PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 11007576-4 2000 Plasma glucose and insulin were increased (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 (Post-15 and Post-30) min after the trial during CHO and ExCHO, although insulin was lower for ExCHO. CAV protocol 118-121 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 11151288-3 2000 In our practice, we have seen repeatedly that simplified approaches for counting CHO intake and calculating insulin dose can work successfully even with intensive insulin management. CAV protocol 81-84 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 10999790-5 2000 The results indicated that the 60% CHO diet resulted in higher fasting plasma TG concentrations associated with higher day-long plasma insulin and TG concentrations, and lower FFA concentrations. CAV protocol 35-38 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 10036340-7 1999 The high CHO content of the pretrial lunch increased starting plasma insulin levels, which may have promoted CHO oxidation despite elevated circulating FFA concentrations with MCT ingestion. CAV protocol 9-12 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 10797115-3 2000 Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during exercise were higher in CHO, but plasma hypoxanthine was lower after 120 min (1.7 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.6 +/- 0.1 micromol/l; P < 0. CAV protocol 71-74 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 10484580-5 1999 Plasma glucose and insulin levels during exercise were higher and plasma free fatty acids lower in the CHO trial. CAV protocol 103-106 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 10036340-7 1999 The high CHO content of the pretrial lunch increased starting plasma insulin levels, which may have promoted CHO oxidation despite elevated circulating FFA concentrations with MCT ingestion. CAV protocol 109-112 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 8077576-6 1994 Diastolic blood pressure was decreased, while heart rate, insulin and glucose increased following both doses of CHO. CAV protocol 112-115 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 9841960-2 1998 Consumption of low-GI CHO foods may attenuate the insulin-mediated metabolic disturbances associated with CHO intake in the hours prior to exercise, better maintaining CHO availability. CAV protocol 22-25 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 9841960-2 1998 Consumption of low-GI CHO foods may attenuate the insulin-mediated metabolic disturbances associated with CHO intake in the hours prior to exercise, better maintaining CHO availability. CAV protocol 106-109 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 9458524-6 1998 The type and intensity of exercise and the effect of these on blood glucose, plasma insulin and catecholamine levels, may play a major role in determining the rate of muscle glycogen utilisation when CHO is ingested during exercise. CAV protocol 200-203 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 9458524-7 1998 The ingestion of CHO (except fructose) at a rate of > 45 g/h, accompanied by a significant increase in plasma insulin levels, could lead to decreased muscle glycogen utilisation (particularly in type I fibres) during exercise. CAV protocol 17-20 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 8944667-6 1996 These findings demonstrate that CHO ingestion substantially augments muscle Cr accumulation during Cr feeding in humans, which appears to be insulin mediated. CAV protocol 32-35 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 8770022-3 1996 In both groups, insulin increased glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and whole body carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and inhibited GP (by 70-80%) and lipid oxidation (by approximately 50%), whereas epinephrine antagonized the effect of insulin on glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. CAV protocol 99-102 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 7698030-13 1995 CONCLUSIONS: A low-fat high-CHO diet in patients with NIDDM led to 1) higher day-long plasma glucose, insulin, and TG concentrations; 2) postprandial accumulation of TG-rich lipoproteins of intestinal origin; 3) increased production of VLDL-TG; and 4) increased postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity. CAV protocol 28-31 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 9189783-1 1997 This investigation was undertaken to determine whether consuming several small feedings of preexercise carbohydrate (CHO), rather than a single bolus, would affect blood glucose and insulin responses during rest and exercise. CAV protocol 117-120 insulin Homo sapiens 182-189 8968851-9 1996 The fasting blood insulin which was mildly elevated before weight loss decreased more markedly with the 25% CHO diet compared to the 45% CHO diet (P < 0.003). CAV protocol 108-111 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 8968851-9 1996 The fasting blood insulin which was mildly elevated before weight loss decreased more markedly with the 25% CHO diet compared to the 45% CHO diet (P < 0.003). CAV protocol 137-140 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 8872656-6 1996 In the CHO group, plasma insulin was higher immediately before exercise (P < 0.05) and, despite falling during exercise, remained higher than in the Con group after 60 min of exercise (57.0 +/- 11.4 vs. 24.8 +/- 1.7 pmol/l; P < 0.05). CAV protocol 7-10 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 8675642-14 1995 We conclude that altered CHO intake alters HGP specifically and in a dose-dependent manner, that HGP may mediate the effects of CHO on whole-body fuel selection both by providing substrate and by altering serum insulin concentrations, that altered lipolysis and tissue oxidation efficiency contribute to changes in fat oxidation, and that surplus CHO is not substantially converted by the liver to fat as it spares fat oxidation, but that fractional DNL may nevertheless be a qualitative marker of recent CHO intake. CAV protocol 25-28 insulin Homo sapiens 211-218 8675642-14 1995 We conclude that altered CHO intake alters HGP specifically and in a dose-dependent manner, that HGP may mediate the effects of CHO on whole-body fuel selection both by providing substrate and by altering serum insulin concentrations, that altered lipolysis and tissue oxidation efficiency contribute to changes in fat oxidation, and that surplus CHO is not substantially converted by the liver to fat as it spares fat oxidation, but that fractional DNL may nevertheless be a qualitative marker of recent CHO intake. CAV protocol 128-131 insulin Homo sapiens 211-218 8675642-14 1995 We conclude that altered CHO intake alters HGP specifically and in a dose-dependent manner, that HGP may mediate the effects of CHO on whole-body fuel selection both by providing substrate and by altering serum insulin concentrations, that altered lipolysis and tissue oxidation efficiency contribute to changes in fat oxidation, and that surplus CHO is not substantially converted by the liver to fat as it spares fat oxidation, but that fractional DNL may nevertheless be a qualitative marker of recent CHO intake. CAV protocol 128-131 insulin Homo sapiens 211-218 8675642-14 1995 We conclude that altered CHO intake alters HGP specifically and in a dose-dependent manner, that HGP may mediate the effects of CHO on whole-body fuel selection both by providing substrate and by altering serum insulin concentrations, that altered lipolysis and tissue oxidation efficiency contribute to changes in fat oxidation, and that surplus CHO is not substantially converted by the liver to fat as it spares fat oxidation, but that fractional DNL may nevertheless be a qualitative marker of recent CHO intake. CAV protocol 128-131 insulin Homo sapiens 211-218 8422762-1 1993 OBJECTIVE: To characterize the effects of subcutaneous insulin pump therapy on the metabolic response (CHO and lipid oxidation, and nonoxidative glucose metabolism) to a glucose challenge of diabetic women at early pregnancy. CAV protocol 103-106 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 8175597-4 1994 CHO and CHO/PRO stimulated higher insulin concentrations than PRO and Control. CAV protocol 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 8175597-4 1994 CHO and CHO/PRO stimulated higher insulin concentrations than PRO and Control. CAV protocol 8-11 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 8344203-9 1993 When mutant insulin was expressed in these cells, the conversion of proinsulin to mature insulin was approximately 85% in NIH3T3, 70% in HepG2, 60% in COS, and 50% in CHO. CAV protocol 167-170 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 8344203-9 1993 When mutant insulin was expressed in these cells, the conversion of proinsulin to mature insulin was approximately 85% in NIH3T3, 70% in HepG2, 60% in COS, and 50% in CHO. CAV protocol 167-170 insulin Homo sapiens 68-78 8344203-9 1993 When mutant insulin was expressed in these cells, the conversion of proinsulin to mature insulin was approximately 85% in NIH3T3, 70% in HepG2, 60% in COS, and 50% in CHO. CAV protocol 167-170 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 8422762-4 1993 RESULTS: The increments in npRQ and CHO oxidation rates after the glucose meals in the diabetic women on insulin pump therapy were similar to those in the normal subjects. CAV protocol 36-39 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 1329727-2 1992 (1) Insulin treatment of CHO cells over-expressing wild-type insulin receptors resulted in the rapid and substantial (5-10-fold) activation of cytosolic protein kinases which phosphorylated myelin basic protein, Kemptide and two peptide substrates based on sites phosphorylated on ribosomal protein S6 in vivo. CAV protocol 25-28 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 1601794-7 1992 Both the CHO and CHO-PRO treatments produced plasma glucose and insulin responses that were greater than those produced by the PRO treatment (P less than 0.05). CAV protocol 9-12 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 1585683-10 1992 The intake of the cho[+] beverage also caused a rapid decrease in plasma levels of FFA and glucagon after the run, and slightly increased plasma insulin. CAV protocol 18-21 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 20234033-2 2009 Because of its impact on blood glucose and insulin responses following the ingestion of CHO foods, the GI has been studied in many fields of medicine, including sport nutrition. CAV protocol 88-91 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 1814798-3 1991 Fasting plasma levels and the integrated releases of insulin and glucose, both after the CHO meal and after the fat meal were significantly higher in the obese subjects than in the controls. CAV protocol 89-92 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 2182973-9 1990 The plasma insulin response to beverage providing CHO (with or without APM) was significantly higher in PKU subjects than in normals. CAV protocol 50-53 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 2180831-9 1990 GG and IN levels were not significantly different between trials; however, the GG:IN molar ratio was significantly higher in the WP than in the CHO-7.5 trial. CAV protocol 144-147 insulin Homo sapiens 82-84 1987792-9 1991 In summary, exercise and insulin interact synergistically in stimulating Rd and CHO OX. CAV protocol 80-83 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 35006328-9 2022 Similarly, insulin resistance was higher in the CHO group than in the control group (8.5 vs. 2.7, P < 0.001). CAV protocol 48-51 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 2583144-7 1989 Compared to WP, ingestion of the CHO beverages resulted in higher plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and higher RER values during the final 20 min of exercise (P less than 0.05). CAV protocol 33-36 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 2731461-3 1989 There was a high and linear correlation between total amount of insulin delivered to restore blood glucose values and amount of CHO consumed: 12.1 +/- 1.3 to 31.2 +/- 5.2 U insulin were needed for 116 +/- 16 to 198 +/- 24 min. CAV protocol 128-131 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 3600284-8 1987 These results show that the lipid-induced inhibition of CHO oxidation observed with glucose infusion also occurs to some extent with fructose, suggesting that insulin might not be primarily involved. CAV protocol 56-59 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 3246466-7 1988 As expected, the blood glucose and insulin concentrations were higher in the CHO trial. CAV protocol 77-80 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 3044068-7 1988 Postprandial serum insulin levels declined in the second week on the complex CHO diet. CAV protocol 77-80 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 3118700-5 1987 This complication was likely caused by tissue anabolism as well as by CHO-stimulated, insulin-induced intracellular shifts of phosphate. CAV protocol 70-73 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 3886463-0 1985 Carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation in patients with type B insulin resistance. CAV protocol 14-17 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 3033045-9 1987 During the high CHO formula diet, insulin response was adequate in both old and young, but decreased glucose tolerance persisted in the older group, suggesting that insulin resistance may be the major contributing factor. CAV protocol 16-19 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 3886463-6 1985 Infusion of insulin at a rate of 10 mU/kg/min raised plasma insulin concentrations from 1400 and 440 microU/ml to 6000 and 2500 microU/ml, respectively, in patients 1 and 2 (controls: from 4 +/- 0.3 to 1288 +/- 50 microU/ml), but had no effects on rates of CHO, fat, or protein oxidation in either patient. CAV protocol 257-260 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 6384250-10 1984 However, postprandial glucose and insulin responses were increased on both high CHO diets. CAV protocol 80-83 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 3967778-4 1985 When consumed in the last hour before exercise, the insulin stimulated-uptake of glucose from blood often results in hypoglycemia, greater dependence on muscle glycogen, and an earlier onset of exhaustion than when no CHO is fed. CAV protocol 218-221 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 3967778-6 1985 The form of CHO (i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose) ingested may produce different blood glucose and insulin responses, but the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis is about the same regardless of the structure. CAV protocol 12-15 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 6384250-11 1984 The results of these studies demonstrate that high CHO-low fat diets, in general, tend to elevate plasma glucose, insulin, and TG concentrations and reduce HDL-Chol concentration in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. CAV protocol 51-54 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 6998881-7 1980 Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the improvement in CHO utilization during exercise after a glucose load: (1) The fall in FFA is sufficient to suppress the inhibition of CHO uptake and oxidation; (2) The insulin resistance decreases during exercise. CAV protocol 64-67 insulin Homo sapiens 216-223 6415114-8 1983 In both groups, the mean basal and insulin-stimulated CHO oxidation rates were lower in the post-exercise, glycogen-depleted condition compared with the rested, glycogen-replete condition. CAV protocol 54-57 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 6415114-9 1983 The mean insulin-stimulated CHO storage rate increased significantly in the E group after exercise but not in the EF group. CAV protocol 28-31 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 6415114-10 1983 In the E group, the total insulin-stimulated CHO disposal rate (M) was 17 (P less than 0.04) and 10% (P less than 0.03) higher after exercise during the low and high dose insulin infusion, respectively. CAV protocol 45-48 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 6415114-12 1983 For all subjects, after rest and exercise, the M correlated with the CHO storage rates during the low (r = 0.80, P less than 0.001) and high dose (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001) insulin infusions. CAV protocol 69-72 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 6998881-7 1980 Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the improvement in CHO utilization during exercise after a glucose load: (1) The fall in FFA is sufficient to suppress the inhibition of CHO uptake and oxidation; (2) The insulin resistance decreases during exercise. CAV protocol 182-185 insulin Homo sapiens 216-223 721369-3 1978 Insulin responses were positively related to caloric and CHO content of the diets, both of which affected insulin secretion independently of each other. CAV protocol 57-60 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 842491-6 1977 The 75% CHO diet also was accompanied by slight improvements in the oral and intravenous GTT and by slightly lower plasma insulin responses. CAV protocol 8-11 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 908685-6 1977 These data illustrate the regulatory influence of both plasma insulin and FFA on the rate of CHO usage during prolonged severe muscular activity. CAV protocol 93-96 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 842491-7 1977 The improvement in glucose metabolism on high CHO diets appears to results from increased insulin sensitivity. CAV protocol 46-49 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 32921117-8 2020 Blood glucose concentration, serum insulin, and IR were much lower in the CHO group (P<0.05). CAV protocol 74-77 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 32128995-9 2020 CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that consumption of a moderately CHO-restricted diet may result in decreased hepatic lipid as well as improvements in body composition and insulin resistance in adolescents with NAFLD even in the absence of intentional caloric restriction. CAV protocol 68-71 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 28582271-13 2018 Insulin was needed in 8 (2.4%) CHO group patients and 53 (16.0%) placebo group patients (relative risk 0.15, 95% confidence interval 0.07-0.31, P < 0.001). CAV protocol 31-34 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29975601-7 2018 High CHO preserved sMVC, VA, CAR, and serotonin postrunning with greater CHO oxidation and insulin response, whereas in low CHO, greater reductions in sMVC, VA, and CAR were accompanied by higher serotonin and fat oxidation with lower insulin response. CAV protocol 5-8 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 29681197-5 2019 Results: When inter-group comparisons, insulin was significantly higher in the CHO-E group than the PLA group at the PS phase (p < .05). CAV protocol 79-82 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 29975601-9 2018 Meanwhile, high GI CHO better preserved force (sMVC), CAR, and tryptophan with greater CHO oxidation and insulin response compared with low GI. CAV protocol 19-22 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 29975601-10 2018 The findings of this study suggest that pre-exercise meals with varying quantity and quality of CHO can have an effect on CF, where greater CHO oxidation and insulin response found in both high CHO and high GI lead to attenuation of CF. CAV protocol 96-99 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 30038576-8 2018 Blood glucose and insulin increased (P <= 0.05) during the first 20 min of exercise in CHO, but not PLA. CAV protocol 90-93 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 30038576-10 2018 Insulin increased during exercise in CHO, but the increase was greater (P <= 0.05) at AHA than at SL and CHA, which did not differ. CAV protocol 37-40 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29377065-1 2018 BACKGROUND: Pre-operative complex carbohydrate (CHO) drinks are recommended to attenuate post-operative insulin resistance. CAV protocol 48-51 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 29377065-3 2018 Whey protein may enhance insulin release when added to complex CHO. CAV protocol 63-66 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 29377065-4 2018 The aim of this study was to compare the insulin response to simple CHO vs. simple CHO supplemented with whey protein. CAV protocol 68-71 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 29377065-5 2018 METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers participated in this double-blinded, within subject, cross-over design study investigating insulin response to simple CHO drink vs. simple CHO + whey (CHO + W) drink. CAV protocol 153-156 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 29377065-10 2018 Insulin and glucose levels peaked between 30 and 60 min and reached 215 (95) pmol/l and 7 (1) mmol/l after the CHO drink and to 264 (232) pmol/l and 6.5 (1) mmol/l after the CHO + W drink. CAV protocol 111-114 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29377065-10 2018 Insulin and glucose levels peaked between 30 and 60 min and reached 215 (95) pmol/l and 7 (1) mmol/l after the CHO drink and to 264 (232) pmol/l and 6.5 (1) mmol/l after the CHO + W drink. CAV protocol 174-177 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29377065-13 2018 The peak insulin responses to simple CHO with or without whey protein were lower than that previously reported with complex CHO drinks. CAV protocol 37-40 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 29377065-13 2018 The peak insulin responses to simple CHO with or without whey protein were lower than that previously reported with complex CHO drinks. CAV protocol 124-127 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 29406789-4 2018 The CHO content of the meals/snacks is estimated by a fuzzy system using CGM and subcutaneous insulin delivery data. CAV protocol 4-7 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 28278487-2 2017 The algorithm detects the consumption of a meal and estimates its carbohydrate (CHO) amount to determine the appropriate dose of insulin bolus for a meal. CAV protocol 80-83 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 28437263-1 2017 BACKGROUND: In fasting cardiac surgery patients, preoperative carbohydrate (CHO) drink intake attenuated insulin resistance and improved cardiac metabolism, although its beneficial effects were not evident after cardiac surgery possibly due to cardiopulmonary bypass-related extreme systemic inflammation. CAV protocol 76-79 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 28437263-2 2017 OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether preoperative CHO intake affected insulin resistance and free-fatty acid (FFA) concentrations in off-pump coronary revascularisation. CAV protocol 53-56 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 28437263-12 2017 CONCLUSION: A preoperative CHO supplement significantly reduced insulin resistance and FFA concentrations compared with fasting at the beginning of the surgery, but these benefits were lost after off-pump coronary revascularisation. CAV protocol 27-30 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 28768703-7 2017 CHO increased whole-body and leg insulin sensitivity, while increasing hepatic glucose production. CAV protocol 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 28871893-7 2018 PRO and CHO increased insulin levels at 1 h postexercise, though both glucose and insulin were equal with PLA at 2 h postexercise. CAV protocol 8-11 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 27078151-5 2016 Intake of CHO+PROT increased plasma glucose, insulin, and branch chained amino acids, whereas CHO only increased glucose and insulin. CAV protocol 10-13 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 27895819-10 2016 However, high-carbohydrate rich (CHO) diets increase postprandial peaks of insulin and glucose. CAV protocol 33-36 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 27028951-4 2016 The CHO/IR was measured by dividing the CHO (in g) of each meal by insulin unit injected to acquire and maintain the following glycemic targets: fasting <90 mg/dL and 1-h postprandial <130 mg/dL. CAV protocol 4-7 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 27110224-13 2016 CONCLUSIONS: In a fasted and glycogen-reduced state ingestion of a CHO solution during high-intensity exercise enhanced performance through stimulation of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. CAV protocol 67-70 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 27910718-3 2017 In the absence of weight loss, replacement of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) with mono/polyunsaturated fat reduces ambient insulin concentrations in non-PCOS subjects. CAV protocol 68-71 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 27910718-8 2017 Daylong insulin concentrations were substantially (30%) and significantly lower on the low CHO/higher fat diet. CAV protocol 91-94 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 27910718-10 2017 CONCLUSIONS: Replacement of dietary CHO with mono/polyunsaturated fat yields clinically important reductions in daylong insulin concentrations, without adversely affecting lipid profile in obese, insulin-resistant women with PCOS. CAV protocol 36-39 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 26424241-1 2015 BACKGROUND: Meal lipids (LIP) and proteins (PRO) may influence the effect of insulin doses based on carbohydrate (CHO) counting in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). CAV protocol 114-117 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 26495916-3 2015 One of the elements of modern perioperative care is preoperative administration of oral carbohydrate loading (CHO-loading), which shortens preoperative fasting and reduces insulin resistance. CAV protocol 110-113 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 26495916-4 2015 The aim of the study is to establish the influence of CHO-loading on the level of insulin resistance and cortisol in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. CAV protocol 54-57 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 25795941-1 2015 UNLABELLED: Simple Carbohydrates (CHO) in the cardiometabolic risk, lead to the increase of blood glucose and to insulin levels and in the long-term to Diabetes Mellitus type 2( T2DM). CAV protocol 34-37 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 25439266-5 2015 Insulin plus GLP-1 infusion induced a greater increase (P < 0.05) in plasma concentrations of insulin and triglyceride (TG), but decreased (P < 0.05) glucagon, total cholesterol (T-Cho), NEAA and UN plasma concentrations. CAV protocol 187-190 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 25504030-2 2015 Dietary carbohydrate (CHO) modulates the genetic effect on insulin resistance. CAV protocol 22-25 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 25504030-7 2015 RESULTS: During the 6-month weight-loss phase, the PCSK7 rs236918 G allele was significantly associated with greater decreases in fasting insulin levels in the high-dietary CHO group (P for interaction = 0.04), while the interaction for changes in HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P for interaction = 0.06) did not reach significant levels in white subjects. CAV protocol 173-176 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 25504030-7 2015 RESULTS: During the 6-month weight-loss phase, the PCSK7 rs236918 G allele was significantly associated with greater decreases in fasting insulin levels in the high-dietary CHO group (P for interaction = 0.04), while the interaction for changes in HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P for interaction = 0.06) did not reach significant levels in white subjects. CAV protocol 173-176 insulin Homo sapiens 253-260 25504030-8 2015 The G allele was significantly associated with a greater decrease in fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR in response to high dietary CHO levels (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). CAV protocol 132-135 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 25504030-11 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that PCSK7 genotypes may interact with dietary CHO intake on changes in insulin sensitivity in the white Americans. CAV protocol 77-80 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 23179201-9 2013 In healthy subjects, insulin and C-peptide release were lower after administration of the CHO constituent as well as after the new DSF (P < 0.001). CAV protocol 90-93 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 23444983-6 2013 RESULTS: Paired t-test indicated that the lower-CHO diet induced significant decreases in basal beta-cell response (PhiB), fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, total testosterone and all cholesterol measures, and significant increases in insulin sensitivity and dynamic ("first-phase") beta-cell response. CAV protocol 48-51 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 23444983-6 2013 RESULTS: Paired t-test indicated that the lower-CHO diet induced significant decreases in basal beta-cell response (PhiB), fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, total testosterone and all cholesterol measures, and significant increases in insulin sensitivity and dynamic ("first-phase") beta-cell response. CAV protocol 48-51 insulin Homo sapiens 244-251 22315317-1 2012 High-fat feeding inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)-controlled carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation, which contributes to muscle insulin resistance. CAV protocol 88-91 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 23343676-6 2013 Insulin increased 30 min postingestion in all groups and remained elevated in the EAA+CHO and EAA+ALA groups for 60 and 120 min, respectively. CAV protocol 86-89 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23402493-10 2013 RESULTS: Compared to CHO, CHO + WPI increased plasma insulin during recovery at 180 mins (P < 0.05) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) mRNA expression at the end of 6 hours of recovery (P < 0.05). CAV protocol 26-29 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 23402493-12 2013 CONCLUSION: This study showed co-ingestion of CHO + WPI may have beneficial effects on recovery and adaptations to endurance exercise via, increased insulin response and up regulation of PGC-1alpha mRNA expression. CAV protocol 46-49 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 22172468-6 2012 Ingestion of CHO drinks with a meal resulted in an attenuated rise in GLUC (-33 %) and insulin (-14 %) concentrations following TRE when compared with GLUC and following IMU, an attenuation of 43 and 34 % when compared with SUC ingestion, respectively. CAV protocol 13-16 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 23564917-2 2013 The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a low-CHO diet for the treatment of GDM would lead to a lower rate of insulin treatment with similar pregnancy outcomes compared with a control diet. CAV protocol 64-67 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 22581289-5 2012 RESULT: CHO increased the insulin and glucose levels on the first day after surgery higher than those in overnight fasting group (fifteen RCTs) and i.v. CAV protocol 8-11 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 22581289-7 2012 The pooled results of thirteen RCTs showed greater declines in the insulin level at the induction of anesthesia and a smaller increase in the glucose level at the end of surgery, and fewer decreases in the postoperative insulin sensitivity index in the CHO group were observed as compared to the placebo group. CAV protocol 253-256 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 22581289-9 2012 CONCLUSION: CHO appears to be safe, and may attenuate postoperative insulin resistance as compared to placebo. CAV protocol 12-15 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 22029671-4 2011 Second, high insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels resulting from chronic ingestion of CHO-rich Western diet meals, can directly promote tumor cell proliferation via the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway. CAV protocol 103-106 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 22107883-11 2011 After the supplementation, CHO and CHO+AA trial showed significantly higher glucose and insulin, and lower glycerol and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations than the placebo trial. CAV protocol 27-30 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 22973351-5 2011 Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were increased in the CHO group (p < 0.05). CAV protocol 64-67 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 22973351-8 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Preparation with CHO before spinal anesthesia is advantageous due to reducing perioperative discomfort, improving insulin response and stabilizing mean arterial pressure. CAV protocol 30-33 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 22029671-4 2011 Second, high insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels resulting from chronic ingestion of CHO-rich Western diet meals, can directly promote tumor cell proliferation via the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway. CAV protocol 103-106 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 22029671-4 2011 Second, high insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels resulting from chronic ingestion of CHO-rich Western diet meals, can directly promote tumor cell proliferation via the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway. CAV protocol 103-106 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 20473219-3 2011 The amount of supplemental CHO to be consumed before or during the effort represents a fraction of the burned quantity depending on the patient"s usual therapy and insulin sensitivity and on the time of day the exercise is performed. CAV protocol 27-30 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 22029671-6 2011 In addition, many cancer patients exhibit an altered glucose metabolism characterized by insulin resistance and may profit from an increased protein and fat intake.In this review, we address the possible beneficial effects of low CHO diets on cancer prevention and treatment. CAV protocol 230-233 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 21609284-7 2011 These results suggest that the C allele of the rs2297508 polymorphism is associated with a retardation of the increases in serum triacylglycerol, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR in females and with the elevated serum HDL-C in males after the high-CHO/LF diet. CAV protocol 242-245 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 21224234-3 2011 Here we determined the effects of chronic l-carnitine and carbohydrate (CHO; to elevate serum insulin) ingestion on muscle TC content and exercise metabolism and performance in humans. CAV protocol 72-75 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 21881155-6 2011 Intravenous blood glucose and insulin concentrations were higher (p < .05) in the CHO trial while lactate and catecholamine concentrations were similar. CAV protocol 85-88 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 21668975-3 2011 Our hypothesis is that the addition of whey protein to a CHO-based drink not only reduces the inflammatory response but also diminish insulin resistance. CAV protocol 57-60 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 20824664-8 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Insulin sensitivity increased in GR subjects for the G972R polymorphism at the insulin receptor substrate 1 gene locus, after intake of a CHO diet. CAV protocol 151-154 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 20628884-3 2010 The aim was to investigate whether a carbohydrate (CHO)-reduced diet combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) enhances the beneficial effects of the diet alone on insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation in obese individuals. CAV protocol 51-54 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 21447273-2 2010 Calculation of prandial insulin dose is a complex process employing many variant factors such as pre-prandial glucose and carbohydrate (CHO) levels, glucose index, insulin to CHO ratio (ICR) and active insulin. CAV protocol 136-139 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 20153875-4 2010 Insulin increased more (P < .01) in the CHO compared with the FAT/PRO condition at 1.5, 4, and 8 hours postexercise. CAV protocol 43-46 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 21447273-2 2010 Calculation of prandial insulin dose is a complex process employing many variant factors such as pre-prandial glucose and carbohydrate (CHO) levels, glucose index, insulin to CHO ratio (ICR) and active insulin. CAV protocol 175-178 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 20144286-9 2009 Subjects calculated the amount of the insulin bolus for each meal based on the corresponding I:CHO and their estimate of the meal"s carbohydrate content. CAV protocol 95-98 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 20144339-10 2009 CONCLUSIONS: When intrapatient variability and uncertainty in the CHO content of the meal are considered, a safer prediction of possible hyper- and hypoglycemia episodes induced by the tested insulin therapy can be calculated. CAV protocol 66-69 insulin Homo sapiens 192-199 20150600-1 2009 Many believe that excessive intake of refined carbohydrates (CHO) plays a major role in the development of obesity/overweight, type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, a collection of events commonly referred to as "diabesity," and have sought natural means to overcome these linked perturbations. CAV protocol 61-64 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 20001683-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Patients with type 1 diabetes usually use the carbohydrate (CHO) counting method to establish their bolus insulin need. CAV protocol 72-75 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 20001683-12 2009 CONCLUSIONS: The newly derived equation provides a better approximation than the CHO counting method of insulin secretion due to metabolized blood glucose energy from ingested carbohydrates for those without diabetes. CAV protocol 81-84 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 19932865-8 2009 Our results provide some evidence that diets higher in fat and CHO are associated with a hormonal profile (ie, lower leptin and higher ghrelin concentrations), which could enhance weight gain, particularly among individuals with higher circulating insulin concentrations. CAV protocol 63-66 insulin Homo sapiens 248-255 18347687-7 2008 The addition of CHO to the fat meal increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations identically in men and women. CAV protocol 16-19 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 19317823-1 2009 AIMS: Carbohydrate (CHO) quantification is used to adjust pre-meal insulin in intensive insulin regimens. CAV protocol 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 19317823-1 2009 AIMS: Carbohydrate (CHO) quantification is used to adjust pre-meal insulin in intensive insulin regimens. CAV protocol 20-23 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 19317823-3 2009 We determined the effect of a +/-10-g variation in CHO amount, with an individually calculated insulin dose for 60 g CHO, on postprandial glycaemic control. CAV protocol 117-120 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 19594087-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Preoperative carbohydrate (CHO) reduces perioperative insulin resistance and improves preoperative patient comfort. CAV protocol 39-42 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 19132851-14 2009 Adjustment of insulin doses according to CHO intake allowed the reduction of glucose variability, increasingly recognized as an important, independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. CAV protocol 41-44 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 17902094-1 2007 BACKGROUND: Preoperative oral carbohydrate (CHO) reduces postoperative insulin resistance. CAV protocol 44-47 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 17965023-6 2007 In CHO-C400 cells, expression of 53BP2S reduced insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation with a concomitant enhancement of IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. CAV protocol 3-6 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 17997840-1 2007 BACKGROUND: Ingestion of carbohydrate (CHO) and protein (PRO) following intense exercise has been reported to increase insulin levels, optimize glycogen resynthesis, enhance PRO synthesis, and lessen the immuno-suppressive effects of intense exercise. CAV protocol 39-42 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 17997840-2 2007 Since different forms of CHO have varying glycemic effects, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the type of CHO ingested with PRO following resistance-exercise affects blood glucose availability and insulin levels, markers of anabolism and catabolism, and/or general immune markers. CAV protocol 123-126 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 17997840-12 2007 CONCLUSION: CHO and PRO ingestion following exercise significantly influences glucose and insulin concentrations. CAV protocol 12-15 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 17902094-7 2007 Insulin-stimulated endogenous glucose release was similar before and after surgery in the high oral CHO group, but was higher after surgery in the low oral CHO group (P = 0.013) and compared with the high oral CHO group (P = 0.044). CAV protocol 100-103 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17902094-7 2007 Insulin-stimulated endogenous glucose release was similar before and after surgery in the high oral CHO group, but was higher after surgery in the low oral CHO group (P = 0.013) and compared with the high oral CHO group (P = 0.044). CAV protocol 156-159 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17902094-7 2007 Insulin-stimulated endogenous glucose release was similar before and after surgery in the high oral CHO group, but was higher after surgery in the low oral CHO group (P = 0.013) and compared with the high oral CHO group (P = 0.044). CAV protocol 156-159 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17902094-8 2007 CONCLUSION: Whole-body protein balance and the suppressive effect of insulin on endogenous glucose release are better maintained when patients receive a CHO-rich beverage before surgery. CAV protocol 153-156 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 17024464-8 2007 During the recovery period, free fatty acid and insulin concentrations were significantly lower in the CHO trial. CAV protocol 103-106 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 17384344-9 2007 CONCLUSIONS: An isocaloric MUFA-rich diet prevents central fat redistribution and the postprandial decrease in peripheral adiponectin gene expression and insulin resistance induced by a CHO-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects. CAV protocol 186-189 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 17384344-9 2007 CONCLUSIONS: An isocaloric MUFA-rich diet prevents central fat redistribution and the postprandial decrease in peripheral adiponectin gene expression and insulin resistance induced by a CHO-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects. CAV protocol 186-189 insulin Homo sapiens 203-210 17618949-14 2007 Pea protein hydrolysate with a CHO afterload induced both higher insulin and glucagon responses (area under the curve) than SPH with CHO afterload, but DIT was similar in both conditions. CAV protocol 31-34 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 17305703-11 2007 CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that in healthy non-diabetic humans induction of insulin resistance by fasting and its reversal by refeeding with a high CHO diet is mirrored by changes in skeletal muscle GLUT4 but not calpain-10 and calpain-3 expression. CAV protocol 161-164 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 17062764-10 2007 Insulin-stimulated CHO oxidation and muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity were blunted after the HF diet. CAV protocol 19-22 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16631431-5 2006 Resistance exercise performed in conjunction with CHO and CHO+EAA ingestion resulted in significantly elevated (P<.001) glucose and insulin concentrations above baseline, whereas EAA ingestion only increased the postexercise insulin response (P<.05). CAV protocol 50-53 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 16614419-3 2006 Plasma insulin responses [expressed as area under the curve (AUC)] were 141 and 204% greater in patients with Type 2 diabetes and 66 and 221% greater in the controls in the Cho+Pro and Cho+Pro+Leu trials, respectively, compared with those in the Cho trial (P < 0.05). CAV protocol 173-176 insulin Homo sapiens 7-14 16614419-3 2006 Plasma insulin responses [expressed as area under the curve (AUC)] were 141 and 204% greater in patients with Type 2 diabetes and 66 and 221% greater in the controls in the Cho+Pro and Cho+Pro+Leu trials, respectively, compared with those in the Cho trial (P < 0.05). CAV protocol 185-188 insulin Homo sapiens 7-14 16614419-3 2006 Plasma insulin responses [expressed as area under the curve (AUC)] were 141 and 204% greater in patients with Type 2 diabetes and 66 and 221% greater in the controls in the Cho+Pro and Cho+Pro+Leu trials, respectively, compared with those in the Cho trial (P < 0.05). CAV protocol 185-188 insulin Homo sapiens 7-14 16766777-10 2006 However, prior exercise resulted in a lower 2-h insulin response to the CHO-rich energy bar. CAV protocol 72-75 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 16631431-5 2006 Resistance exercise performed in conjunction with CHO and CHO+EAA ingestion resulted in significantly elevated (P<.001) glucose and insulin concentrations above baseline, whereas EAA ingestion only increased the postexercise insulin response (P<.05). CAV protocol 58-61 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 16472979-7 2006 CHO and CHO+EAA ingestion resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) increased glucose and insulin concentrations above baseline, whereas EAA resulted in significant postexercise increases (P < 0.05) in insulin only. CAV protocol 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 16472979-7 2006 CHO and CHO+EAA ingestion resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) increased glucose and insulin concentrations above baseline, whereas EAA resulted in significant postexercise increases (P < 0.05) in insulin only. CAV protocol 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 204-211 16472979-7 2006 CHO and CHO+EAA ingestion resulted in significantly (P < 0.001) increased glucose and insulin concentrations above baseline, whereas EAA resulted in significant postexercise increases (P < 0.05) in insulin only. CAV protocol 8-11 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 16288655-5 2005 Carbohydrate restriction is one of several strategies for reducing body mass but even in the absence of weight loss or in comparison with low fat alternatives, CHO restriction is effective at ameliorating high fasting glucose and insulin, high plasma triglycerides (TAG), low HDL and high blood pressure. CAV protocol 160-163 insulin Homo sapiens 230-237 16472979-11 2006 CONCLUSION: These data indicate that CHO and/or EAA ingestion during a single bout of resistance exercise suppresses the exercise-induced cortisol response, in addition to stimulating insulin release. CAV protocol 37-40 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 16531895-7 2006 RESULTS: Plasma insulin responses were 108 +/- 17 and 190 +/- 33% greater in the CHO-PRO and CHO-PRO-LEU trial, respectively, compared with the CHO-trial (P < 0.01). CAV protocol 81-84 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 16288655-15 2005 In addition, recent studies suggest that a subset of MetS, the ratio of TAG/HDL, is a good marker for insulin resistance and risk of CVD, and this indicator is reliably reduced by CHO restriction and exacerbated by high CHO intake. CAV protocol 180-183 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 14594866-5 2004 Drink intake did not affect arterial insulin concentration in Pla, whereas insulin increased several times after the drink in CHO (P < 0.05 vs. Pla). CAV protocol 126-129 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 15334372-2 2004 The aim of the study was to quantify, in these patients, the CHO requirement to prevent hypoglycemia during moderate exercise performed at different time intervals after morning subcutaneous insulin injection. CAV protocol 61-64 insulin Homo sapiens 191-198 15334372-5 2004 CHO needed by the patients to prevent hypoglycemia decreased as the time elapsed from insulin administration increased, amounting to 0.63 +/- 0.30, 0.44 +/- 0.32, 0.28 +/- 0.24, and 0.14 +/- 0.18 g/kg after 1, 2.5, 4, and 5.5 hours, respectively. CAV protocol 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 15667583-2 2005 The postprandial triglyceride response to high fat meals (HFM) in normal subjects is reduced by the insulin response to dietary carbohydrate (CHO) in the meal. CAV protocol 142-145 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 15339747-3 2005 This study evaluates the impact of a physiological oral dose of Leu and/or carbohydrate (CHO) on upstream elements of the insulin signaling pathway using phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity and glucose uptake as markers for insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. CAV protocol 89-92 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 15339747-3 2005 This study evaluates the impact of a physiological oral dose of Leu and/or carbohydrate (CHO) on upstream elements of the insulin signaling pathway using phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity and glucose uptake as markers for insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. CAV protocol 89-92 insulin Homo sapiens 241-248 14757995-7 2004 In contrast, a high GI CHO-rich meal appears to be beneficial for glycogen storage after the exercise by promoting greater glucose and insulin responses. CAV protocol 23-26 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 12236441-9 2002 It is suggested that an insulin-mediated rebound effect on CHO metabolism during TT, in which no further CHO was supplied, nullified the benefits of rehydration. CAV protocol 59-62 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 12888635-11 2003 Furthermore, a high intake of CHO (E > 49%) was associated with higher insulin levels among women carrying the Gln27Glu polymorphism (P < 0.01). CAV protocol 30-33 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 12566475-9 2003 After 10 wk, subjects in the CHO Group had lower fasting (4.34 +/- 0.10 vs 4.89 +/- 0.11 mmol/L) and postprandial blood glucose (3.77 +/- 0.14 vs. 4.33 +/- 0.15 mmol/L) and an elevated insulin response to meals (207 +/- 21 vs. 75 +/- 18 pmol/L). CAV protocol 29-32 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 12566475-10 2003 This study demonstrates that consumption of a diet with increased protein and a reduced CHO/protein ratio stabilizes blood glucose during nonabsorptive periods and reduces the postprandial insulin response. CAV protocol 88-91 insulin Homo sapiens 189-196 12414888-4 2002 Changing from a L(CHO)/H(F) to H(CHO)/L(F) diet resulted in increased insulin sensitivity (stable labeled iv glucose tolerance test) in adolescents [from 3.2 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4) to 5.0 +/- 1.4 x 10(-4) (min(-1))/( micro U.ml(-1)) (mean +/- SE)] but not in prepubertal children [9.4 +/- 2.5 x 10(-4) to 9.9 +/- 1.5 x 10(-4) (min(-1))/( micro U.ml(-1))], whereas beta-cell sensitivity was unaffected in both groups. CAV protocol 18-21 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 12414888-4 2002 Changing from a L(CHO)/H(F) to H(CHO)/L(F) diet resulted in increased insulin sensitivity (stable labeled iv glucose tolerance test) in adolescents [from 3.2 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4) to 5.0 +/- 1.4 x 10(-4) (min(-1))/( micro U.ml(-1)) (mean +/- SE)] but not in prepubertal children [9.4 +/- 2.5 x 10(-4) to 9.9 +/- 1.5 x 10(-4) (min(-1))/( micro U.ml(-1))], whereas beta-cell sensitivity was unaffected in both groups. CAV protocol 33-36 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 12236441-9 2002 It is suggested that an insulin-mediated rebound effect on CHO metabolism during TT, in which no further CHO was supplied, nullified the benefits of rehydration. CAV protocol 105-108 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 11905937-6 2001 In series 1, weight lifting exercise with CHO ingestion significantly (p < 0.05) elevated blood glucose and plasma insulin levels above baseline, as well as that occurring with the placebo. CAV protocol 42-45 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 11874925-2 2002 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Replacing dietary protein for carbohydrate (CHO) during energy restriction and weight loss has been effective in sparing lean mass and improving insulin sensitivity in obese subjects but has not been tested in subjects with type 2 diabetes. CAV protocol 73-76 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181