PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 7516337-5 1994 It was possible, however, to activate Raf-1, MEK-1, and p42MAPK in J.CaM1 cells during treatment with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which activates protein kinase C (PKC). Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 120-151 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 38-43 8195229-3 1994 Moreover, we show that overexpression of MAPK in CHO-HIR cells resulted in enhanced hyperphosphorylation of Raf-1, MAPKK, and mammalian homolog of son of sevenless (mSos) after insulin or TPA stimulation as compared with parental cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 188-191 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 108-113 8195229-5 1994 These results suggest that 1) signals initiated by insulin and TPA converge on Raf-1 and activate its MAPKKK activity and 2) Raf-1, MAPKK, and mSos not only lie upstream of MAPK but also are phosphorylated by MAPK, directly or indirectly, and at least Raf-1 kinase activity might be down-regulated by this feedback mechanism. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 63-66 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 79-84 8288641-3 1994 The results demonstrate that Raf-1 is activated during TPA-induced monocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 55-58 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 29-34 8125975-2 1994 Following anti-IgM antibody and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, we demonstrate the activation of Ras, Raf-1, and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), all of which are thought to participate in an important signaling cascade that leads to MAPK activation. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 32-63 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 121-126 8125975-2 1994 Following anti-IgM antibody and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, we demonstrate the activation of Ras, Raf-1, and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), all of which are thought to participate in an important signaling cascade that leads to MAPK activation. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 65-68 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 121-126 8288641-11 1994 The results also demonstrate that retinoic acid-treated HL-525 cells respond to TPA with activation of Raf-1 and MAP kinase, as well as induction of monocytic differentiation. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 80-83 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 103-108 8288641-12 1994 Taken together, the results indicate that activation of Raf-1/MAP kinase signaling is associated with monocytic differentiation and that stimulation of serine/threonine protein phosphorylation by TPA or okadaic acid is sufficient for reversal of the leukemic HL-60 phenotype. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 196-199 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 56-61 1845931-4 1991 PMA (12-phorbol 13-myristic acid) also induced Raf-1 phosphorylation in MO7 cells, but the resulting alteration in electrophoretic mobility was different than that observed after GM-CSF or IL-3. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 0-3 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 47-52 8223446-5 1993 This increase in Raf-1 expression allowed antibodies to CD3 and to CD28 to stimulate IL2 production in the absence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and enhanced IL2 production stimulated by these antibodies in the presence of PMA. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 118-143 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 17-22 8223446-5 1993 This increase in Raf-1 expression allowed antibodies to CD3 and to CD28 to stimulate IL2 production in the absence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and enhanced IL2 production stimulated by these antibodies in the presence of PMA. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 145-148 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 17-22 1437148-4 1992 The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) is one of the agents able to induce this hyperphosphorylation of Raf in vivo, suggesting that protein kinase C (PKC) may be involved in the activation of c-Raf in particular situations. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 19-56 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 217-222 1437148-4 1992 The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) is one of the agents able to induce this hyperphosphorylation of Raf in vivo, suggesting that protein kinase C (PKC) may be involved in the activation of c-Raf in particular situations. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 58-61 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 217-222 1437148-6 1992 Direct phosphorylation of the Raf protein with PKC in vitro also enhanced the kinase activity of c-Raf, suggesting that c-Raf acts immediately downstream of PKC in a protein kinase cascade which is triggered by TPA and may lead to transcriptional activation of TPA-inducible genes and tumor promotion. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 211-214 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 97-102 1437148-6 1992 Direct phosphorylation of the Raf protein with PKC in vitro also enhanced the kinase activity of c-Raf, suggesting that c-Raf acts immediately downstream of PKC in a protein kinase cascade which is triggered by TPA and may lead to transcriptional activation of TPA-inducible genes and tumor promotion. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 211-214 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 120-125 1437148-6 1992 Direct phosphorylation of the Raf protein with PKC in vitro also enhanced the kinase activity of c-Raf, suggesting that c-Raf acts immediately downstream of PKC in a protein kinase cascade which is triggered by TPA and may lead to transcriptional activation of TPA-inducible genes and tumor promotion. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 261-264 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 97-102 1437148-6 1992 Direct phosphorylation of the Raf protein with PKC in vitro also enhanced the kinase activity of c-Raf, suggesting that c-Raf acts immediately downstream of PKC in a protein kinase cascade which is triggered by TPA and may lead to transcriptional activation of TPA-inducible genes and tumor promotion. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 261-264 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 120-125 16504566-7 2006 We observed that a rapid and detectable decrease in Raf-1 protein levels was induced by methylglyoxal, which was accelerated by treating with a Raf-1 activator, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, and by expressing active forms of Raf-1 and Ras. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 161-192 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 52-57 30513386-8 2019 More importantly, in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes agonist PMA augmented phosphorylation level of On-c-Raf in leukocytes detected by western-blot and immunofluorescent. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 62-65 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 104-109 17976640-4 2007 All agonist treatments resulted in S2248 phosphorylation of mTOR and T389 and S421/T424 phosphorylation of S6K1, however only ET-1 and TPA-stimulated mTOR/S6K1 activation was abolished with infection of a dominant negative adenoviral c-Raf (DN-Raf) construct. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 135-138 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 234-239 16504566-8 2006 Moreover, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting assays showed that co-treatment of cells with methylglyoxal and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate caused dramatic ubiquitination in both total intracellular proteins and Raf-1. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 113-144 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 217-222 11940578-6 2002 Dominant negative c-Raf expression or a MEK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) treatment showed a profound blocking effect only on the TPA-stimulated phosphorylation of S6K1 and mTOR. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 121-124 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 18-23 15567061-4 2005 PMA-induced activation of Ras and Raf-1 was inhibited by Ro 31-8220 and manumycin A. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 0-3 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 34-39 15567061-8 2005 Taken together, these results indicate that PMA might activate PKC to elicit activation of the Ras/Raf-1/ERK1/2 pathway, which in turn initiates NF-kappaB activation, and finally induces COX-2 expression and PGE2 release in A549 cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 44-47 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 99-104 12536201-7 2003 RNAi for c-raf gene blocked the appearance of the monocytic differentiation induced by treatment with TPA. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 102-105 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 9-14 11940578-3 2002 To explore the importance of the c-Raf/MAPK kinase (MEK)/MAPK pathway, we stimulated adult feline cardiomyocytes with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), insulin, or forskolin to activate PKC, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase, or protein kinase A (PKA), respectively. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 118-154 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 33-38 15567061-0 2005 Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells via Ras, Raf-1, ERK, and NF-kappaB, but not p38 MAPK, pathways. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 0-31 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 117-122 15567061-2 2005 PMA-induced COX-2 expression was attenuated by PKC inhibitors (Go 6976 and Ro 31-8220), a Ras inhibitor (manumycin A), a Raf-1 inhibitor (GW 5074), a MEK inhibitor (PD 098059), and an NF-kappaB inhibitor (PDTC), but not by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein) or a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB 203580). Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 0-3 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 121-126 12801911-6 2003 Also, nuclear translocation of ERK induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was inhibited by SB 239063, which does not associate with c-Raf and is highly selective for p38 MAP kinase. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 46-83 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 148-153 12801911-6 2003 Also, nuclear translocation of ERK induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was inhibited by SB 239063, which does not associate with c-Raf and is highly selective for p38 MAP kinase. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 85-88 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 148-153 12551925-4 2003 RKIP Ser-153 phosphorylation by PKC either in vitro or in response to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or epidermal growth factor causes release of RKIP from Raf-1, whereas mutant RKIP (S153V or S153E) remains bound. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 70-106 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 162-167 11956220-10 2002 Co-transfection of the MAO B promoter with dominant negative forms of Ras, Raf-1, MEKK1, MEK1, MEK3, MEK7, ERK2, JNK1, and p38/RK inhibit the PMA-dependent activation of the MAO B promoter. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 142-145 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 75-80 10926560-6 2000 The Ras inhibitor farnesyltransferase inhibitor III (100 microM for 3 h) completely abolished PMA-induced Raf-1 activation. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 94-97 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 106-111 12054499-4 2002 Signaling cascade studies indicated that both FGF-2 and TPA induced Ras activation, c-Raf phosphorylation, mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK(1/2)) phosphorylation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK(1/2)) phosphorylation. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 56-59 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 84-89 11257453-4 2001 In contrast, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) had no effect on the amount of Ras-GTP but led to a smaller activation of Raf-1. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 13-49 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 130-135 11257453-4 2001 In contrast, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) had no effect on the amount of Ras-GTP but led to a smaller activation of Raf-1. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 51-54 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 130-135 11257453-7 2001 The results identify Raf-1 as a target for both TPA- and NGF-induced signals in differentiating SH-SY5Y/TrkA cells and demonstrate that signalling to Raf-1 was mediated via distinct mechanisms. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 48-51 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 21-26 11719466-10 2001 Taken together, this study shows that a PKC-epsilon-Raf-1-MEK-ERK-AP1 signaling cascade acts on a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element-like element to mediate hypoxia-induced GRP78 expression in human gastric cancer cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 98-134 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 52-57 10523856-3 1999 Downstream of protein kinase C (PKC), the effects of TPA are often mediated by the Raf-1/MEK/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and Raf-1 has been implicated in MDR1 induction by serum and mitogens. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 53-56 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 83-88 10871841-6 2000 TPA-induced MEK1/2 and Raf-1 phosphorylation were reduced in these cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 0-3 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 23-28 10871841-7 2000 The TPA-enhanced active Ras, and its association with Raf-1, were reduced. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 4-7 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 54-59 10825394-6 2000 Immunoblot analysis revealed that TPA induced prolonged hyperphosphorylation of Raf-1 and activation of extracellular-regulated/mitogen-activated protein kinases 1 and 2 in untransfected LNCaP cells, as did bryostatin 1 in PKCalpha-overexpressing cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 34-37 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 80-85 10523856-3 1999 Downstream of protein kinase C (PKC), the effects of TPA are often mediated by the Raf-1/MEK/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and Raf-1 has been implicated in MDR1 induction by serum and mitogens. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 53-56 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 150-155 10523856-8 1999 TPA also activated the Raf1/MEK/ERK cascade and activated another MAPK member, p38, but not JNK. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 0-3 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 23-27 10400418-5 1999 In comparison, the stimulation of Raf-1 by phorbol ester (TPA) activates the MAPK pathway, causes MAPK-dependent p21WAF1/CIP1 induction, Rb dephosphorylation and growth arrest without Bcl-2 phosphorylation or apoptosis. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 58-61 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 34-39 8642652-10 1996 The observed Raf-1-GABP synergism presumably involves phosphorylation of GABP subunits, as treatment of cells with Raf-1 kinase activators serum and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate increases phosphorylation of GABP in vivo. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 149-185 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 13-18 9632690-8 1998 These hydrophobic residues appeared to be required for the binding of 14-3-3zeta to distinct activation states of Raf-1 because mutations V176D, L216D, L220D, and L227D reduced the interaction of 14-3-3zeta with Raf-1 from both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated and unstimulated Jurkat T cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 228-259 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 114-119 9392422-11 1997 Based on a close kinetic correlation between PKC alpha translocation and ERK activation, and the effects of specific inhibitors, these findings suggest that translocation/activation of PKC alpha, and subsequent activation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK MAPK cascade, represent key events in the transcriptional induction of LDL receptor gene by TPA in HepG2 cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 335-338 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 229-234 9794231-1 1998 We have uniformly examined the regulatory steps required by oncogenic Ras, Src, EGF and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to activate Raf-1. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 88-119 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 138-143 9794231-1 1998 We have uniformly examined the regulatory steps required by oncogenic Ras, Src, EGF and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to activate Raf-1. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 121-124 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 138-143 9067628-7 1997 We report here that erythropoietin, inositolphosphate-glycan, and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate activated only the p44 form (erk-1) of MAP kinase and the Raf-1 protein. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 66-103 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 162-167 8662746-4 1996 Tyrosine phosphorylation of Raf-1 is induced by FcgammaRI activation and not by PMA (1 microg/ml), N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (1 microM), calcium ionophore (1 microM), thrombin (0.05 unit/ml), FcgammaRII, or FcgammaRIII stimulation. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 80-83 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 28-33 8642652-10 1996 The observed Raf-1-GABP synergism presumably involves phosphorylation of GABP subunits, as treatment of cells with Raf-1 kinase activators serum and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate increases phosphorylation of GABP in vivo. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 149-185 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 115-120 7478524-4 1995 Unlike known TPA-resistant cells whose resistance is mainly due to lack or down modulation of protein kinase C (PKC), UT16 cells showed TPA-induced activation of PKC, Raf-1, and ERK/MAP kinases similar to the parental U937 cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 136-139 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 167-172 8621441-5 1996 The activity of Raf-1, measured by immune complex kinase assay, revealed that platelet-derived growth factor and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate both stimulated Raf-1 activity, while thrombin and endothelin did not appreciably stimulate Raf-1. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 113-144 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 16-21 8621441-5 1996 The activity of Raf-1, measured by immune complex kinase assay, revealed that platelet-derived growth factor and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate both stimulated Raf-1 activity, while thrombin and endothelin did not appreciably stimulate Raf-1. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 113-144 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 161-166 8621441-5 1996 The activity of Raf-1, measured by immune complex kinase assay, revealed that platelet-derived growth factor and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate both stimulated Raf-1 activity, while thrombin and endothelin did not appreciably stimulate Raf-1. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 113-144 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 161-166 7717978-5 1995 The tumour promoter and protein kinase C agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also activated Raf-1, MEK-1, and MAP kinase in Ramos cells, but did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc or Shc/Grb2 association. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 50-81 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 104-109 7588214-4 1995 We found that PMA-stimulated DNA synthesis was associated with increments in tyrosine phosphorylation of p44mapk (ERK1) and p42mapk (ERK2) and activation of Raf-1, MKK, and MAPK in these cells. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 14-17 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 157-162 7717978-5 1995 The tumour promoter and protein kinase C agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also activated Raf-1, MEK-1, and MAP kinase in Ramos cells, but did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc or Shc/Grb2 association. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 83-86 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 104-109 7534298-4 1995 Increasing intracellular cAMP inhibits Raf-1 activation stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, but not the activation of Raf-BXB. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 70-95 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 39-44 7929360-5 1994 On the other hand, epidermal growth factor causes a prolonged activation of Raf-1 kinase and ERK activity and a smaller, more transient activation of JNK, whereas the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate causes a small stimulation of Raf-1 kinase and a pronounced stimulation of ERK activity. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 181-212 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 243-248 7799956-10 1995 Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate pretreatment led to the sustained activation of the Raf-1 kinase but not that of MEK and MAPK. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 0-31 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 84-89 7936644-4 1994 Using recombinant proteins and in vitro phosphorylation reactions we identified the components in the signal transduction pathway from TPA to MAPkinase and we show that the activation of MAPkinase by TPA requires the presence of protein kinase C, c-raf and the MAPkinase activator MEK. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 135-138 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 247-252 7936644-4 1994 Using recombinant proteins and in vitro phosphorylation reactions we identified the components in the signal transduction pathway from TPA to MAPkinase and we show that the activation of MAPkinase by TPA requires the presence of protein kinase C, c-raf and the MAPkinase activator MEK. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 200-203 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 247-252 7929360-7 1994 The kinetics of Raf-1, ERK, and JNK induction by epidermal growth factor, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, or TNF alpha indicate distinct mechanisms of activation in human fibroblasts. Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 74-105 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 16-21 7935389-1 1994 The cytoplasmic Raf-1 kinase is essential for mitogenic signalling by growth factors, which couple to tyrosine kinases, and by tumor-promoting phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, which activate protein kinase C (PKC). Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 166-202 Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase Homo sapiens 16-21