype independently of insulin resistance and CRP level. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 25586047-8 2012 Negative correlations are found between cord ghrelin levels and gestational age, the concentrations of cord glucose, insulin, TG and LDL. Ghrelin 45-52 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 22975057-5 2012 More recently, ghrelin was found to be a mediator of glucose metabolism and acts to inhibit insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 22975062-4 2012 Ghrelin inhibits insulin release in mice, rats, and humans. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 22975062-7 2012 Ghrelin attenuates the glucose-induced cAMP production and PKA activation, which drives activation of Kv channels and suppression of the glucose-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase and insulin release in beta-cells. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 178-185 22745239-0 2012 Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone isoforms: parallel secretion of total and 20-kDa growth hormone and relation to insulin sensitivity in healthy humans. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 21742599-7 2012 Ghrelin levels were correlated only with insulin resistance parameters, but no correlations with any anthropometric or laboratory data were found. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 22300359-9 2012 Inverse correlations between acylated ghrelin levels and insulin, TC, and TG levels at different time points were observed. Ghrelin 38-45 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 21645020-0 2012 Unacylated ghrelin is associated with changes in insulin sensitivity and lipid profile during an exercise intervention. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 22200437-4 2012 Further studies have shown that ghrelin may positively modulate systemic inflammation and insulin action. Ghrelin 32-39 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 23029165-3 2012 However, little data is available regarding whether ghrelin contributes to the long-term regulation of insulin resistance at the population level. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 23029165-4 2012 The aim of this study is to investigate the association between circulating ghrelin and insulin resistance in a large population based study. Ghrelin 76-83 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 23029165-10 2012 RESULTS: Partial correlation analyses showed a significant negative correlation between circulating ghrelin and insulin level and insulin resistance in the entire cohort and also in men and women separately. Ghrelin 100-107 insulin Homo sapiens 112-137 23029165-13 2012 CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that except for postmenopausal women, high circulating ghrelin level is associated with lower insulin resistance in the general population. Ghrelin 87-94 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 21924513-0 2011 Circulating leptin and insulin in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation to ghrelin and oxidative stress. Ghrelin 104-111 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 22443052-11 2012 As a re-regulatory factor to insulin, ghrelin regulates the energy metabolism in a form of negative feedback. Ghrelin 38-45 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 21778879-4 2011 Ghrelin attenuates insulin secretion through the AMP-activated protein kinase-uncoupling protein 2 pathway. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 21638183-11 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Restoration of the first phase of insulin secretion and improved insulin sensitivity in diabetic obese patients immediately after SG, before any food passage through the gastrointestinal tract and before any weight loss, seem to be related to ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY hormonal changes of possible gastric origin and was neither meal- nor weight-change-related. Ghrelin 256-263 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 21586700-3 2011 On the basis of the growing evidence that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is involved in the control of fuel metabolism, we hypothesized that GIP and/or insulin, directly or via changes in plasma metabolites, might affect circulating ghrelin. Ghrelin 253-260 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 21586700-6 2011 The GIP and insulin effects on circulating ghrelin were analyzed within the framework of those networks. Ghrelin 43-50 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 21795439-8 2011 Changes in ghrelin concentrations lagged behind (10-30 min) changes in hunger scores (P < 0.005, R(2) = 0.7) and insulin concentrations (P < 0.005, R(2) = 0.6), which suggests a role for insulin as a possible negative regulator of ghrelin. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 22037753-7 2011 RESULTS: Patients with insulin resistance have greater mean waist circumference (WC) higher mean serum insulin level and leptin concentration, but lower concentrations of adiponectin and ghrelin. Ghrelin 187-194 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 21345363-4 2011 Ghrelin levels are in general reduced in obese individuals and in subjects with insulin resistance. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 21458334-1 2011 AIM: Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine and depressed ghrelin levels have been found to be associated with insulin resistance in a number of clinical situations, such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Ghrelin 58-65 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 21345363-8 2011 Altered ghrelin levels have also been observed in Cushing"s syndrome and thyroid disease probably due to the secondary insulin resistance in these subjects. Ghrelin 8-15 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 21084392-2 2011 Intravenous administration of ghrelin induces insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and increases the levels of free fatty acids (FFA). Ghrelin 30-37 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 21539509-3 2011 We describe the effects of ghrelin on all aspects of glucose homeostasis including glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and insulin stimulated glucose disposal in the peripheral tissues. Ghrelin 27-34 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 21539509-4 2011 The existing evidence suggests ghrelin primarily inhibits insulin release from the pancreas and we highlight an important mechanism involving AMPK-UCP2 ATP-stimulated potassium channels and intracellular calcium regulation. Ghrelin 31-38 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 20584998-0 2010 Ghrelin suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and deteriorates glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 20396896-8 2010 Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between acylated ghrelin and insulin only with the HPLF meal. Ghrelin 82-89 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 20980471-0 2010 Final answer: ghrelin can suppress insulin secretion in humans, but is it clinically relevant? Ghrelin 14-21 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 20584998-2 2010 Although ghrelin reduces insulin secretion in rodents, its effect on insulin secretion in humans has not been established. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 20584998-2 2010 Although ghrelin reduces insulin secretion in rodents, its effect on insulin secretion in humans has not been established. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 20806178-0 2010 The relationship between ghrelin levels and insulin resistance in men with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism at diagnosis and after therapy. Ghrelin 25-32 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 20584998-3 2010 The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that circulating ghrelin suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in healthy subjects. Ghrelin 67-74 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 20584998-11 2010 CONCLUSIONS: This is a robust proof-of-concept study showing that exogenous ghrelin reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose disappearance in healthy humans. Ghrelin 76-83 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 20584998-12 2010 Our findings raise the possibility that endogenous ghrelin has a role in physiologic insulin secretion, and that ghrelin antagonists could improve beta-cell function. Ghrelin 51-58 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 20658367-13 2010 Serum ghrelin and GLP-1 were negatively correlated with FBG, FINS, HbA1c,C-peptide. Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 73-82 20556572-0 2010 Relationship between plasma ghrelin levels and insulin resistance and blood pressure in octogenarians. Ghrelin 28-35 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 20556572-1 2010 The association between fasting plasma ghrelin levels and insulin resistance and blood pressure (BP) in octogenarians was investigated in this study. Ghrelin 39-46 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 20096985-6 2010 Both total and active serum ghrelin levels were negatively correlated to hirsutism score, to plasma glucose levels and to QUICKI and HOMA-IR indices of Insulin Resistance. Ghrelin 28-35 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 20606308-0 2010 Ghrelin modulates insulin sensitivity and tau phosphorylation in high glucose-induced hippocampal neurons. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 19619916-9 2010 Insulin resistance was associated with leptin and independently with ghrelin. Ghrelin 69-76 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 19619916-10 2010 CONCLUSION: The association of ghrelin with insulin resistance provides further evidence on the regulation of ghrelin in glucose homeostasis in childhood obesity at the prepubertal age. Ghrelin 31-38 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 19619916-10 2010 CONCLUSION: The association of ghrelin with insulin resistance provides further evidence on the regulation of ghrelin in glucose homeostasis in childhood obesity at the prepubertal age. Ghrelin 110-117 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 19884263-2 2010 Serum ghrelin concentration decreases rapidly after a meal, probably because of the concurrent increase in serum insulin. Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 19884263-3 2010 Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder, which is characterized by high serum ghrelin concentration; however, the regulation of circulating ghrelin by insulin in this disorder remains unclear. Ghrelin 144-151 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 19884263-10 2010 The fall in serum ghrelin was higher in AN group than in other groups (normal-weight, P=0.0008; obese, P=0.0001), and was related to insulin sensitivity (r=0.24, P<0.05). Ghrelin 18-25 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 20714138-8 2010 Significant correlations, negative between acylated ghrelin and insulin and positive between PYY(3-36) and insulin, were observed. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 20606308-5 2010 The effect of ghrelin on hippocampal neuronal insulin sensitivity was detected by [(3)H]-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake. Ghrelin 14-21 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 20606308-10 2010 This study demonstrated that ghrelin increased insulin-stimulated neuronal glucose uptake in 25 mM or 75 mM glucose, raised insulin sensitivity, improved insulin resistance and decreased tau abnormal phosphorylation via the PI3-K/Akt-GSK pathway. Ghrelin 29-36 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 20606308-10 2010 This study demonstrated that ghrelin increased insulin-stimulated neuronal glucose uptake in 25 mM or 75 mM glucose, raised insulin sensitivity, improved insulin resistance and decreased tau abnormal phosphorylation via the PI3-K/Akt-GSK pathway. Ghrelin 29-36 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 20606308-10 2010 This study demonstrated that ghrelin increased insulin-stimulated neuronal glucose uptake in 25 mM or 75 mM glucose, raised insulin sensitivity, improved insulin resistance and decreased tau abnormal phosphorylation via the PI3-K/Akt-GSK pathway. Ghrelin 29-36 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 20606308-1 2010 Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid brain-gut peptide expressed in periphery tissues and the central nervous system, has been demonstrated to increase insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 20606308-3 2010 The aim of this study was to investigate whether ghrelin increased high glucose-induced hippocampal neuron insulin sensitivity, and further modulated tau phosphorylation. Ghrelin 49-56 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 20798765-7 2010 Carbohydrate appears to be the most effective macronutrient for ghrelin suppression, because of its rapid absorption and insulin-secreting effect. Ghrelin 64-71 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 20798765-10 2010 The principal mediators involved in meal-induced ghrelin regulation are glucose, insulin, gastrointestinal hormones released in the postabsorptive phase, vagal activity, gastric emptying rate, and postprandial alterations in intestinal osmolarity. Ghrelin 49-56 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 19096824-7 2009 Co-production of ghrelin with insulin, glucagon or somatostatin was not detected during fetal development. Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 19932865-7 2009 Among women with insulin concentrations at or greater than the median, we found a statistically significant positive association between intake of saturated fat and ghrelin concentrations, as well as additional statistically significant associations between leptin concentrations and macronutrients not observed among the total cohort. Ghrelin 165-172 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 19318377-3 2009 An inverse relationship between fasting plasma ghrelin and insulin concentrations has been shown. Ghrelin 47-54 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 19552764-6 2009 This study shows that: (a) patients with LC and portal hypertension exhibit significantly higher fasting and postprandial plasma melatonin levels than healthy subjects; (b) plasma ghrelin, both in LC and healthy controls reach the highest values under fasting conditions, but decline postprandially, especially after oral application of melatonin or Trp; and (c) plasma melatonin, gastrin, ghrelin and insulin levels are altered significantly in LC patients with portal hypertension compared with that in healthy controls possibly due to their portal systemic shunting and decreased liver degradation. Ghrelin 180-187 insulin Homo sapiens 402-409 19773372-0 2009 Acylated and nonacylated ghrelin levels and their associations with insulin resistance in obese and normal weight children with metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin 25-32 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 19773372-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Ghrelin, a peptide mainly derived from the stomach, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake, energy metabolism, and storage, as well as in insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 19628651-0 2009 Effects of acute administration of acylated and unacylated ghrelin on glucose and insulin concentrations in morbidly obese subjects without overt diabetes. Ghrelin 59-66 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 19213003-4 2009 At baseline, ghrelin correlated negatively (r > -0.306; P < 0.05) with body mass, FM, %FM, trunk fat, FFM, leptin, insulin, and IR. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 19165163-8 2009 The ghrelin variant, g.A-604G (rs27647), showed an association with insulin levels at 2-h post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (P = 0.009) in obese families. Ghrelin 4-11 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 19153523-2 2009 In humans, acylated ghrelin (AG) induces a rapid rise in glucose and insulin levels. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 19106245-9 2009 The suppressive effect of insulin on ghrelin concentration was significantly diminished in the UBO compared with the lean controls (P=0.012) and a highly significant inverse correlation existed with visceral fat mass (r=-0.52, P=0.004). Ghrelin 37-44 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 19106245-10 2009 CONCLUSIONS: Visceral fat mass is a strong predictor of basal ghrelin concentrations and also attenuates the suppressive effect of insulin on ghrelin concentrations. Ghrelin 142-149 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 19049992-2 2009 Polymorphisms in preproghrelin and ghrelin gene could be responsible for obesity, insulin resistance and low ghrelin levels observed in some individuals. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 19411802-11 2009 In hyperthyroidism, basal ghrelin levels showed a negative correlation with BMI (p=0.042, r=-0.829), insulin (p<0.001, r=-1.000), and HOMA index (p=0.019, r=-0.886). Ghrelin 26-33 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 19411802-14 2009 BMI and insulin are the main factors that influence ghrelin concentration in hyperthyroidism. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 18710433-7 2009 In the latter, fasting insulin and alanine aminotransferase were independent factors for ghrelin; fasting insulin, weight and gender were independent factors for obestatin and alanine aminotransferase was an independent factor for ghrelin/obestatin. Ghrelin 89-96 insulin Homo sapiens 23-59 19275667-3 2009 In humans acylated ghrelin reduces insulin sensitivity while unacylated ghrelin has opposite effects. Ghrelin 19-26 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 18776138-0 2008 Ghrelin infusion in humans induces acute insulin resistance and lipolysis independent of growth hormone signaling. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 19675514-3 2009 2) assess the correlations between concentrations of ghrelin and concentrations of GH, IGF-1, cholesterol, insulin and glucose in patients with acromegaly. Ghrelin 53-60 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 18521699-6 2009 Changes in ghrelin concentrations correlated with changes in insulin levels (r = 0.45, p = 0.011). Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 18776138-11 2008 In the absence of GH and cortisol secretion, ghrelin acutely decreased peripheral, but not hepatic, insulin sensitivity together with stimulation of lipolysis. Ghrelin 45-52 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 18776138-13 2008 CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin infusion acutely induces lipolysis and insulin resistance independently of GH and cortisol. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 18071345-5 2008 RESULTS: We observed a protective effect exerted by Met72 variant of Leu72Met SNP on insulin resistance parameters; a significant decreasing trend from Leu/Leu to Leu/Met and to Met/Met homozygous subjects in triglycerides, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR index (P=0.02, 0.01 and 0.003, respectively), and, consistently, an increase in ghrelin levels (P=0.003) was found. Ghrelin 339-346 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 18703566-15 2008 Term SGA children, on the other hand, behave differently and have lower ghrelin levels than preterm children at prepubertal ages, which may be related to elevated insulin levels in this group. Ghrelin 72-79 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 18622896-5 2008 Obestatin levels correlated inversely and significantly with body mass index (f: r=-0.632, p<0.001; m: r=-0.487, p<0.001) and basal insulin levels (f: r=-0.536, p<0.001; m: r=-0.320, p=0.008) in females and males. Ghrelin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 19024311-1 2008 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the response of serum ghrelin and PYY to oral glucose and steamed-bread load and their relationships to insulin and glucose in nonobese and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin 48-55 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 19031219-7 2008 In women with PCOS, a strong negative correlation was observed between ghrelin values and the clinical (BMI, WHR, waist circumference) and hormonal indices of insulin resistance (IRI and HOMA-IR). Ghrelin 71-78 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 18550870-1 2008 Postprandial ghrelin suppression arises from the interaction of meal contents with the small intestine and may relate to elevations in blood glucose and/or plasma insulin. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 18350633-0 2008 Changes of ghrelin following oral glucose tolerance test in obese children with insulin resistance. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 18350633-13 2008 CONCLUSION: In conclusion, in obese children with insulin resistance, ghrelin levels decreased with advancing pubertal stage. Ghrelin 70-77 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 17854954-0 2008 Higher total ghrelin levels are associated with higher insulin-mediated glucose disposal in non-diabetic maintenance hemodialysis patients. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 18187517-11 2008 Ghrelin concentrations were inversely correlated with insulin, and peak insulin concentrations preceded nadir ghrelin concentrations postprandially. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 17854954-4 2008 The current study aimed at assessing the potential relationships between ghrelin and insulin sensitivity in MHD. Ghrelin 73-80 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 17854954-11 2008 CONCLUSIONS: Insulin sensitivity is associated negatively with systemic inflammation and positively with total plasma ghrelin in non-diabetic MHD patients. Ghrelin 118-125 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 17854954-12 2008 Based on available knowledge these results suggest a potential novel role of ghrelin in preserving insulin sensitivity in MHD. Ghrelin 77-84 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 18979162-5 2008 Ghrelin was associated with total BMC (beta = -0.945; P = 0.0001), total BMD (beta = -0.959; P = 0.0001), lumbar spine BMD (beta = -0.945; P = 0.0001), and femoral neck BMD (beta = -0.957; P = 0.0001), and remained associated (P < 0.041) in different analyses that controlled for measured body composition and hormonal and insulin resistance values. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 326-333 18283260-8 2008 Serum insulin levels correlated negatively with ghrelin levels (r= -0,87; p<0,0006) and serum testosterone concentrations correlated with ghrelin levels (r= 0,69; p<0,00006). Ghrelin 48-55 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 18283260-9 2008 CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that the serum ghrelin levels in men decline with age, is lower than in women and correlate negatively with fasting insulin levels. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 18164562-9 2008 Insulin levels associated positively with circulating leptin (r=0.394, p=0.011) and negatively with circulating ghrelin (r=-0.401, p=0.009). Ghrelin 112-119 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 18317425-2 2008 Serum concentrations of ghrelin are low in obese hyperinsulinemic persons, are reduced by infusion of insulin into normal-weight subjects, and are increased in underweight hypoinsulinemic patients with anorexia nervosa. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 18250617-3 2007 However, in obesity, ghrelin administration induces a blunted GH secretion, enhances glucose and reduces insulin levels. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 18023257-3 2007 Both insulin and ghrelin are now known to enhance hippocampal memory processes; in addition, insulin acts to increase local hippocampal metabolism and regulate synaptic plasticity, while administration of ghrelin has been shown to promote dendritic spine synaptic formation and to increase anxiety. Ghrelin 205-212 insulin Homo sapiens 5-12 17619061-4 2007 Moreover, we have also demonstrated that peripheral ghrelin blockade by the AGA, reduces the orexigenic signal induced by insulin and 2-DG administration probably partly producing a decrease of c-fos immunoreactivity in the LH and PFA as well as a lower activation of orexin neurons. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 18250617-9 2007 RESULTS: Administration of ghrelin increased glucose and reduced insulin levels in both Ob and OB PCOS. Ghrelin 27-34 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 18250617-15 2007 However, ghrelin exerts glucose- enhancing and insulin-lowering effects, the latter absent in NW. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 18049431-0 2007 Insulin treatment reduces pre-prandial plasma ghrelin concentrations in children with type 1 diabetes. Ghrelin 46-53 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17992641-4 2007 In the multiply regression analysis we observed the change of direction of leptin influence on acylated ghrelin level from positive in normal-weight (p=0.001) to negative in obese women without insulin-resistance (p=0.033); in obese women with insulin resistance leptin was not significantly associated with ghrelin. Ghrelin 104-111 insulin Homo sapiens 244-251 17785502-2 2007 Ghrelin was shown to be associated with insulin resistance, which may also affect obestatin. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 18049431-4 2007 MATERIAL/METHODS: This prospective study assessed the changes in pre-prandial plasma ghrelin levels after treatment of type 1 diabetes with insulin. Ghrelin 85-92 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 18049431-6 2007 Mean plasma ghrelin levels declined by 29% in diabetic children post insulin treatment (p=0.007). Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 18049431-9 2007 CONCLUSIONS: Plasma ghrelin concentrations could be suppressed in untreated type 1 diabetic children by improved glycemic control following insulin replacement. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 18075283-0 2007 Total ghrelin levels during acute insulin infusion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 18075283-6 2007 Insulin infusion significantly suppressed ghrelin in all subgroups of investigated women. Ghrelin 42-49 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17887659-3 2007 More recently, ghrelin has been recognized to also play a role in controlling glucose-induced insulin secretion, which suggests another possible benefit for a GHS-R1a antagonist, namely, the role as an insulin secretagogue with potential value for diabetes treatment. Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 18055420-8 2007 RESULTS: BMI, BF %, insulin and HOMA-IR values were positively correlated with leptin and negatively with ghrelin levels. Ghrelin 106-113 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 17434608-10 2007 The patterns of ghrelin concentrations in the experiments with GLP-1 and placebo administration were inversely related to the respective plasma levels of insulin and C-peptide. Ghrelin 16-23 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 17434608-10 2007 The patterns of ghrelin concentrations in the experiments with GLP-1 and placebo administration were inversely related to the respective plasma levels of insulin and C-peptide. Ghrelin 16-23 insulin Homo sapiens 166-175 18055420-11 2007 Ghrelin levels were significantly correlated with insulin levels and HOMA-IR, independent of BMI (P=0.077). Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 17652221-0 2007 Relationships between desacylated and acylated ghrelin and insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin 47-54 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 17652221-2 2007 Ghrelin is a gastric hormone whose total plasma concentration (T-Ghr) is associated positively with insulin sensitivity and is reduced in obesity. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 17652221-4 2007 OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine potential differential associations of ghrelin forms with insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and the impact of obesity on their plasma concentrations in metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin 81-88 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 17652221-4 2007 OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine potential differential associations of ghrelin forms with insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and the impact of obesity on their plasma concentrations in metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin 81-88 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 17652221-9 2007 RESULTS: Plasma insulin and HOMA-IR were associated negatively with T-Ghr and D-Ghr but positively with A-Ghr and acylated to desacylated ghrelin (A/D-Ghr) ratio (n = 45; P < 0.05). Ghrelin 138-145 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 18051927-10 2007 The fall in circulating ghrelin was negatively correlated with IR and the respective rise in insulin levels. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 17875182-1 2007 Ghrelin is reduced in various states of insulin resistance. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 17875182-2 2007 The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between ghrelin and glucose metabolism during pregnancy - a natural insulin-resistant state - in women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and potential changes 3 months after delivery. Ghrelin 62-69 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 17993770-7 2007 During ghrelin infusions, blood glucose levels significantly increased in all groups although significantly less in low-weight AN; insulin levels were not significantly affected, while c-peptide levels were significantly suppressed only in the constitutionally thin and PRAN subjects. Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 185-194 18051927-0 2007 Ghrelin serum levels during oral glucose tolerance test in prepubertal obese children with insulin resistance. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 18051927-11 2007 CONCLUSIONS: In prepubertal, insulin-resistant obese children, ghrelin is significantly suppressed shortly after glucose intake. Ghrelin 63-70 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 17984943-13 2007 CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that circulating total and acylated ghrelin in acromegaly is regulated by insulin and not by GH hypersecretion. Ghrelin 68-75 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 17909400-8 2007 Plasma ghrelin concentration was negatively related to percent body fat, fat mass, peak oxygen consumption per kilogram of body mass, leptin, estradiol, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (r > -0.298; P < 0.05). Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 153-194 17616856-3 2007 Ghrelin, a protein ligand for the growth hormone secretagog receptor, has been shown to stimulate food intake and to influence energy balance, insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 17923797-0 2007 Not insulin but insulin sensitivity, leptin, and cortisol are major factors regulating serum acylated ghrelin level in healthy women. Ghrelin 102-109 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 17923797-1 2007 It has been suggested that insulin and glucose are the most important factors for ghrelin secretion. Ghrelin 82-89 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 17676200-9 2007 Negative correlations were found between serum insulin and ghrelin concentrations in lean and obese subjects. Ghrelin 59-66 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 17276431-13 2007 Ghrelin also induced a trend toward an increase in plasma glucose levels, and a significant decrease in insulin concentrations in both groups. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 17311892-12 2007 In conclusion, 1) we describe novel pharmacokinetics of ghrelin that are useful when tailoring ghrelin infusion rates in clinical experiments, 2) BMI and HDL correlate positively with MRT of infused ghrelin, and 3) supraphysiological ghrelin levels impair insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 56-63 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 17268419-10 2007 The risk seems to be associated with a higher insulin resistance among Pro7 carriers whereas low ghrelin concentrations in Pro7 carriers are possibly a consequence of high insulin levels. Ghrelin 97-104 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 17276431-0 2007 Administration of exogenous ghrelin in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: effects on plasma levels of growth hormone, glucose, and insulin. Ghrelin 28-35 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 17010469-0 2007 Elevated serum acylated (biologically active) ghrelin and resistin levels associate with pregnancy-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Ghrelin 46-53 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 17533583-6 2007 The insulin and ghrelin composites were lower following the solid trial compared to the liquid [insulin: 5825 (range: 4676-11639) VS. 7170 (4472-14169) uIU/l x 240 min, p<0.01; ghrelin: -92798 (range: -269130-47528) VS. -56152 (range: -390855-30840) pg/ml x 240 min, p<0.05]. Ghrelin 16-23 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 17492951-1 2007 BACKGROUND: Circulating ghrelin levels are reported to be suppressed by insulin, GH and free fatty acids (FFAs). Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 17371480-10 2007 In a multiple linear regression analysis, only waist-to-hip ratio and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were independently associated with plasma obestatin level. Ghrelin 173-182 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 17430240-5 2007 Here we describe an important role for the gut-derived peptide ghrelin in upstream signaling through the insulin/IGF-1 pathway and exemplify modulation of ghrelin signaling as an approach to mechanistic treatment of multiple age-related diseases by virtue of its ability to regulate key metabolic functions. Ghrelin 63-70 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 17030069-0 2007 Plasma ghrelin levels after two high-carbohydrate meals producing different insulin responses in patients with metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 17287417-9 2007 RESULTS: Adiponectin and ghrelin levels correlated significantly with most metabolic markers of insulin resistance and with serum levels of DHEA and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Ghrelin 25-32 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 17449920-0 2007 Marked suppression of ghrelin concentration by insulin in Prader-willi syndrome. Ghrelin 22-29 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 17449920-1 2007 The plasma ghrelin has been reported to be elevated in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and modulated by insulin. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 17449920-2 2007 It was hypothesized that insulin might have a more pronounced effect on reducing plasma ghrelin in PWS patients, which would influence appetite. Ghrelin 88-95 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 17449920-4 2007 After a 90-min infusion of insulin, the plasma ghrelin level decreased from a basal value of 0.86+/-0.15 to 0.58+/-0.12 ng/mL in the controls, and from 2.38+/-0.76 to 1.12+/-0.29 ng/mL in children with PWS (p=0.011). Ghrelin 47-54 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 17449920-7 2007 The decrease in the ghrelin levels in response to insulin was more pronounced in the children with PWS than in the controls. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 17449920-9 2007 This suggests that even though insulin sensitivity to ghrelin is well maintained, an increase in the baseline ghrelin levels is characteristic of PWS. Ghrelin 54-61 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 17287417-4 2007 The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 4 months of treatment with the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone on plasma adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin levels in overweight women with PCOS. Ghrelin 152-159 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 17201814-4 2007 The aim of the present study was to establish whether insulin-induced hypoglycaemia stimulates ghrelin secretion and whether changes in ghrelin concentrations are related to changes in GH and cortisol in children. Ghrelin 95-102 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 17453675-4 2007 Ghrelin levels change profoundly in anorexia, in states of insulin resistance, in obesity, and after bariatric surgery, suggesting that this is an important hormone in body weight regulation. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 17201814-8 2007 Significant changes in ghrelin levels (P = 0.00013) were found after the insulin bolus, with a decline at 60 min and an increase to baseline values at 120 min. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 17204837-14 2007 The decrease in ghrelin in face of unchanged weight seems to be associated with increase in IGF-I and insulin levels. Ghrelin 16-23 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 17062757-0 2007 Association of acylated and nonacylated ghrelin with insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Ghrelin 40-47 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 17114888-0 2007 Acylated ghrelin secretion is acutely suppressed by oral glucose load or insulin-induced hypoglycemia independently of basal growth hormone secretion in humans. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 17114888-5 2007 RESULTS: Fasting plasma ghrelin levels correlated negatively with serum insulin levels in both group A and B controls (r = -0.665; p < 0.05) but not in patients with AA or GHD. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 17062757-1 2007 OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin [acylated (AG) and nonacylated (NAG)] has been shown to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 16882748-1 2006 CONTEXT: Release of ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone regulating feeding and energy balance, is blunted in obesity, a condition associated with insulin resistance. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 17347858-10 2007 The correlations between post-glucose plasma ghrelin, insulin and blood glucose support the existence of a previously proposed link between hyperinsulinemia (or increased blood glucose) and suppression of ghrelin levels. Ghrelin 205-212 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 16928403-9 2006 There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the fasting concentrations of ghrelin and the respective levels of glucose, insulin and C-peptide (r = 0.49, p < 0.01; r = 0.55, p < 0.01 and r = 0.59, p < 0.001, respectively). Ghrelin 85-92 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 16928403-9 2006 There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the fasting concentrations of ghrelin and the respective levels of glucose, insulin and C-peptide (r = 0.49, p < 0.01; r = 0.55, p < 0.01 and r = 0.59, p < 0.001, respectively). Ghrelin 85-92 insulin Homo sapiens 143-152 17005528-10 2007 Plasma ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with body mass index, waist-hip ratio, fasting insulin and triglyceride level, and positively correlated with lean body mass. Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 17061019-2 2006 Particularly, the influence of aminoacids and lipids is controversial and, moreover, whether the intraluminal gastric contact with nutrients is required or if the modulatory action of nutrients on ghrelin secretion is mediated by insulin is still matter of debate. Ghrelin 197-204 insulin Homo sapiens 230-237 16801928-0 2006 Regulation of ghrelin is related to estimated insulin sensitivity in obese children. Ghrelin 14-21 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 16882748-9 2006 Significant associations occurred between nocturnal ghrelin ApEn and insulin (r = 0.53; P < 0.05), postmeal ghrelin AUCs and REE (r = -0.57; P < 0.05), and HOMA-S% (r = 0.52; P < 0.05), postmeal ghrelin Delta and HOMA-S% (r = 0.60; P < 0.05). Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 16882748-12 2006 Postabsorptive ghrelin secretion decreased significantly both in obese and lean subjects, was related to insulin sensitivity, and was predicted by energy expenditure and hormone pulsatility. Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 16918590-0 2006 Effect of acute ghrelin administration on glycaemia and insulin levels in obese patients. Ghrelin 16-23 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 16918590-13 2006 Insulin level after the administration of ghrelin was 12.3 +/- 1.6, not significantly different from placebo (p = NS). Ghrelin 42-49 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16918590-4 2006 The aim of this study was to clarify whether ghrelin administration influences glucose and insulin levels in obese patients. Ghrelin 45-52 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 16918590-14 2006 Insulin level after the administration of ghrelin plus GHRH was 11.1 +/- 2.7, not significantly different from the response after placebo (p = NS). Ghrelin 42-49 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16886954-7 2006 We observed a negative influence of insulin on ghrelin levels (beta = -0.32; P = 0.036). Ghrelin 47-54 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 16886962-1 2006 OBJECTIVE: Circulating ghrelin is suppressed during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in healthy subjects, but it is unknown whether this is determined by feedback inhibition from counter-regulatory hormones. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 16508254-12 2006 Acylated ghrelin was also found to be negatively correlated with circulating insulin levels, across all meals. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 16886962-12 2006 (iii) We hypothesize that insulin rather than hypoglycaemia accounts for ghrelin suppression during an ITT. Ghrelin 73-80 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 16621911-2 2006 Acute ghrelin administration reduces insulin secretion, whereas insulin infusion has been shown to decrease ghrelin levels. Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 16621911-4 2006 OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to reveal the effect of ghrelin on insulin-mediated glucose disposal in gastrectomized patients. Ghrelin 53-60 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 16677709-0 2006 The nucleus tractus solitari (NTS) participates in peripheral ghrelin glucostatic hunger signalling mediated by insulin. Ghrelin 62-69 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 16677709-5 2006 These results suggest that the NTS is a part of the ghrelin pathway that regulates the orexigenic signalling cascade, which may be triggered by a drop in blood glucose levels mediated by insulin. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 187-194 16679286-2 2006 Sun et al (2006), in this issue of Cell Metabolism, demonstrate that ghrelin inhibits insulin secretion. Ghrelin 69-76 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 16679286-3 2006 Deletion of ghrelin increased basal insulin level, enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and improved peripheral insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 16679286-3 2006 Deletion of ghrelin increased basal insulin level, enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and improved peripheral insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 16679286-3 2006 Deletion of ghrelin increased basal insulin level, enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and improved peripheral insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 16487433-2 2006 Ghrelin secretion is increased by fasting and energy restriction, decreased by food intake, glucose load, insulin and somatostatin in normal adults; however, food intake is not able to inhibit circulating ghrelin levels in children, suggesting that the profile of ghrelin secretion in children is different from that in adults. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 16317063-0 2006 Administration of Lispro insulin with meals improves glycemic control, increases circulating leptin, and suppresses ghrelin, compared with regular/NPH insulin in female patients with type 1 diabetes. Ghrelin 116-123 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 16317063-2 2006 Exogenous insulin administration often poorly reproduces normal insulin patterns and may less effectively regulate leptin and ghrelin, two hormones involved in the control of appetite and adiposity. Ghrelin 126-133 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 16868147-3 2006 We evaluate the relationship of circulating ghrelin and leptin responses to standardized oral mixed nutrient load (SOMNL) with body composition, daily food intake, and insulin sensitivity in healthy elderly subjects (ES). Ghrelin 44-51 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 16868147-10 2006 Percentage change in Ghrelin after SOMNL correlated negatively with protein intake, but positively with resting energy expenditure and energy intake, and glucose, insulin, C-peptide basal concentrations, and HOMA-R. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 16868147-10 2006 Percentage change in Ghrelin after SOMNL correlated negatively with protein intake, but positively with resting energy expenditure and energy intake, and glucose, insulin, C-peptide basal concentrations, and HOMA-R. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 172-181 16868149-3 2006 Low adiponectin and ghrelin levels in PCOS patients could be caused by insulin resistance as well as high testosterone levels. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 16720664-12 2006 CONCLUSION: The lower suppression of ghrelin in AA, but not the lower PYY levels, correlates with insulinemia and insulin resistance. Ghrelin 37-44 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 16649967-1 2006 OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin may influence GH secretion and is associated with insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 16649967-3 2006 The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between PGH and ghrelin and their relationship to insulin sensitivity in pregnancy. Ghrelin 74-81 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 16507634-0 2006 Suppression of acylated ghrelin during oral glucose tolerance test is correlated with whole-body insulin sensitivity in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 16507634-1 2006 CONTEXT: Decreased fasting ghrelin levels and decreased ghrelin suppression in overweight children have been reported to be associated with insulin resistance. Ghrelin 27-34 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 16507634-1 2006 CONTEXT: Decreased fasting ghrelin levels and decreased ghrelin suppression in overweight children have been reported to be associated with insulin resistance. Ghrelin 56-63 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 16670671-3 2006 We wanted to assess the correlation between serum ghrelin levels and 1) the treatment applied in the past or being applied at the time of our study 2) GH, IGF-1 and insulin concentrations. Ghrelin 50-57 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 16508254-14 2006 Our results also support the possible role of insulin in meal-induced ghrelin suppression. Ghrelin 70-77 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 16612106-3 2006 METHODS: Serum levels of ghrelin and its relationship with insulin resistance were evaluated in 48 patients with hyperthyroidism and 43 euthyroid healthy controls. Ghrelin 25-32 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 16381992-1 2006 OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of ghrelin circulating levels induced by a mixed meal and their relationship with postprandial substrate oxidation rates in overweight and obese children with different levels of insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 37-44 insulin Homo sapiens 213-220 16381992-13 2006 CONCLUSIONS: A relevant association between postprandial insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and ghrelin secretion in children with different levels of overweight was found. Ghrelin 97-104 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 16381992-14 2006 It is possible that the maintenance of an adequate level of insulin sensitivity and glucose oxidation may affect appetite regulation by favoring a more efficient postprandial ghrelin reduction. Ghrelin 175-182 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 16314227-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Growing evidence indicates that the administration of large amounts of ghrelin to humans increases circulating concentrations of several pituitary and adrenal hormones, induces hyperglycemia and reduces serum insulin concentrations. Ghrelin 83-90 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 15910166-8 2006 In the control group, total ghrelin correlated positively with IGFBP-2 (p<0.05) and negatively with active ghrelin (p=0.05), BMI (p<0.05), WHR (p<0.05), insulin (p=0.01) and IGF-I (p=0.05). Ghrelin 28-35 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 16204363-12 2005 A significant association independent of BMI was also observed between insulin and ghrelin. Ghrelin 83-90 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 16821203-28 2005 In patients with acromegaly significant negative correlation between serum ghrelin levels and insulin levels and HOMA index were found (r=-0.48; p<0.02 and r=-0.57; p<0.03, respectively. Ghrelin 75-82 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 15943578-9 2005 Moreover, acylated ghrelin levels correlated negatively with the postprandial insulin levels. Ghrelin 19-26 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 16189175-2 2005 The stomach is the major source of circulating ghrelin levels that are negatively associated with body mass, insulin and glucose levels. Ghrelin 47-54 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 16181233-8 2005 There was an inverse statistical relationship between the increase in insulin over the first 120 min and the decrease in ghrelin (P = 0.005), while somatostatin, GH and glucose were not significant contributors to the decrease in ghrelin (P > 0.05). Ghrelin 121-128 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 16181233-12 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Our study found no evidence that glucagon stimulates ghrelin secretion in humans and supports the hypothesis that insulin is a negative regulator of ghrelin secretion in the postprandial state. Ghrelin 162-169 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 16493877-6 2005 Ghrelin contributes to weight gain, resistin and TNF-alpha to insulin resistance. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 16669599-5 2005 Moreover, we also demonstrate that peripheral ghrelin blockade with a specific anti-ghrelin antibody reduces, in part, the orexigenic signal induced by insulin and 2-DG administration. Ghrelin 46-53 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 16097995-2 2005 Acylated ghrelin is the biologically active form of an orexigenic gastric hormone that modifies insulin sensitivity and body composition. Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 16060917-0 2005 Ghrelin in preterm and term newborns: relation to anthropometry, leptin and insulin. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 15755766-14 2005 The most important predictor of ghrelin concentration is insulin resistance, and ghrelin in turn predicts GH and cortisol burst frequency. Ghrelin 32-39 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 16060906-13 2005 The reduction in both forms of ghrelin could be involved in the development of the body mass increase of IDDM subjects with opposite effects, either influencing insulin sensitivity or exerting a compensatory restraint of feeding. Ghrelin 31-38 insulin Homo sapiens 161-168 15994748-0 2005 Circulating ghrelin in thyroid dysfunction is related to insulin resistance and not to hunger, food intake or anthropometric changes. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 15994748-1 2005 OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin is a gastric peptide that plays a role in appetite stimulation, energy balance and possibly in insulin resistance. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 15994748-3 2005 We investigated ghrelin levels and their relationship with hunger, food intake and both anthropometric and insulin resistance parameters in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Ghrelin 16-23 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 15994748-10 2005 CONCLUSIONS: In thyroid dysfunction states, ghrelin levels seemed to be in relation to insulin resistance and not to energy balance and food intake regulation, as seen in other physiological and pathological states. Ghrelin 44-51 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 16106757-7 2005 Starvation and low body mass index decrease, while food intake, hyperglycaemia, elevated insulin levels and high body mass index increase the endogenous ghrelin levels. Ghrelin 153-160 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 15988702-5 2005 Fasting plasma ghrelin levels were significantly negatively correlated with triglycerides and fasting insulin levels and positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in boys, but not in girls. Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 15853824-14 2005 Ghrelin levels during pregnancy are at their lowest in the third trimester at a time of increased body weight, development of insulin resistance and high serum levels of PGH. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 15855322-4 2005 Multiple regression analysis and matching for insulin revealed a significant negative interaction of ghrelin with leptin but not insulin. Ghrelin 101-108 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 15728212-0 2005 Ghrelin suppression in overweight children: a manifestation of insulin resistance? Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 15728212-1 2005 Ghrelin levels increase before and decrease after meals, potentially playing a role in meal initiation and satiety in an inverse pattern to that of insulin. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 15728212-6 2005 Fasting ghrelin levels were significantly lower in OW vs NW youth and were mainly influenced by insulin sensitivity independent of adiposity. Ghrelin 8-15 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 15728212-2 2005 The role of ghrelin in childhood obesity, a state associated with hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance, is not fully understood. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 15728212-8 2005 The suppression of ghrelin correlated positively with the whole body insulin sensitivity index (r = 0.43; P = 0.001) and negatively with the change in insulin at 30 min (r = -0.31; P = 0.02). Ghrelin 19-26 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 15699223-0 2005 Ghrelin response to carbohydrate-enriched breakfast is related to insulin. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 15728212-8 2005 The suppression of ghrelin correlated positively with the whole body insulin sensitivity index (r = 0.43; P = 0.001) and negatively with the change in insulin at 30 min (r = -0.31; P = 0.02). Ghrelin 19-26 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 15728212-9 2005 Fasting ghrelin, the change in insulin, and the change in glucose during the OGTT were the significant independent variables contributing to the variance in absolute suppression of ghrelin (r2 = 0.42; P < 0.001). Ghrelin 181-188 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 15728212-11 2005 Fasting ghrelin and ghrelin suppression after OGTT are modulated by insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 8-15 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 15728212-11 2005 Fasting ghrelin and ghrelin suppression after OGTT are modulated by insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 15728212-12 2005 Alterations in ghrelin suppression in OW children may be yet another manifestation of the insulin resistance of obesity. Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 15768041-8 2005 The substantial reduction of overweight in 16 children (median SDS-BMI = -0.7) was associated with significant changes in insulin resistance (median decrease of HOMA 27%; P = 0.013), insulin (median decrease 25%, P = 0.036), adiponectin (median increase 15%; P = 0.003), and leptin levels (median decrease 19%; P = 0.023), while there were no significant changes in ghrelin levels (median increase 4%; P = 0.326). Ghrelin 366-373 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 15795476-16 2005 Significant negative correlation (r = -0.90; p < 0.05) was found between plasma insulin and ghrelin concentration at rest in fed subjects. Ghrelin 95-102 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 15657373-9 2005 There was a negative correlation between fasting ghrelin (but not PYY or GIP) and BMI and insulin (r2= 0.33) and a positive correlation between the decrease in hunger 15 min after the meal and PYY concentrations at 15 min (r2= 0.20). Ghrelin 49-56 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 15777186-10 2005 (5) Does ghrelin regulate insulin secretion? Ghrelin 9-16 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 15699223-9 2005 The percentage decrease in ghrelin between 0 and 30 min was inversely correlated with the percentage increases in insulin (r=-0.76) and glucose (r=-0.79) but not with changes in leptin (r=0.10). Ghrelin 27-34 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 15699223-10 2005 The percentage changes in ghrelin concentrations between 30 and 180 min were correlated with the percentage changes in insulin (r=-0.53) and leptin (r=-0.47) but not with changes in glucose (r=0.22). Ghrelin 26-33 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 15699223-11 2005 CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that ghrelin requires postgastric feedback, which may be regulated through insulin. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 15638867-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor that exerts orexigenic activity, is negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 15688209-0 2005 The negative association between plasma ghrelin and IGF-I is modified by obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin 40-47 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 15638867-7 2005 At 10.2 +/- 0.7 months after successful TSS, patients showed a significant increase in ghrelin levels compared to pretreatment values (342.5 +/- 25.6 vs. 117.8 +/- 21.5 pmol/l, P < 0.005) along with significant modifications in BMI, insulin, HOMA-IR and HDL-cholesterol and no change in ApN levels. Ghrelin 87-94 insulin Homo sapiens 236-243 16232372-3 2005 Furthermore, low levels of ghrelin are negatively correlated with the degree of insulin resistance, blood pressure and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin 27-34 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 16254436-2 2005 Insulin is a physiological and dynamic modulator of plasma ghrelin, and insulinemia possibly mediates the effect of the nutritional state on the plasma concentrations of ghrelin in adults. Ghrelin 59-66 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15561944-0 2004 Endogenous ghrelin in pancreatic islets restricts insulin release by attenuating Ca2+ signaling in beta-cells: implication in the glycemic control in rodents. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 15588149-10 2005 In the control group, ghrelin positively correlated with GH concentrations (p<0.01) and negatively correlated with the levels of insulin and creatinine (p<0.05). Ghrelin 22-29 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 16254436-2 2005 Insulin is a physiological and dynamic modulator of plasma ghrelin, and insulinemia possibly mediates the effect of the nutritional state on the plasma concentrations of ghrelin in adults. Ghrelin 170-177 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15561944-2 2004 It has been shown that low plasma ghrelin levels correlates with elevated fasting insulin levels and type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin 34-41 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 15561944-8 2004 In isolated islets, GH secretagogue receptor blockade and antiserum against acylated ghrelin markedly enhanced glucose-induced increases in insulin release and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), whereas ghrelin at a relatively high concentration (10 nmol/l) suppressed insulin release. Ghrelin 85-92 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 15561944-3 2004 Here we show a physiological role of endogenous ghrelin in the regulation of insulin release and blood glucose in rodents. Ghrelin 48-55 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 15561944-11 2004 These findings reveal that endogenous ghrelin in islets acts on beta-cells to restrict glucose-induced insulin release at least partly via attenuation of Ca2+ signaling, and that this insulinostatic action may be implicated in the upward control of blood glucose. Ghrelin 38-45 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 15561944-5 2004 Counteraction of endogenous ghrelin by intraperitoneal injection of specific GH secretagogue receptor antagonists markedly lowered fasting glucose concentrations, attenuated plasma glucose elevation, and enhanced insulin responses during the glucose tolerance test (GTT). Ghrelin 28-35 insulin Homo sapiens 213-220 15473884-1 2004 OBJECTIVE: Circulating ghrelin levels are increased by fasting and decreased by feeding, glucose load, insulin and somatostatin. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 15538935-0 2004 Circulating levels of active ghrelin is associated with abdominal adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ghrelin 29-36 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 15538935-1 2004 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the circulating level of active ghrelin and abdominal adiposity, serum levels of insulin or insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ghrelin 83-90 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 15538935-6 2004 The plasma level of ghrelin was significantly associated with serum levels of insulin (F=8.468, P<0.05) or GIR (F=8.522, P<0.05) after adjustment for BMI in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 15538935-7 2004 CONCLUSIONS: Decreased plasma levels of active ghrelin are significantly associated with abdominal adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Ghrelin 47-54 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 15538935-8 2004 Hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance may suppress plasma levels of active ghrelin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ghrelin 89-96 insulin Homo sapiens 5-12 15473884-14 2004 CONCLUSIONS: Ghrelin secretion in humans is inhibited by OGTT-induced hyperglycaemia and ITT but not by glucagon and arginine, two substances able to increase insulin and glucose levels. Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 15473884-15 2004 These findings question the assumption that glucose and insulin directly regulate ghrelin secretion. Ghrelin 82-89 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 15491789-0 2004 Acute insulin infusion decreases plasma ghrelin levels in uncomplicated obesity. Ghrelin 40-47 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 15491789-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Plasma ghrelin levels have been shown to decrease after insulin infusion in lean subjects. Ghrelin 19-26 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 15491789-2 2004 Nevertheless, the mechanism of the suggested inhibitory effect of insulin on ghrelin is still unclear and no data about the effect of acute insulin infusion on plasma ghrelin concentration in obese subjects are available. Ghrelin 77-84 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 15473884-2 2004 Whether hyperglycaemia and insulin directly inhibit ghrelin secretion still remains matter of debate. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 15473884-3 2004 The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate further the regulatory effects of glucose and insulin on ghrelin secretion. Ghrelin 115-122 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 15292475-8 2004 The changes in ghrelin secretion after RYGBP correlated with changes in insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05) and caloric intake (p < 0.05). Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 15472202-0 2004 Administration of acylated ghrelin reduces insulin sensitivity, whereas the combination of acylated plus unacylated ghrelin strongly improves insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 116-123 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 15472202-3 2004 We found that acylated ghrelin, which is rapidly cleared from the circulation, induced a rapid rise in glucose and insulin levels. Ghrelin 23-30 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 15472202-4 2004 Unacylated ghrelin, however, prevented the acylated ghrelin-induced rise in insulin and glucose when it was coadministered with acylated ghrelin. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 15472202-4 2004 Unacylated ghrelin, however, prevented the acylated ghrelin-induced rise in insulin and glucose when it was coadministered with acylated ghrelin. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 15472202-4 2004 Unacylated ghrelin, however, prevented the acylated ghrelin-induced rise in insulin and glucose when it was coadministered with acylated ghrelin. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 15472202-6 2004 Finally, acylated ghrelin decreased insulin sensitivity up to the end of a period of 6 h after administration. Ghrelin 18-25 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 15472202-7 2004 This decrease in insulin sensitivity was prevented by coinjection of unacylated ghrelin. Ghrelin 80-87 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 15472202-8 2004 This combined administration of acylated and unacylated ghrelin even significantly improved insulin sensitivity, compared with placebo, for at least 6 h, which warrants studies to investigate the long-term efficacy of this combination in the treatment of disorders with disturbed insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 56-63 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 15472202-8 2004 This combined administration of acylated and unacylated ghrelin even significantly improved insulin sensitivity, compared with placebo, for at least 6 h, which warrants studies to investigate the long-term efficacy of this combination in the treatment of disorders with disturbed insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 56-63 insulin Homo sapiens 280-287 15039149-11 2004 This finding, along with a correlation between area-under-the-curve values of ghrelin and insulin, suggests a role for insulin in ghrelin regulation. Ghrelin 78-85 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 15240614-8 2004 At 6 and 12 months, ghrelin levels correlated negatively with fasting plasma insulin levels and hepatic insulin extraction but not with body mass or insulin action. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 15240614-8 2004 At 6 and 12 months, ghrelin levels correlated negatively with fasting plasma insulin levels and hepatic insulin extraction but not with body mass or insulin action. Ghrelin 20-27 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 15240614-9 2004 In conclusion, prolonged weight loss results in a rise of fasting ghrelin concentrations that correlates with fasting insulin concentrations but not improvement of insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 66-73 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 15240614-1 2004 Weight reduction after gastric bypass surgery has been attributed to a decrease of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin, which may be regulated by insulin and leptin. Ghrelin 106-113 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 15249708-3 2004 Circulating ghrelin levels are suppressed by insulin and glucose. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 15181085-9 2004 Because insulin and leptin, and possibly ghrelin, function as key signals to the central nervous system in the long-term regulation of energy balance, decreases of circulating insulin and leptin and increased ghrelin concentrations, as demonstrated in this study, could lead to increased caloric intake and ultimately contribute to weight gain and obesity during chronic consumption of diets high in fructose. Ghrelin 209-216 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 15132729-14 2004 CONCLUSION: Fasting plasma adiponectin and ghrelin levels were found to be associated with central obesity or insulin resistance. Ghrelin 43-50 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 15181097-0 2004 Postprandial response of plasma ghrelin levels to various test meals in relation to food intake, plasma insulin, and glucose. Ghrelin 32-39 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 15181099-13 2004 In conclusion, non-acylated ghrelin does not affect the GH, PRL, and ACTH response to acylated ghrelin but is able to antagonize the effects of acylated ghrelin on insulin secretion and glucose levels. Ghrelin 28-35 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 15163333-13 2004 On the other hand, ghrelin levels underwent a transient reduction (P < 0.01) after insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Ghrelin 19-26 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 14973181-0 2004 Response of circulating ghrelin levels to insulin therapy in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 15126574-1 2004 Ghrelin secretion has been reportedly increased by fasting and energy restriction but decreased by food intake, glucose, insulin, and somatostatin. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 14973181-5 2004 Ghrelin levels were significantly decreased at diagnosis (573 +/- 68 pg/mL, p < 0.01) compared with controls (867 +/- 38 pg/mL) and remained decreased after insulin therapy (d 2: 595 +/- 68 pg/mL; 1 mo: 590 +/- 61 pg/mL; 4 mo: 538 +/- 67 pg/mL) with no differences before or after insulin treatment. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 14973181-5 2004 Ghrelin levels were significantly decreased at diagnosis (573 +/- 68 pg/mL, p < 0.01) compared with controls (867 +/- 38 pg/mL) and remained decreased after insulin therapy (d 2: 595 +/- 68 pg/mL; 1 mo: 590 +/- 61 pg/mL; 4 mo: 538 +/- 67 pg/mL) with no differences before or after insulin treatment. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 284-291 14973181-8 2004 A positive correlation between ghrelin and IGFBP-1 was found after insulin therapy, but no correlation with other members of the IGF system or leptin was found. Ghrelin 31-38 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 14736968-10 2004 Basal plasma ghrelin levels correlated significantly with plasma insulin (R = -0.32; P<0.05), body mass index (R = -0.24; P<0.05), log serum leptin levels (R = -0.23; P<0.05) and truncal fat mass (R = -0.25; P<0.05). Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 15070928-3 2004 Ghrelin secretion is increased by fasting and energy restriction but decreased by food intake, glucose, insulin, and somatostatin. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 15070936-5 2004 In controls and PWS, ghrelin was negatively correlated with visceral adiposity, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model insulin resistance index. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 15070936-5 2004 In controls and PWS, ghrelin was negatively correlated with visceral adiposity, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model insulin resistance index. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 15070936-7 2004 In stepwise linear regression, visceral adiposity (P < 0.02) had a stronger inverse correlation with ghrelin than sc fat depots in controls and PWS, possibly through hyperinsulinemia, as the correlations with insulin resistance were even stronger (P < 0.01). Ghrelin 104-111 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 15070936-9 2004 Ghrelin was increased 3.4- to 3.6-fold in PWS females adjusting for total adiposity, 3.2- to 3.4-fold adjusting for visceral adiposity, and 3.0-fold adjusting for insulin resistance. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 15070922-7 2004 Ghrelin correlated inversely with both insulin resistance (r = -0.64; P < 0.001) and fasting insulin concentration (r = -0.58; P < 0.001). Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 15070922-7 2004 Ghrelin correlated inversely with both insulin resistance (r = -0.64; P < 0.001) and fasting insulin concentration (r = -0.58; P < 0.001). Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 15070922-8 2004 Multivariate analysis confirmed that both insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia independently predicted low ghrelin concentrations. Ghrelin 110-117 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 15070922-9 2004 Our results demonstrate that in obese individuals, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are inversely associated with ghrelin concentrations. Ghrelin 121-128 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 15090637-8 2004 The negative relationship observed between post-BPD changes in HOMA IR values and changes in serum ghrelin concentration supported the role of insulin in the modulation of ghrelin production. Ghrelin 99-106 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 15090637-8 2004 The negative relationship observed between post-BPD changes in HOMA IR values and changes in serum ghrelin concentration supported the role of insulin in the modulation of ghrelin production. Ghrelin 172-179 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 15009005-6 2004 RESULTS: Fasting ghrelin levels were negatively related to body mass index (BMI; r =-0.47; P = 0.02), waist circumference (r = -0.58; P = 0.0028), waist/hip ratio (r = -0.56; P = 0.0046), fasting insulin (r = -0.44, P = 0.03), and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-R; r = -0.43, P = 0.034). Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 196-203 15009005-6 2004 RESULTS: Fasting ghrelin levels were negatively related to body mass index (BMI; r =-0.47; P = 0.02), waist circumference (r = -0.58; P = 0.0028), waist/hip ratio (r = -0.56; P = 0.0046), fasting insulin (r = -0.44, P = 0.03), and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-R; r = -0.43, P = 0.034). Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 260-267 15009005-9 2004 Ghrelin levels after a glucose load were lower over time in subjects with more pronounced insulin resistance (P < 0.0001). Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 15009005-12 2004 CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that ghrelin levels respond in a different manner to glucose, lipid and protein loads, and are subject to modulation according to gender, obesity and insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 42-49 insulin Homo sapiens 187-194 15057670-7 2004 The influence of ghrelin on insulin secretion and gonadal function is known. Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 15057670-11 2004 Ghrelin negatively correlates with BMI and insulin levels in PCOS group. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 14736968-12 2004 CONCLUSION: Markedly elevated plasma ghrelin levels are found in advanced renal failure and correlate with fat mass, plasma insulin and serum leptin levels. Ghrelin 37-44 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 14633852-0 2003 Insulin is required for prandial ghrelin suppression in humans. Ghrelin 33-40 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 14715869-5 2004 The sexual dimorphism in ghrelin levels (higher levels in women than in men) and the negative correlation between ghrelin and insulin are largely mediated by central adiposity. Ghrelin 114-121 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 14633852-4 2003 To test the hypothesis that insulin regulates postprandial plasma ghrelin concentrations in humans, we compared the effects of meal ingestion on plasma ghrelin levels in six C-peptide-negative subjects with type 1 diabetes and in six healthy subjects matched for age, sex, and BMI. Ghrelin 66-73 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 14633852-9 2003 basal insulin availability is sufficient for postprandial ghrelin suppression in type 1 diabetic subjects, and 3). Ghrelin 58-65 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 14602749-5 2003 We investigated the effect of GH on circulating levels of ghrelin in relation to its effects on glucose, insulin, body composition, and the adipocyte-derived peptides leptin and adiponectin. Ghrelin 58-65 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 14671152-0 2003 Low ghrelin concentrations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are related to insulin resistance. Ghrelin 4-11 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 14671152-1 2003 Several physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including changes in body fat, food intake, and insulin resistance, are known to be associated with variations in plasma ghrelin concentrations. Ghrelin 178-185 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 14671152-2 2003 We tested the hypothesis that insulin resistance exerts a primary role by measuring ghrelin in 86 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition in which insulin resistance is relatively independent of obesity. Ghrelin 84-91 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 14671152-7 2003 The study suggests that insulin resistance is a major factor controlling ghrelin levels in subjects with and without NAFLD. Ghrelin 73-80 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 14671163-0 2003 Ghrelin levels correlate with insulin levels, insulin resistance, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not with gender, menopausal status, or cortisol levels in humans. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 14671163-0 2003 Ghrelin levels correlate with insulin levels, insulin resistance, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not with gender, menopausal status, or cortisol levels in humans. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 14671163-5 2003 Fasting ghrelin levels correlated most strongly with insulin levels (r = -0.39; P = 0.002), insulin resistance as determined by the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (r = 0.38; P = 0.003), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = 0.33; P = 0.009). Ghrelin 8-15 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 14671163-5 2003 Fasting ghrelin levels correlated most strongly with insulin levels (r = -0.39; P = 0.002), insulin resistance as determined by the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (r = 0.38; P = 0.003), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = 0.33; P = 0.009). Ghrelin 8-15 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 14671163-5 2003 Fasting ghrelin levels correlated most strongly with insulin levels (r = -0.39; P = 0.002), insulin resistance as determined by the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (r = 0.38; P = 0.003), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (r = 0.33; P = 0.009). Ghrelin 8-15 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 14671163-6 2003 Meal-induced ghrelin suppression correlated with the postprandial rise in insulin (r = 0.39; P < 0.05). Ghrelin 13-20 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 14671163-8 2003 Our data are consistent with the hypotheses that insulin may negatively regulate ghrelin and that high-density lipoprotein may be a carrier particle for circulating ghrelin. Ghrelin 81-88 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 15055473-1 2003 Ghrelin levels are increased by fasting and energy restriction, decreased by food intake, glucose load and insulin but not by lipids and amino acids. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 14610295-7 2003 The negative association between ghrelin secretion and body weight is emphasized by evidence that weight increase and decrease reduces and augments circulating ghrelin levels in anorexia and obesity, respectively, and agrees with the clear negative association between ghrelin and insulin levels. Ghrelin 33-40 insulin Homo sapiens 281-288 14602793-10 2003 In OB, ghrelin increased glucose and reduced insulin (P < 0.05). Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 14624407-1 2003 The purpose of the study was to examine whether insulin sensitivity was associated with fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations in a population-based sample of 58-year-old clinically healthy Caucasian men. Ghrelin 103-110 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 14677575-2 2003 There appears to be a complex interaction among insulin, leptin, and ghrelin. Ghrelin 69-76 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 14602793-2 2003 Ghrelin levels are inversely associated with body mass index (BMI), increased by fasting and decreased by food intake, glucose load, insulin, and somatostatin. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 14514639-0 2003 Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 14514639-6 2003 Ghrelin concentrations were negatively associated with fasting insulin (P < 0.001), systolic (P = 0.026) and diastolic BP (P = 0.018), and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.015) and insulin resistance (P < 0.001) in the multivariate models. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 14514639-6 2003 Ghrelin concentrations were negatively associated with fasting insulin (P < 0.001), systolic (P = 0.026) and diastolic BP (P = 0.018), and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.015) and insulin resistance (P < 0.001) in the multivariate models. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 192-199 14514639-9 2003 We conclude that low ghrelin is independently associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin concentration, insulin resistance, and elevated BP. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 14514639-9 2003 We conclude that low ghrelin is independently associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin concentration, insulin resistance, and elevated BP. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 12970297-5 2003 Ghrelin inhibited (P < 0.05) insulin and increased (P < 0.05) glucose levels. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 12970297-10 2003 Ghrelin blunted (P < 0.05) the insulin response to ARG and enhanced (P < 0.05) the ARG-induced increase in glucose levels. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 12970277-7 2003 A significant correlation was also found between ghrelin and the anthropometric parameters and the insulin resistance indexes. Ghrelin 49-56 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 12970297-11 2003 In all, ghrelin induces transient decrease of spontaneous insulin secretion and selectively blunts the insulin response to ARG but not to oral glucose load. Ghrelin 8-15 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 12829648-0 2003 Insulin-dependent modulation of plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations is less pronounced in type 2 diabetic patients. Ghrelin 39-46 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12915665-3 2003 At baseline, the fasting plasma ghrelin concentration was negatively associated with height (r = -0.52; P = 0.0006), weight, (r = -0.37; P = 0.02), percentage of body fat (r = -0.33, P = 0.04), and fasting plasma insulin concentration (r = -0.41; P = 0.01). Ghrelin 32-39 insulin Homo sapiens 213-220 12915665-4 2003 In multiple regression models adjusting for gender and fasting plasma insulin, the fasting plasma ghrelin concentration was an independent determinant of height (beta = -13.9; P = 0.02), but not weight or BMI. Ghrelin 98-105 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 14669821-3 2003 We and others reported previously that insulin reduces circulating ghrelin levels and might therefore be a driving force for post-prandial suppression of ghrelin. Ghrelin 67-74 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 14669821-3 2003 We and others reported previously that insulin reduces circulating ghrelin levels and might therefore be a driving force for post-prandial suppression of ghrelin. Ghrelin 154-161 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 14669821-10 2003 These data tentatively suggest that post-prandial secretion of ghrelin is not exclusively regulated by plasma insulin or plasma glucose but may depend on other metabolic factors yet to be identified. Ghrelin 63-70 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 14669825-4 2003 At baseline, obese subjects showed significantly lower ghrelin levels than controls, which were negatively correlated with BMI, weight, insulin and leptin levels. Ghrelin 55-62 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 12829648-2 2003 In the central nervous system, insulin directly decreases hunger sensation but could also act indirectly by modulating ghrelin and leptin secretion. Ghrelin 119-126 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 12829648-7 2003 In type 2 diabetic patients without insulin treatment, ghrelin decreased by 18 +/- 7% (P < 0.05) only after 4 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1) insulin infusion and leptin increased by 19 +/- 6% (P < 0.05). Ghrelin 55-62 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 12829648-9 2003 In conclusion, insulin reduces plasma ghrelin in nondiabetic patients and, to a lesser extent, in type 2 diabetic patients before insulin therapy. Ghrelin 38-45 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 12829648-10 2003 These findings indicate an indirect effect of insulin via ghrelin on the suppression of hunger sensation and appetite. Ghrelin 58-65 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 12727951-8 2003 Pretherapy ghrelin levels correlated negatively with serum insulin levels (r = -0.494; P = 0.03) and insulin resistance as estimated by the homeostasis model assessment score (r = -0.573; P = 0.01). Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 12843162-11 2003 A close inverse association between ghrelin and insulin was observed, supporting an important role for ghrelin in glucose homeostasis. Ghrelin 36-43 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 12843162-11 2003 A close inverse association between ghrelin and insulin was observed, supporting an important role for ghrelin in glucose homeostasis. Ghrelin 103-110 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 14594113-10 2003 In the same group a positive correlation was found between plasma ghrelin changes and insulin sensitivity as expressed by HOMA(OGTT). Ghrelin 66-73 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 12727951-8 2003 Pretherapy ghrelin levels correlated negatively with serum insulin levels (r = -0.494; P = 0.03) and insulin resistance as estimated by the homeostasis model assessment score (r = -0.573; P = 0.01). Ghrelin 11-18 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 12519848-0 2003 Serum ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index, age, and insulin concentrations in normal children and are markedly increased in Prader-Willi syndrome. Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 12679436-5 2003 In YS ghrelin also induced: 1) gender-independent increase (P < 0.01) in PRL, ACTH, and cortisol levels; 2) gender-independent increase in glucose levels (P < 0.01); 3) decrease (P < 0.01) in insulin levels in male YS; and 4) no change in glucagon. Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 12679436-7 2003 In ES ghrelin elicited gender-independent transient decrease in insulin (P < 0.01) coupled with increase in glucose levels (P < 0.05). Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 12519418-3 2003 Ghrelin also possesses other endocrine and non-endocrine activities reflecting central and peripheral GHS-R distribution and stimulates PRL, ACTH and cortisol secretion, has been reported able to induce hyperglycaemia and to decrease insulin levels and has orexigenic activity. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 234-241 12519418-12 2003 Ghrelin also induced a significant increase in PRL (1273.5 +/- 199.7 microg*min/L) and cortisol levels (15505.1 +/- 796.3 microg*min/L) and a decrease in insulin levels (Delta hAUC: -198.1 +/- 39.2 mU*min/L) which was preceded by an increase in plasma glucose levels (8743.8 +/- 593.0 mg*min/dL). Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 12531744-0 2003 The influence of insulin on circulating ghrelin. Ghrelin 40-47 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 12531744-9 2003 Our data suggest that insulin may suppress circulating ghrelin independently of glucose, although glucose may have an additional effect. Ghrelin 55-62 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 12502488-2 2003 We hypothesized that insulin or glucose could regulate ghrelin secretion by a feedback mechanism. Ghrelin 55-62 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 12502488-7 2003 Prolonged hyperinsulinemia by exogenous infusion resulted in circulating insulin of 1,602 +/- 261 pmol/l (P < 0.01) and suppressed plasma ghrelin to 49.6% of baseline (P < 0.01). Ghrelin 141-148 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 12502488-9 2003 Hyperglycemia does not decrease ghrelin, and a reduction in ghrelin is only seen at supraphysiological insulin concentrations. Ghrelin 60-67 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 12519848-6 2003 In non-PWS subjects, ghrelin levels were inversely correlated with age (r = 0.36, P = 0.007), insulin (r = 0.55, P < 0.001), and BMI (r = 0.62, P < 0.001), but not leptin. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 12453893-0 2002 Fasting plasma ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with insulin resistance and PAI-1, but not with leptin, in obese children and adolescents. Ghrelin 15-22 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 12453893-5 2002 Plasma ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with fasting immunoreactive insulin, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index, and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index values. Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 12453893-5 2002 Plasma ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with fasting immunoreactive insulin, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index, and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index values. Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 12453893-5 2002 Plasma ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with fasting immunoreactive insulin, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index, and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index values. Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 12453893-7 2002 The results suggest that the downregulation of ghrelin secretion may be a consequence of higher insulin resistance associated with visceral fat accumulation and elevated PAI-1 concentrations, and not a consequence of total body fat accumulation associated with elevated leptin concentrations. Ghrelin 47-54 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 12466363-0 2002 Plasma ghrelin, obesity, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: correlation with insulin resistance and androgen levels. Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 12466363-10 2002 Only in OB-PCOS, ghrelin negatively correlates with insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 33236516-8 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the associations among ghrelin, GLP-1, and C-peptide displayed here suggest novel lines of research about whether the regulation of gut hormones and insulin secretion contribute to obesity and risk for T2D in children exposed to GDM. Ghrelin 51-58 insulin Homo sapiens 71-80 12414844-3 2002 Recently it was reported that ghrelin is present in pancreatic alpha-cells and that it stimulates insulin secretion. Ghrelin 30-37 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 12364442-7 2002 There was a close correlation of ghrelin to insulin sensitivity (HOMA, r(2) = 0.330, P < 0.002; CIGMA, r(2) = 0.568, P < 0.0001). Ghrelin 33-40 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 12364442-8 2002 Treatment of 10 insulin-resistant PCOS women with metformin significantly increased circulating fasting ghrelin concentrations (P < 0.02). Ghrelin 104-111 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 12364442-10 2002 In summary, ghrelin levels are decreased in PCOS women and are highly correlated to the degree of insulin resistance. Ghrelin 12-19 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 12364442-11 2002 This suggests that ghrelin could be linked to insulin resistance in PCOS women. Ghrelin 19-26 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 12161550-0 2002 Insulin regulates plasma ghrelin concentration. Ghrelin 25-32 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12161550-3 2002 We examined the effect of infusing insulin (40 mU/m(2)/min) for 2 hours while maintaining euglycemia on plasma ghrelin in 8 subjects (5 M, 3 F) aged 46 +/- 4 yrs (mean +/- SEM). Ghrelin 111-118 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 12161550-5 2002 Plasma ghrelin decreased from 85 +/- 28 to 61 +/- 18 pmol/L (p < 0.01) by 90 minutes of and continued to be suppressed for 15 minutes after the insulin infusion was discontinued. Ghrelin 7-14 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 12161550-7 2002 The reciprocal relation between insulin and ghrelin was observed consistently in all subjects with the maximum insulin-induced suppression of ghrelin ranging from 19 to 64% (mean 32 +/- 5) and occurring 90-135 minutes after starting the insulin infusion (median 120). Ghrelin 44-51 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 12161550-7 2002 The reciprocal relation between insulin and ghrelin was observed consistently in all subjects with the maximum insulin-induced suppression of ghrelin ranging from 19 to 64% (mean 32 +/- 5) and occurring 90-135 minutes after starting the insulin infusion (median 120). Ghrelin 44-51 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 12161550-7 2002 The reciprocal relation between insulin and ghrelin was observed consistently in all subjects with the maximum insulin-induced suppression of ghrelin ranging from 19 to 64% (mean 32 +/- 5) and occurring 90-135 minutes after starting the insulin infusion (median 120). Ghrelin 44-51 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 12161550-7 2002 The reciprocal relation between insulin and ghrelin was observed consistently in all subjects with the maximum insulin-induced suppression of ghrelin ranging from 19 to 64% (mean 32 +/- 5) and occurring 90-135 minutes after starting the insulin infusion (median 120). Ghrelin 142-149 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 12161550-7 2002 The reciprocal relation between insulin and ghrelin was observed consistently in all subjects with the maximum insulin-induced suppression of ghrelin ranging from 19 to 64% (mean 32 +/- 5) and occurring 90-135 minutes after starting the insulin infusion (median 120). Ghrelin 142-149 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 12161550-7 2002 The reciprocal relation between insulin and ghrelin was observed consistently in all subjects with the maximum insulin-induced suppression of ghrelin ranging from 19 to 64% (mean 32 +/- 5) and occurring 90-135 minutes after starting the insulin infusion (median 120). Ghrelin 142-149 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 12161550-8 2002 These findings indicate that insulin is a physiological and dynamic modulator of plasma ghrelin and that insulinemia possibly mediates the effect of nutritional status on its concentration. Ghrelin 88-95 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 11724768-0 2002 Ghrelin modulates the downstream molecules of insulin signaling in hepatoma cells. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 11724768-4 2002 Exposure of these cells to ghrelin caused up-regulation of several insulin-induced activities including tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), association of the adapter molecule growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 with IRS-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, and cell proliferation. Ghrelin 27-34 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 11724768-6 2002 These findings raise the possibility that ghrelin modulates insulin activities in humans. Ghrelin 42-49 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 11600590-2 2001 Aim of the present study was to clarify whether ghrelin administration influences insulin and glucose levels in humans. Ghrelin 48-55 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 11600590-8 2001 Ghrelin administration was also followed by a decrease in serum insulin levels (DeltaAUC(0-180): -207.1 +/- 70.5 mU/l/h; p < 0.05 vs. saline). Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 12553549-3 2002 We show here that human ghrelin levels decrease by almost 50% under hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp conditions (no.=4, p=0.001), revealing physiologically relevant increases of insulin levels as an independent determinant of circulating ghrelin levels. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 12553549-5 2002 Simultaneous elevation of free fatty acids and insulin again markedly decreased ghrelin concentration (no.=4, p=0.01). Ghrelin 80-87 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 12553549-6 2002 Insulin induced suppression of circulating ghrelin levels (or the lack thereof) could be a mechanism with relevance for the understanding of the (patho-) physiology of meal initiation and termination, the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and for the development of respective therapeutic perspectives. Ghrelin 43-50 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12351426-5 2002 In both studies, plasma ghrelin concentrations decreased (P < 0.01) after insulin infusion (hypoglycemia by 14%, euglycemia by 22%), reached a nadir at 30 min, and returned to baseline at 60 min, without differences between the hypoglycemia and the euglycemia studies. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 12351426-7 2002 There was a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.91, P < 0.002) between the insulin sensitivity of the subjects and the percentage suppression of ghrelin from baseline. Ghrelin 141-148 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 12351426-8 2002 These data demonstrate that ghrelin is not required for the hormonal defenses against insulin-induced hypoglycemia and that insulin can suppress ghrelin levels in healthy humans. Ghrelin 145-152 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 12379512-9 2002 The mean fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations in all groups of subjects were negatively correlated with body mass index and serum insulin levels, but not with TSH and IGF-I levels. Ghrelin 24-31 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 12153739-8 2002 Serum ghrelin levels showed a significant negative correlation with insulin, leptin and body mass index (P<0.05) in normal and obese subjects. Ghrelin 6-13 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 12035950-10 2002 In all children, ghrelin levels were negatively associated (p<0.05) to weight excess (r=-0.24), insulin (r=-0.28) and IGF-I (r=-0.4) levels. Ghrelin 17-24 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 11932338-2 2002 We hypothesize that the food intake- suppression of ghrelin could be secondary to the plasma glucose and insulin changes after a meal. Ghrelin 52-59 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 34728253-3 2022 Thus, pharmacological, immunological and genetic blockades of ghrelin in the pancreatic islets all markedly augment glucose-induced insulin release, showing that islet-derived ghrelin physiologically restricts insulin release in rodents. Ghrelin 62-69 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 18973889-11 2009 Ghrelin was inversely correlated with body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin, HOMA-IR, and free T. CONCLUSION(S): In patients with PCOS, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone increases ghrelin levels but not leptin levels in a 3-month period. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 34728253-3 2022 Thus, pharmacological, immunological and genetic blockades of ghrelin in the pancreatic islets all markedly augment glucose-induced insulin release, showing that islet-derived ghrelin physiologically restricts insulin release in rodents. Ghrelin 176-183 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 34728253-3 2022 Thus, pharmacological, immunological and genetic blockades of ghrelin in the pancreatic islets all markedly augment glucose-induced insulin release, showing that islet-derived ghrelin physiologically restricts insulin release in rodents. Ghrelin 176-183 insulin Homo sapiens 210-217 34728253-4 2022 In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the following key questions: 1) from which islet cells ghrelin is released, 2) on which islet cells ghrelin acts, and 3) mechanisms by which the islet-derived ghrelin inhibits insulin secretion. Ghrelin 216-223 insulin Homo sapiens 233-240 35521798-11 2022 Ghrelin levels were positively correlated with fasting serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR in healthy adults. Ghrelin 0-7 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 34643713-0 2022 Diet-induced fasting ghrelin elevation reflects the recovery of insulin sensitivity and visceral adiposity regression. Ghrelin 21-28 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71