PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 23874018-2 2013 Prostaglandins arise from enzymatic metabolism of free arachidonic acid (AA), which is cleaved from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 126-142 23220644-1 2013 Dual function inhibitors targeting phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)H) may balance the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic network and be used as new anti-inflammatory drugs. Arachidonic Acid 120-136 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 35-53 23220644-1 2013 Dual function inhibitors targeting phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and leukotriene A(4) hydrolase (LTA(4)H) may balance the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic network and be used as new anti-inflammatory drugs. Arachidonic Acid 120-136 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-61 21742378-3 2011 Here we investigated the potential for involvement of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and arachidonic acid generated by group 6 (GVI) phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, focusing on stimulation of TRPC5 by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) which acts via a pertussis toxin-sensitive (Gi/o protein) pathway without Ca2+-release. Arachidonic Acid 88-104 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 132-148 22398721-1 2012 Phospholipase A(2) enzymes hydrolyze phospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-17 22178644-1 2012 The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), important second messengers in brain, are released from membrane phospholipid following receptor-mediated activation of specific phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes. Arachidonic Acid 41-57 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 242-260 22178644-1 2012 The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), important second messengers in brain, are released from membrane phospholipid following receptor-mediated activation of specific phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes. Arachidonic Acid 41-57 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 262-268 22896810-4 2012 Here, we observed that ablation of D. discoideumplaA, which encodes a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) homolog, leads to a decreased rate of cell death under high caffeine concentrations and to enhanced cell death with the addition of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 226-242 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-86 22896810-4 2012 Here, we observed that ablation of D. discoideumplaA, which encodes a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) homolog, leads to a decreased rate of cell death under high caffeine concentrations and to enhanced cell death with the addition of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 226-242 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 88-92 21415860-3 2011 Here, we report a novel function for the PLA(2) in regulating TNF-induced apoptosis through arachidonic acid (AA) release and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) production. Arachidonic Acid 92-108 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 41-47 23733687-2 2011 PGs arise from enzymatic metabolism of free arachidonic acid (AA), which is cleaved from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 44-60 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 115-131 21742378-3 2011 Here we investigated the potential for involvement of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and arachidonic acid generated by group 6 (GVI) phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, focusing on stimulation of TRPC5 by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) which acts via a pertussis toxin-sensitive (Gi/o protein) pathway without Ca2+-release. Arachidonic Acid 88-104 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 150-154 21712087-3 2011 ROS are formed constitutively by mitochondria and also by the activation of cell receptors that transduce signals from inflammatory mediators, e.g., activated phospholipase A2 forms arachidonic acid that interacts with cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase to generate ROS. Arachidonic Acid 182-198 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 159-175 21703303-5 2011 Degradation of GPs by phospholipase A(2) can release two important brain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), e.g., arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, linked together by a delicate equilibrium. Arachidonic Acid 116-132 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-39 20969853-1 2011 Phospholipase A(2) releases the fatty acid arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 43-59 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-18 21516291-2 2011 In the current work, the pathways are presented and reviewed showing how adenosine acts on the production and release of arachidonic acid (AA) in activated human monocytes by the involvement of various phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes in physiological (normal) conditions and in a pathologic state in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 202-218 21516291-2 2011 In the current work, the pathways are presented and reviewed showing how adenosine acts on the production and release of arachidonic acid (AA) in activated human monocytes by the involvement of various phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes in physiological (normal) conditions and in a pathologic state in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 220-224 21241168-6 2011 Among the eicosanoids and oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (n = 17) a pronounced increase in arachidonic acid and its metabolite 12S-HETE was observed in MDA-MB-231 and to a lesser extent in MCF-7 cells, indicating release from cell membrane phospholipids upon activation of phospholipase A2 and subsequent metabolism by 12-lipoxygenase. Arachidonic Acid 97-113 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 279-295 21146002-6 2010 Specifically, our recent work suggests that intestinal phospholipase A2 generated arachidonic acid and its subsequent 5-lipoxygenase products are essential in the pathogenesis of ALI. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-71 21417548-2 2011 METHODS: PLA2 involvement in OA chondrocytes was analysed by (a) arachidonic acid (AA) and oleic acid release, (b) PLA2 mRNA analysis, and (c) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in cultured OA chondrocytes in response to various cytokines and platelet activating factor (PAF). Arachidonic Acid 65-81 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 9-13 19800928-5 2010 In this paper we examined the possible role of arachidonic acid (AA), a fatty acid that is generated by the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 47-63 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 120-136 19800928-5 2010 In this paper we examined the possible role of arachidonic acid (AA), a fatty acid that is generated by the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 47-63 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 138-142 20118407-1 2010 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), a regulatory enzyme found in most mammalian cells, catalyzes the breakdown of membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 133-149 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-18 20118407-1 2010 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), a regulatory enzyme found in most mammalian cells, catalyzes the breakdown of membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 133-149 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-26 20041255-0 2010 Platelet activating factor stimulates arachidonic acid release in differentiated keratinocytes via arachidonyl non-selective phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 38-54 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 125-141 20145439-4 2010 By labeling plasma unesterified arachidonic acid, it is possible to trace the subsequent release of arachidonic acid from brain phospholipids upon neuroreceptor-mediated release by phospholipase A2 in response to drugs and neuroinflammation in rodents. Arachidonic Acid 32-48 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 181-197 20354123-7 2010 Further investigation of the latter event discloses that PLA(2) activity promotes accumulation of arachidonic acid, which, in turn, induces the invasive pathway involving p38 kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Arachidonic Acid 98-114 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 57-63 20298597-1 2010 BACKGROUND: Cytosolic gIVaPLA2 is a critical enzyme in the generation of arachidonate metabolites and in induction of beta2-integrin adhesion in granulocytes. Arachidonic Acid 73-85 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-30 20145439-4 2010 By labeling plasma unesterified arachidonic acid, it is possible to trace the subsequent release of arachidonic acid from brain phospholipids upon neuroreceptor-mediated release by phospholipase A2 in response to drugs and neuroinflammation in rodents. Arachidonic Acid 100-116 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 181-197 19230851-1 2009 Group IVA phospholipase A(2) (GIVA PLA(2)) catalyzes the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 35-41 20053941-2 2010 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-derived arachidonic acid (AA) activates the assembly of NADPH oxidase to generate superoxide anion. Arachidonic Acid 36-52 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-18 20053941-2 2010 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-derived arachidonic acid (AA) activates the assembly of NADPH oxidase to generate superoxide anion. Arachidonic Acid 36-52 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-26 19662385-4 2009 The present study shows that chronic fluoxetine treatment with even higher affinity (EC(50) = 0.5-2.0 microM) upregulates Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), which releases arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane-bound phospholipid, without effect on secretory PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) and intracellular PLA(2) (iPLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 184-200 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 160-166 19915704-3 2009 In this study we investigated the possible role of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-arachidonic acid (AA) signal in the regulatory mechanism of KCC activity. Arachidonic Acid 79-95 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-69 19449519-8 2009 The goal of this review is mainly focused on the key enzymes in arachidonic acid metabolic network, such as phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase and eukotriene A4 hydrolase. Arachidonic Acid 64-80 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 108-156 19401382-4 2009 LTs are proinflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA), which is released from membranes by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes. Arachidonic Acid 47-63 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 106-124 19401382-4 2009 LTs are proinflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA), which is released from membranes by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes. Arachidonic Acid 47-63 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 126-132 19460395-5 2009 Interestingly, it is known that Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 binds to calmodulin: our results are compatible with PLA2 being liberated by melatonin from a steady-state calmodulin sequestration, thus initiating an arachidonate signal transduction. Arachidonic Acid 208-220 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-55 19460395-5 2009 Interestingly, it is known that Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 binds to calmodulin: our results are compatible with PLA2 being liberated by melatonin from a steady-state calmodulin sequestration, thus initiating an arachidonate signal transduction. Arachidonic Acid 208-220 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 109-113 19135546-6 2009 Our results indicated that lovastatin inhibited significantly activities of PLA(2) and cyclooxygenase-1, resulting in a marked reduction in arachidonic acid release, lysoPC content and prostacyclin production in the cultured vascular endothelial cells. Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 76-82 19101626-1 2009 Ceramide and the metabolites including ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) and sphingosine are reported to regulate the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and/or phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity in many cell types including lymphocytes. Arachidonic Acid 122-138 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 171-177 18755070-2 2008 One such critical metabolic event is the activation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), which results in the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and the release of free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, a precursor for essential cell-signaling eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 189-205 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-73 20150962-2 2009 The arachidonic acid, released by phospholipase A2, is an important substrate for the production of a group of lipid mediators known as leukotrienes, which induce proinflammatory signaling through the activation of specific BLT and CysLT receptors. Arachidonic Acid 4-20 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-50 19022981-1 2008 Kinetic methods in unanesthetized rodents have shown that turnover rates of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in brain membrane phospholipids are rapid and energy consuming and that phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and acyl-CoA synthetase enzymes that regulate turnover are specific for one or the other PUFA. Arachidonic Acid 76-92 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 201-219 19022981-1 2008 Kinetic methods in unanesthetized rodents have shown that turnover rates of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in brain membrane phospholipids are rapid and energy consuming and that phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and acyl-CoA synthetase enzymes that regulate turnover are specific for one or the other PUFA. Arachidonic Acid 76-92 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 221-227 18755070-2 2008 One such critical metabolic event is the activation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), which results in the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and the release of free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, a precursor for essential cell-signaling eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 189-205 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 75-81 17981679-2 2008 Previous studies have shown the involvement of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived metabolites in the regulation of MMP expression and cancer dissemination, thus suggesting a role for phospholipase A2, the AA producing enzymes, in these processes. Arachidonic Acid 47-63 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 178-194 18033773-6 2008 We also present evidences that licofelone was able to affect the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade, as it blocked the activity of 5-LOX and COX enzymes, and it induced, through the phosphorylation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), the release of unesterified AA from HCA-7 membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 65-81 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 208-226 18023288-7 2008 Pharmacological evidences using phospholipase A2, lipoxygenases and protein kinase C inhibitors show that upstream regulation of Nox1 relies on arachidonic acid metabolism. Arachidonic Acid 144-160 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-48 18089807-1 2007 Modulation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) expression levels and production of its metabolites have been reported in several tumor types, indicating involvement of arachidonic acid and its derivatives in tumorigenesis. Arachidonic Acid 173-189 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 44-50 17565722-1 2008 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes participate in a potent inflammatory pathway through the liberation of arachidonic acid upon hydrolysis of membrane glycerophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 107-123 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-18 17565722-1 2008 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes participate in a potent inflammatory pathway through the liberation of arachidonic acid upon hydrolysis of membrane glycerophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 107-123 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-26 17659528-4 2007 The production of arachidonic acid (AA) in astrocytes by Ca(2+) sensitive phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) has been shown to be common to both constriction and dilation mechanisms. Arachidonic Acid 18-34 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 74-92 17462919-2 2007 However, which of PLA(2) isoforms in astrocytes is responsible for arachidonic acid (AA) release contributing to their ischemic injury remains to be determined. Arachidonic Acid 67-83 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-24 17659528-4 2007 The production of arachidonic acid (AA) in astrocytes by Ca(2+) sensitive phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) has been shown to be common to both constriction and dilation mechanisms. Arachidonic Acid 18-34 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 94-100 17360902-6 2007 Demonstration that both phosphatidic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) directly facilitate HCN gating suggests that these metabolites may serve as the messengers downstream of DGK and PLA2, respectively. Arachidonic Acid 46-62 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 181-185 17376209-2 2007 According to the literature, arachidonic acid is released from phospholipid by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and is a precursor of eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, leucotrienes, and thromboxanes, which are potent inflammatory mediators. Arachidonic Acid 29-45 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 79-97 17376209-2 2007 According to the literature, arachidonic acid is released from phospholipid by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and is a precursor of eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, leucotrienes, and thromboxanes, which are potent inflammatory mediators. Arachidonic Acid 29-45 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-105 17651499-2 2007 Production of bioactive lipids are frequently initiated by the enzyme phospholipase A2 which releases arachidonic acid (AA) that is rapidly metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COX) or lipoxygenases (LO) to other highly potent lipids. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-86 17393491-3 2007 Degradation of glycerophospholipids by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) generates arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). Arachidonic Acid 77-93 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 39-57 17393491-3 2007 Degradation of glycerophospholipids by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) generates arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). Arachidonic Acid 77-93 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 59-65 17393491-7 2007 Arachidonic acid, a product derived from glycerophospholipid catabolism by PLA(2), modulates sphingomyelinase (SMase), the enzyme that generates ceramide and phosphocholine. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 75-81 17196833-1 2007 BACKGROUND: Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), an important second messenger, is released from membrane phospholipid following receptor mediated activation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 12-28 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 156-174 17196833-1 2007 BACKGROUND: Arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), an important second messenger, is released from membrane phospholipid following receptor mediated activation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 12-28 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 176-182 17118330-0 2007 Role of intracellular calcium and phospholipase A2 in arachidonic acid-induced toxicity in liver cells overexpressing CYP2E1. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-50 17008548-5 2007 The rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of all eicosanoids is the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated release of arachidonic acid from glycerol phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 69-85 17008548-5 2007 The rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of all eicosanoids is the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated release of arachidonic acid from glycerol phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 87-91 17305572-2 2007 Eicosanoid biosynthesis is usually initiated by the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids in response to the interaction of a phospholipase-A(2) (PLA(2)) stimulus with a receptor on the cell membrane. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 149-166 17264037-9 2007 Thus, lipids, by interaction with phospholipase A2, release arachidonic acid which stimulates NOX, amplifying superoxyde anion production. Arachidonic Acid 60-76 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-50 17691936-2 2007 This process requires critical levels of arachidonic acid (AA), generated by constitutive phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), promoting tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation, and inhibition, of constitutive NOS. Arachidonic Acid 41-57 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 90-108 17691936-2 2007 This process requires critical levels of arachidonic acid (AA), generated by constitutive phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), promoting tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation, and inhibition, of constitutive NOS. Arachidonic Acid 41-57 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 110-116 17346444-1 2007 Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 17456042-0 2007 Chemistry and structural evaluation of different phospholipase A2 inhibitors in arachidonic acid pathway mediated inflammation and snake venom toxicity. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 49-65 17595527-6 2007 These effects were inhibited in the presence of Ba(2+) or PLA(2) inhibition (AACOCF(3)), suggesting that guanylin peptides and U-II increase arachidonic acid and inhibit ROMK channels in these cells. Arachidonic Acid 141-157 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 58-64 16896535-4 2007 In cultured human CASMCs, LPC stimulated time- and concentration-dependent release of arachidonic acid that was sensitive to phospholipase A2 and C inhibition. Arachidonic Acid 86-102 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 125-141 16968951-2 2006 It is generally thought that the release of arachidonic acid by cytosolic phospholipase A(2) is the rate-limiting step in the generation of eicosanoids and platelet activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 44-60 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 74-91 16766159-4 2006 Treatment of the cells with the PLA2 inhibitor 4-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB) decreased the cytokine-induced mPGES-1 expression accompanied by decreased PGE2 production whereas the addition of arachidonic acid (AA) upregulated mPGES-1 expression and PGE2 production. Arachidonic Acid 192-208 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-36 18453106-3 2007 PLA2 activity is measured as the release of radiolabed arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 17055038-1 2007 In the present study, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-catalyzed hydrolysis of platelet membrane phospholipids was investigated by measuring PLA(2) activity, phospholipid hydrolysis, arachidonic acid release and choline lysophospholipid production in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. Arachidonic Acid 178-194 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-40 17055038-1 2007 In the present study, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-catalyzed hydrolysis of platelet membrane phospholipids was investigated by measuring PLA(2) activity, phospholipid hydrolysis, arachidonic acid release and choline lysophospholipid production in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. Arachidonic Acid 178-194 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 42-48 16978919-1 2006 Phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) enzymes hydrolyze cell membrane phospholipids to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and lyso-phospholipids (LysoPL), playing a key role in the production of inflammatory lipid mediators, mainly eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 81-97 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 16978919-1 2006 Phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) enzymes hydrolyze cell membrane phospholipids to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and lyso-phospholipids (LysoPL), playing a key role in the production of inflammatory lipid mediators, mainly eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 81-97 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 16952710-8 2006 RESULTS: The immediate increase in prostacyclin release from thrombin or tryptase stimulated human bladder microvascular endothelial cells depended on the activation of membrane associated calcium independent phospholipase A2, resulting in an increase in arachidonic acid production. Arachidonic Acid 255-271 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 209-225 16182442-4 2006 Recently, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes, which regulate the provision of arachidonic acid to both COX- and LOX-derived eicosanoids, are found to also regulate the growth of prostate cancer cells and tumours, with one enzyme, secreted PLA(2)-IIA, being increased in prostate cancer tissues. Arachidonic Acid 79-95 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 10-28 16182442-4 2006 Recently, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes, which regulate the provision of arachidonic acid to both COX- and LOX-derived eicosanoids, are found to also regulate the growth of prostate cancer cells and tumours, with one enzyme, secreted PLA(2)-IIA, being increased in prostate cancer tissues. Arachidonic Acid 79-95 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 30-36 16182442-4 2006 Recently, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes, which regulate the provision of arachidonic acid to both COX- and LOX-derived eicosanoids, are found to also regulate the growth of prostate cancer cells and tumours, with one enzyme, secreted PLA(2)-IIA, being increased in prostate cancer tissues. Arachidonic Acid 79-95 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 240-246 16785555-10 2006 Our data indicate that hVPLA(2) causes focal clustering of CD11b and beta(2) integrin adhesion by a novel mechanism that is independent of arachidonic acid synthesis and gIVA-PLA(2) activation. Arachidonic Acid 139-155 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 25-31 16684969-1 2006 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) generates arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and lysophospholipids from neural membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 16674924-3 2006 In addition, the most common side effect in niacin therapy is skin flushing that is caused by prostaglandin release, suggesting that the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))/arachidonic acid (AA) pathway is involved. Arachidonic Acid 165-181 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 137-155 16684969-1 2006 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) generates arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and lysophospholipids from neural membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 16734744-2 2006 The increased PLA2 activity is seen as an increased release of free, polyunsaturated fatty acids, e.g. arachidonic acid and membrane-bound lysophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 103-119 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-18 16406549-7 2006 Also supporting the involvement of arachidonic acid metabolism in NTR1 regulation was the finding that inhibitors of PLA2 and DAG lipase enhanced NT binding. Arachidonic Acid 35-51 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 117-121 16014328-4 2006 In 5-HT-depleted medium, the receptor exhibits a constitutive activity leading to basal nitric oxide (NO) release and phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent arachidonic acid (AA) production. Arachidonic Acid 152-168 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-134 16014328-4 2006 In 5-HT-depleted medium, the receptor exhibits a constitutive activity leading to basal nitric oxide (NO) release and phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent arachidonic acid (AA) production. Arachidonic Acid 152-168 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 136-140 16511916-10 2006 Adding exogenous arachidonic acid to reconstitute the blocked PLA2 signaling pathways did not result in restoration of PMA induced mRNA transcription. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 62-66 16414357-1 2006 Phospholipase A2 proteins are major regulators of the arachidonic acid cascade and are involved in various cellular responses. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 16443152-2 2006 One such critical metabolic event is the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), resulting in hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and release of free fatty acids including arachidonic acid, a metabolic precursor for important cell-signaling eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 172-188 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-71 16443152-2 2006 One such critical metabolic event is the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), resulting in hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids and release of free fatty acids including arachidonic acid, a metabolic precursor for important cell-signaling eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 172-188 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 73-77 16732469-1 2006 In this study, we investigated the effects of arachidonic acid, a PLA2-produced lipid metabolite, on the lysosomal permeability, osmotic sensitivity and stability. Arachidonic Acid 46-62 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 66-70 16552393-2 2006 It is released from cellular membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 or indirectly by phospholipases C and D. Prostaglandins, prostacyclin (PGI2), and thromboxane A2 (TAX2) are synthesized from arachidonic acid on a metabolic pathway dependent on prostaglandin H2 synthase activity, also known as cyclooxygenase (COX). Arachidonic Acid 197-213 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-71 18615138-1 2006 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin (PG) synthase are enzymes involved in arachidonate cascade. Arachidonic Acid 106-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-18 18615138-1 2006 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin (PG) synthase are enzymes involved in arachidonate cascade. Arachidonic Acid 106-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-26 18615138-2 2006 PLA(2) liberates arachidonic acid (AA) from cell membrane lipids. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-6 16214108-2 2005 We show that exposure of bladder cancer cells to hypericin PDT leads to a rapid rise in the cytosolic calcium concentration which is followed by the generation of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 163-179 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 183-199 16140261-5 2005 Additionally, altered supply of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2s significantly affects the efficiency of COX-terminal prostanoid synthase coupling. Arachidonic Acid 32-48 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 52-68 16214108-2 2005 We show that exposure of bladder cancer cells to hypericin PDT leads to a rapid rise in the cytosolic calcium concentration which is followed by the generation of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 163-179 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 201-205 16214108-3 2005 PLA2 inhibition significantly protects cells from the PDT-induced intrinsic apoptosis and attenuates the activation of p38 MAPK, a survival signal mediating the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 that converts arachidonic acid into prostanoids. Arachidonic Acid 209-225 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 15993870-1 2005 Ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and other organs results in the accumulation of unesterified arachidonic acid (AA) via the action of membrane-bound phospholipases, primarily phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 95-111 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 176-192 16284883-2 2005 Oxalate exposure activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which increases two lipid signaling molecules, arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine (Lyso-PC). Arachidonic Acid 99-115 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 27-43 16284883-2 2005 Oxalate exposure activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which increases two lipid signaling molecules, arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine (Lyso-PC). Arachidonic Acid 99-115 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 45-49 15972573-2 2005 Arachidonic acid, the common precursor for PG synthesis, is cleaved from membrane phospholipids via the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 116-132 15972573-2 2005 Arachidonic acid, the common precursor for PG synthesis, is cleaved from membrane phospholipids via the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 134-138 15878913-0 2005 Arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, induces cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 in prostate carcinoma cells. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 61-77 16044407-3 2005 Cyclooxygenases are key enzymes required for prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, converting the arachidonic acid (AA) released by phospholipase A2 into prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 90-106 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 124-140 16061484-6 2005 Cyclooxygenase-2 is a critical enzyme for the production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, which is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2, the expression of which is also stimulated by PGF2alpha. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 147-163 15668944-5 2005 We have shown previously that the nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells was accompanied by arachidonic acid release via cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) activation. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 162-180 16188211-5 2005 In brain tissue, arachidonic acid is mainly released by the action of PLA2 and phospholipase C/diacylglycerol lipase (PLC/DAG-lipase) pathways. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-74 16188211-15 2005 We propose that RA receptors coupled with PLA2, PLC, and PLD activities in the nucleus may play an important role in the redistribution of arachidonic acid and its metabolites and DAG in nuclear and non-nuclear neuronal membranes during differentiation and growth suppression. Arachidonic Acid 139-155 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 42-46 15912889-1 2005 The biosynthesis of oxygenated arachidonic acid messengers triggered by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion is preceded by an early and rapid phospholipase A2 activation reflected in free arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accumulation. Arachidonic Acid 31-47 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 136-152 15900018-2 2005 PLA(2) acts to generate arachidonic acid, which serves as the precursor substrate for COX-2 in the metabolic pathway leading to PGE(2) production. Arachidonic Acid 24-40 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-6 15913545-1 2005 Pachymic acid (PA) is a natural triterpenoid known to inhibit the phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) family of arachidonic acid (AA)-producing enzymes. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 66-82 15913545-1 2005 Pachymic acid (PA) is a natural triterpenoid known to inhibit the phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) family of arachidonic acid (AA)-producing enzymes. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 84-90 15626436-2 2005 The PLA2 family consists of a group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids, resulting in the liberation of arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor to pro-inflammatory molecules. Arachidonic Acid 117-133 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 4-8 15850645-13 2005 These results suggest that increased PLA2 release may alter the arachidonic acid cascade and promote TX synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 64-80 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 37-41 15685208-2 2005 This cascade must originate with free arachidonic acid (AA) released by the activity of spinal phospholipase A2s (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 38-54 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 95-111 15794766-8 2005 In summary, our results demonstrate a critical role for ACS4 and MTE-I in the hormonal regulation of steroidogenesis as a new pathway of arachidonic acid release different from the classical phospholipase A2 cascade. Arachidonic Acid 137-153 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 191-207 15561975-4 2005 Thrombin and tryptase stimulation resulted in activation of a Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2), leading to increased release of arachidonic acid and prostacyclin and increased production of platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-87 15853686-5 2005 The development of PLA(2) inhibitors as potential anti-inflammatory agents has also been extensively pursued since the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by PLA(3) is one of the rate-limiting factors for eicosanoid production. Arachidonic Acid 130-146 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 19-25 15475936-2 2005 Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) alpha preferentially hydrolyses arachidonic acid, which is the limiting substrate for prostaglandin production, from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 12-28 15475936-2 2005 Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) alpha preferentially hydrolyses arachidonic acid, which is the limiting substrate for prostaglandin production, from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 30-34 15475936-14 2005 These results suggest that cytoplasmic PLA2 overexpression in these cells regulates COX-induced angiogenesis probably by providing arachidonic acid, which is the limiting factor for prostaglandin production. Arachidonic Acid 131-147 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 39-43 15853686-1 2005 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-catalyzed hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids results in the stoichiometric production of a free fatty acid, most importantly arachidonic acid, and a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic Acid 155-171 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-18 15283760-4 2004 An increase in macula densa cell calcium could activate phospholipase A2 to release arachidonic acid, the rate-limiting step in the formation of prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 84-100 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 56-72 15853686-1 2005 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-catalyzed hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids results in the stoichiometric production of a free fatty acid, most importantly arachidonic acid, and a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic Acid 155-171 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-26 15466184-4 2004 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes regulate the provision of arachidonic acid to both COX- and LOX-derived eicosanoids, and a secreted form of the enzyme (sPLA(2)-IIA) is elevated in prostate cancer tissues. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-18 15756928-3 2005 PC hydrolysis by PLA(2) releases free fatty acids including arachidonic acid, and lyso-PC, an inhibitor of CTP-phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT). Arachidonic Acid 60-76 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 17-23 15753187-5 2004 This effect of vitamin E is due to increased release of substrate arachidonic acid, which in turn results from increased expression of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 66-82 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 135-153 15753187-5 2004 This effect of vitamin E is due to increased release of substrate arachidonic acid, which in turn results from increased expression of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 66-82 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 155-161 15474031-5 2004 This study shows that platelet 12-H(P)ETE generation utilizes arachidonate substrate from both c- and sPLA2 and that 12-LOX functionally associates with both PLA2 isoforms. Arachidonic Acid 62-74 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 103-107 15253885-4 2004 A tight regulation of phospholipase A2 isozymes is necessary for maintaining physiological levels of free fatty acids including arachidonic acid and its metabolites in the various types of neural cells. Arachidonic Acid 128-144 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-38 15084746-8 2004 Bromophenacyl bromide (a PLA(2) inhibitor) abrogated LacCer-induced PECAM-1 expression, and this was bypassed by arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 25-31 15210303-5 2004 In brain tissue, arachidonic acid is mainly released by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC)/diacylglycerol lipase pathways. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-86 15210303-5 2004 In brain tissue, arachidonic acid is mainly released by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC)/diacylglycerol lipase pathways. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 88-92 15027896-5 2004 Arachidonic acid (AA) mimics the action of Ang II on ERK1/ERK2 and phospholipase A2 inhibitors blocked Ang II-induced ERK1/ERK2 activation. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 67-83 15320787-1 2004 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of sn-2 fatty acids from membrane phospholipids resulting in the production of several biologically active phospholipid metabolites such as lysophospholipids, arachidonic acid, eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 208-224 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 15320787-1 2004 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of sn-2 fatty acids from membrane phospholipids resulting in the production of several biologically active phospholipid metabolites such as lysophospholipids, arachidonic acid, eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 208-224 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 15084746-11 2004 Downstream activation of intracellular Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) and/or cytosolic PLA(2) results in the production of arachidonic acid, which in turn serves as a precursor for prostaglandins that subsequently stimulate PECAM-1 expression and cell adhesion. Arachidonic Acid 118-134 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 58-64 15084746-11 2004 Downstream activation of intracellular Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) and/or cytosolic PLA(2) results in the production of arachidonic acid, which in turn serves as a precursor for prostaglandins that subsequently stimulate PECAM-1 expression and cell adhesion. Arachidonic Acid 118-134 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 82-88 14992263-5 2004 Using Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts and HeLa cells as biological systems, it is revealed that phospholipase A2-mediated mobilization of arachidonic acid from phospholipids and subsequent oxidation of the fatty acid via lipoxygenase systems to potent eicosanoids are essential elements in the signaling cascade that is activated by cell swelling and leads to release of osmolytes. Arachidonic Acid 160-176 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-134 14657205-3 2004 These PLA2s are involved in a complex network of signaling pathways that link receptor agonists, oxidative agents, and proinflammatory cytokines to the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and the synthesis of eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 163-179 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 6-10 14648557-0 2004 PLA2 and secondary metabolites of arachidonic acid control filopodial behavior in neuronal growth cones. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 14648557-7 2004 We provide evidence that PLA2 acts via production of arachidonic acid (AA), because (1) the effect of inhibition of PLA2 could be counteracted by supplying AA exogenously, and (2) the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, which metabolizes AA into prostaglandins, also increased filopodial length. Arachidonic Acid 53-69 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 25-29 14648557-7 2004 We provide evidence that PLA2 acts via production of arachidonic acid (AA), because (1) the effect of inhibition of PLA2 could be counteracted by supplying AA exogenously, and (2) the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, which metabolizes AA into prostaglandins, also increased filopodial length. Arachidonic Acid 53-69 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 116-120 15481138-1 2004 Acyltransferases are important in the regulation of membrane phospholipid fatty acyl composition and together with phospholipase A2 enzymes control arachidonic acid incorporation and remodelling within phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 148-164 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 115-131 15060718-3 2004 Originally described as a phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-inhibitory protein, ANXA1 can affect many components of the inflammatory reaction besides the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 158-174 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 26-42 15060718-3 2004 Originally described as a phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-inhibitory protein, ANXA1 can affect many components of the inflammatory reaction besides the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 158-174 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 44-48 14644424-1 2003 To determine if lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) is able to induce proinflammatory changes in monocytes, its ability to stimulate arachidonic acid (AA) release, a product of phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) activity, has been analyzed. Arachidonic Acid 130-146 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 174-190 14597911-6 2003 Brain incorporation of radiolabeled arachidonate can be imaged in response to drugs that bind to receptors coupled to PLA(2) through G proteins, thus measuring PLA(2)-initiated signal transduction. Arachidonic Acid 36-48 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-124 14592789-3 2003 Consequent to the activation of P2Y2, arachidonic acid is formed from the membrane bound lipids by phospholipase A2, which subsequently metabolized by 5 lipoxygenase to form the leukotrienes. Arachidonic Acid 38-54 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-115 14563494-2 2003 By screening a synthetic hexapeptide combinatorial library, we identified 24 novel peptides based on their ability to stimulate arachidonic acid release associated with cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity in differentiated HL60 cells. Arachidonic Acid 128-144 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 179-196 14580322-2 2003 Phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) after transient cerebral ischemia releases arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 94-110 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 27-43 14580322-2 2003 Phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) after transient cerebral ischemia releases arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 94-110 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 45-49 14597911-6 2003 Brain incorporation of radiolabeled arachidonate can be imaged in response to drugs that bind to receptors coupled to PLA(2) through G proteins, thus measuring PLA(2)-initiated signal transduction. Arachidonic Acid 36-48 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 160-166 12848295-3 2003 Phospholipase A2 activity is subsequently enhanced with the release of arachidonic acid, which results in higher thromboxane formation and platelet function. Arachidonic Acid 71-87 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 12847271-1 2003 In macrophages and other major immunoinflammatory cells, two phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes act in concert to mobilize arachidonic acid (AA) for immediate PG synthesis, namely group IV cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and a secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 124-140 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 61-79 12847271-1 2003 In macrophages and other major immunoinflammatory cells, two phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes act in concert to mobilize arachidonic acid (AA) for immediate PG synthesis, namely group IV cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and a secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 124-140 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-87 12753257-3 2003 Arachidonic acid (AA) produced by phospholiphase A2 (PLA2) appears to play a crucial role throughout the generation of downstream-oxygenated products. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-51 12753257-3 2003 Arachidonic acid (AA) produced by phospholiphase A2 (PLA2) appears to play a crucial role throughout the generation of downstream-oxygenated products. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 53-57 12928414-0 2003 Unique effect of arachidonic acid on human neutrophil TNF receptor expression: up-regulation involving protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 164-180 12882799-3 2003 In different cells, IL-1alpha activates different signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-mediated protein expression, the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-activated arachidonate cascade, and activator protein (AP)-1-associated transcription. Arachidonic Acid 176-188 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 138-156 12882799-3 2003 In different cells, IL-1alpha activates different signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-mediated protein expression, the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-activated arachidonate cascade, and activator protein (AP)-1-associated transcription. Arachidonic Acid 176-188 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 158-164 12877989-8 2003 Our results also support earlier studies in which atRA induces morphologic differentiation through the stimulation of PLA2-generated second messengers such as arachidonic acid and eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 159-175 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-122 12694560-3 2003 The largest class of phospholipases are the phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) enzymes, and these have been most extensively studied for their roles in the generation lipid signaling molecules, e.g. arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 190-206 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 44-62 12694560-3 2003 The largest class of phospholipases are the phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) enzymes, and these have been most extensively studied for their roles in the generation lipid signaling molecules, e.g. arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 190-206 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 64-68 12952186-6 2003 PLA2 activity is decreased, reducing arachidonic acid and prostaglandin production. Arachidonic Acid 37-53 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 12478474-1 2002 Peroxynitrite stimulates in U937 cells release of arachidonic acid (AA) sensitive to various phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitors, including arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF(3)), which specifically inhibits cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 50-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 93-111 12767262-1 2003 Activated by bacterial peptides, phorbol esters, calcium ionophores and other agonists, neutrophils (PMNs) release the proinflammatory mediator, arachidonic acid (AA) via the intervention of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 145-161 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 191-209 12767262-1 2003 Activated by bacterial peptides, phorbol esters, calcium ionophores and other agonists, neutrophils (PMNs) release the proinflammatory mediator, arachidonic acid (AA) via the intervention of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 145-161 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 211-217 12478474-1 2002 Peroxynitrite stimulates in U937 cells release of arachidonic acid (AA) sensitive to various phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitors, including arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF(3)), which specifically inhibits cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 50-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 113-119 12384982-1 2002 Several studies indicate that phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) expression and/or activation account for the high levels of arachidonic acid (AA) detected in cancer and, together with the elevated expression of cyclooxygenase-2, lead to cell proliferation and tumor formation. Arachidonic Acid 118-134 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 30-48 12384982-1 2002 Several studies indicate that phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) expression and/or activation account for the high levels of arachidonic acid (AA) detected in cancer and, together with the elevated expression of cyclooxygenase-2, lead to cell proliferation and tumor formation. Arachidonic Acid 118-134 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 50-56 12558054-4 2002 The arachidonate increase can be ascribed to the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 4-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 63-79 12468890-1 2002 Arachidonic acid (AA) is an important second messenger involved in signal transduction mediated by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-115 12487789-3 2002 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) release up to 70% of the arachidonate in normal platelets, and to date, the activity of this enzyme in uremia is unknown. Arachidonic Acid 49-61 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 12487789-3 2002 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) release up to 70% of the arachidonate in normal platelets, and to date, the activity of this enzyme in uremia is unknown. Arachidonic Acid 49-61 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 12558054-4 2002 The arachidonate increase can be ascribed to the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 4-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-85 12558054-5 2002 In fact, cells preincubated with arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, a PLA2 inhibitor, showed a marked reduction in arachidonate mobilization. Arachidonic Acid 116-128 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-75 12271462-2 2002 PtdCho hydrolysis by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion yields arachidonic acid (ArAc) and lyso-PtdCho. Arachidonic Acid 96-112 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 21-39 12401193-0 2002 Phospholipase A(2) regulation of arachidonic acid mobilization. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-17 12271462-2 2002 PtdCho hydrolysis by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion yields arachidonic acid (ArAc) and lyso-PtdCho. Arachidonic Acid 96-112 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 41-47 12271462-2 2002 PtdCho hydrolysis by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion yields arachidonic acid (ArAc) and lyso-PtdCho. Arachidonic Acid 114-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 21-39 12271462-2 2002 PtdCho hydrolysis by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion yields arachidonic acid (ArAc) and lyso-PtdCho. Arachidonic Acid 114-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 41-47 12205049-2 2002 Epidemiological studies implicate the phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid cascade in the mechanism by which smoking causes heart disease. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-54 12069810-1 2002 The lysophospholipids are integral components of the plasma membrane that have often been considered as side products of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent production of arachidonic acid and the deacylation/reacylation processes involved in phospholipid homeostasis. Arachidonic Acid 173-189 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 125-141 12208150-3 2002 Upon activation of P2Y2, arachidonic acid, formed from the membrane bound lipids by phospholipase A2, which subsequently metabolized by 5-lipoxygenase to form the leukotrienes. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 84-100 12370009-5 2002 Arachidonic acid (AA), the precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, is released from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), and is metabolized to prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) by the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) enzymes, respectively. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 127-145 12370009-5 2002 Arachidonic acid (AA), the precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, is released from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), and is metabolized to prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) by the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) enzymes, respectively. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 147-153 12432919-2 2002 However, a series of highly reactive PGs, free fatty acids, lysophospolipids, eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), all generated by enhanced phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and arachidonic acid (AA) release, participate in cellular injury, particularly in neurodegeneration. Arachidonic Acid 217-233 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 198-202 12076714-1 2002 Cyclooxgenase (COX) and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) are crucial rate-limiting enzymes involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H(2), the precursor of various compounds including prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclin, and thromboxanes in the process of PGs" synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 116-132 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 24-42 12044881-2 2002 In order to assess whether these PLA(2) isoforms are active, we labeled Jurkat T-cells with [(3)H]arachidonic acid ([(3)H]AA) and determined its release into the extracellular medium in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Arachidonic Acid 98-114 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 33-39 12235959-2 2002 PGE2, one of the PGs, is produced by the action of the enzyme PGE synthase and cyclooxigenase (COX) on arachidonic acid liberated from the membrane phospholipid by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 103-119 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 164-180 12235959-2 2002 PGE2, one of the PGs, is produced by the action of the enzyme PGE synthase and cyclooxigenase (COX) on arachidonic acid liberated from the membrane phospholipid by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 103-119 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 182-186 12217624-5 2002 An early event following GSH depletion is a phospholipase A(2)-dependent release of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 84-100 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 44-62 12432908-1 2002 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Arachidonic Acid 115-131 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 12432908-1 2002 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Arachidonic Acid 115-131 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 12069810-1 2002 The lysophospholipids are integral components of the plasma membrane that have often been considered as side products of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent production of arachidonic acid and the deacylation/reacylation processes involved in phospholipid homeostasis. Arachidonic Acid 173-189 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 143-147 11872155-1 2002 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs). Arachidonic Acid 115-131 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 12018005-8 2002 Moreover, inhibitors of phospholipase A2 prevented stimulation of oscillatory uterine contractions by the commercial PCB mixture Aroclor 1242, suggesting involvement of arachidonic acid in the Aroclor 1242-induced stimulation. Arachidonic Acid 169-185 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 24-40 11856773-2 2002 The PLA(2)-arachidonic acid (AA) intracellular signaling pathway mediates inhibition of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Arachidonic Acid 11-27 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 4-9 11872155-1 2002 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs). Arachidonic Acid 115-131 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 11841807-0 2002 Identification of the phospholipase A(2) isoforms that contribute to arachidonic acid release in hypoxic endothelial cells: limits of phospholipase A(2) inhibitors. Arachidonic Acid 69-85 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-40 11741884-6 2002 By use of a recently described and specific inhibitor of cytosolic PLA(2)-alpha (group IV PLA(2)alpha), we show that this enzyme produces virtually all of the arachidonic acid used for the biosynthesis of leukotriene B(4) in fMLP- and opsonized zymosan-stimulated neutrophils, the major eicosanoid produced by these pro-inflammatory cells. Arachidonic Acid 159-175 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 67-73 11741884-6 2002 By use of a recently described and specific inhibitor of cytosolic PLA(2)-alpha (group IV PLA(2)alpha), we show that this enzyme produces virtually all of the arachidonic acid used for the biosynthesis of leukotriene B(4) in fMLP- and opsonized zymosan-stimulated neutrophils, the major eicosanoid produced by these pro-inflammatory cells. Arachidonic Acid 159-175 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 90-101 11839587-1 2002 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes release arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids in a variety of mammalian tissues, including prostate. Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 11839587-1 2002 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes release arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids in a variety of mammalian tissues, including prostate. Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 11839587-2 2002 Group IIa secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) can generate arachidonate from cellular phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 46-58 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-24 11821061-4 2002 IL-4 inhibits the cytoplasmic form of phospholipase A2, the enzyme that specifically liberates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 95-111 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-54 11564657-2 2001 The serotonin(2C) (5-HT(2C)) receptor couples to both phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol phosphate (IP) and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-arachidonic acid (AA) signalling cascades. Arachidonic Acid 132-148 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 104-122 11510783-1 2001 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a family of enzymes thought to play a key role in inflammation by releasing arachidonic acid for the synthesis of eicosanoids and lysophospholipid for the synthesis of platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 103-119 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 11510783-1 2001 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a family of enzymes thought to play a key role in inflammation by releasing arachidonic acid for the synthesis of eicosanoids and lysophospholipid for the synthesis of platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 103-119 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 11418683-1 2001 The objective of this investigation was to determine the role of secretory and cytosolic isoforms of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) in the induction of arachidonic acid (AA) and leukotriene synthesis in human eosinophils and the mechanism of PLA(2) activation by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoforms in this process. Arachidonic Acid 149-165 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 101-119 11418683-1 2001 The objective of this investigation was to determine the role of secretory and cytosolic isoforms of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) in the induction of arachidonic acid (AA) and leukotriene synthesis in human eosinophils and the mechanism of PLA(2) activation by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoforms in this process. Arachidonic Acid 149-165 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 121-127 11499402-6 2001 Receptor-mediated degradation of plasmalogens by plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 results in the generation of arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, and platelet activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 117-133 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-87 11407300-4 2001 PIBF by acting on the phospholipase A2 enzyme interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism, induces a Th2 biased immune response, and by controlling NK activity exerts an anti-abortive effect. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-38 11371929-0 2001 Stimulation of protease activated receptors on RT4 cells mediates arachidonic acid release via Ca2+ independent phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 66-82 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 112-128 11409160-13 2001 TLC of PC samples incubated with PLA2 on the apical surface of Caco-2 monolayers demonstrated the production of palmitoleic acid, oleic acids, linoleic acids, and arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 163-179 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 33-37 11290612-1 2001 Arachidonic acid (AA) generated by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is thought to be an essential cofactor for phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 35-53 11373152-1 2001 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes that regulate the release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane phospholipids represent a crucial rate-limiting step for the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 11373152-1 2001 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes that regulate the release of arachidonic acid from cell membrane phospholipids represent a crucial rate-limiting step for the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 11290612-1 2001 Arachidonic acid (AA) generated by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is thought to be an essential cofactor for phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-61 11274966-3 2001 Our results demonstrate that the cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor, arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone and the cytosolic calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) inhibitor, bromoenol lactone, decrease arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin E2 production in 3T6 fibroblast cultures stimulated by fetal calf serum. Arachidonic Acid 183-199 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 43-47 11339632-9 2001 Using inhibitors against cellular arachidonate metabolism of lipooxygenase (Nordihydroxyguaiaretic Acid, NDGA) and cyclooxygenase (5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid, ETYA) demonstrated that QU-induced apoptotic signaling may be dependent on its role as a PLA-2 inhibitor. Arachidonic Acid 34-46 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 253-258 11274966-3 2001 Our results demonstrate that the cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor, arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone and the cytosolic calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) inhibitor, bromoenol lactone, decrease arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin E2 production in 3T6 fibroblast cultures stimulated by fetal calf serum. Arachidonic Acid 183-199 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 131-135 11357344-5 2001 The results obtained suggest that the effect of EHF EMR manifests itself in cells with a high activity of phospholipase A2 and is realized with the participation of epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 192-208 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 106-122 11287487-0 2001 Receptor-stimulated phospholipase A(2) liberates arachidonic acid and regulates neuronal excitability through protein kinase C. Type B photoreceptors in Hermissenda exhibit increased excitability (e.g., elevated membrane resistance and lowered spike thresholds) consequent to the temporal coincidence of a light-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increase and the release of GABA from presynaptic vestibular hair cells. Arachidonic Acid 49-65 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-37 11287487-3 2001 GABA receptors on the B cell are coupled to G proteins that stimulate phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), which is thought to regulate the liberation of arachidonic acid (AA), an "atypical" activator of PKC. Arachidonic Acid 146-162 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-88 11287487-3 2001 GABA receptors on the B cell are coupled to G proteins that stimulate phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), which is thought to regulate the liberation of arachidonic acid (AA), an "atypical" activator of PKC. Arachidonic Acid 146-162 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 90-96 11292667-7 2001 IL-4, which is used to generate monocyte-derived dendritic cells, suppresses phospholipase A2, the enzyme that liberates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and contributes to the synthesis of platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 77-93 21340821-2 2001 An elevation in [Ca(2+)](i) activates enzymes (phospholipase A(2), phospho- lipase D and some isoforms of protein kinase C) associated with the liberation of bioactive lipids such as arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (1,2). Arachidonic Acid 183-199 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 47-84 11179745-9 2001 24(R),25(OH)(2)D(3) also reduces arachidonic acid release by decreasing phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity, thereby decreasing available substrate for prostaglandin production via the action of cyclooxygenase-1. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 92-98 11176397-1 2001 PURPOSE: Phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LAT) constitute a deacylation-reacylation cycle that incorporates arachidonic acid into the lipid membrane. Arachidonic Acid 137-153 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 9-25 12754389-0 2001 In Vivo Effect of Pancreatic Phospholipase A2 on the Arachidonic Acid Cascade. Arachidonic Acid 53-69 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 29-45 11200081-7 2000 The increased formation of DNA lesions resulting from exposure to tert-butylhydroperoxide associated with the Ca2+-mobilizing agents or the respiratory substrate was mediated by arachidonic acid generated by Ca2+-dependent activation of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 178-194 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 237-253 11768324-6 2001 On the contrary, impediment of arachidonic acid release with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK) markedly increased the production of oxygen radicals triggered by fMLP. Arachidonic Acid 31-47 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 65-81 11083278-4 2000 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was determined by arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 51-67 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 11083278-4 2000 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was determined by arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 51-67 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 11054082-0 2000 Defective platelet response to arachidonic acid and thromboxane A(2) in subjects with Pl(A2) polymorphism of beta(3) subunit (glycoprotein IIIa). Arachidonic Acid 31-47 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 86-91 11054082-5 2000 Subjects with PlA1/A2 polymorphism or with Pl(A2/A2) polymorphism showed significantly lower platelet responses as compared with Pl(A1/A1) subjects when either arachidonic acid or the thromboxane A(2) analogue, U46619, were used as agonists. Arachidonic Acid 160-176 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 43-48 10860808-0 2000 Human fetal skin fibroblast migration stimulated by the autocrine growth factor bFGF is mediated by phospholipase A(2) via arachidonic acid without the involvement of pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. Arachidonic Acid 123-139 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 100-118 10969817-2 2000 Their synthesis involves the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), followed by metabolism by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipooxygenases (LOXs). Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 93-109 10969817-2 2000 Their synthesis involves the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), followed by metabolism by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipooxygenases (LOXs). Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 111-115 10904037-6 2000 We also found that administration of arachidonic acid (the principal metabolic product of PLA(2) activation) increased mitochondrial H(2)O(2) formation by interacting with complex I of the electron transport chain. Arachidonic Acid 37-53 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 90-96 10860808-6 2000 The PLA(2) inhibitor-suppressed cell migration was restored by adding arachidonic acid, and cell migration suppressed by anti-bFGF antibodies was restored by adding arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 70-86 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 4-10 10860808-8 2000 These results indicate that human fetal skin fibroblast migration stimulated by an autocrine factor, bFGF, was mediated by PLA(2) via arachidonic acid without the involvement of PLA(2)-coupled G-protein. Arachidonic Acid 134-150 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 123-129 10807665-2 2000 Activated Erk phosphorylates specific serine residues within cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), promoting enzyme translocation to membranes and facilitating liberation of arachidonic acid (AA). Arachidonic Acid 175-191 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 91-97 10747887-1 2000 Proteolytic fragment of type IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha inhibits stimulus-induced arachidonate release, whereas that of type VI Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 augments spontaneous fatty acid release. Arachidonic Acid 91-103 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 43-59 10748096-3 2000 A group VI PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) that is sensitive to a bromoenol lactone inhibitor catalyzes arachidonate hydrolysis from phospholipids in some cells and facilitates arachidonate incorporation into glycerophosphocholine (GPC) lipids in others, but it is not known whether U937 cells express iPLA(2). Arachidonic Acid 89-101 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 11-17 10748096-3 2000 A group VI PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) that is sensitive to a bromoenol lactone inhibitor catalyzes arachidonate hydrolysis from phospholipids in some cells and facilitates arachidonate incorporation into glycerophosphocholine (GPC) lipids in others, but it is not known whether U937 cells express iPLA(2). Arachidonic Acid 162-174 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 11-17 10984188-8 2000 However, under pathological situations (ischemia), the overstimulation of phospholipase A2 results in a rapid generation and accumulation of free fatty acids including arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, and lipid peroxides. Arachidonic Acid 168-184 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 74-90 10751642-6 2000 These results suggest that both cytosolic and distinct secreted forms of PLA(2) could be involved in arachidonic acid (AA) release preceding prostaglandin production at the fetal/maternal interface. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 73-79 10818494-4 2000 By using various inhibitors and activators of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)/arachidonic acid (AA) cascade, we demonstrate that A beta vasoactivity is dependent on activation of this intracellular signaling pathway, resulting in stimulation of downstream cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase, which mediate production of proinflammatory eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 74-90 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 50-66 10675243-3 2000 The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of selective cytoplasmic and secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitors on basal and stimulated arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 release in gallbladder cells. Arachidonic Acid 145-161 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 93-109 10675243-9 2000 Both the secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor p-bromophenylacyl bromide and the cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone decreased basal and interleukin-1beta-stimulated arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 201-217 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 19-35 10675243-11 2000 Basal and interleukin-1beta-stimulated arachidonic acid release appears to be the result of the activity of both cytosolic and secretory phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 39-55 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 137-153 11729854-1 2000 BACKGROUND: Prostanoid production is dependent on the enzymatic activity of phospholipase A2 enzymes to produce the precursor, arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 127-143 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 76-92 10682846-2 2000 Studies aimed at identifying the intracellular effector(s) implicated in chitosan-induced arachidonate release revealed the involvement of the cytosolic Group IV phospholipase A2 (PLA2), as judged by the inhibitory effect of methyl arachidonoyl fluorophosphonate but not of bromoenol lactone. Arachidonic Acid 90-102 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 180-184 10666300-7 2000 In addition, thapsigargin stimulated formation of arachidonic acid (AA), the physiological PLA(2) product. Arachidonic Acid 50-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 91-97 11729854-2 2000 Two principle phospholipase A2 enzymes play a major role in arachidonic acid production, 85kDa cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and 14kDa secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). Arachidonic Acid 60-76 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-30 11132768-4 2000 PLA2 activity was measured using 3H-arachidonic acid release, PGE2 release and COX activity by ELISA, and COX2 content by flow cytometry. Arachidonic Acid 36-52 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 10746154-4 1999 The enhanced arachidonic acid release by exogenous ceramide was completely inhibited by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, a cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor. Arachidonic Acid 13-29 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 138-142 10653519-2 2000 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated release of arachidonic acid has been shown to play an essential role in superoxide anion (O2-) production in neutrophils exposed to various physiologic and pharmacologic agents. Arachidonic Acid 44-60 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 10653519-2 2000 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated release of arachidonic acid has been shown to play an essential role in superoxide anion (O2-) production in neutrophils exposed to various physiologic and pharmacologic agents. Arachidonic Acid 44-60 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 10555781-6 1999 For example, a reduced brain turnover of arachidonate by chronic lithium, demonstrated in rats by the fatty acid method, suggests that this agent, which is used to treat bipolar disorder, has for its target an arachidonate-specific PLA2. Arachidonic Acid 41-53 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 232-236 10643584-2 1999 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) provides the essential substrate for PG synthesis through the liberation of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid stores. Arachidonic Acid 100-116 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 10643584-2 1999 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) provides the essential substrate for PG synthesis through the liberation of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid stores. Arachidonic Acid 100-116 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 10555781-6 1999 For example, a reduced brain turnover of arachidonate by chronic lithium, demonstrated in rats by the fatty acid method, suggests that this agent, which is used to treat bipolar disorder, has for its target an arachidonate-specific PLA2. Arachidonic Acid 210-222 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 232-236 10486373-1 1999 BACKGROUND: Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is involved in regulating biosynthesis of arachidonic acid and its metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 12-30 10591080-3 1999 An expanding number of PLA2 enzymes has now been identified that may participate in arachidonic acid release and thus serve a rate-limiting role in eicosanoid biosynthesis. Arachidonic Acid 84-100 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 23-27 10487700-5 1999 PLA2 activity, measured as arachidonic acid (AA) release, was determined in 32 patients with Graves" disease. Arachidonic Acid 27-43 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 10540869-3 1999 Arachidonic acid is released from phospholipids by the catalysis of phospholipase A2, and then subjected to oxygenation by 5-lipoxygenase for leukotriene production and that by cyclooxygenase for prostaglandin and thromboxane formation. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 68-84 10469611-2 1999 One such enzyme is the cytoplasmic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), which releases arachidonic acid (AA). Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 35-53 11228745-3 1999 Angiotensin II stimulates phospholipase A2, releasing arachidonic acid, which stimulates oxidase activity in vitro. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 26-42 10691023-3 1999 Additionally, thrombin increased the intracellular Ca2+, which stimulates PLA2, resulting in arachidonic acid cleavage from membrane phospholipids and its subsequent conversion into PGI2 through the PGHS pathway. Arachidonic Acid 93-109 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 74-78 10456177-4 1999 Activation of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase D are also involved, as demonstrated by the liberation of Arachidonic Acid and Phosphatidic Acid. Arachidonic Acid 107-123 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-30 10386621-1 1999 Arachidonic acid (AA) is generated via Rac-mediated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation in response to growth factors and cytokines and is implicated in cell growth and gene expression. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 52-68 10480490-1 1999 Arachidonic acid (AA) mobilization by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis is considered to be a pivotal event in inflammation. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-54 10480490-1 1999 Arachidonic acid (AA) mobilization by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis is considered to be a pivotal event in inflammation. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 56-60 10480490-12 1999 The data obtained in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that Type II PLA2 contributes to the liberation of arachidonic acid for prostanoid formation in human placenta and in cells that abundantly express this isozyme. Arachidonic Acid 118-134 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 80-84 10386621-1 1999 Arachidonic acid (AA) is generated via Rac-mediated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation in response to growth factors and cytokines and is implicated in cell growth and gene expression. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-74 10358078-0 1999 Dexamethasone alters arachidonate release from human epithelial cells by induction of p11 protein synthesis and inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 21-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 126-142 10397300-5 1999 Phospholipase A2 is a major site for ethanol inhibition, corresponding to a reduction in the formation of stimulatory arachidonate metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 118-130 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 10403380-0 1999 Polyunsaturated fatty acids potentiate interleukin-1-stimulated arachidonic acid release by cells overexpressing type IIA secretory phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 64-80 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 132-148 10403380-1 1999 By analyzing human embryonic kidney 293 cell transfectants stably overexpressing various types of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), we have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) preferentially activate type IIA secretory PLA2 (sPLA2-IIA)-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) release from interleukin-1 (IL-1)-stimulated cells. Arachidonic Acid 247-263 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 98-114 10403380-1 1999 By analyzing human embryonic kidney 293 cell transfectants stably overexpressing various types of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), we have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) preferentially activate type IIA secretory PLA2 (sPLA2-IIA)-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) release from interleukin-1 (IL-1)-stimulated cells. Arachidonic Acid 247-263 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 116-120 10224668-6 1999 Evidence is presented that (1) PLA2-derived arachidonic acid (AA) stimulates NADPH oxidase and membrane redistribution during phagocytosis, (2) the inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) products of PLC activate NADPH oxidase and PKC, and (3) sequential activation of PLD and phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase may provide an alternative pathway for generation of DAG. Arachidonic Acid 44-60 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 31-35 10330231-7 1999 Mepacrine, a PLA2 inhibitor, prevented HO-1 induction by cytokine, suggesting a role for arachidonate, the product of PLA2 hydrolysis of phospholipids, in HO-1 expression. Arachidonic Acid 89-101 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-122 10221999-2 1999 At least four types of PLA2 are potentially involved in arachidonic acid release in cells and tissues. Arachidonic Acid 56-72 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 23-27 10394087-1 1999 Arachidonic acid mobilisation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis is thought to be a pivotal event in the onset and/or maintenance of human labour. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 33-49 10027847-1 1999 Prostaglandin (PG) release in cells expressing constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 is known to be regulated by liberation of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 followed by metabolism by cyclooxygenase. Arachidonic Acid 119-135 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 139-155 10027847-7 1999 In addition, we show that the release of PGE2 stimulated by either bradykinin, A23187, or arachidonic acid was inhibited by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor arachidonate trifluoromethyl ketone. Arachidonic Acid 90-106 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 128-144 9989810-6 1999 TNF-induced apoptosis in PBE6 cells was accompanied by increased release of arachidonic acid, indicating that phospholipase A2 was activated. Arachidonic Acid 76-92 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 110-126 10394087-1 1999 Arachidonic acid mobilisation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis is thought to be a pivotal event in the onset and/or maintenance of human labour. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-55 10089130-2 1999 The cellular effects exerted by TNF depend, apart from NF-kappaB-directed gene transcription, largely on its ability to activate phospholipase A2(PLA2), yielding the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 177-193 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 129-145 9890957-8 1999 Arachidonic acid, the hydrolytic product of this phospholipase A2, also inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 49-65 10749996-5 1999 The products of PLA(2) catabolism are a fatty acid (often arachidonic acid) and a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic Acid 58-74 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 16-22 10749996-11 1999 Thus PLA(2) activation is either a more distal signal, dependent on activation of some earlier signal, or an independent cosignal stimulated by tumor-target binding which generates lysophosphatidylcholine, arachidonic acid, and/or a lipoxygenase product(s). Arachidonic Acid 206-222 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 5-11 10227584-1 1999 AACOF3 is a trifluomethylketone analog of arachidonic acid, which inhibits phospholipase-A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 42-58 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 75-91 10227584-1 1999 AACOF3 is a trifluomethylketone analog of arachidonic acid, which inhibits phospholipase-A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 42-58 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 93-97 9843711-2 1998 The majority of PLA2 activity in endothelial cells was membrane associated, Ca2+ independent, and arachidonate selective. Arachidonic Acid 98-110 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 16-20 9841872-3 1998 Exogenous eicosatetraenoic acid [arachidonic acid; C20:4(n-6)] or docosahexaenoic acid [C22:6(n-3)] promoted the release of [3H]C20:4(n-6) from prelabelled neutrophils in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which is indicative of PLA2 activation. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 229-233 9950141-1 1999 Arachidonic acid mobilization by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis is thought to be a pivotal event in the onset and/or maintenance of human labour. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 33-49 9950141-1 1999 Arachidonic acid mobilization by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis is thought to be a pivotal event in the onset and/or maintenance of human labour. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-55 16801118-6 1999 This indicates that interaction of Bromadryl with phospholipase A(2) (an enzyme liberating arachidonic acid) may be involved in the anti-aggregatory effect. Arachidonic Acid 91-107 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 50-68 9843711-4 1998 The increased PLA2 activity was accompanied by arachidonic acid and lysoplasmenylcholine (LPlasC) release from endothelial cells into the surrounding medium. Arachidonic Acid 47-63 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-18 9843711-6 1998 Pretreatment with the Ca2+-independent PLA2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone blocked thrombin-stimulated increases in PLA2 activity, arachidonic acid, and LPlasC release. Arachidonic Acid 128-144 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 39-43 9843711-9 1998 Thus thrombin treatment of endothelial cells activates a PKC-activated, membrane-associated, Ca2+-independent PLA2 that selectively hydrolyzes arachidonylated, ether-linked phospholipid substrates, resulting in LPlasC and arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 222-238 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 110-114 9751485-7 1998 A23187- or thapsigargin-induced arachidonate release is prevented by a bromoenol lactone (BEL) inhibitor of a beta-cell phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), which does not require Ca2+ for catalytic activity and which is negatively modulated by and physically interacts with calmodulin by Ca2+-dependent mechanisms. Arachidonic Acid 32-44 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 120-136 9770374-1 1998 The objective of this study is to determine the role of arachidonic acid (AA) in cell proliferation by inhibiting AA synthetic enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and to determine its involvement in the role of the second messenger intracellular calcium (Ca2+). Arachidonic Acid 56-72 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 134-150 9770374-1 1998 The objective of this study is to determine the role of arachidonic acid (AA) in cell proliferation by inhibiting AA synthetic enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and to determine its involvement in the role of the second messenger intracellular calcium (Ca2+). Arachidonic Acid 56-72 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 152-156 9736456-5 1998 The calcium-dependent cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 activity in subcellular fractions prepared from hOB cell homogenates was higher in both the cytosolic (1.6-fold) and particulate (1.5-fold) fractions from the male cells than in those prepared from female hOB cells, suggesting a molecular basis for the observed sexually dimorphic characteristics related to arachidonic acid metabolism by hOB cells. Arachidonic Acid 359-375 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-50 9753495-1 1998 BACKGROUND & AIMS: In esophageal circular muscle, acetylcholine activates phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipases C and D and phospholipase A2, producing diacylglycerol and arachidonic acid, which cause contraction by interacting synergistically to activate protein kinase C. In a model of acute esophagitis, leukotriene D4 (LTD4) contributes to acetylcholine-induced contraction. Arachidonic Acid 181-197 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 134-150 9699504-11 1998 Similarly, exogenous arachidonic acid affects PKC in a manner consistent with activation of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 21-37 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 92-108 9716508-2 1998 Several mechanisms have been evaluated and suggested to play roles in the regulation of apoptosis, including the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), usually measured as release of 3H-labelled arachidonic acid (AA) from prelabelled cells. Arachidonic Acid 195-211 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 127-143 9716508-2 1998 Several mechanisms have been evaluated and suggested to play roles in the regulation of apoptosis, including the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), usually measured as release of 3H-labelled arachidonic acid (AA) from prelabelled cells. Arachidonic Acid 195-211 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 145-149 9826060-11 1998 Conversely, the phospholipase A2 inhibitor quinacrine (100 microM) blocked the release of arachidonic acid and PGE2 without affecting the NKA-stimulated formation of IP3. Arachidonic Acid 90-106 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 16-32 9748759-1 1998 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyses membrane phospholipids (PL) and it may release arachidonic acid (AA)--the precursor of eicosanoids--from the sn-2 position. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 9748759-1 1998 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyses membrane phospholipids (PL) and it may release arachidonic acid (AA)--the precursor of eicosanoids--from the sn-2 position. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 9709960-14 1998 The current findings indicate that the developmental increase in placental function also includes expression of at least one specific PLA2 enzyme controlling arachidonic acid mobilization and eicosanoid synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 158-174 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 134-138 9727376-9 1998 However, arachidonic acid (C20:4) accumulation, a consequence of oxidant-induced phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation, markedly suppressed ceramidase and stimulated SMase activity. Arachidonic Acid 9-25 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-97 9727376-9 1998 However, arachidonic acid (C20:4) accumulation, a consequence of oxidant-induced phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation, markedly suppressed ceramidase and stimulated SMase activity. Arachidonic Acid 9-25 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-103 10445271-7 1998 Second--possible increase of activity of enzymes, leading to derivation of eicosanoids-cyclooxygenase and (or) of the phospholipase A2, leading to mobilization of an arachidonic acid from phospholipids of membranes. Arachidonic Acid 166-182 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-134 9653146-2 1998 The current studies were designed to test the hypothesis that membrane-associated PLA2-induced release of arachidonic acid (AA) and/or its metabolites may serve as an upstream mediator of Ang II-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Arachidonic Acid 106-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 82-86 9668117-2 1998 Although it is well appreciated that arachidonic acid, a second messenger molecule that is released by ligand-stimulated phospholipase A2, stimulates a wide range of cell types, the mechanisms that mediate the actions of arachidonic acid are still poorly understood. Arachidonic Acid 37-53 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 121-137 9668117-2 1998 Although it is well appreciated that arachidonic acid, a second messenger molecule that is released by ligand-stimulated phospholipase A2, stimulates a wide range of cell types, the mechanisms that mediate the actions of arachidonic acid are still poorly understood. Arachidonic Acid 221-237 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 121-137 9603953-0 1998 The functions of five distinct mammalian phospholipase A2S in regulating arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 73-89 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 41-57 9593733-0 1998 Fas-induced arachidonic acid release is mediated by Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 but not cytosolic phospholipase A2, which undergoes proteolytic inactivation. Arachidonic Acid 12-28 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 69-85 9611139-2 1998 We hypothesized that hypoxia increases phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in isolated ventricular myocytes, resulting in increased lysophospholipid and arachidonic acid production, contributing to arrhythmogenesis in ischemic heart disease. Arachidonic Acid 150-166 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 39-55 9611139-2 1998 We hypothesized that hypoxia increases phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in isolated ventricular myocytes, resulting in increased lysophospholipid and arachidonic acid production, contributing to arrhythmogenesis in ischemic heart disease. Arachidonic Acid 150-166 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 57-61 9611139-4 1998 Hypoxia increased membrane-associated, Ca2+-independent, plasmalogen-selective PLA2 activity, resulting in increased arachidonic acid release and lysoplasmenylcholine production. Arachidonic Acid 117-133 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 79-83 9611139-5 1998 Pretreatment with the specific Ca2+-independent PLA2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone blocked hypoxia-induced increases in PLA2 activity, arachidonic acid release, and lysoplasmenylcholine production. Arachidonic Acid 133-149 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 48-52 9653065-4 1998 The PLA2 isoform responsible for arachidonic acid release (AA) in stimulated cultures was also characterized. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 4-8 9629250-20 1998 Phospholipase A2 converts membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid, the substrate for conversion by the activated cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase to PGE2 and leukotrienes that activate the release of LHRH. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 9572294-4 1998 The potentiating effects of H2O2 were strongly inhibited in the presence of the PLA2 inhibitor mepacrine, suggesting that the site of action was within the signal responsive arachidonic acid cascade. Arachidonic Acid 174-190 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 80-84 9538254-10 1998 Among the phospholipase A2 hydrolysis products of phospholipids, unsaturated fatty acids (oleate, linoleate, and arachidonate) and lysophospholipid (lysophosphatidylcholine) by themselves broke lysosomes down directly, whereas saturated fatty acids (palmitate and stearate) had little effect. Arachidonic Acid 113-125 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 10-26 9647328-1 1998 Arachidonic acid (AA) is released by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and then converted into vasoactive and inflammatory eicosanoids by cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX). Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 37-53 9647328-1 1998 Arachidonic acid (AA) is released by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and then converted into vasoactive and inflammatory eicosanoids by cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX). Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-59 9531469-7 1998 These data suggest that hV-PLA2 is better suited than hIIa-PLA2 for acting on the outer cellular membrane and liberating arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 27-31 9536016-13 1998 These findings show that activation of phospholipase A2 and subsequent metabolism of arachidonic acid by the COX-2 and LOX pathways and NOS contribute to cyanide-induced ROS production. Arachidonic Acid 85-101 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 39-55 9556056-7 1998 Arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2, two downstream products of phospholipase A2 action, also increased PKC activity. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 66-82 9506985-7 1998 Lyso-PC-induced arachidonate release was decreased by treatment of cells with PLA2 inhibitors such as para-bromophenacyl bromide and arachidonoyl trifluoromethyl ketone. Arachidonic Acid 16-28 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 78-82 9551429-8 1998 Increments in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) inhibit NaCl reabsorption via three pathways: (i) a possible direct effect on ion channels, (ii) a PLA2-mediated production of arachidonic acid derivatives (20-HETE), and (iii) inhibition of the ADH-induced cAMP accumulation. Arachidonic Acid 173-189 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 145-149 9506985-8 1998 Furthermore, arachidonate release was attenuated in cells grown in the presence of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides that specifically bind cytosolic PLA2 mRNA. Arachidonic Acid 13-25 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 148-152 15616655-0 1998 Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism: focus on phospholipase A2(S). Arachidonic Acid 14-30 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 52-68 9486135-7 1998 Bromoenol lactone, a selective inhibitor of calcium-independent PLA2, completely blocked thrombin-stimulated increases in PLA2 activity and arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 64-68 9456345-9 1998 Increased intracellular Ca2+ also leads to increased arachidonic acid release and eicosanoid production through the action of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 53-69 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 126-142 9486135-3 1998 Basal and thrombin-stimulated cardiac myocyte PLA2 activity demonstrated a distinct preference for sn-1 ether-linked phospholipids with arachidonate esterified at the sn-2 position. Arachidonic Acid 136-148 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 46-50 9578144-3 1998 This effect was blunted by propranolol, inhibitors of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase and verapamil, pointing to a participation of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites and calcium in the phenomenon. Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 54-70 9645391-10 1998 The finding that the phospholipase A2 inhibitor bromophenacylbromide inhibited the expression of VCAM-1 may indicate that arachidonic acid serves as a substrate for the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase reaction, but further research is needed to elucidate the particular cytochrome P450 family member mediating the expression of VCAM-1. Arachidonic Acid 122-138 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 21-37 9551934-1 1998 Arachidonic acid (AA) released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is important as a substrate for eicosanoid formation and as a second messenger for superoxide anion (O2-) generation in neutrophils. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 62-78 9551934-1 1998 Arachidonic acid (AA) released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is important as a substrate for eicosanoid formation and as a second messenger for superoxide anion (O2-) generation in neutrophils. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 80-84 9328036-2 1998 This effect is mediated via a complex signal network, which includes inhibition of PP1 via the adenylyl cyclase-PKA-DARPP32 pathway and activation of PKC via the PLA2-arachidonic acid-20HETE pathway. Arachidonic Acid 167-183 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 162-166 9570353-5 1997 The addition of arachidonic acid completely reversed the inhibition of PMN-LTB4 production by the addition of the breast cancer cell lysates, thus suggesting inhibition at the phospholipase A2 level. Arachidonic Acid 16-32 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 176-192 9465287-7 1998 In addition, arachidonic acid (AA) which is liberated by activated PLA2, might also support selective activation of PKC isoforms (PKCs) with or without other cofactors. Arachidonic Acid 13-29 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 67-71 9453306-2 1998 In other types of cells, IL also activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which liberates arachidonic acid for the pathways involved in eicosanoid production, and induces the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoform, which increases prostanoid production. Arachidonic Acid 84-100 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 43-59 9453306-2 1998 In other types of cells, IL also activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which liberates arachidonic acid for the pathways involved in eicosanoid production, and induces the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoform, which increases prostanoid production. Arachidonic Acid 84-100 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 61-65 9883741-7 1998 Phospholipase D activation with generation of diacylglycerol, phospholipase A2 stimulation with release of arachidonic acid, activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger, and activation of tyrosine kinases and MAP kinases, are other pathways that contribute to contraction and growth induced by ET receptor stimulation. Arachidonic Acid 107-123 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 62-78 9369949-1 1997 HeLa cell spreading on a gelatin substrate requires the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which occurs as a result of cell-attachment-induced activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and metabolism of AA by lipoxyginase (LOX). Arachidonic Acid 195-211 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 160-176 9369949-1 1997 HeLa cell spreading on a gelatin substrate requires the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which occurs as a result of cell-attachment-induced activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and metabolism of AA by lipoxyginase (LOX). Arachidonic Acid 195-211 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 178-182 9374544-0 1997 Cytosolic 85-kDa phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid is critical for proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 17-33 9422335-1 1997 It has been suggested that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) contributes to the regulation of leukotriene (LT) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis by controlling the release of their precursors, arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 196-212 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 27-43 9422335-1 1997 It has been suggested that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) contributes to the regulation of leukotriene (LT) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis by controlling the release of their precursors, arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 196-212 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 45-49 9383853-4 1997 Phospholipase A2 is the enzyme responsible for the liberation of arachidonic acid from cell membranes at the site of inflammation and is considered to be the limiting agent in the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are powerful mediators of inflammation. Arachidonic Acid 65-81 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 9361373-10 1997 These results suggest that both GTP-gamma-S and GTP enhance phospholipase A2 activity which releases arachidonic acid in permeabilized platelets and subsequently causes platelets to aggregate. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 60-76 9347079-0 1997 Activation of arachidonic acid-specific phospholipase A2 in human neuroblastoma cells after chronic alcohol exposure: prevention by GM1 ganglioside. Arachidonic Acid 14-30 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 40-56 9357993-0 1997 Arachidonic acid, a principal product of Rac-activated phospholipase A2, stimulates c-fos serum response element via Rho-dependent mechanism. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-71 9357993-3 1997 Thus, the potential activity of arachidonic acid (AA), a principal product of Rac-activated PLA2, on c-fos SRE stimulation has been suggested. Arachidonic Acid 32-48 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 92-96 9347079-7 1997 The present results indicate that arachidonic acid-specific PLA2 may play a role in adaptation mechanisms to chronic EtOH in cultured neuroblastoma cells. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 60-64 9355757-3 1997 The products of PLA2 activity, arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitic acid, induced Ca2+ influx to a similar extent as cAMP. Arachidonic Acid 31-47 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 16-20 9351398-3 1997 Reaction products of PLA2 are lysophospholipids and nonesterified fatty acids (mainly arachidonic acid), which are precursors of potent inflammatory mediators and which have been found in atherosclerotic regions of the arterial wall. Arachidonic Acid 86-102 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 21-25 9298523-3 1997 When cells were primed by preincubation with 5 microns cytochalasin B for 5 min arachidonate release, a measure of phospholipase A2 activation, was observed within 20 s. 2 Priming by cytochalasin B did not involve or require a change in intracellular free calcium concentration. Arachidonic Acid 80-92 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 115-131 9314599-1 1997 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a key enzyme involved in the release of arachidonic acid and subsequent production of prostaglandins (PGs), which play important roles in regulating ovarian function, including mitogenic signalling by transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha. Arachidonic Acid 67-83 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 9314599-1 1997 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a key enzyme involved in the release of arachidonic acid and subsequent production of prostaglandins (PGs), which play important roles in regulating ovarian function, including mitogenic signalling by transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha. Arachidonic Acid 67-83 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 9314599-2 1997 Cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), a newly identified member of the PLA2 family, is distinct from the well-characterized, secreted 14-kDa group I and II PLA2 in that cPLA2 selectively cleaves arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids at the sn-2 position. Arachidonic Acid 181-197 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 10-14 9314599-2 1997 Cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), a newly identified member of the PLA2 family, is distinct from the well-characterized, secreted 14-kDa group I and II PLA2 in that cPLA2 selectively cleaves arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids at the sn-2 position. Arachidonic Acid 181-197 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 17-21 9342725-7 1997 That some of the effects of protein kinase C activation were mediated through phospholipase A2 was also indicated by the ability of staurosporine to reduce the Ca2+ accumulation induced by arachidonic acid or the phospholipase A2 activator melittin. Arachidonic Acid 189-205 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 78-94 9278537-4 1997 Evidence is presented suggesting that the transporter facilitation is mediated by arachidonate release after Ca2+-dependent activation of phospholipase A2, which exists in Purkinje cells. Arachidonic Acid 82-94 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 138-154 9266766-6 1997 An ensuing generation of lysoPC and arachidonic acid, which paralleled the occurrence of exocytosis, revealed that the newly synthesized PC was hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 36-52 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 158-174 9350419-6 1997 Cell killing and the release of arachidonate induced by the DDC and SNP-containing mixtures of agonists were strongly inhibited by catalase, glutathione, N-acetyl cysteine, vitamin A, and by a nonpenetrating PLA2 inhibitor as well as by tetracyclines. Arachidonic Acid 32-44 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 208-212 9322222-19 1997 Phospholipase A2 converts membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid, the substrate for conversion by the activated cyclooxygenase to PGE2 which then activates the release of LHRH. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 9358529-8 1997 In common with a role for PLA2 and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA), we have demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of PDE-induced superoxide release by the PLA2 inhibitor mepacrine, as well as activation and priming of the fMLP-induced superoxide generation by AA. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 172-176 9136833-5 1997 RESULTS: The cytosolic PLA2 antagonist trifluoromethyl ketone analogue of arachidonic acid inhibited ACh-induced contraction of normal and esophagitis ESO. Arachidonic Acid 74-90 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 23-27 9250613-3 1997 Incorporation of arachidonic acid into phospholipids (reacylation) and liberation of this fatty acid from the phospholipid pool (deacylation) are controlled by a set of finely tuned enzymes, including lysophospholipid acyltransferase and phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 238-254 9239738-12 1997 These data support the conclusion that cytosolic PLA2 is the principal PLA2 isozyme mediating phospholipid metabolism and the liberation of fatty acid substrate (i.e. arachidonic acid) in term amnion, while secretory PLA2 isozymes, and in particular, Type II PLA2 play a major role in phospholipid metabolism in term placenta. Arachidonic Acid 167-183 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 49-53 9239738-12 1997 These data support the conclusion that cytosolic PLA2 is the principal PLA2 isozyme mediating phospholipid metabolism and the liberation of fatty acid substrate (i.e. arachidonic acid) in term amnion, while secretory PLA2 isozymes, and in particular, Type II PLA2 play a major role in phospholipid metabolism in term placenta. Arachidonic Acid 167-183 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-75 9239738-12 1997 These data support the conclusion that cytosolic PLA2 is the principal PLA2 isozyme mediating phospholipid metabolism and the liberation of fatty acid substrate (i.e. arachidonic acid) in term amnion, while secretory PLA2 isozymes, and in particular, Type II PLA2 play a major role in phospholipid metabolism in term placenta. Arachidonic Acid 167-183 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-75 9239738-12 1997 These data support the conclusion that cytosolic PLA2 is the principal PLA2 isozyme mediating phospholipid metabolism and the liberation of fatty acid substrate (i.e. arachidonic acid) in term amnion, while secretory PLA2 isozymes, and in particular, Type II PLA2 play a major role in phospholipid metabolism in term placenta. Arachidonic Acid 167-183 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-75 9160285-11 1997 Some strains of E. coli produce phospholipase A2 which releases arachidonic acid from phospholipids for prostaglandin synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 64-80 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-48 9247974-2 1997 The production of PGE2 was increased by stimulating the cells with EGF for 2 h and reached a maximum for 10 h. EGF was also found to augment the release of arachidonic acid (AA) following the increase in phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity (1.7-fold). Arachidonic Acid 156-172 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 204-220 9247974-2 1997 The production of PGE2 was increased by stimulating the cells with EGF for 2 h and reached a maximum for 10 h. EGF was also found to augment the release of arachidonic acid (AA) following the increase in phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity (1.7-fold). Arachidonic Acid 156-172 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 222-226 9184173-8 1997 In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) apoptosis assay, arachidonic acid was able to partially reverse Q- and P-induced apoptosis, suggesting PLA2 pathway involvement. Arachidonic Acid 59-75 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 145-149 9099806-7 1997 In combination with earlier results, these data suggest that ArA activates PKC in a synergistic fashion with Ca2+ and diacylglycerol in the B cell, and suggest that PLA2-induced ArA release, though not necessary for transduction of light or the hair cell-induced IPSP in the B cell, is a critical component of the convergence of signals that precipitates associative facilitation in this system. Arachidonic Acid 61-64 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 165-169 9133633-9 1997 Our results suggest that PLA2 and phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC might be involved in the signaling pathway of apoptosis in HUVEC, and that the metabolism of arachidonic acid and of inositol might play important roles in the present apoptotic signal-transduction system. Arachidonic Acid 161-177 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 25-29 9237245-12 1997 PKC also activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to generate arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 19-35 9237245-12 1997 PKC also activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to generate arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 37-41 9024274-2 1997 In addition, Graves" IgG are able to interact with the phospholipase C (PLC)/Ca2+ and phospholipase A2 (PLA2)/arachidonic acid (AA) cascades. Arachidonic Acid 110-126 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 86-102 9024274-2 1997 In addition, Graves" IgG are able to interact with the phospholipase C (PLC)/Ca2+ and phospholipase A2 (PLA2)/arachidonic acid (AA) cascades. Arachidonic Acid 110-126 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 104-108 8995259-10 1997 This is the first example of a point mutation in an enzyme with PLA2 activity that results in an increase in activity toward arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 125-141 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 64-68 9547578-3 1997 Acta 1006:272-277, 278-286, 1989) This study describes a new inhibitor of phospholipase A2, PX-52, that also blocks agonist induced arachidonic acid mobilization in prelabeled cells. Arachidonic Acid 132-148 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 74-90 8978280-6 1997 IFN-gamma stimulated a rapid release of arachidonic acid (AA) from HL-60 cells; the effect was abolished by the pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin, suggesting a role for a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G protein in IFN-gamma-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 252-268 8978280-6 1997 IFN-gamma stimulated a rapid release of arachidonic acid (AA) from HL-60 cells; the effect was abolished by the pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin, suggesting a role for a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G protein in IFN-gamma-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 270-274 9215812-4 1997 TNF is known to increase production of arachidonate, by activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 39-51 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-86 9202883-2 1997 PLA2 provides precursors for generation of eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins (PGa) and leukotrienes (LTs), when the cleaved fatty acid is arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor (PAF) when the sn-1 position of the phosphatidylcholine contains an alkyl ether linkage and some bioactive lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidic acid (lysoPA). Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 9215812-4 1997 TNF is known to increase production of arachidonate, by activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 39-51 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 88-92 17638134-1 1997 The metabolism of arachidonic acid into inflammatory mediators (e.g. prostaglandin, leukotrienes) is dependent upon the rate-limiting enzyme phospholipase A(2). Arachidonic Acid 18-34 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 141-159 8997186-11 1996 The Ca2+ effect might be mediated by phospholipase A2, inasmuch as 1) the currents were also activated by arachidonic acid, 2) the Ca2+ effect and the arachidonic acid effect were not additive, and 3) the Ca2+ effect, but not the arachidonic acid effect, was blocked by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. Arachidonic Acid 106-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 37-53 9182858-2 1997 A well-characterized effect of glucocorticoids in several cell types is the inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA) generation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 90-106 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 126-142 9182858-2 1997 A well-characterized effect of glucocorticoids in several cell types is the inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA) generation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 90-106 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 144-148 9044432-2 1997 In those conditions phospholipase A2 is activated, leading to a 2.4 +/- 0.8 fold increased release of arachidonic acid (AA) to the medium, and to 95% increased synthesis of PGF2 alpha but not of PGE2 as compared to cells incubated in normoxic conditions. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-36 8994220-4 1996 These results suggest that a major therapeutic effect of lithium is to reduce turnover specifically of arachidonate, possibly by inhibiting phospholipase A2 involved in signal transduction. Arachidonic Acid 103-115 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 140-156 8997186-11 1996 The Ca2+ effect might be mediated by phospholipase A2, inasmuch as 1) the currents were also activated by arachidonic acid, 2) the Ca2+ effect and the arachidonic acid effect were not additive, and 3) the Ca2+ effect, but not the arachidonic acid effect, was blocked by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. Arachidonic Acid 106-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 272-288 8997186-11 1996 The Ca2+ effect might be mediated by phospholipase A2, inasmuch as 1) the currents were also activated by arachidonic acid, 2) the Ca2+ effect and the arachidonic acid effect were not additive, and 3) the Ca2+ effect, but not the arachidonic acid effect, was blocked by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. Arachidonic Acid 151-167 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 37-53 8997186-11 1996 The Ca2+ effect might be mediated by phospholipase A2, inasmuch as 1) the currents were also activated by arachidonic acid, 2) the Ca2+ effect and the arachidonic acid effect were not additive, and 3) the Ca2+ effect, but not the arachidonic acid effect, was blocked by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. Arachidonic Acid 151-167 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 272-288 8997186-11 1996 The Ca2+ effect might be mediated by phospholipase A2, inasmuch as 1) the currents were also activated by arachidonic acid, 2) the Ca2+ effect and the arachidonic acid effect were not additive, and 3) the Ca2+ effect, but not the arachidonic acid effect, was blocked by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. Arachidonic Acid 151-167 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 37-53 8997186-11 1996 The Ca2+ effect might be mediated by phospholipase A2, inasmuch as 1) the currents were also activated by arachidonic acid, 2) the Ca2+ effect and the arachidonic acid effect were not additive, and 3) the Ca2+ effect, but not the arachidonic acid effect, was blocked by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. Arachidonic Acid 151-167 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 272-288 8931499-1 1996 Dopamine-mediated stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism, via activation of the phospholipid metabolizing enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2), has recently been implicated in dopamine neurotransmitter function. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 117-133 8931499-1 1996 Dopamine-mediated stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism, via activation of the phospholipid metabolizing enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2), has recently been implicated in dopamine neurotransmitter function. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 135-139 9004830-1 1996 Leukotrienes (LT) are synthesized from arachidonic acid by several enzymes such as phospholipase A2, 5-lipoxygenase, LTC4 synthase, as a consequence of a wide range of inflammatory stimuli. Arachidonic Acid 39-55 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 83-99 9014769-1 1996 BACKGROUND: Crohn"s disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involving synthesis of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid (AA), which is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 212-228 9014769-1 1996 BACKGROUND: Crohn"s disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involving synthesis of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid (AA), which is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 230-234 8906578-2 1996 1-Alkyl-2 arachidonoyl glycero-3-phosphocholine is hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) into two products: lyso-PAF, which is transacetylated to yield platelet-activating factor (PAF), and free arachidonic acid (20:4), which can undergo oxidative metabolism to eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 195-211 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 65-81 8702966-5 1996 We now report that activation of this novel noncapacitative Ca2+ entry is via a distinct signaling pathway involving an agonist-induced, phospholipase A2-mediated generation of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 177-193 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 137-153 8906578-2 1996 1-Alkyl-2 arachidonoyl glycero-3-phosphocholine is hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) into two products: lyso-PAF, which is transacetylated to yield platelet-activating factor (PAF), and free arachidonic acid (20:4), which can undergo oxidative metabolism to eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 195-211 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 83-87 8883288-1 1996 Von Willebrand disease (vWD) of type IIB is a hereditary haemorrhagic disorder characterised by an excessive interaction of von Willebrand factor (vWF) with the platelet receptor GPIb which promotes platelet activation and aggregation through a phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 282-298 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 245-261 8832056-4 1996 PLA2 activation is also the rate-limiting step for the release of the arachidonic acid utilized for the synthesis of leukotrienes in stimulated leucocytes; however, it is unknown whether the PLA2s involved in the two biosynthetic pathways are identical. Arachidonic Acid 70-86 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 8732489-2 1996 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (group II) plays a key role in many inflammatory reactions by releasing free arachidonic acid, which is a prerequisite for the production of proinflammatory lipid mediators. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8770912-1 1996 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and its end product, arachidonic acid, are thought to be important signaling components in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Arachidonic Acid 45-61 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8770912-1 1996 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and its end product, arachidonic acid, are thought to be important signaling components in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Arachidonic Acid 45-61 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 8842524-6 1996 The burst increase in thrombin-stimulated PGI2 production by HUVEC pretreated with cytokines did not correlate with the increase in [Ca2+]i. Cytokines have been reported to induce enzymes involved in the arachidonic acid cascade, such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 204-220 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 238-254 8842524-6 1996 The burst increase in thrombin-stimulated PGI2 production by HUVEC pretreated with cytokines did not correlate with the increase in [Ca2+]i. Cytokines have been reported to induce enzymes involved in the arachidonic acid cascade, such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 204-220 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 256-260 8670194-1 1996 In pancreatic acini, the high affinity cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor agonist, CCK-OPE which utilizes the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)/arachidonic acid (AA) pathway, dose-dependently increased intracellular Ca2+ spike frequency and amplitude. Arachidonic Acid 130-146 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 106-122 8792123-4 1996 BALF PLA2 showed marked selectivity for phosphatidylcholine containing arachidonic acid (AA) over linoleic or palmitic acids. Arachidonic Acid 71-87 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 5-9 8656051-1 1996 Neutrophil stimulation results in the activation of a variety of phospholipases, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which releases arachidonic acid from the 2 position of membrane phospholipids, leaving a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic Acid 131-147 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 91-107 8656051-1 1996 Neutrophil stimulation results in the activation of a variety of phospholipases, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which releases arachidonic acid from the 2 position of membrane phospholipids, leaving a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic Acid 131-147 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 109-113 8732489-2 1996 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (group II) plays a key role in many inflammatory reactions by releasing free arachidonic acid, which is a prerequisite for the production of proinflammatory lipid mediators. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 8555268-1 1996 Neutrophils (PMN) contain two types of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a 14 kDa "secretory" Type II PLA2 (sPLA2) and an 85 kDa "cytosolic" PLA2 (cPLA2), that differ in a number of key characteristics: (1) cPLA2 prefers arachidonate (AA) as a substrate but hydrolyzes all phospholipids; sPLA2 is not AA specific but prefers ethanolamine containing phosphoacylglycerols. Arachidonic Acid 212-224 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 39-55 8865385-1 1996 The aim of this study was to examine the role of the phospholipase A2-arachidonic acid (PLA2-AA) pathway in response to histamine and the possible effect of AA metabolites on the generation of inositol-phosphates (IPs) in airway smooth muscle cells (SMC). Arachidonic Acid 70-86 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 53-69 9173912-1 1996 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the key enzyme that initiates the arachidonic acid cascade, which leads to the generation of multiple eicosanoid products. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 9173912-1 1996 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the key enzyme that initiates the arachidonic acid cascade, which leads to the generation of multiple eicosanoid products. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 8624105-3 1996 Both pathways converge to increase the enzyme activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the enzyme that releases arachidonic acid from cellular stores. Arachidonic Acid 108-124 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 58-74 8624105-3 1996 Both pathways converge to increase the enzyme activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the enzyme that releases arachidonic acid from cellular stores. Arachidonic Acid 108-124 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 76-80 8555268-1 1996 Neutrophils (PMN) contain two types of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a 14 kDa "secretory" Type II PLA2 (sPLA2) and an 85 kDa "cytosolic" PLA2 (cPLA2), that differ in a number of key characteristics: (1) cPLA2 prefers arachidonate (AA) as a substrate but hydrolyzes all phospholipids; sPLA2 is not AA specific but prefers ethanolamine containing phosphoacylglycerols. Arachidonic Acid 212-224 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 57-61 8761350-2 1996 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) produces rate limiting precursor i.e. arachidonic acid in the biosynthesis of various types of biologically active lipids including prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8952891-6 1996 More specifically, PLA2 provides the precursor for the eicosanoids, when the cleaved fatty acid is arachidonic acid, or for PAF, when the sn-1 position of the phospholipid is an alkyl ether linkage. Arachidonic Acid 99-115 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 19-23 8740942-8 1996 The increased arachidonic acid cascade was sensitive to phospholipase A2 inhibiting Mepacrin treatment. Arachidonic Acid 14-30 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 56-72 8649616-2 1996 For the production of proinflammatory lipid mediators in many inflammatory reactions, the release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme is a prerequisite. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 121-137 8649616-2 1996 For the production of proinflammatory lipid mediators in many inflammatory reactions, the release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme is a prerequisite. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 139-143 8761350-2 1996 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) produces rate limiting precursor i.e. arachidonic acid in the biosynthesis of various types of biologically active lipids including prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 8822791-2 1996 We report that neurons respond to exposure to gp120 with an increased release of arachidonic acid via activation of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 81-97 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 116-132 8822791-6 1996 We conclude that gp120 causes an activation of phospholipase A2, resulting in an increased release of arachidonic acid which in turn sensitizes the NMDA receptor. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 47-63 11854811-5 1995 We observed that IL-14 induces phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-dependent release of arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 31-49 7499867-2 1995 We have characterized a calcium-independent "phagocytic" phospholipase A2 (designated pPL) that mediates arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 57-73 11854811-5 1995 We observed that IL-14 induces phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-dependent release of arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-57 8565149-4 1995 Liberation of arachidonic acid by bradykinin and ATP was reduced by mepacrine, a blocker of phospholipase A2 and W-7, a calmodulin antagonist. Arachidonic Acid 14-30 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 92-108 8565149-5 1995 It is suggested that the increase in cytosolic Ca(2+)-induced release of arachidonic acid occurs through activation of calmodulin-dependent phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 73-89 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 140-156 8615870-1 1995 Studies were performed to characterise the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) responsible for the greatly increased capacity to release arachidonic acid (AA) of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) differentiated U937 monocytic cells compared to undifferentiated cells (18-fold increase in response to Ca2+ ionophore A23187). Arachidonic Acid 125-141 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 43-59 8615870-1 1995 Studies were performed to characterise the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) responsible for the greatly increased capacity to release arachidonic acid (AA) of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) differentiated U937 monocytic cells compared to undifferentiated cells (18-fold increase in response to Ca2+ ionophore A23187). Arachidonic Acid 125-141 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 61-65 7592874-1 1995 Addition of submicromolar concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) to human neutrophils induced a 2-fold increase in the activity of a cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) when measured using sonicated vesicles of 1-stearoyl-2-[14C]arachidonoylphosphatidylcholine as substrate. Arachidonic Acid 44-60 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 162-166 7575446-9 1995 From these data we suggest that this enzyme is a novel form of phospholipase A2 which may be involved in arachidonic acid mobilization both during the course of pregnancy and at parturition. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 63-79 8567812-7 1995 The permissive effect of arachidonic acid on the stimulation of PG release may indicate the down-regulation of phospholipase A2 with continued time in culture. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 111-127 8573788-6 1995 Specifically, our results indicate that clustering beta 1 integrins results in the activation of phospholipase A2 leading to the production of arachidonic acid and the activation of PKC. Arachidonic Acid 143-159 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 97-113 8567845-5 1995 These data indicate that PGE2 activates phospholipase A2 to produce arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 40-56 8594208-8 1995 Glutamatergic synaptic activity and activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors are examples of neuronal activity, linked to memory and learning processes, which activate PLA2 with the consequent release of arachidonic acid and platelet-activating factor (PAF), another lipid mediator. Arachidonic Acid 205-221 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 169-173 8545605-1 1995 BACKGROUND: We have recently reported that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, potentiates phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-stimulated arachidonic acid (AA) release and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation in cultured intestinal epithelial cells (INT 407). Arachidonic Acid 249-265 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 214-230 8545605-1 1995 BACKGROUND: We have recently reported that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, potentiates phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-stimulated arachidonic acid (AA) release and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation in cultured intestinal epithelial cells (INT 407). Arachidonic Acid 249-265 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 232-236 7562496-1 1995 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acyl group [predominantly arachidonic acid (AA)] of membrane phospholipids, the products of which are further metabolized, forming a variety of eicosanoids and/or platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 93-109 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 7562496-1 1995 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acyl group [predominantly arachidonic acid (AA)] of membrane phospholipids, the products of which are further metabolized, forming a variety of eicosanoids and/or platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 93-109 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 8567845-4 1995 The effects of PGE2 were blocked by phospholipase A2 inhibitors and this inhibition was reversed by addition of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 112-128 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 36-52 8567845-7 1995 The effect of PGE2 on PGF2 alpha production is inhibited by staurosporin and this inhibition was reversed by addition of arachidonic acid indicating that protein kinase C is involved in phospholipase A2 activation. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 186-202 8567845-11 1995 Stimulation of cyclo-oxygenase to synthesize PGE2 activates phospholipase A2 to release arachidonic acid which is the substrate for lipoxygenase activity. Arachidonic Acid 88-104 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 60-76 7677333-8 1995 The signaling pathway associated with the I1-imidazoline receptor remains to be fully elucidated, but is likely that activation of phospholipase A2 leading to release of arachidonic acid and subsequent generation of prostaglandins plays a major role. Arachidonic Acid 170-186 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 131-147 7582109-2 1995 We report that in response to exposure to gp120 cells react with an increased release of arachidonic acid (AA) via activation of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 89-105 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 129-145 7675820-1 1995 The present study demonstrates the existence of a unique mechanism for arachidonic acid (AA)-specific phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation, which requires both sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ coupled to the influx of extracellular Ca2+ and agonist interaction in platelets. Arachidonic Acid 71-87 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 102-118 7675820-1 1995 The present study demonstrates the existence of a unique mechanism for arachidonic acid (AA)-specific phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation, which requires both sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ coupled to the influx of extracellular Ca2+ and agonist interaction in platelets. Arachidonic Acid 71-87 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 120-124 7599226-4 1995 Possible sites of production of these oxidants include mitochondrial electron transport and phospholipase A2-activated arachidonic acid metabolism, while intracellular targets may include redox sensitive transcription factors and inhibitory proteins that must be tagged for proteolysis before apoptosis can commence. Arachidonic Acid 119-135 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 92-108 7603450-7 1995 The induction of both IEGs was blocked by structurally distinct inhibitors of phospholipase A2, an enzyme that catalyzes phospholipid degradation and formation of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 163-179 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 78-94 7631046-5 1995 Prostaglandin synthesis is regulated at multiple steps, including: (1) phospholipase A2, which releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids; (2) PGH synthase (PGHS), which converts arachidonic acid to the endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2; and (3) PG synthases convert the endoperoxides to PGI2, PGE2, and others. Arachidonic Acid 104-120 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-87 8527304-5 1995 Inhibitor studies suggest that arachidonic acid release by fluoride stimulation leads to phospholipase A2 activation with signal transduction involving phospholipase C and protein kinase C. Only neutrophilic cells responded to phorbol ester if Ca(2+)-ionophore was simultaneously present but this effect was abolished by extended treatment with phorbol ester. Arachidonic Acid 31-47 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 89-105 7546017-4 1995 This suggests that two separate enzymic pathways, the phospholipase A2 pathway and the phospholipase C/diacylglycerol lipase pathway, contribute to the release of astroglial [3H]arachidonic acid metabolites during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation. Arachidonic Acid 178-194 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 54-70 7631046-10 1995 Hence, ET-1 short- and long-term activates a modulatory feedback pathway that depends on upregulation of arachidonic acid release through phospholipase A2 and enhanced synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxides through PGHS-2. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 138-154 7613889-4 1995 The median (interquartile range) PLA2 activity was increased in tumour tissue (10.5 (6.0, 18.5) pmol arachidonic acid mg-1 h-1) compared with that in normal mucosa (5.6 (2.5, 8.5) pmol arachidonic acid mg-1 h-1) (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 33-37 7724577-18 1995 The increase in cGMP increases intracellular free calcium, activating phospholipase A2 to provide arachidonic acid, the substrate for conversion by the activated cyclooxygenase to PGE2, which then activates the release of LHRH. Arachidonic Acid 98-114 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-86 7724577-19 1995 Since alcohol inhibits the conversion of labeled arachidonic acid to PGE2, it must act either directly to inhibit cyclooxygenase or perhaps it may act by blocking the increase in intracellular free calcium induced by cGMP, which is crucial for activation of of both phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase. Arachidonic Acid 49-65 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 266-301 7613889-4 1995 The median (interquartile range) PLA2 activity was increased in tumour tissue (10.5 (6.0, 18.5) pmol arachidonic acid mg-1 h-1) compared with that in normal mucosa (5.6 (2.5, 8.5) pmol arachidonic acid mg-1 h-1) (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Arachidonic Acid 185-201 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 33-37 7868887-6 1995 The preincubation of cells with arachidonic acid could prevent the inhibition mediated by the reversible phospholipase A2 inhibitor cibacron blue. Arachidonic Acid 32-48 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 105-121 7597268-4 1995 Eicosanoids [i.e. prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT)] are pro-inflammatory mediators released from arachidonic acid by action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and have been implicated in the host response to micro-organisms. Arachidonic Acid 106-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 136-152 7597268-4 1995 Eicosanoids [i.e. prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT)] are pro-inflammatory mediators released from arachidonic acid by action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and have been implicated in the host response to micro-organisms. Arachidonic Acid 106-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 154-158 7578992-10 1995 One of them is the activation of phospholipase A2 (PL-A2) resulting in the production of arachidonic acid (AA) and other metabolites, including leukotriens, phosphatidycholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) with subsequent production of diacylglycerol (DAG) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Arachidonic Acid 89-105 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 33-49 7578992-10 1995 One of them is the activation of phospholipase A2 (PL-A2) resulting in the production of arachidonic acid (AA) and other metabolites, including leukotriens, phosphatidycholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) with subsequent production of diacylglycerol (DAG) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Arachidonic Acid 89-105 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-56 7852365-1 1995 The electrophysiologic sequelae of arachidonic acid release mediated by the major phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in electrically active tissues (i.e. the 40-kDa Ca(2+)-independent PLA2) were assessed in Sf9 cells expressing the human recombinant delayed rectifier K+ channel Kv1.1. Arachidonic Acid 35-51 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 82-98 7852365-2 1995 Intracellular administration of Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 increased the rate of activation of the macroscopic current (from tau act = 6.25 +/- 0.76 ms to tau act, PLA2 = 2.78 +/- 0.78 ms at 40 mV) and resulted in channel inactivation (from no observed inactivation to tau inact = 103 +/- 6 ms at 40 mV), which were: 1) dependent on the enrichment of Sf9 cell phospholipids in esterified arachidonic acid; 2) ablated by pretreatment of the PLA2 by the mechanism-based inhibitor (E)-6-(bromomethylene)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-tetrahydropyran-2-one; and 3) manifest prior to development of alterations in cellular permeability. Arachidonic Acid 385-401 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-55 7852365-1 1995 The electrophysiologic sequelae of arachidonic acid release mediated by the major phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in electrically active tissues (i.e. the 40-kDa Ca(2+)-independent PLA2) were assessed in Sf9 cells expressing the human recombinant delayed rectifier K+ channel Kv1.1. Arachidonic Acid 35-51 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 100-104 7852365-1 1995 The electrophysiologic sequelae of arachidonic acid release mediated by the major phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in electrically active tissues (i.e. the 40-kDa Ca(2+)-independent PLA2) were assessed in Sf9 cells expressing the human recombinant delayed rectifier K+ channel Kv1.1. Arachidonic Acid 35-51 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 173-177 7872957-7 1995 Platelet phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity (measured as the release of radiolabeled arachidonic acid) and Na+/H+ exchange activation were stimulated by alpha-thrombin and by SFLLR-containing peptides. Arachidonic Acid 83-99 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 9-25 7872957-7 1995 Platelet phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity (measured as the release of radiolabeled arachidonic acid) and Na+/H+ exchange activation were stimulated by alpha-thrombin and by SFLLR-containing peptides. Arachidonic Acid 83-99 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 27-31 7867785-4 1995 Treatment of WI-38 fibroblasts with anandamide causes increased MAP kinase activity and increased phosphorylation of the arachidonate-specific cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Arachidonic Acid 121-133 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 155-171 7784464-2 1995 Both a cytosolic 85 kDa and a nonpancreatic 14 kDa PLA2 may contribute to cellular arachidonate mobilization. Arachidonic Acid 83-95 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-55 7836470-3 1995 We have shown previously that basic FGF-stimulated, phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated arachidonate release regulates endothelial cell (EC) motility (Sa, G., and Fox, P.L. Arachidonic Acid 85-97 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 52-68 7836470-3 1995 We have shown previously that basic FGF-stimulated, phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated arachidonate release regulates endothelial cell (EC) motility (Sa, G., and Fox, P.L. Arachidonic Acid 85-97 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-74 7732908-0 1995 Multiple forms of phospholipase A2 in macrophages capable of arachidonic acid release for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-34 7814386-1 1995 Many important mediators of inflammation result from the liberation of free arachidonic acid from phospholipid pools which is thought to result from the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 76-92 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 163-179 7814386-1 1995 Many important mediators of inflammation result from the liberation of free arachidonic acid from phospholipid pools which is thought to result from the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 76-92 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 181-185 7996454-12 1994 Thus, suppression of arachidonate mobilization by BIRM 270 may be due to indirect inhibition of intracellular phospholipase A2 or to inhibition of another acylhydrolase activity. Arachidonic Acid 21-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 110-126 8743170-4 1995 PLD activity was also stimulated by treatment was arachidonic acid, the product of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and phospholipase C (PLC). Arachidonic Acid 50-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 83-99 8743170-4 1995 PLD activity was also stimulated by treatment was arachidonic acid, the product of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and phospholipase C (PLC). Arachidonic Acid 50-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 101-105 7819106-7 1994 PAO was also unable to prevent arachidonic acid-induced shape change, indicating that PAO acts at a site prior to the phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid to inhibit collagen-induced shape change. Arachidonic Acid 155-171 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-134 7964477-4 1994 CD69 cross-linking resulted also in phospholipase A2 activation, as detected by in vivo arachidonic acid release measurement from intact cells and by direct in vitro measurement of enzymatic activity using radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Arachidonic Acid 88-104 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 36-52 7957239-2 1994 In order to identify the enzymes that are linked to IL-1-mediated arachidonate availability and subsequent PGE2 production, we have investigated the changes in gene expression of the 85-kDa cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), the 14-kDa secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) and the two forms of cyclooxygenase in human synoviocytes after stimulation with recombinant IL-1 beta. Arachidonic Acid 66-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 200-204 7954346-2 1994 Phospholipases A2 associated with regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism include the high molecular mass cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) and group II PLA2. Arachidonic Acid 48-64 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-122 7866294-2 1994 Time courses of membrane phospholipids metabolism and arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism indicate that phospholipase C is the immediate target of the stimulus, and subsequently phospholipase A-2 is activated by synergistic action of released calcium and protein kinase C. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 180-197 7973130-2 1994 The aim of the present work was to examine the Ca2+ signal elicited in human bronchial smooth muscle cells by exogenous arachidonic acid (AA), a first product of PLA2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 120-136 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 162-166 7931078-15 1994 Evidence that PLA2 is not coupled to IL-4R is the detection of arachidonate production in response to FMLP but not to IL-4. Arachidonic Acid 63-75 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-18 7943241-6 1994 In esophageal cells, arachidonic acid produced by PLA2 caused little contraction by itself but potentiated contraction induced by the PKC agonist diacylglycerol (DAG). Arachidonic Acid 21-37 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 50-54 8048641-6 1994 We conclude that glia can be important contributors of prostaglandins to extracellular-cerebrospinal fluids where they could influence cerebrovascular tone, and that PDB probably increases prostaglandin production via liberation of arachidonic acid by PKC-induced activation of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 232-248 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 278-294 8010941-10 1994 The packaging of phospholipase A2, together with its substrate and the components of the arachidonic acid cascade, in the secretory granule represents a physical arrangement by which the initiation of the cascade and the release of mediators can be directly linked to the stimulation of cell-surface receptors. Arachidonic Acid 89-105 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 17-33 8040024-1 1994 PURPOSE: Previous work has demonstrated that inhibitors of phospholipase A2 attenuate ionizing radiation induced arachidonic acid production, protein kinase C activation and prevent subsequent induction of the tumor necrosis factor gene. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 59-75 8003509-1 1994 Isolated pancreatic islets from rats and humans express a plasmalogen-preferring ATP-stimulatable, Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2 (ASCI-PLA2) enzyme which participates in the glucose-stimulated hydrolysis of arachidonate from membrane phospholipids and in insulin secretion. Arachidonic Acid 213-225 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 118-134 8003509-1 1994 Isolated pancreatic islets from rats and humans express a plasmalogen-preferring ATP-stimulatable, Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2 (ASCI-PLA2) enzyme which participates in the glucose-stimulated hydrolysis of arachidonate from membrane phospholipids and in insulin secretion. Arachidonic Acid 213-225 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 136-145 8195211-0 1994 Tight binding inhibitors of 85-kDa phospholipase A2 but not 14-kDa phospholipase A2 inhibit release of free arachidonate in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. Arachidonic Acid 108-120 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 35-51 8195210-0 1994 Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, a potent inhibitor of 85-kDa phospholipase A2, blocks production of arachidonate and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by calcium ionophore-challenged platelets. Arachidonic Acid 104-116 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 65-81 8195211-3 1994 A structure-function analysis of related compounds reveals a good correlation between the inhibition of the purified phospholipase A2 and the blockage of arachidonate release in platelets. Arachidonic Acid 154-166 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 117-133 7848211-5 1994 The release of arachidonic acid from lipids (phospholipids in particular) is achieved by lipases (phospholipase A2). Arachidonic Acid 15-31 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 98-114 8020467-10 1994 It is concluded that 5-lipoxygenase performs an interfacial reaction in the arachidonate/Tween 20 mixed micelles in the same manner as phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 76-88 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 135-151 7938616-9 1994 Medium supplementation with arachidonate also resulted in a significant increase of intracellular 14 kD PLA2 expression. Arachidonic Acid 28-40 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 104-108 8198537-12 1994 7,7-Dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid, a potent inhibitor of intracellular phospholipase A2, inhibited both the arachidonate release and the MgATP-independent catecholamine secretion evoked by mastoparan. Arachidonic Acid 110-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 73-89 8159684-5 1994 Arachidonic acid, applied either extracellularly or intracellularly via the patch pipette, mimics the mechanosensitive response even in cells with blocked PLA2. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 155-159 8197153-5 1994 Inhibition of phospholipase A2 abolished radiation-mediated arachidonate production as well as the subsequent activation of protein kinase C and tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression. Arachidonic Acid 60-72 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-30 8174549-5 1994 The activation by OHzero depended on concomitant release of arachidonic acid and was blocked by the phospholipase A2 inhibitors mepacrine and aristolochic acid, and by the Na+/K+ antiporter inhibitor ethylisopropylamiloride. Arachidonic Acid 60-76 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 100-116 8160800-3 1994 PTH-(1-34) and PTH-(3-34) significantly increased the release of arachidonic acid (AA) compared with control tubules, suggesting activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 65-81 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 143-159 8061627-3 1994 The first starts from the activation of Phospholipase A-2 that produces Arachidonic acid, which, in turn, undergoes the metabolic pathway leading to Thromboxane A-2; this pathway can be blocked by the intraplatelet Acetylsalicylic acid by irreversible inactivation of Cyclooxygenase but it is insensitive to the extra-platelet Acetylsalicylic acid. Arachidonic Acid 72-88 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 40-57 8160800-3 1994 PTH-(1-34) and PTH-(3-34) significantly increased the release of arachidonic acid (AA) compared with control tubules, suggesting activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 65-81 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 161-165 8113807-4 1994 In cells, arachidonic acid can be generated by phospholipase A2 or by the sequential activities of a phospholipase C (to generate diacylglycerol) and diacylglycerol lipase. Arachidonic Acid 10-26 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 47-63 8026724-13 1994 The results for the first time demonstrate that the enhancement in gastric mucosal prostaglandin generation by sucralfate results from the stimulation of mucosal phospholipase A2 for arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 183-199 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 162-178 8294438-0 1994 Expression of a mutant Gi2 alpha subunit inhibits ATP and thrombin stimulation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2-mediated arachidonic acid release independent of Ca2+ and mitogen-activated protein kinase regulation. Arachidonic Acid 120-136 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 94-110 8106454-6 1994 Further studies with phospholipase inhibitors (p-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid and U73122) revealed that the production of [3H]-inositol phosphates and [3H]ARA occurs through parallel and independent pathways involving phospholipase C and phospholipase A2, respectively. Arachidonic Acid 156-159 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 239-255 8013528-3 1994 Free arachidonate, liberated from phospholipids by phospholipase A2, is rapidly converted (by oxygenation) to prostaglandins and thromboxanes which, together with secreted ADP and close cell contact, will cause further platelet activation through "positive feedback" (autocrine stimulation). Arachidonic Acid 5-17 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-67 8294438-1 1994 The 85-kDa cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is the major hormone and growth factor-regulated enzyme that catalyzes release of arachidonic acid in mammalian cells. Arachidonic Acid 130-146 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 23-39 7864659-1 1994 Various cell stimuli act through activation of phospholipase A2 resulting in the release of arachidonic acid, the precursor of eicosanoids, from the sn-2 position of cell membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 92-108 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 47-63 8280102-1 1994 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors suppressed simultaneously, in a dose-dependent manner, the activation of NADPH oxidase and the release of 3H-labelled arachidonic acid ([3H]AA) stimulated by either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan (OZ) in human neutrophils. Arachidonic Acid 153-169 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8280102-1 1994 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors suppressed simultaneously, in a dose-dependent manner, the activation of NADPH oxidase and the release of 3H-labelled arachidonic acid ([3H]AA) stimulated by either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan (OZ) in human neutrophils. Arachidonic Acid 153-169 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 8280164-11 1993 To focus on the action of COX1 and bypass the action of PLA2, exogenous arachidonic acid was used as substrate for PG synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 72-88 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 56-60 7907511-3 1994 Another one is the phosphatidylinositol (PI) second messenger system giving rise to IP3 and diacylglycerol, the latter stimulating protein kinase C. Recently, a third potential signaling system has attracted increased scientific attention: the phospholipase A2 system which generates arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 284-300 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 244-260 8253817-1 1993 Receptor-mediated activation of human platelets by thrombin initiates a series of rapid biochemical events that include activation of phospholipase A2 to liberate arachidonic acid for further conversion to thromboxane A2. Arachidonic Acid 163-179 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 134-150 8257685-10 1993 These observations are consistent with the hypotheses that islet beta-cell ASCI-PLA2-catalyzed hydrolysis of arachidonate from endogenous plasmenylethanolamine substrates may occur in membrane compartments which participate in regulation of the beta-cell cytosolic [Ca2+] and that this may be an intermediary biochemical event in the induction of insulin secretion. Arachidonic Acid 109-121 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 80-84 8243642-5 1993 We showed also that HGF increased the arachidonate release from TMK-1 cells, which release was completely suppressed by the addition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors. Arachidonic Acid 38-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 136-152 8128456-11 1993 Because phospholipase A2 catalyzes a key reaction during the formation of bioactive arachidonate metabolites, the secretion of this enzyme from platelets may be important in the regulation of thrombosis. Arachidonic Acid 84-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 8-24 8257685-3 1993 Glucose-induced hydrolysis of arachidonate from islet phospholipids is mediated in part by an ATP-stimulated, Ca(2+)-independent (ASCI) phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which prefers plasmenyl over diacyl phospholipid substrates. Arachidonic Acid 30-42 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 136-152 8257685-3 1993 Glucose-induced hydrolysis of arachidonate from islet phospholipids is mediated in part by an ATP-stimulated, Ca(2+)-independent (ASCI) phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which prefers plasmenyl over diacyl phospholipid substrates. Arachidonic Acid 30-42 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 154-158 8243642-5 1993 We showed also that HGF increased the arachidonate release from TMK-1 cells, which release was completely suppressed by the addition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors. Arachidonic Acid 38-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 154-158 7517616-2 1993 Upon cell stimulation a calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is activated which hydrolyzes a membrane phospholipid to yield 1-0-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phospho-choline (lyso-PAF) and free arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 195-211 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 60-64 8215460-0 1993 The 85-kDa, arachidonic acid-specific phospholipase A2 is expressed as an activated phosphoprotein in Sf9 cells. Arachidonic Acid 12-28 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-54 8228253-3 1993 The selective inhibition of PLA2 by the marine natural products manoalide (MLD) and scalaradial (SLD) blocks [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) release in calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated neutrophils, and also inhibits secretion of specific and azurophilic granule constituents. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 28-32 8278618-3 1993 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may be the key enzyme for the hydrolysis of arachidonic acid from membrane-bound phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 7509052-5 1993 Because NMDA receptor activation initiates the arachidonic acid cascade, we have recently looked at whether the phospholipase A2 and lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) can reduce NMDA neurotoxicity in vitro. Arachidonic Acid 47-63 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 112-128 8278618-3 1993 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may be the key enzyme for the hydrolysis of arachidonic acid from membrane-bound phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 8192895-1 1993 Thromboxane A2, produced from the arachidonic acid released from platelet phospholipids by phospholipase A2, stimulates platelet aggregation. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 91-107 8238136-9 1993 CONCLUSIONS: Both interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor enhance arachidonic acid release, probably by inducing the synthesis of phospholipase A2 and possibly other enzymes involved in the metabolism of phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 66-82 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 130-146 8409519-3 1993 Irradiation of neutrophils was also associated with release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, implicating involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the pro-oxidative activity of UVR. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 154-158 7686736-5 1993 The activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid and the primary metabolite prostaglandin E2, also was found to be time- and concentration-dependent. Arachidonic Acid 73-89 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-34 7686736-5 1993 The activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid and the primary metabolite prostaglandin E2, also was found to be time- and concentration-dependent. Arachidonic Acid 73-89 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 36-40 8373725-8 1993 The results from this study point to activation of phospholipase A2 as the source of arachidonic acid in response to bradykinin. Arachidonic Acid 85-101 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-67 8407280-4 1993 We suggest that one mechanism of the antiinflammatory activity of alkaloid may be by directly blocking PLA2 catalyzed release of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 129-145 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 103-107 8219005-8 1993 These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cloricromene, or its catabolite, inhibits the production of arachidonic acid in stimulated platelets by interfering with a G-protein mediated activation of phospholipase A2 that is independent from the receptor-activated phosphoinositide phospholipase C. Arachidonic Acid 114-130 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 210-226 8392098-11 1993 Phospholipase A2-like activity was assayed in the whole cell by measuring the mobilization of phospholipase A2 products, PAF, lyso PAF, and arachidonic acid, from cellular phosphoglycerides. Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8018213-1 1993 A trifluoromethyl ketone analogue of arachidonic acid in which the COOH group is replaced with COCF3 (AACOCF3) was prepared and found to be a tight- and slow-binding inhibitor of the 85-kDa cytosolic human phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Arachidonic Acid 37-53 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 206-222 8329291-2 1993 Previous, in vitro, studies have established the synthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF) by the "re-modelling" pathways in which the activation of a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of an ether-acyl-phosphocholine to give concomitant release of lyso-PAF, the immediate precursor of PAF, and arachidonic acid, the precursor of the icosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 320-336 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 155-171 8329291-2 1993 Previous, in vitro, studies have established the synthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF) by the "re-modelling" pathways in which the activation of a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of an ether-acyl-phosphocholine to give concomitant release of lyso-PAF, the immediate precursor of PAF, and arachidonic acid, the precursor of the icosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 320-336 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 173-177 8514863-6 1993 The purified 40-kD human myocardial phospholipase A2 preferentially hydrolyzes plasmalogens containing arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position. Arachidonic Acid 103-119 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 36-52 8504140-1 1993 The present report describes the presence of an arachidonic-acid-selective, dithiothreitol-insensitive phospholipase A2 enzyme activity in human neutrophil cytosol. Arachidonic Acid 48-64 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 103-119 8320838-8 1993 Arachidonate-specific phospholipase A2 was discovered recently. Arachidonic Acid 0-12 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-38 8506288-2 1993 In HeLa cells, TNF treatment induces an arachidonic acid-selective, Ca(2+)-dependent cellular phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 94-110 8485448-8 1993 Free fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, generated by the activation of phospholipase A2, could synergize with DAG to activate the enzyme maximally. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 74-90 8499439-3 1993 Glucose-induced hydrolysis of arachidonate from beta-cell phospholipids is mediated in part by an ATP-stimulated, Ca(2+)-independent (ASCI)-phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which, in vitro, prefers plasmalogen over diacylphospholipid substrates, but it is not known whether islets contain plasmalogens. Arachidonic Acid 30-42 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 140-156 8387343-2 1993 We have recently demonstrated that preincubation of neutrophils with OAG also reverses inhibition of A23187 stimulated [3H]arachidonate mobilization by the phospholipase A2 inhibitors, PGBx and aristolochic acid. Arachidonic Acid 123-135 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 156-172 8317196-4 1993 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and melittin had a similar dual effect to that observed when arachidonic acid was added exogenously. Arachidonic Acid 85-101 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8387780-0 1993 Influence of arachidonic acid on indices of phospholipase A2 activity in the human neutrophil. Arachidonic Acid 13-29 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 44-60 8387780-1 1993 The present studies were conducted to understand better the regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent mobilization of lipid mediators by arachidonic acid (C20:4). Arachidonic Acid 143-159 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 74-90 8387780-1 1993 The present studies were conducted to understand better the regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-dependent mobilization of lipid mediators by arachidonic acid (C20:4). Arachidonic Acid 143-159 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 92-96 8446649-3 1993 Exogenous arachidonic acid stimulated the dose-dependent synthesis of PGF2 alpha, as did the addition of phospholipase A2 or the activation of endogenous phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 10-26 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 154-170 7685181-2 1993 The molecular characterization of different forms of phospholipase A2 indicates that multiple pathways are involved in the release of arachidonic acid evoked by physiological or pathological stimuli. Arachidonic Acid 134-150 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 53-69 8459221-6 1993 Platelets release arachidonate when incubated with target cells bearing IgG and C integral of 3b, confirming that Fc gamma R and complement receptor trigger both PLA2 action and efficient lysis. Arachidonic Acid 18-30 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 162-166 8459221-8 1993 Platelet cytotoxicity is increased when platelets are pretreated with some products of PLA2: exogenous lysophospholipids and not free arachidonic acid increase cytotoxicity. Arachidonic Acid 134-150 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 87-91 29542495-4 1993 It is proposed that increased influx of calcium activated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) leading to the accumulation of arachidonic acid and hence prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 58-74 29542495-4 1993 It is proposed that increased influx of calcium activated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) leading to the accumulation of arachidonic acid and hence prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 76-80 8383426-10 1993 These studies demonstrate that the activation of phospholipase A2, which results in arachidonate release, in the early phase of plasmin"s effect is a receptor-mediation via GTP-binding protein that is not coupled through phospholipase C activation. Arachidonic Acid 84-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 49-65 8490995-1 1993 Phospholipase A2 catalysed hydrolysis of phospholipid substrates is rate-limiting in the release of arachidonic acid for subsequent downstream metabolism to biologically active eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 100-116 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8446649-12 1993 These results may be used to suggest that PGF2 alpha production by hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomes was controlled by the Ca(2+)- and phospholipase A2-dependent accumulation of unesterified arachidonic acid and was modulated by membrane depolarization and the activity of protein kinase C. Arachidonic Acid 194-210 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 138-154 7678073-6 1993 The treatment of FaDu cells with clofazimine and B669 was associated with enhanced activity of phospholipase A2, as evidenced by increased release of radiolabeled arachidonate and lysophosphatidylcholine from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 163-175 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 95-111 8380583-0 1993 Phosphorylation and activation of a high molecular weight form of phospholipase A2 by p42 microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase and protein kinase C. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the enzyme regulating the release of arachidonic acid in most cell types. Arachidonic Acid 216-232 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 66-82 8380583-0 1993 Phosphorylation and activation of a high molecular weight form of phospholipase A2 by p42 microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase and protein kinase C. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the enzyme regulating the release of arachidonic acid in most cell types. Arachidonic Acid 216-232 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 152-168 8380583-0 1993 Phosphorylation and activation of a high molecular weight form of phospholipase A2 by p42 microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase and protein kinase C. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is the enzyme regulating the release of arachidonic acid in most cell types. Arachidonic Acid 216-232 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 170-174 8418853-0 1993 Rat and human pancreatic islet cells contain a calcium ion independent phospholipase A2 activity selective for hydrolysis of arachidonate which is stimulated by adenosine triphosphate and is specifically localized to islet beta-cells. Arachidonic Acid 125-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-87 8419361-2 1993 A lysate of unstimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exhibited phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, which hydrolyzed phospholipids bearing arachidonate more preferentially than those bearing linoleate at the sn-2 position. Arachidonic Acid 155-167 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 82-98 8419361-2 1993 A lysate of unstimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exhibited phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, which hydrolyzed phospholipids bearing arachidonate more preferentially than those bearing linoleate at the sn-2 position. Arachidonic Acid 155-167 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 100-104 8419361-12 1993 Taken together, type II PLA2 generated endogenously as well as added exogenously may be captured on the HUVEC surface via heparan sulfate proteoglycan and may contribute to cellular arachidonate metabolism. Arachidonic Acid 182-194 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 24-28 8418854-11 1993 These results suggest that fuel secretagogues activate the islet Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A2, resulting in release of nonesterified arachidonate, which facilitates Ca2+ entry into beta-cells and promotes insulin secretion. Arachidonic Acid 140-152 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 84-100 8273578-5 1993 Structural analyses and molecular modeling suggest that these compounds may inhibit PLA2 by mimicking arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 84-88 1471998-3 1992 Phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid is accompanied by an equimolar production of potentially cytotoxic lysophospholipid. Arachidonic Acid 37-53 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8317318-4 1993 Arachidonic acid is liberated from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2, an enzyme that can be blocked by glucocorticoids. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 61-77 8387428-1 1993 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is believed to play an essential role in inflammatory processes by releasing arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids for synthesis of important lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 8387428-1 1993 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is believed to play an essential role in inflammatory processes by releasing arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids for synthesis of important lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 1334110-7 1992 In contrast, cAMP potently inhibited FMLP-induced arachidonic acid mobilization (phospholipase A2). Arachidonic Acid 50-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-97 1335527-7 1992 Porins and LPS, indeed, induced PLA2-dependent mobilization of [14C]-arachidonic acid that was inhibited by p-bromodiphenacylbromide (PBDB). Arachidonic Acid 69-85 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-36 1334681-6 1992 It is possible that the arachidonic acid released during phospholipase A2 activation of neutrophils may be involved in cellular cross-talk and, at higher concentrations, in directly activating Ca2+ and superoxide production. Arachidonic Acid 24-40 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 57-73 1464738-11 1992 These data suggest that this Ca(2+)-independent, phosphatidylinositol-hydrolyzing phospholipase A2 may play an important role in early cell activation, providing free arachidonic acid for subsequent metabolism into biologically active eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 167-183 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 82-98 1449523-9 1992 Finally, Ca(2+)-dependent arachidonic acid release was inhibited by putative phospholipase A2 inhibitors, aristolochic acid and scalaradial, at concentrations where neither the production of 1-[3H]alkyl-2-lyso-GPC nor Ca(2+)-independent arachidonic acid release was altered. Arachidonic Acid 26-42 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 77-93 1449523-9 1992 Finally, Ca(2+)-dependent arachidonic acid release was inhibited by putative phospholipase A2 inhibitors, aristolochic acid and scalaradial, at concentrations where neither the production of 1-[3H]alkyl-2-lyso-GPC nor Ca(2+)-independent arachidonic acid release was altered. Arachidonic Acid 237-253 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 77-93 1488809-2 1992 It is supposed that vitamin E controls metabolism intensity of arachidonic acid by changing activity of phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 104-153 1330330-1 1992 Interleukin-1 is a potent stimulator of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism and this activity could be attributed to the activation of the prostaglandin-forming enzyme cyclooxygenase or of the arachidonic-releasing enzyme phospholipase A2 or both. Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 219-235 1397331-0 1992 Regulation of arachidonate-mobilizing phospholipase A2 by phosphorylation via protein kinase C in macrophages. Arachidonic Acid 14-26 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-54 1397331-4 1992 Together with previous data, these results indicate that the arachidonate-mobilizing phospholipase A2 is dually regulated by Ca2+ (membrane interaction) and by phosphorylation (catalytic activity). Arachidonic Acid 61-73 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 85-101 1526278-4 1992 A consequence of phospholipase A2 activation was the release of arachidonic acid and the generation of lysophospholipids from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 64-80 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 17-33 1295515-4 1992 A first well known way starts from the activation of Phospholipase A-2 (PL-A2), by which arachidonic acid is produced, that, in turn, undergoes the metabolic pathway leading to Thromboxane A-2; this pathway can be blocked by the intraplatelet ASA by irreversible inactivation of Cyclooxygenase, but it is insensitive to the extra-platelet ASA. Arachidonic Acid 89-105 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 53-70 1295515-4 1992 A first well known way starts from the activation of Phospholipase A-2 (PL-A2), by which arachidonic acid is produced, that, in turn, undergoes the metabolic pathway leading to Thromboxane A-2; this pathway can be blocked by the intraplatelet ASA by irreversible inactivation of Cyclooxygenase, but it is insensitive to the extra-platelet ASA. Arachidonic Acid 89-105 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 72-77 1417779-6 1992 Carbachol stimulation of arachidonic acid release is mediated by activation of phospholipase A2, as demonstrated by early increases in endogenous lysophosphatidylcholine. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 79-95 1417788-1 1992 The production of arachidonic acid (AA), which is involved in mitogenic signalling by epidermal growth factor (EGF), is most directly accomplished by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 18-34 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 164-180 1417788-1 1992 The production of arachidonic acid (AA), which is involved in mitogenic signalling by epidermal growth factor (EGF), is most directly accomplished by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 18-34 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 182-186 1510715-7 1992 It also attenuated arachidonic acid release from phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 19-35 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 49-65 1426529-8 1992 The release of arachidonate was blocked by quinacrine which is a specific inhibitor of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 15-27 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 87-103 1324685-13 1992 Since these effects disappeared after addition of arachidonic acid, these findings refer to a PLA2 inhibition. Arachidonic Acid 50-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 94-98 1510717-3 1992 Cell stimulation results in the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) whose major substrate is phosphatidylcholine (PC) and the release of the eicosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (AA) from PC. Arachidonic Acid 164-180 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 64-68 1643114-0 1992 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3 regulation of arachidonic acid turnover in chondrocyte cultures is cell maturation-specific and may involve direct effects on phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 45-61 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 157-173 1636747-8 1992 By utilizing stable isotope methods, we could demonstrate that IL-1 increased free arachidonate levels, implying new PLA2 synthesis over a time course that was maximal at 6 h and was cycloheximide and actinomycin D sensitive. Arachidonic Acid 83-95 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 117-121 1396473-1 1992 Alveolar macrophages (AM) store arachidonic acid (AA), which is esterified in cellular phospholipids until liberated by phospholipase A2 or C after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Arachidonic Acid 32-48 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 120-136 1577711-8 1992 These results demonstrate that at least one intracellular mammalian phospholipase A2 employs a catalytic strategy distinct from that utilized by extracellular phospholipases A2 (i.e. formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate by nucleophilic attack versus activation of a water molecule) and that arachidonic acid in endogenous phospholipid storage depots can, in principle, be sequentially transferred through an acyl-enzyme intermediate without the prior obligatory release of free arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 295-311 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 68-84 1322178-0 1992 The effects of the phospholipase A2 inhibitors aristolochic acid and PGBx on A23187-stimulated mobilization of arachidonate in human neutrophils are overcome by diacylglycerol or phorbol ester. Arachidonic Acid 111-123 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 19-35 1322178-9 1992 The present results indicate that OAG and PMA also modulate the A23187-stimulated [3H]arachidonate mobilization so as to render it less sensitive to inhibitors of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 86-98 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 163-179 1616940-1 1992 Arachidonic acid may be an important mediator of insulin secretion since (1) glucose activates phospholipase A2 thus increasing endogenous unesterified levels of arachidonic acid, (2) arachidonic acid mobilizes Ca2+ from the islet endoplasmic reticulum and (3) arachidonic acid has been proposed to regulate voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in the beta-cell. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 95-111 1577711-8 1992 These results demonstrate that at least one intracellular mammalian phospholipase A2 employs a catalytic strategy distinct from that utilized by extracellular phospholipases A2 (i.e. formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate by nucleophilic attack versus activation of a water molecule) and that arachidonic acid in endogenous phospholipid storage depots can, in principle, be sequentially transferred through an acyl-enzyme intermediate without the prior obligatory release of free arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 482-498 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 68-84 1518381-2 1992 Recent studies have implicated an inhibition of phospholipase A2 induced arachidonic acid release, since the production of prostanoids that are formed from arachidonic acid and are involved in the aggregation process has been shown to be diminished by ethanol. Arachidonic Acid 73-89 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 48-64 1319251-7 1992 Plasma membrane phospholipids are more susceptible to the release of arachidonic acid by PA2 than are matrix vesicle phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 69-85 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 89-92 1315360-4 1992 CD69-induced arachidonic acid release and TXA2 production were essentially PLA2 dependent because they could be blocked by the PLA2 inhibitor quinacrine. Arachidonic Acid 13-29 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 75-79 1315360-4 1992 CD69-induced arachidonic acid release and TXA2 production were essentially PLA2 dependent because they could be blocked by the PLA2 inhibitor quinacrine. Arachidonic Acid 13-29 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 127-131 1315360-6 1992 Finally, direct measurement of enzymatic activity in vitro using radiolabeled phospholipid vesicles showed that CD69 cross-linking resulted in PLA2-dependent arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine generation from phosphatidylcholine, which was sensitive to quinacrine but not to R68070. Arachidonic Acid 158-174 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 143-147 1583386-6 1992 In platelets prelabeled with tritiated arachidonic acid, H2O2 induced tritium release in a dose-dependent fashion; this effect was prevented by mepacrine, an inhibitor of the phospholipase A2 enzyme. Arachidonic Acid 39-55 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 175-191 1518381-2 1992 Recent studies have implicated an inhibition of phospholipase A2 induced arachidonic acid release, since the production of prostanoids that are formed from arachidonic acid and are involved in the aggregation process has been shown to be diminished by ethanol. Arachidonic Acid 156-172 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 48-64 1518381-3 1992 Phospholipase A2 is found in platelets in both a cytosolic form, from where it may translocate to the plasma membrane to release arachidonic acid, and in a secretory form which is released extracellularly upon activation. Arachidonic Acid 129-145 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 1315576-8 1992 These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in thrombin-stimulated platelets, the liberation of arachidonic acid and beta-TG are strictly dependent on the activation of phospholipase C. We have also provided evidence for the existence of a phospholipase A2 activated by a G-protein which is independent from the degradation of phosphoinositides and, contrary to phospholipase C, it is not down regulated by cGMP. Arachidonic Acid 107-123 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 251-267 1315576-4 1992 The production of arachidonic acid is not inhibited by neomycin, a PI-cycle inhibitor, but is completely abolished by mepacrine, an inhibitor of both phospholipase A2 and C. At low concentration of fluoroaluminate (10 mM NaF) phospholipase A2 but not phospholipase C is activated. Arachidonic Acid 18-34 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 150-166 1563569-1 1992 Phospholipase A2 activity (EC 3.1.1.4) was estimated in low-speed supernatants of human placenta by measuring the release of arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine, 1-stearoyl-2-[3H]arachidonyl and other phospholipids under alkaline conditions (pH 8). Arachidonic Acid 125-141 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 1315576-4 1992 The production of arachidonic acid is not inhibited by neomycin, a PI-cycle inhibitor, but is completely abolished by mepacrine, an inhibitor of both phospholipase A2 and C. At low concentration of fluoroaluminate (10 mM NaF) phospholipase A2 but not phospholipase C is activated. Arachidonic Acid 18-34 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 226-242 1541284-5 1992 However, the Ca(2+)-threshold level necessary for the liberation of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 was decreased from 350-400 nM calcium in untreated cells to about 250 nM calcium in primed cells. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 88-104 1541284-10 1992 These results provide evidence that the enhanced arachidonic acid release in GM-CSF-primed polymorphonuclear leukocytes after stimulation with either fMLP or ionomycin involves activation of protein kinase C which, by a still unknown mechanism, reduces the Ca2+ requirement of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 49-65 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 277-293 1555324-5 1992 Plasma PLA2 activity was measured in patients with acute myocardial infarction, based on the release of labelled arachidonic acid from Escherichia coli cell membrane. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 7-11 1371330-1 1992 Arachidonic acid is released by phospholipase A2 when activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by neurotransmitter glutamate raises the calcium concentration in neurons, for example during the initiation of long-term potentiation and during brain anoxia. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-48 1737348-6 1992 The measurement of the release of radiolabeled material from cervical and ovarian carcinoma cell lines prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid showed that not only was phospholipase A2 required for the cytolysis of these cells by TNF alpha in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, but more importantly, phospholipase A2 was not activated by TNF alpha unless protein synthesis was inhibited. Arachidonic Acid 123-139 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 165-181 1737348-6 1992 The measurement of the release of radiolabeled material from cervical and ovarian carcinoma cell lines prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid showed that not only was phospholipase A2 required for the cytolysis of these cells by TNF alpha in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, but more importantly, phospholipase A2 was not activated by TNF alpha unless protein synthesis was inhibited. Arachidonic Acid 123-139 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 308-324 1559127-2 1992 Gravidin (a phospholipase A2 inhibitor) reduced the release of arachidonic acid from human lymphocytes by 51% at 10(-8) M. 2. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 12-28 1632309-2 1992 Phospholipase A2, arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase and lysophosphatidyl acyltransferase proved to be simultaneously active and a steady turnover of arachidonic acid was the consequence. Arachidonic Acid 143-159 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 1319167-3 1992 The major hydrolysis product of PLA2 activity, arachidonic acid, also inhibited GABA-mediated 36Cl- uptake. Arachidonic Acid 47-63 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-36 1353285-4 1992 These events may be functionally related, since exogenous arachidonate and phospholipase A2 activation mimicked the effects of depolarization on Ca2+ availability and glutamate release, while secretion processes were attenuated in the presence of phospholipase A2 inhibitors. Arachidonic Acid 58-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 247-263 1571204-1 1992 We examined the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on release of arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites in osteoblastic cells in an attempt to study mechanism of the regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. Arachidonic Acid 78-94 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 196-212 1371190-2 1992 Lipocortin inhibits phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and therefore reduces arachidonic acid metabolites formation. Arachidonic Acid 66-82 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-36 1282633-4 1992 This initiates G-protein coupled stimulation of phospholipase C, IP3-induced increases in cytosolic Ca2+, and stimulation of protein kinase C. Arachidonic acid is liberated from membrane phospholipids primarily via Ca(2+)-induced stimulation of phospholipase A2 and converted into tissue-specific eicosanoids by enzymes in the vicinity. Arachidonic Acid 143-159 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 245-261 1371190-2 1992 Lipocortin inhibits phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and therefore reduces arachidonic acid metabolites formation. Arachidonic Acid 66-82 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-42 21043868-7 1992 Furthermore this activation seems to be dependent on arachidonic acid mobilization from platelet phospholipids by phospholipase A(2) since mepacrine is able to block H(2)O(2)-mediated platelet activation. Arachidonic Acid 53-69 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 114-131 1756867-6 1991 Phosphatidylcholine in mast cell membranes was appreciably hydrolyzed to liberate free arachidonic acid when mast cells were incubated with 14-kDa group II phospholipase A2 added exogenously in the presence of the antigen. Arachidonic Acid 87-103 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 156-172 1496030-4 1992 The synthesis of these typical mediators of inflammation results from activation by the calcium of phospholipase A2 which releases the arachidonic acid of phospholipids and this increase in intracellular calcium results itself from a fall in efficacy of calcium pumps due to the fall in ATP caused by hypoxia. Arachidonic Acid 135-151 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-115 1756867-7 1991 Both the generation of prostaglandin D2 and the release of arachidonic acid were retarded by inhibitors specific to 14-kDa group II phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 59-75 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 132-148 1787343-8 1991 ONO-RS-082, a potent PLA2 inhibitor, reduced the TNF-induced cytotoxicity and the release of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 93-109 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 21-25 1787465-10 1991 Arachidonic acid release from endometrial glands and stromal cells may be mediated by activation of PLA2 (or phospholipase C) via a G-protein, but in glands calcium ionophore may have a direct effect on PLA2. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 100-104 1787465-10 1991 Arachidonic acid release from endometrial glands and stromal cells may be mediated by activation of PLA2 (or phospholipase C) via a G-protein, but in glands calcium ionophore may have a direct effect on PLA2. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 203-207 1811338-10 1991 These results suggest that the induction of t-PA production by p.peptone is closely related to the activity of phospholipase A2, that is, the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipids in cell membrane. Arachidonic Acid 153-169 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 111-127 1917994-8 1991 In the proposed scheme, phospholipase A2, upon stimulation, acts rapidly on ethanolamine plasmalogen selectively releasing arachidonic acid and generating alkenyl-lyso-GPE. Arachidonic Acid 123-139 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 24-40 1793010-2 1991 The removal of arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of the donor phospholipid is a PLA2-like reaction. Arachidonic Acid 15-31 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 86-90 1710933-5 1991 It is suggested that PKC regulates EC phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity as thrombin-induced arachidonic acid (AA) release is 90% inhibited in PKC-depleted cells. Arachidonic Acid 91-107 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-54 1762050-2 1991 In the present review, recent studies on two kinds of cellular phospholipases A2, 14 kDa group II phospholipase A2 and arachidonate-preferentially hydrolyzing phospholipase A2, will be summarized. Arachidonic Acid 119-131 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 159-175 1872850-0 1991 Type II phospholipase A2 recombinant overexpression enhances stimulated arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 72-88 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 8-24 1872850-5 1991 The involvement of this 14 kDa phospholipase A2 in mechanisms related to stimulated arachidonic acid release was investigated. Arachidonic Acid 84-100 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 31-47 1872850-6 1991 We could parallel the overexpression of phospholipase A2 with an increase in phorbol ester and fluoroaluminate-stimulated arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 122-138 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 40-56 1872850-8 1991 These results suggest that the 14 kDa type II phospholipase A2 might contribute to stimulation of arachidonic acid release, and therefore to eicosanoid production. Arachidonic Acid 98-114 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 46-62 1645732-1 1991 The first step in the production of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor is the hydrolysis of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 100-116 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 147-163 1710933-5 1991 It is suggested that PKC regulates EC phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity as thrombin-induced arachidonic acid (AA) release is 90% inhibited in PKC-depleted cells. Arachidonic Acid 91-107 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 56-60 1832865-9 1991 A second mechanism by which glucocorticoids suppress PG synthesis is to inhibit release of arachidonic acid substrate by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 91-107 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 121-137 1832865-9 1991 A second mechanism by which glucocorticoids suppress PG synthesis is to inhibit release of arachidonic acid substrate by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 91-107 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 139-143 1903717-5 1991 The 90-kDa phospholipase A2 may participate mainly in arachidonate metabolism of platelets. Arachidonic Acid 54-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 11-27 2045888-4 1991 PLA2 activities of each fraction were assayed by measuring release of arachidonic acid (AA) from exogenous 14C-AA-phosphatidylcholine (PC), -phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and -phosphatidylinositol (PI). Arachidonic Acid 70-86 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 1648849-7 1991 It was concluded that by selenium increased activities of the phospholipid-hydroperoxide-glutathione peroxidase were induced, by means of which a peroxidation protection of membrane fatty acids, an inhibition of the activity of phospholipase A2 and an interruption of the arachidonic acid cascade must have been reached. Arachidonic Acid 272-288 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 228-244 1903921-1 1991 Activation of phospholipase C (PLC), leading to a rise in cytosolic Ca2+, and of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) leading to a release of arachidonic acid, are among the early transmembrane signalling events that have been demonstrated in response to occupancy of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Arachidonic Acid 129-145 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-97 1903921-1 1991 Activation of phospholipase C (PLC), leading to a rise in cytosolic Ca2+, and of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) leading to a release of arachidonic acid, are among the early transmembrane signalling events that have been demonstrated in response to occupancy of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Arachidonic Acid 129-145 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-103 2071172-3 1991 Chemoluminescence also depends on arachidonic acid metabolism, and this depends on phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 83-99 2071172-3 1991 Chemoluminescence also depends on arachidonic acid metabolism, and this depends on phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 101-105 1871174-1 1991 Phorbolmyristate acetate or 12-O-tetradecanyl phorbol 13-acetate (PMA or TPA) stimulates membrane phospholipases (phospholipase C or A2) resulting in the formation of diacylglyceride, free arachidonic acid, and increased amounts of arachidonic acid metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 189-205 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 114-135 1871174-1 1991 Phorbolmyristate acetate or 12-O-tetradecanyl phorbol 13-acetate (PMA or TPA) stimulates membrane phospholipases (phospholipase C or A2) resulting in the formation of diacylglyceride, free arachidonic acid, and increased amounts of arachidonic acid metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 232-248 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 114-135 1901228-6 1991 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the calcium ionophore, A23187, stimulated the release of 3H from theca cells prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid, and both PLA2 and the closely related fatty acid, eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3), could replicate the inhibitory effects of arachidonic acid on LH-stimulated androstenedione production. Arachidonic Acid 125-141 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 1649490-0 1991 Hydrogen peroxide stimulates phospholipase A2-mediated arachidonic acid release in cultured intestinal epithelial cells (INT 407). Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 29-45 1900237-15 1991 Since the granule contains a large amount of phospholipid, the action of this phospholipase A2 can provide the required substrate for the arachidonic acid cascade. Arachidonic Acid 138-154 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 78-94 1901228-6 1991 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the calcium ionophore, A23187, stimulated the release of 3H from theca cells prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid, and both PLA2 and the closely related fatty acid, eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3), could replicate the inhibitory effects of arachidonic acid on LH-stimulated androstenedione production. Arachidonic Acid 125-141 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 1901228-6 1991 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the calcium ionophore, A23187, stimulated the release of 3H from theca cells prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid, and both PLA2 and the closely related fatty acid, eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3), could replicate the inhibitory effects of arachidonic acid on LH-stimulated androstenedione production. Arachidonic Acid 264-280 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 1901228-6 1991 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the calcium ionophore, A23187, stimulated the release of 3H from theca cells prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid, and both PLA2 and the closely related fatty acid, eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3), could replicate the inhibitory effects of arachidonic acid on LH-stimulated androstenedione production. Arachidonic Acid 264-280 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 1901228-8 1991 We conclude that arachidonic acid can be released within theca cells in response to physiologic (PLA2) and pharmacologic agents (A23187), and accordingly, that it may act directly as a second messenger to modulate both basal and LH-stimulated steroid production. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 97-101 1899804-10 1991 We conclude that the action of phorbol myristate acetate is to promote the process of arachidonic acid release by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 86-102 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 114-130 2048718-1 1991 a simple gas chromatographic method for the assay of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been described in which arachidonic acid released from endogenous phospholipid pools is measured following its extraction and derivatization to pentafluorobenzyl esters. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 53-69 2048718-1 1991 a simple gas chromatographic method for the assay of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been described in which arachidonic acid released from endogenous phospholipid pools is measured following its extraction and derivatization to pentafluorobenzyl esters. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-75 1772265-2 1991 We recently demonstrated that some factor(s) including endotoxin produced by the organism stimulated endogenous phospholipase A2 resulting in liberation of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation (Takahashi et al. Arachidonic Acid 156-172 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 112-128 1845801-6 1991 Moreover, the bradykinin-induced arachidonic acid release was unaffected by pertussis toxin and markedly inhibited by two treatments ineffective on glucose transport, the blockade of [Ca2+]i increases elicited by the peptide and the administration of the phospholipase A2 blocker, quinacrine. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 255-271 1812040-1 1991 Activation of enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4), the major liberator of arachidonic acid, has been proposed as a component in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Arachidonic Acid 75-91 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 21-37 2145278-7 1990 PAF-induced Ca2+ extrusion is blocked by 4-bromophenacylbromide, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid production by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 81-97 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 112-128 1851918-0 1991 Melittin stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis and placental lactogen release: arachidonic acid as a link between phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C signal-transduction pathways. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 115-131 20504706-4 1991 Although the brain levels of arachidonic acid-the precursor generating prostaglandins from the series 2-are very low, a plethora of stimuli appears to trigger its release from membrane phospholipids mainly by activation of phospholipase A(2) or subordinately phospholipase C; furthermore, its reesterification can also be subtly regulated by endogenous metabolic processes. Arachidonic Acid 29-45 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 223-241 2126023-6 1990 The addition of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C, enzymes to liberate arachidonic acid from phospholipids, also suppressed the secretion of prolactin. Arachidonic Acid 74-90 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 16-52 2121330-6 1990 This increase in arachidonic acid metabolism was associated with a 40% increase in phospholipase A2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 83-99 2121330-7 1990 Furthermore, the release of arachidonic acid metabolites was blocked by inhibitors of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 28-44 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 86-102 2119631-1 1990 Arachidonic acid (AA) is a second messenger liberated via receptor activation of phospholipase A2 or diacylglycerol-lipase. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-97 2123404-8 1990 Thus, plasma membrane phospholipase A2 seems to be involved mainly in the release of arachidonic acid in A23187-stimulated cells. Arachidonic Acid 85-101 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-38 2144778-8 1990 Furthermore, dexamethasone, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 activity, blocked TPA-induced increases in arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 104-120 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 44-60 2217203-3 1990 This additional phospholipase A2 selectively hydrolyzes fatty acid at the sn-2 position of the glycerol and favors phospholipids containing arachidonic acid, which is the rate-limiting precursor for prostaglandin and leukotriene production. Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 16-32 2241906-2 1990 Pre-treatment with the phospholipase A2 inhibitors mepacrine or dexamethasone prevented this stimulation and decreased the release of prostaglandin F2 alpha, implicating the action of phospholipase A2 and the subsequent metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in the stimulation of protein synthesis by physiological doses of insulin. Arachidonic Acid 234-250 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 23-39 2241906-2 1990 Pre-treatment with the phospholipase A2 inhibitors mepacrine or dexamethasone prevented this stimulation and decreased the release of prostaglandin F2 alpha, implicating the action of phospholipase A2 and the subsequent metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in the stimulation of protein synthesis by physiological doses of insulin. Arachidonic Acid 234-250 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 184-200 2218714-10 1990 As the enzyme responsible for the liberation of arachidonic acid from cell membranes, phospholipase A2 is the rate-limiting step in the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Arachidonic Acid 48-64 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 86-102 2290159-10 1990 The finding of low serum PLA2 activity adds to the spectrum of arachidonic acid pathway abnormalities associated with SSc, and may in part be related to the paucity of inflammatory changes observed in this disease. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 25-29 2201689-2 1990 The existence of an intracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) involved in the production of 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and free arachidonic acid has been repeatedly postulated. Arachidonic Acid 135-151 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-50 2201689-2 1990 The existence of an intracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) involved in the production of 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and free arachidonic acid has been repeatedly postulated. Arachidonic Acid 135-151 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 52-56 2171111-3 1990 We recently demonstrated that some factor(s) including endotoxin produced by the organism stimulates endogenous phospholipase A2 resulting in liberation of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation (Arch. Arachidonic Acid 156-172 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 112-128 2111695-6 1990 Addition of arachidonic acid, a molecule known to be released by endothelial cells due to phospholipase A2 activation by TNF treatment, released LPL from the cell surface. Arachidonic Acid 12-28 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 90-106 2108137-9 1990 We suggest a mechanism in which the activity of phospholipase A2 is regulated by Ca2+: in an unstimulated cell phospholipase A2 is found in the cytosol; upon receptor ligation the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration increases, and the enzyme becomes membrane-associated which facilitates arachidonic acid hydrolysis. Arachidonic Acid 281-297 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 48-64 2340304-8 1990 The implications for occurrence of arachidonate-selective phospholipase A2 are discussed. Arachidonic Acid 35-47 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 58-74 2143470-1 1990 Lipocortins are structurally related, glucocorticoid-inducible proteins that inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2), thereby reducing the liberation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids and so limiting the synthesis of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators. Arachidonic Acid 145-161 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 85-101 2143470-1 1990 Lipocortins are structurally related, glucocorticoid-inducible proteins that inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2), thereby reducing the liberation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids and so limiting the synthesis of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators. Arachidonic Acid 145-161 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 103-107 2111085-0 1990 The coumarin derivative AD6 inhibits the release of arachidonic acid by interfering with phospholipase A2 activity in human platelets stimulated with thrombin. Arachidonic Acid 52-68 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 89-105 2111570-5 1990 The phospholipase A2 inhibitor quinacrine was able to prevent the TPA-induced increase in PGE2 synthesis even in the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid suggesting that phospholipase A2 may be a target for PKC action. Arachidonic Acid 139-155 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 4-20 2111085-2 1990 It has been demonstrated that this compound reduces the production of free arachidonate and diglyceride from human platelets pulse-labeled with radioactive arachidonic acid thus suggesting a possible interference with the activity of phospholipase A2 and/or phospholipase C. The present report indicates that the drug has no effect on the increase of the labeling of phosphatidic acid which takes place when platelets pulse-labeled with arachidonic acid are stimulated with thrombin. Arachidonic Acid 156-172 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 234-250 2111085-2 1990 It has been demonstrated that this compound reduces the production of free arachidonate and diglyceride from human platelets pulse-labeled with radioactive arachidonic acid thus suggesting a possible interference with the activity of phospholipase A2 and/or phospholipase C. The present report indicates that the drug has no effect on the increase of the labeling of phosphatidic acid which takes place when platelets pulse-labeled with arachidonic acid are stimulated with thrombin. Arachidonic Acid 437-453 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 234-250 2111185-2 1990 The present studies were conducted to evaluate whether arachidonic acid, either added exogenously or released endogenously following treatment with physiologic (phospholipase A2) or pharmacologic (melittin) agents, influences basal and/or luteinizing hormone (LH)-induced cyclic adenosine 3",5"-monophosphate (cAMP) and progesterone production in granulosa cells from domestic hens. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 161-177 2159646-0 1990 Induction of endogenous arachidonic acid metabolism in human neutrophils with snake venom phospholipase A2, immune complexes, and A23187. Arachidonic Acid 24-40 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 90-106 2106348-4 1990 Of the enzymes involved in the availability and metabolism of arachidonic acid, phospholipase A2 activity was increased 2-fold in the membranes of TPA-differentiated U937 cells, whereas lysophosphatide acyltransferase activity remained unaltered. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 80-96 2315313-9 1990 These data suggest that 5-HT stimulated the release of arachidonic acid in hippocampal neurons through the activation of phospholipase A2, independent of the activation of phospholipase C. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 121-137 2154225-0 1990 Human cytomegalovirus stimulates arachidonic acid metabolism through pathways that are affected by inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2, tetracaine and quinacrine, inhibitors of protein kinases, H-7 and H-8, and a diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor reduced the level of CMV-induced [3H]AA release. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 113-129 2156191-1 1990 In response to ATP, astrocytes accumulate inositol phosphates and release arachidonic acid (AA) from phospholipid stores, events which may be linked through intracellular calcium mobilization and activation of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 74-90 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 210-226 2154987-7 1990 We conclude that by the synergistic action of fMLP and thimerosal the Ca2(+)-levels exceed the threshold for phospholipase A2 activation resulting in the liberation of arachidonic acid and subsequently in the formation of 5-lipoxygenase products. Arachidonic Acid 168-184 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 109-125 2105213-2 1990 Icosanoid formation in platelets depends on the concentration of free arachidonate that is mainly liberated from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 70-82 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 139-155 2075252-2 1990 The first step in prostaglandin synthesis is the liberation of arachidonic acid from glycerophospholipids by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 109-125 1965768-6 1990 Release of arachidonic acid by the action of PLA2 or other phospholipid hydrolyzing enzymes leads directly to the formation of cyclooxygenase products. Arachidonic Acid 11-27 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 45-49 1965768-15 1990 In many cell types, including human monocytes, phospholipase A2 commonly acts on substrates containing arachidonic acid (AA). Arachidonic Acid 103-119 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 47-63 1697360-3 1990 Prostaglandin synthesis is stimulated by phospholipase A2, which releases arachidonate from phospholipids, whereas a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C catalyzes formation of equimolar amounts of inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol. Arachidonic Acid 74-86 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 41-57 2128404-13 1990 As noted above, the most direct mechanism for initiation of PAF biosynthesis and arachidonate release would be activation of a phospholipase A2 as shown in Fig. Arachidonic Acid 81-93 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 127-143 2512508-1 1989 Activation of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors by neurotransmitter glutamate stimulates phospholipase A2 to release arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 93-109 33773784-7 2021 Mechanistically, based on phospholipidomics analysis, we found that calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) played a key role with regard to the OOV-mediated arachidonic acid (AA)/COX-2/PG pathway, whereas secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) are responsible for the OEO-mediated AA/COX-2/PG pathway. Arachidonic Acid 163-179 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 88-104 23214144-1 2012 Phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4, PLA2) belongs to the group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the ester bond at position sn-2 of glycerophospholipids and hence generate free fatty acids including arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 202-218 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 17459764-6 2007 Finally, PLA2 inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate blocked the PUFA effects on COX-2 induction, promoter activity and arachidonic acid mobilization suggesting involvement of AA metabolites in PPAR activation. Arachidonic Acid 128-144 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 9-13 34509476-4 2021 We hypothesized that lysoPC activates the lipid-cleaving enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which releases arachidonic acid (AA) from the cellular membrane to open arachidonate-regulated calcium channels, allowing calcium influx that promotes externalization and activation of TRPC6 channels. Arachidonic Acid 104-120 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 64-80 34509476-4 2021 We hypothesized that lysoPC activates the lipid-cleaving enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which releases arachidonic acid (AA) from the cellular membrane to open arachidonate-regulated calcium channels, allowing calcium influx that promotes externalization and activation of TRPC6 channels. Arachidonic Acid 104-120 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 82-86 34208346-2 2021 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a phospholipid metabolizing enzyme that releases free fatty acids, mostly arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids, which contribute to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting immune evasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasiveness. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 34208346-2 2021 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a phospholipid metabolizing enzyme that releases free fatty acids, mostly arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids, which contribute to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting immune evasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasiveness. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 34179599-1 2021 Surrounding inflammation activates phospholipase A2, which cleaves and releases arachidonic acid (ARA) from cell membranes. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 35-51 9745929-4 1998 Evidence is presented that gp120 causes an activation of phospholipase A2, resulting in the increased release of arachidonic acid, which may in turn sensitize the NMDA receptor. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 57-73 2557018-7 1989 The phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid pathway appears to be an important target for the physiologic action of cGMP, and EDRF, and for the pharmacologic action of nitrovasodilators. Arachidonic Acid 21-37 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 4-20 2777910-3 1989 Concomitantly phospholipase A2, the enzyme liberating the prostaglandin precursor arachidonic acid, was inhibited by dexamethasone in TPA-differentiated but not in undifferentiated U937 cells. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-30 2557829-6 1989 The results suggest that arachidonic acid, released by phospholipase A2, is necessary for both the activation and the maintenance of O2.- generation by the NADPH oxidase. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-71 2510770-4 1989 Much evidence has accumulated to implicate phospholipase A2 as the enzyme catalyzing arachidonate release, and suggesting that this effector enzyme, too, is activated by G proteins. Arachidonic Acid 85-97 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 43-59 2554968-4 1989 Release of arachidonic acid occurs without activation of phospholipase C and is therefore mediated by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 11-27 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 102-118 2554968-10 1989 These results indicate that protein phosphorylation, mediated by kinase C, promotes the phospholipase A2 dependent release of arachidonic acid in platelets when intracellular Ca2+ is elevated by Ca2+ ionophores. Arachidonic Acid 126-142 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 88-104 2553753-4 1989 Arachidonate accumulation appeared to be due, at least partially, to stimulation of a phospholipase A2 activity by heat shock and was accompanied by the accumulation of lysophosphatidyl-inositol and lysophosphatidylcholine in membranes. Arachidonic Acid 0-12 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 86-102 2730891-4 1989 From PC and PE, only free arachidonic acid was formed, suggesting the presence of a phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-like activity. Arachidonic Acid 26-42 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 84-100 2499357-7 1989 Since ionomycin and DiC8 induced relatively low levels of phosphatidic acid production, an indicator of phospholipase C activation, it was suggested that the increased arachidonic acid release was largely dependent upon phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 168-184 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 220-236 2543228-6 1989 We suggest that one such factor is the activation of PLA2 and the generation of various PLA2-dependent compounds such as arachidonic acid metabolites, lysophosphatidyl choline, and platelet-activating factor. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 88-92 2475235-3 1989 Phospholipase A2 activity (using [3H]arachidonic acid release as an index) and amylase secretion were both increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by melittin. Arachidonic Acid 37-53 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 2494164-5 1989 The result that U46619 did not induce arachidonic acid release despite the activation of phospholipase C suggested that arachidonic acid was not released via phospholipase C but by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 120-136 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 181-197 2646638-6 1989 Hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol by phospholipase A2 appears to be the source of angiogenin-mobilized arachidonate; angiogenin-induced hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine was not detected. Arachidonic Acid 104-116 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-54 2521636-2 1989 Glucocorticoids have been shown to decrease prostaglandin I2 synthesis in human endothelial cells, suggesting the possible involvement of lipocortin in the inhibition of arachidonic acid liberation achieved by phospholipase A2 (De Caterina, R., and Weksler, B. Arachidonic Acid 170-186 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 210-226 2495003-4 1989 Consistent with this notion, thimerosal induced endogenous platelet arachidonic acid (20:4) metabolism which could be attributed to enhanced 20:4 liberation, presumably by activation of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 186-202 2492640-5 1989 Arachidonic acid, which is produced from the action of phospholipase A2 on phospholipids, is metabolized to compounds which may act as second messengers regulating ion channels in Aplysia. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-71 2533778-7 1989 The formed lipocortin inhibits the activity of phospholipase A2, which releases arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostanoids and leukotrienes, from phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 47-63 2494375-1 1989 In contrast to many other cells, macrophages contain a phospholipase A2, which preferentially liberates arachidonic acid from the main phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 104-120 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-71 2500989-4 1989 Phospholipase A2 is activated by a variety of physical and chemical agents (e.g. infection, trauma) that increase calcium concentrations in the cell; it releases arachidonic acid from phosphatidyl-choline and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine in particular. Arachidonic Acid 162-178 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 2492195-8 1989 The data herein implicate activation of phospholipase A2 by endothelin with subsequent metabolism of arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway. Arachidonic Acid 101-117 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 40-56 2846550-3 1988 Arachidonic acid (AA) release through phospholipase A2 activation and metabolism by 5-lipoxygenase are important activities of PMN during inflammation and could be involved in the process of primed stimulation. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 38-54 2494431-5 1989 Moreover, inhibitors of phospholipase A2 blocked both the increase in arachidonic acid release and the induction of TNF transcripts. Arachidonic Acid 70-86 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 24-40 3057898-7 1988 Phospholipase A2 action generates arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 2561950-1 1989 Exposure of brown fat cells to phenylephrine, an agonist of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, activates a phospholipase A2 which releases arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 134-150 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 102-118 3142461-6 1988 The data provide evidence in a human tumor cell line for calcium/phospholipase A2-dependent and independent pathways for arachidonic acid release, both of which preferentially hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 65-81 3142812-7 1988 Thrombin-induced activation of phospholipase C (measured as the release of [1-14C]phosphatidic acid) and phospholipase A2 (measured as the release of [1-14C]arachidonic acid and its metabolites) was greatly impaired in platelets from patients with severe liver impairment. Arachidonic Acid 150-173 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 105-121 3149278-2 1988 An aim of the present study is to clarify the role of phospholipase A2 in the arachidonic acid metabolism within human platelets. Arachidonic Acid 78-94 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 54-70 3149278-3 1988 Phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine with arachidonate at the sn-2 position of glycerol was cleaved efficiently by phospholipase A2 activity in homogenates as well as in the cytoplasmic fraction of human platelets, leading to the selective liberation of free arachidonate, whereas phospholipids with linoleate were hardly hydrolyzed under the same conditions. Arachidonic Acid 53-65 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 126-142 3149278-3 1988 Phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine with arachidonate at the sn-2 position of glycerol was cleaved efficiently by phospholipase A2 activity in homogenates as well as in the cytoplasmic fraction of human platelets, leading to the selective liberation of free arachidonate, whereas phospholipids with linoleate were hardly hydrolyzed under the same conditions. Arachidonic Acid 270-282 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 126-142 3408741-1 1988 Secretion of human platelet dense granule contents in response to epinephrine and other weak agonists requires the prior liberation of membrane-esterified arachidonic acid by a phospholipase A2 enzyme species whose activity is regulated by Na+/H+ exchange (e.g., Sweatt et al. Arachidonic Acid 155-171 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 177-193 3134504-5 1988 Arachidonic acid utilized in the production of eicosanoids is derived from phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C. When U937 cells were cultured in medium supplemented with gamma-interferon, there was a striking increase in the level of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase A2 activities and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activity as compared to control cells. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 106-122 3065613-2 1988 In the perfused liver, responses (e.g. vasoconstriction and glycogenolysis) to stimulating agents such as zymosan, platelet-activating factor and arachidonic acid, are inhibited by indomethacin and bromophenacyl bromide, inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase and phospholipase A2, respectively. Arachidonic Acid 146-162 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 255-271 3391275-7 1988 The present study demonstrates that the effect of diacylglycerol to augment arachidonate metabolism is at the level of phospholipase A2, itself. Arachidonic Acid 76-88 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 119-135 3355850-2 1988 Hydrolysis of alkylarachidonoyl-GPC by phospholipase A2 may initiate the biosynthesis of both PAF and eicosanoids, since alkyllyso-GPC is formed for acetylation to PAF and arachidonic acid is liberated for conversion to biologically active metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 172-188 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 39-55 2465609-0 1988 Receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 via GTP-binding proteins: arachidonic acid and its metabolites as second messengers. Arachidonic Acid 75-91 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-48 2831072-1 1988 A major route for the release of arachidonic acid from platelet phospholipids appears to be catalyzed by a phospholipase A2 that can be stimulated by a rise of cytosolic Ca2+. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 107-123 3123482-9 1988 This specific activation of an intracellular phospholipase A2 activity during cell stimulation indicates that cell compartmentalization may play a role in the formation of cell-activating and/or signal-transducing agents through the generation of arachidonate metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 247-259 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 45-61 3146318-10 1988 Release of [3H]arachidonate by BK was deficient in NCL fibroblasts, suggesting that the primary defect in NCL could involve the deficiency of a specific phospholipase A2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 15-27 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 153-169 3289482-7 1988 Diacylglycerol may interact with diacylglycerol lipase to generate arachidonic acid, which, together with arachidonic acid generated by the interaction of phospholipase A2 on membrane phospholipids, produces eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 67-83 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 155-171 3289482-7 1988 Diacylglycerol may interact with diacylglycerol lipase to generate arachidonic acid, which, together with arachidonic acid generated by the interaction of phospholipase A2 on membrane phospholipids, produces eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 106-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 155-171 2447192-1 1988 It is now well established that epidermis, like many other tissues, contains a phospholipase A2 that is responsible for the initiation of the arachidonic acid cascade. Arachidonic Acid 142-158 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 79-95 3120720-5 1987 These results indicate that arachidonate release and DG formation are differently affected by these agents acting on guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins), suggesting that the distinct G proteins modulate the activity of phospholipase C and phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 28-40 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 252-268 3117829-5 1987 However, no difference in either phospholipid or phospholipase A2-releasable arachidonic acid of individual phospholipid classes was found in amnion tissue from women with normal and dysfunctional labor, suggesting similar activities of phospholipase A2 in these two groups. Arachidonic Acid 77-93 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 49-65 3117829-6 1987 The finding of decreased free and phospholipase A2-releasable arachidonic acid of the total lipid extract of the amnion of women with dysfunctional labor could suggest further metabolic exhaustion of the substrate or failure of liberation of this fatty acid from glycerophospholipids by enzymes other than phospholipase A2, such as phospholipase C or diacyl and monoacylglycerolipases. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-50 3117829-6 1987 The finding of decreased free and phospholipase A2-releasable arachidonic acid of the total lipid extract of the amnion of women with dysfunctional labor could suggest further metabolic exhaustion of the substrate or failure of liberation of this fatty acid from glycerophospholipids by enzymes other than phospholipase A2, such as phospholipase C or diacyl and monoacylglycerolipases. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 306-322 3660410-7 1987 The major products of phospholipase A2 activity, arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine, when exogenously added, also greatly increased hemolysis induced by halothane, with arachidonic acid most closely resembling the synergism observed with phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 179-195 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-38 2888113-12 1987 The data suggest that bradykinin receptors are coupled by GTP-binding proteins to both phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 and that phospholipase A2 is the enzyme that catalyzes release of arachidonate for prostaglandin synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 190-202 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 133-149 3120512-3 1987 In the present study, we have characterized more fully the relationship between PLA2 activation and arachidonate metabolism in these cells. Arachidonic Acid 100-112 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 80-84 3111928-6 1987 Corticosteroids prevent the formation of both PGs and LTs by causing the release of lipocortin, which by inhibition of phospholipase A2 reduces arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 144-160 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 119-135 3110148-1 1987 Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) stimulated with thrombin are known to synthesize prostacyclin at least in part from arachidonate released by phospholipase A2, an enzyme directly activated by calcium. Arachidonic Acid 140-152 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 165-181 3110145-12 1987 There is subsequent activation of phospholipase A2, which in turn liberates arachidonate from PI. Arachidonic Acid 76-88 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-50 3112131-0 1987 Guanine nucleotides stimulate arachidonic acid release by phospholipase A2 in saponin-permeabilized human platelets. Arachidonic Acid 30-46 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 58-74 3559272-1 1987 Arachidonic acid (AA), the precursor of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, can be directly liberated from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 or indirectly by phospholipase C. One or both of these enzymes may be responsible for the increased content of AA found in psoriatic lesional epidermis. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 130-146 3100296-0 1987 Stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism via phospholipase A2 by triethyl lead. Arachidonic Acid 15-31 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 47-63 3595474-5 1987 In contrast, the corticosteroids facilitate the release of lipocortin which, through inhibition of phospholipase A2 reduces arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 124-140 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-115 3695503-11 1987 Phospholipase A2 is favoured as the rate-limiting step in the generation of arachidonic acid for prostaglandin synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 76-92 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 3092867-1 1986 In stimulated neutrophils the production of eicosinoids and the lipid mediator, platelet-activating factor, is thought to be initiated by the activation of a phospholipase A2 which cleaves arachidonic acid from choline-containing glycerophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 189-205 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 158-174 3019332-0 1986 Activation of NADPH-oxidase by arachidonic acid involves phospholipase A2 in intact human neutrophils but not in the cell-free system. Arachidonic Acid 31-47 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 57-73 2936963-2 1986 These proteins are thought to control the biosynthesis of the potent mediators of inflammation, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, by inhibiting the release of their common precursor, arachidonic acid, a process that requires phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 182-198 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 224-240 3485054-5 1986 We suggest that PAMBA reduces the accumulation of bronchoconstrictory metabolites of arachidonic acid via inhibition of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 85-101 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 120-136 4067476-6 1985 The results indicate that phospholipase A2 activity in human endometrium is related to the stage of the menstrual cycle and suggest that arachidonic acid release may be influenced by oestradiol and progesterone. Arachidonic Acid 137-153 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 26-42 3933504-4 1985 It is suggested that platelet activation by palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid involves an initial mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ with subsequent activation of phospholipase A2; the arachidonic acid metabolites formed then stimulate phospholipase C. Arachidonic Acid 183-199 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 161-177 2981527-2 1985 Arachidonic acid is cleaved from phospholipids by phospholipase A2 and converted by the platelets to endoperoxides, and then to thromboxane A2. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 50-66 4076840-2 1985 Stimulators of phospholipase A2 are used in the procedure of MDA production in order to obtain the final quantity (MDAa) which corresponds to the total amount of arachidonic acid present; without stimulation the production of MDA is minimal in non-activated platelets (MDA non-activated). Arachidonic Acid 162-178 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 15-31 4092816-3 1985 In contrast to rat tissues, the human placental blood vessel PLA2 showed a selective preference for arachidonate over linoleate acyl group at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine. Arachidonic Acid 100-112 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 61-65 6523448-8 1984 It is suggested that the profound effect of TFP on arachidonic acid liberation but not myosin phosphorylation is due to different subcellular localization of these calmodulin-requiring enzymes: phospholipase A2 and myosin light chain kinase. Arachidonic Acid 51-67 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 194-210 6734238-6 1984 The results indicate that the markedly enhanced activity of phospholipase A2, but not phospholipase C, that occurs during platelet storage leads to the deterioration of aggregation and arachidonic acid liberation in response to thrombin. Arachidonic Acid 185-201 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 60-76 6328532-3 1984 Instead, we have found that muscarinic or histamine H1 receptor stimulation elicits the release of arachidonic acid through a quinacrine-sensitive mechanism, possibly phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 99-115 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 167-183 6425068-2 1984 Phospholipase A2 and 4 beta-phorbol 12 beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate (PMA), which increase the intracellular availability of arachidonic acid, potently stimulated TSH release from anterior pituitary cells continuously perifused in columns and from hemipituitary glands in vitro. Arachidonic Acid 127-143 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 6361069-3 1984 Several observations indicate that IFN stimulates PGI2 synthesis at the level of the enzymes phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase: (a) PGI2 production was dependent upon the supply of exogenous arachidonic acid or the liberation of endogenous cellular arachidonate by ionophore A23187, but was not observed when IFN-treated cells were exposed to the endoperoxide prostaglandin H2. Arachidonic Acid 193-209 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 93-109 2840967-7 1988 We conclude that the observed inhibition of thrombin-induced arachidonic acid mobilization by R59 022 may be due to its effects on the activities of diacylglycerol lipase/phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 171-187 2454329-1 1988 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a key enzyme that initiates the arachidonic acid cascade responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, compounds well known for their inflammatory properties. Arachidonic Acid 59-75 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 2454329-1 1988 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a key enzyme that initiates the arachidonic acid cascade responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, compounds well known for their inflammatory properties. Arachidonic Acid 59-75 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 3203637-4 1988 In this study, the platelet was used to show that MEHP inhibits phospholipase A2 (PLA2), one of enzymes important in the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 132-148 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 64-80 3203637-4 1988 In this study, the platelet was used to show that MEHP inhibits phospholipase A2 (PLA2), one of enzymes important in the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 132-148 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 82-86 3133309-6 1988 Cytolysis was reduced, however, by inhibitors of the arachidonate metabolic pathway involving cytochrome P450-dependent reductase, but only at reagent concentrations that also inhibited phospholipase A2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 53-65 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 186-202 3135636-6 1988 Within the concentration ranges that inhibited collagen-induced aggregation, vinblastine also suppressed reversibly Ca2+ influx and arachidonic acid liberation from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 132-148 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 191-207 3135636-8 1988 These results suggest that vinblastine interacts non-specifically with the cell membrane to cause reversible inhibition of arachidonic acid liberation by phospholipase A2 and Ca2+ influx and thereby aggregation through physical perturbation of membrane lipid bilayer, independent of the activity to disassemble platelet microtubule system. Arachidonic Acid 123-139 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 154-170 3129527-5 1988 Therefore, phospholipase A2 activity was calculated as the rate of the release of arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine under the conditions used. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 11-27 3138901-0 1988 Phospholipase A2 stimulated release of lipoxin B4 formation from endogenous sources of arachidonic acid in porcine leukocytes. Arachidonic Acid 87-103 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 3138901-1 1988 Incubation of an isoenzyme of phospholipase A2 (PLA2, isolated from snake venom) with porcine leukocytes resulted in the formation of several trihydroxytetraene- containing compounds which were derived from endogenous sources of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 229-245 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 30-46 3138901-1 1988 Incubation of an isoenzyme of phospholipase A2 (PLA2, isolated from snake venom) with porcine leukocytes resulted in the formation of several trihydroxytetraene- containing compounds which were derived from endogenous sources of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 229-245 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 48-52 3240001-0 1988 Preterm labor and bacterial intra-amniotic infection: arachidonic acid liberation by the action of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-115 3240001-2 1988 The studies presented in this report were undertaken to evaluate whether bacterial products stimulate endogenous phospholipid hydrolysis and arachidonic acid liberation by the action of phospholipase A2, a rate-limiting step for PG synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 141-157 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 186-202 3240001-6 1988 Phospholipase A2 is suggested as a mechanism for the onset of labor associated with intra-amniotic infection and arachidonic acid liberation. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 2851696-2 1988 This Fc gamma R-mediated O2- generation was inhibited by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, 4-p-bromophenacyl bromide (4-pBPB), in parallel to the dose-dependent inhibition of arachidonic acid release. Arachidonic Acid 171-187 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 59-75 3426599-1 1987 Macrophages exhibit high activities of a phospholipase A2 which preferentially cleaves arachidonic acid (I. Flesch, B. Schmidt, and E. Ferber, Z. Naturforsch. Arachidonic Acid 87-103 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 41-57 3440857-7 1987 The release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 and of diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate by phospholipase C, the metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathway, the activation of membrane NADPH oxidase by diacylglycerol and the calcium mobilisation by inositol trisphosphate are necessary for the chemiluminescence reaction. Arachidonic Acid 15-31 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 35-51 3660410-10 1987 Dantrolene and mepacrine antagonized the synergism between halothane and phospholipase A2 most likely by reducing the lytic action of halothane in the presence of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 163-179 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 73-89 2887563-2 1987 The regulation of pineal phospholipase A2 activity was studied indirectly by measuring the release of [3H]arachidonic acid from [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled tissue in organ culture and the formation of radiolabeled lysophosphatidylcholine by glands labeled with 32Pi or [14C]choline. Arachidonic Acid 106-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 25-41 2887563-2 1987 The regulation of pineal phospholipase A2 activity was studied indirectly by measuring the release of [3H]arachidonic acid from [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled tissue in organ culture and the formation of radiolabeled lysophosphatidylcholine by glands labeled with 32Pi or [14C]choline. Arachidonic Acid 132-148 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 25-41 2887563-10 1987 The effects of norepinephrine, A23187, and protein kinase C activators appear to be mediated by phospholipase A2 because the effects of these compounds on [3H]arachidonic acid release are blocked by an established inhibitor of this enzyme, mepacrine, and because these compounds stimulate the formation of 32P- and 14C-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine by glands incubated with 32Pi or [14C]choline. Arachidonic Acid 159-175 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 96-112 3111541-0 1987 Evidence for the release of arachidonic acid through the selective action of phospholipase A2 in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. Arachidonic Acid 28-44 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 77-93 3111541-1 1987 The release of arachidonic acid from thrombin-stimulated platelets can be attributed to the action of phospholipase A2 on membrane phospholipid. Arachidonic Acid 15-31 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 102-118 3111541-7 1987 Thus, deacylation of membrane 1,2-diacylglycerophosphocholine and 1,2-diacylglycerophosphoethanolamine by phospholipase A2 is selective for those molecular species of phospholipid containing arachidonic acid, suggesting that a certain proportion of arachidonoyl-containing molecular species of phospholipid are compartmentalized with the platelet membrane proximal to the site of action of this enzyme. Arachidonic Acid 191-207 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 106-122 3477611-8 1987 Allantoic fluid (20 mg dry weight/ml) inhibited arachidonic acid-stimulated PG synthesis (PGE2 by 48.6 +/- 13.8% and PGF2 alpha by 44.2 +/- 7.7%) and PLA2-stimulated PG synthesis (PGE2 by 60.6 +/- 11.6% and PGF2 alpha by 74.8 +/- 8.5%). Arachidonic Acid 48-64 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 150-154 3113425-6 1987 These results indicate that inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate formation and arachidonate release and thromboxane synthesis are controlled separately and are mediated by different G-proteins which are coupled to phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 respectively in platelets. Arachidonic Acid 70-82 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 225-241 3113426-4 1987 Since no significant formation of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid via phospholipase C was observed, the arachidonate liberation was considered to be mainly catalyzed by phospholipase A2 action. Arachidonic Acid 109-121 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 174-190 3113426-6 1987 These results indicate evidence that neomycin evokes Ca2+ mobilization from internal stores, which leads to activation of phospholipase A2 to release arachidonic acid in human platelets. Arachidonic Acid 150-166 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 122-138 3034067-5 1987 These data postulate that phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis by the base exchange reaction may be the precursor of transmethylation and its subsequent activation of phospholipase A2, leading to the induction of arachidonic acid cascade. Arachidonic Acid 211-227 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 165-181 3107559-1 1987 In dimethylsulfoxide-differentiated HL60 granulocytes, the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (FMLP) augments arachidonic acid (AA) release via phospholipase A2 activity induced by the Ca2+-ionophore, A23187. Arachidonic Acid 116-132 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 150-166 3107549-0 1987 A phospholipase A2 isoenzyme provokes lipoxin B formation from endogenous sources of arachidonic acid in porcine leukocytes. Arachidonic Acid 85-101 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 2-18 3107549-1 1987 Porcine leukocytes incubated with an isoenzyme of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (isolated from snake venom) produced several trihydroxytetraene- containing compounds which were derived from endogenous sources of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 206-222 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 50-66 3107549-1 1987 Porcine leukocytes incubated with an isoenzyme of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (isolated from snake venom) produced several trihydroxytetraene- containing compounds which were derived from endogenous sources of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 206-222 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 68-72 3112131-4 1987 The loss of [3H]arachidonate radioactivity from phosphatidylcholine was almost equivalent to the increase in released [3H]arachidonic acid, suggesting the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 16-28 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 192-208 3112131-6 1987 These data indicate that the release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 in saponin-treated platelets may be linked to a GTP-binding protein. Arachidonic Acid 40-56 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 60-76 3794719-8 1987 These results indicated that arachidonic acid was predominantly liberated from inositol-containing phospholipids by phospholipase C, and by the diglyceride lipase and monoglyceride lipase system rather than from phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine by phospholipase A2 or plasmalogenase or choline phosphotransferase during the early period of ischemia. Arachidonic Acid 29-45 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 263-279 2961939-2 1987 This family of lipocortins includes inhibitory proteins on phospholipase A2, phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C. Hence, glucocorticoids reduce the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting cellular phospholipases, enzymes that degrade membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid, a precursor. Arachidonic Acid 308-324 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 59-75 3099782-4 1986 The results presented here strongly suggest that the amount of arachidonic acid released in macrophages in response to phagocytic challenge could be accounted for by a phospholipase C-diglyceride lipase system being unnecessary the presence of phospholipase A2 whose activity, on the other hand, was found vanishingly small in macrophage homogenates. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 244-260 3021886-5 1986 Thus phospholipase A2 released at least twice as much arachidonate as phospholipase C-diglyceride lipase. Arachidonic Acid 54-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 5-21 3021886-9 1986 Thus, upon high-dose thrombin stimulation of human platelets inositide metabolism via phospholipase C directs initial formation of intracellular second messengers, and sequentially, or in parallel, arachidonate release by phospholipase A2 supplies the larger proportion of arachidonate for syntheses of eicosanoids involved in intercellular communication. Arachidonic Acid 198-210 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 222-238 3021886-9 1986 Thus, upon high-dose thrombin stimulation of human platelets inositide metabolism via phospholipase C directs initial formation of intracellular second messengers, and sequentially, or in parallel, arachidonate release by phospholipase A2 supplies the larger proportion of arachidonate for syntheses of eicosanoids involved in intercellular communication. Arachidonic Acid 273-285 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 222-238 3004596-3 1986 One of the commercial calmodulin sources contained a relatively high specific phospholipase A2 activity (1.30 +/- 0.11 nmol [1-14C]arachidonic acid released/mg protein per h) and yielded two major bands in SDS-gel electrophoresis. Arachidonic Acid 124-147 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 78-94 3080542-5 1986 This stimulation-induced incorporation of fatty acids into cellular phospholipids was directed exlusively into position 2 of the lipid and probably reflects the reacylation of lysophospholipids after the release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 215-231 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 235-251 3080290-1 1986 Prostaglandins (PGs) are products of polyunsaturated acid metabolism, particularly arachidonic acid (AA) released from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2 in response to a variety of physical, chemical, and neurohormonal factors. Arachidonic Acid 83-99 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 159-175 3018086-10 1986 In addition, they might explain the therapeutic efficiency of glucocorticosteroids, which among other actions inhibit the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipid stores by blocking the enzyme phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 133-149 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 198-214 3938939-4 1985 This mobilisation of calcium is essential for the activation of the phospholipase A2 which regulates the liberation of arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine, precursors of different lipid mediators (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, platelet activating factor or PAF-acether...). Arachidonic Acid 119-135 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 68-84 3930496-8 1985 Thus, the potentiation of arachidonic acid release by PMA appeared to be due to phospholipase A2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 26-42 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 80-96 3930496-9 1985 These results suggest that diacylglycerol formed in response to stimulation of platelet receptors by agonists may cooperatively promote release of arachidonic acid via a Ca2+/phospholipase A2-dependent pathway. Arachidonic Acid 147-163 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 175-191 3928192-5 1985 The first step implicates a phospholipase A2 that hydrolyzes a long-chain fatty acid (which can be arachidonic acid) from membrane phospholipids, leaving the intermediate compound lyso PAF-acether, a PAF-acether precursor that is acetylated by an acetyltransferase in a second step. Arachidonic Acid 99-115 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 28-44 2413502-2 1985 These drugs have been shown in a variety of tissues to inhibit phospholipase A2, and thus to reduce the availability of arachidonate, which is a substrate for leukotriene biosynthesis. Arachidonic Acid 120-132 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 63-79 3922982-0 1985 Lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid modulate biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) by human neutrophils via phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 168-184 4003201-4 1985 The production or increase in production of thromboxanes may be induced by lymphotoxins since these substances have been reported to activate phospholipase A2 in target cell membranes, which may result in release of the thromboxane precursor, arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 243-259 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 142-158 6239494-5 1984 The enhanced rate of arachidonic acid release suggests that DHA-sulphate stimulates phospholipase A2 activity. Arachidonic Acid 21-37 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 84-100 6430571-3 1984 However, p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), which is an active site inhibitor of PA2, irreversibly abrogated NK activity of pretreated lymphocytes, disrupted target cell binding, and reduced [14C]arachidonic acid incorporation by 70-80% as compared to controls. Arachidonic Acid 192-208 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 77-80 6364450-2 1984 This inhibition was counteracted by the addition of exogenous arachidonic acid, which suggested that ethanol suppressed the liberation of arachidonic acid, evidently by inhibiting phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 180-196 6364450-2 1984 This inhibition was counteracted by the addition of exogenous arachidonic acid, which suggested that ethanol suppressed the liberation of arachidonic acid, evidently by inhibiting phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 138-154 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 180-196 6413878-3 1983 Phospholipase A2 and phorbol myristate acetate, substances that increase intracellular concentrations of arachidonic acid, markedly stimulated prolactin release by dispersed pituitary cells and by anterior pituitary glands incubated in vitro. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 6194706-7 1983 Collectively, these results suggest that PLA2 activation plays a central role in histamine release from human basophils via generation of lysophosphatidylcholine or products of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. Arachidonic Acid 205-221 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 41-45 3134504-5 1988 Arachidonic acid utilized in the production of eicosanoids is derived from phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C. When U937 cells were cultured in medium supplemented with gamma-interferon, there was a striking increase in the level of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase A2 activities and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activity as compared to control cells. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 324-340 6811589-5 1982 A third fraction of phosphatidylinositol, sensitive to thrombin (0.5-2 units/ml) or ionophore A23187 (0.5-2 microM), can be degraded by phospholipase A2 to lysophosphatidylinositol with the concomitant liberation of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 216-232 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 136-152 6795196-3 1981 The effect of 1-oleoyl-lysophosphatidic acid (10 microM) plus thrombin (0.2 unit/ml) on the formation of phosphatidic acid temporally precedes the production of arachidonate metabolites consistent with a sequential activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 activities. Arachidonic Acid 161-173 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 279-295 6752047-8 1982 Nonetheless, arachidonate metabolites were critical for the LAI phenomenon since BPB and mepacrine, inhibitors of phospholipase A2, negated the LAI response. Arachidonic Acid 13-25 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 114-130 6818708-2 1982 Additionally, phospholipase-A2-induced aggregation was performed as a probe for arachidonic acid located at the platelet surface. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-30 6289843-9 1982 21, 240S (1981)] led to the suggestion that this effect was due to a stimulation of phospholipase A2 resulting in the release of free arachidonic acid which was then partly converted into the prostaglandin(s) normally synthesized by the particular target system. Arachidonic Acid 134-150 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 84-100 6811781-0 1982 Evidence for predominance of phospholipase A2 in release of arachidonic acid in thrombin-activated platelets: phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C may play a minor role in arachidonate liberation. Arachidonic Acid 60-76 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 29-45 6785276-9 1981 The further breakdown of PI and production of arachidonic acid might result from the action of quinacrine-sensitive activities (i.e. phospholipase A2). Arachidonic Acid 46-62 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 133-149 6803530-4 1981 Indeed, we have detected a phosphatidic acid-specific phospholipase A2 in platelets, which might have an important role in the liberation of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 141-157 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 54-70 7271829-0 1981 Studies on the arachidonic acid cascade--I. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 in vitro and in vivo by several novel series of inhibitor compounds. Arachidonic Acid 15-31 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 58-74 6785276-10 1981 The simplest scheme is one in which thrombin specifically produces an active fraction of PA which in some way results in the subsequent production of arachidonic acid from various phospholipids (including PI), perhaps by activation of quinacrine-sensitive phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 150-166 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 256-272 7007379-6 1981 The phospholipase A2 inhibitors, chloroquine and quinacrine, prevented the effect of GnRH on arachidonic acid formation and LH release. Arachidonic Acid 93-109 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 4-20 7219556-3 1981 Many agents that stimulate cell prostaglandin production act by releasing arachidonic acid, presumably by activating phospholipase A2 (refs 10, 11) or phospholipase C (refs 12, 13), depending on the cell system used. Arachidonic Acid 74-90 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 117-133 6787359-5 1981 Although no definite statement can be made about the mechanism of release of arachidonate, our data are most easily interpreted as the result of the action of a phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 77-89 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 161-177 7462211-1 1981 Support for the phospholipase A2 pathway for the liberation of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 16-32 6788714-5 1981 With bromphenylacylbromide and eicosatetraynoic acid, ECF generation as well as the chemotaxis of eosinophils is inhibited suggesting that the phospholipase A2-arachidonic acid pathway represents a common link for ECF release as well as for the chemotaxis of eosinophils. Arachidonic Acid 160-176 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 143-159 6788714-7 1981 Incubation of phospholipase A2 and phospholipids with the ECF-converting enzyme led to potent ECF indicating that addition of phospholipids provides the soluble ECF-generating system with an additional source of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 212-228 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-30 6251493-1 1980 delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) caused a marked stimulation of phospholipase A2 when incubated with intact human platelets that were prelabeled with [14C] arachidonate. Arachidonic Acid 180-192 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 88-104 262546-4 1978 The calcium flux stimulates phospholipase A2 to cleave arachidonic acid from platelet phospholipids starting the cascade of prostaglandin synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 28-44 6246490-4 1980 The increased release of arachidonic acid is caused by the action of phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) and corresponds to increased turnover of methylated phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 69-85 6770461-2 1980 Since the activation of cells by the ionophore and during the phagocytic event leads to phospholipid turnover, with the subsequent generation of arachidonic acid, it is reasonable that phospholipase A2 represents the common link for ECF production. Arachidonic Acid 145-161 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 185-201 698401-6 1978 These data support our hypothesis that the main mechanism responsible for the potentiation of platelet aggregation is the release of arachidonic acid from platelet membrane phospholipids via the activation of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 133-149 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 209-225 629287-7 1978 The results of this study are consistent with the view that human fetal membrane phospholipase A2 that preferentially hydrolyzes the phosphatidylethanolamines that contain arachidonic acid in the sn-2 position is, in part, responsible for the highly selective accumulation of free arachidonic acid in the amniotic fluid of women in labor. Arachidonic Acid 172-188 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-97 629287-7 1978 The results of this study are consistent with the view that human fetal membrane phospholipase A2 that preferentially hydrolyzes the phosphatidylethanolamines that contain arachidonic acid in the sn-2 position is, in part, responsible for the highly selective accumulation of free arachidonic acid in the amniotic fluid of women in labor. Arachidonic Acid 281-297 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-97 6943585-8 1981 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also directly shown to display phospholipase A2-like activity, as measured by the decrease in radioactive arachidonate from prelabeled phospholipids, specifically phosphatidylcholine, in effector cells. Arachidonic Acid 146-158 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 71-87 111464-3 1979 The liberation of arachidonic acid from membrane-bound phospholipids, induced by the enzyme phospholipase A2, may be inhibited by mepacrine and the steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Arachidonic Acid 18-34 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 92-108 181989-6 1976 At parturition a perturbation of the lysosomal membrane within the chorio-amnion could result in an increased release of free arachidonic acid through an accelerated activity of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 126-142 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 178-194 326813-3 1977 We conclude that the activation of phospholipase A2 responsible for freeing arachidonic acid from platelet phosphatides is solely dependent upon the increased cytoplasmic levels of calcium ions promoted by either ionophore or, in an energy-dependent fashion by thrombin. Arachidonic Acid 76-92 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 35-51 874074-5 1977 The present studies show that human platelets contain phospholipase A2 activities that preferentially release arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 110-126 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 54-70 32179174-1 2020 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are small lipolytic hydrolases that can regulate immune responses through generation of Arachidonic Acid (AA), a precursor molecule of lipid mediators like prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes. Arachidonic Acid 120-136 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 33557740-8 2022 Cyclic phospholipase A2 plays a fundamental role in the production of prostaglandins by releasing arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 98-114 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 7-23 33535438-2 2021 We begin with eicosanoid biosynthesis through the actions of phospholipase A2, responsible for hydrolyzing the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (18:2n-6), from cellular phospholipids, which is subsequently converted into arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) via elongases and desaturases. Arachidonic Acid 234-250 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 61-77 33263931-2 2020 Cytokines/chemokines excite phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenases (COX), facilitating the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from membrane glycerophospholipids, in which the former is oxidized to produce pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane"s), which intensify the neuroinflammatory events in the brain. Arachidonic Acid 100-116 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 28-44 32750662-4 2020 The release of arachidonic acid from membranes via phospholipase A2 is the rate-limiting step for eicosanoid synthesis and is increased in CF, which contributes to the observed inflammation. Arachidonic Acid 15-31 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 51-67 32179174-1 2020 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are small lipolytic hydrolases that can regulate immune responses through generation of Arachidonic Acid (AA), a precursor molecule of lipid mediators like prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes. Arachidonic Acid 120-136 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 30792667-6 2018 The relatively low concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) present in insect phospholipids (PLs) (< 0.1% in some species) indicate that PLA2 may hydrolyze linoleic acid (LA) as a precursor of eicosanoid biosynthesis. Arachidonic Acid 37-53 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 139-143 32392840-1 2020 Arachidonic acid (AA) is a phospholipase A2 metabolite that has been reported to mediate a plethora of cellular mechanisms involved in healthy and pathological states such as platelet aggregation, lymphocyte activation, and tissue inflammation. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 27-43 32161117-1 2020 The canonical pathway of eicosanoid production in most mammalian cells is initiated by phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid, followed by its enzymatic oxidation resulting in a vast array of eicosanoid products. Arachidonic Acid 124-140 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 87-103 30905345-1 2019 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are the upstream regulators of the eicosanoid pathway liberating free arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 30905345-1 2019 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are the upstream regulators of the eicosanoid pathway liberating free arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 31126681-1 2019 The canonical Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) metabolites lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and arachidonic acid (ARA) affect regulated exocytosis in a wide variety of cells and are proposed to directly influence membrane merger owing to their respective spontaneous curvatures. Arachidonic Acid 84-100 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 14-30 31126681-1 2019 The canonical Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) metabolites lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and arachidonic acid (ARA) affect regulated exocytosis in a wide variety of cells and are proposed to directly influence membrane merger owing to their respective spontaneous curvatures. Arachidonic Acid 84-100 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-36 30486893-2 2018 They can suppress the release of arachidonic acid from mast cell membranes, via phospholipase A2 and eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibition. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 80-96 31172467-2 2019 In mammalian cells, natural arachidonic acid (cis-AA), released by activated phospholipase-A2, plays an important role in the activation of the NADPH oxidase, but the mechanism of action of cis-AA is still a matter of debate. Arachidonic Acid 28-44 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 77-93 30383833-5 2018 Phospholipase A2 enzymatic cleavage of arachidonic acid from AsPC-1 exosomes reduced fusion efficiency. Arachidonic Acid 39-55 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 28887431-6 2017 The rate-limiting step of eicosanoid generation is the liberation of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2, and the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)alpha isoform has been specifically shown to direct LTB4 synthesis in certain contexts. Arachidonic Acid 69-85 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 89-105 29342349-5 2018 Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the optimal phospholipid binding mode leading to a detailed understanding of the preference of cytosolic phospholipase A2 for cleavage of proinflammatory arachidonic acid, calcium-independent phospholipase A2, which is involved in membrane remodeling for cleavage of linoleic acid and for antibacterial secreted phospholipase A2 favoring linoleic acid, saturated fatty acids, and phosphatidylglycerol. Arachidonic Acid 194-210 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 145-161 29577851-3 2018 Arachidonic acid is released by phospholipase A2 activity and clinical observations have shown a link between mutations in PLA2G6, the gene responsible for the production of phospholipase A2, and early-onset types of parkinsonism. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 32-48 29577851-3 2018 Arachidonic acid is released by phospholipase A2 activity and clinical observations have shown a link between mutations in PLA2G6, the gene responsible for the production of phospholipase A2, and early-onset types of parkinsonism. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 174-190 29577851-4 2018 It is unknown how phospholipase A2-driven release of arachidonic acid can affect the conformation of alphasynuclein. Arachidonic Acid 53-69 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-34 29577851-5 2018 OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to investigate if phospholipase A2-induced release of arachidonic acid can induce changes in conformation and aggregation state of alpha-synuclein. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 66-82 29577851-11 2018 RESULTS: Phospholipase A2 is capable of releasing arachidonic acid from biomimetic phospholipid membranes. Arachidonic Acid 50-66 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 9-25 29577851-12 2018 Exposure of alpha-synuclein to phospholipase A2-induced release of arachidonic acid from PC/PS liposomes induces a conformational transition of the protein and leads to partial resistance against proteolytic cleavage by V8 protease. Arachidonic Acid 67-83 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 31-47 29577851-13 2018 Prolonged incubation of alpha-synuclein with arachidonic acid, derived from PC/PS liposomes by phospholipase A2 leads to aggregate formation. Arachidonic Acid 45-61 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 95-111 30120882-1 2018 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) is one of the rate limiting enzymes involved in the production of arachidonic acid, a potent inflammatory mediator. Arachidonic Acid 91-107 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 30120882-1 2018 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) is one of the rate limiting enzymes involved in the production of arachidonic acid, a potent inflammatory mediator. Arachidonic Acid 91-107 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 27878455-1 2018 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 71-87 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 27878455-1 2018 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 71-87 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 29068410-2 2017 Human phospholipase A2 (hPLA2) of the IIA group (HGIIA) catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, producing arachidonic acid and originating potent inflammatory mediators. Arachidonic Acid 118-134 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 6-22 27284000-4 2016 In cells, arachidonic acid (cis-AA), released by activated phospholipase A2, also plays a role in activation of the NADPH oxidase complex, but the mechanism of action of cis-AA is still a matter for debate. Arachidonic Acid 10-26 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 59-75 28600357-1 2017 Inflammatory responses are elicited through lipid products of phospholipase A2 activity that acts on the membrane phospholipids, including the phosphoinositides, to form the proinflammatory arachidonic acid and, in parallel, the glycerophosphoinositols. Arachidonic Acid 190-206 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 62-78 28765606-1 2017 Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the only PLA2 that exhibits a marked preference for hydrolysis of arachidonic acid containing phospholipid substrates releasing free arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids and giving rise to the generation of diverse lipid mediators involved in inflammatory conditions. Arachidonic Acid 109-125 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-38 28765606-1 2017 Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is the only PLA2 that exhibits a marked preference for hydrolysis of arachidonic acid containing phospholipid substrates releasing free arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids and giving rise to the generation of diverse lipid mediators involved in inflammatory conditions. Arachidonic Acid 176-192 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 34-38 28236844-8 2017 Higher expression of PLA2 and COX-2 can influence the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipid and result in increased conversion to thromboxane. Arachidonic Acid 65-81 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 21-25 29773019-2 2017 PLA2 provides precursors for generation of eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs), when the cleaved fatty acid is arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor (PAF) when the sn-1 position of the phosphatidylcholine contains an alkyl ether linkage and some bioactive lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidic acid (lysoPA). Arachidonic Acid 140-156 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 27639122-1 2016 2-[Tris(oleoyloxymethyl)methylamino]-1-ethane sulfonic acid (TES trioleate) is an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which hydrolyzes cell membrane phospholipids to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipids (LysoPLs). Arachidonic Acid 176-192 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 95-111 27639122-1 2016 2-[Tris(oleoyloxymethyl)methylamino]-1-ethane sulfonic acid (TES trioleate) is an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which hydrolyzes cell membrane phospholipids to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipids (LysoPLs). Arachidonic Acid 176-192 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 113-117 27768866-1 2016 Prostaglandins have been characterized as the metabolic products of arachidonic acid released from glycerophospholipids following hydrolysis by phospholipase A2s and enzymatic oxidation by the COX1 and COX2. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 144-160 26908920-1 2016 The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family is a very diverse group of enzymes, all serving in the cleavage of phospholipids, thereby releasing high amounts of arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 151-167 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 4-20 26908920-1 2016 The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family is a very diverse group of enzymes, all serving in the cleavage of phospholipids, thereby releasing high amounts of arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 151-167 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 22-26 27451098-8 2016 However, it is present also on endothelial cells, where its activation increases intracellular calcium concentration with subsequent initiation of phospholipase A2 that provides arachidonic acid for metabolism by cyclooxygenases. Arachidonic Acid 178-194 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 147-163 25633958-12 2015 Dieldrin and trans-nonachlor treatments of monocytes also resulted in marked increases in arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosanoid production, which could be abrogated by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor arachidonoyltrifluoromethyl ketone (ATK) but not by calcium-independent PLA2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone. Arachidonic Acid 90-106 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 171-187 26212262-1 2016 Phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) are group of enzymes, which cleave phospholipids specifically at sn-2 position to liberate free fatty acid, mostly arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipids (LPLs). Arachidonic Acid 141-157 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 26358335-1 2015 BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory/allergic disease with unclear pathophysiology, but it has been linked to an imbalance in the production of eicosanoids, which are metabolites of arachidonic acid, and results from phospholipids hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 205-221 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 268-284 26358335-1 2015 BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory/allergic disease with unclear pathophysiology, but it has been linked to an imbalance in the production of eicosanoids, which are metabolites of arachidonic acid, and results from phospholipids hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 205-221 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 286-290 25973588-1 2015 It is now clear that homocysteine (Hcy) is irreversibly degraded to hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), an endogenous gasotransmitter that causes in vivo platelet activation via upregulation of phospholipase A2 and downstream boost of the arachidonate cascade. Arachidonic Acid 229-241 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 184-200 27343099-6 2016 Common to both vasomotor responses is the generation of arachidonic acid in astrocytes by calcium sensitive phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 56-72 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 108-124 26506362-5 2015 They indicate that enzymes of the arachidonic acid pathway, notably phospholipase A2, 5-lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenases, may be required for nodularin/MC-induced (and presumably OA-induced) cell death, suggesting new ways to overcome at least some aspects of OA and MC toxicity. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 68-84 25633958-12 2015 Dieldrin and trans-nonachlor treatments of monocytes also resulted in marked increases in arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosanoid production, which could be abrogated by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor arachidonoyltrifluoromethyl ketone (ATK) but not by calcium-independent PLA2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone. Arachidonic Acid 90-106 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 189-193 25572555-2 2015 These lipid mediators are generated from arachidonic acid via multistep enzymatic reactions through which arachidonic acid is liberated from membrane phospholipids through the action of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 41-57 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 186-202 25631355-8 2015 The use of either P450 omega-hydroxylase (CYP4)- or phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-blockers suggests that this effect is likely mediated by arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 133-149 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 52-68 25631355-8 2015 The use of either P450 omega-hydroxylase (CYP4)- or phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-blockers suggests that this effect is likely mediated by arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 133-149 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 70-74 25642980-1 2015 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), Cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) are arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes and their inhibitors have been developed as therapeutic molecules for cancer and inflammation related disorders. Arachidonic Acid 77-93 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 25642980-1 2015 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), Cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) are arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes and their inhibitors have been developed as therapeutic molecules for cancer and inflammation related disorders. Arachidonic Acid 77-93 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 18-22 25572555-2 2015 These lipid mediators are generated from arachidonic acid via multistep enzymatic reactions through which arachidonic acid is liberated from membrane phospholipids through the action of phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 106-122 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 186-202 26728728-1 2015 Using the fluorescent Ca(2+) probe Fura-2AM, the possible involvement of phospholipase A2, the key enzyme in the arachidonic acid cascade, in the effect of drugs glutoxim and molixan on the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in macrophages was studied. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 73-89 24972246-1 2014 Arachidonic acid (AA) is a omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found in the phospholipids of membranes and released from the cellular membrane lipid bilayer by phospholipase A2. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 167-183 25533115-1 2014 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) are enzymes that hydrolyze the ester bond of glycerophospholipids releasing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids, including the arachidonic acid, the precursor of the eicosanoids and the inflammatory cascades. Arachidonic Acid 158-174 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-18 25533115-1 2014 Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) are enzymes that hydrolyze the ester bond of glycerophospholipids releasing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids, including the arachidonic acid, the precursor of the eicosanoids and the inflammatory cascades. Arachidonic Acid 158-174 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 20-26 25369453-5 2014 The production of eicosanoids from Arachidonic Acid (AA) can be hampered due to suppression of the enzyme phospholipase A2 by IL-4, an essential cytokine required for the differentiation of DCs. Arachidonic Acid 35-51 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 106-122 25132377-2 2014 Eicosanoids are derived from the arachidonic acid generated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 63-79 23913269-2 2014 Preliminary results also demonstrate a TG-mediated post-translational modification of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which catalyzes the release of arachidonic acid from its lipid storage sites. Arachidonic Acid 142-158 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 86-102 23913269-2 2014 Preliminary results also demonstrate a TG-mediated post-translational modification of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which catalyzes the release of arachidonic acid from its lipid storage sites. Arachidonic Acid 142-158 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 104-108 24861084-6 2014 Whether these autoantibodies affect the activity of PLA2, which liberates arachidonic acid from glycerophospholipids and modulates podocyte function, is unknown. Arachidonic Acid 74-90 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 52-56 24778183-6 2014 In addition, incubating cells with the two products of PLA2 (lysophosphatidic acid and arachidonic acid) mimicked treatment with gossypol. Arachidonic Acid 87-103 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 55-59 25132377-2 2014 Eicosanoids are derived from the arachidonic acid generated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Arachidonic Acid 33-49 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 81-85 25132377-8 2014 In addition, immunoreactivity for cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase, downstream enzymes of PLA2 in the arachidonic acid cascade, was co-localized with that for PLA2s-IIE and -V in cells expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin and macrophages expressing CD68. Arachidonic Acid 118-134 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 106-110 24504948-3 2014 PLA2 activity is measured as the release of radiolabeled arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 57-73 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-4 24599139-1 2014 The arachidonic acid (AA) cascade is regulated mainly by the actions of two rate-limiting enzymes, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 4-20 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 99-115 24599139-1 2014 The arachidonic acid (AA) cascade is regulated mainly by the actions of two rate-limiting enzymes, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 4-20 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 117-121 24243606-1 2013 Phospholipase A2 is involved in propagation of inflammatory processes and carcinogenesis through its role in phospholipid metabolism, and release of arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic Acid 149-165 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 0-16 23999091-8 2013 Gene looping allows interactions between the promoters of COX-2 and phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4A), an adjacent pro-inflammatory pathway gene that produces arachidonic acid, the substrate for COX-2 protein. Arachidonic Acid 152-168 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 68-84 23704812-2 2013 Here, 9-oxononanoic acid (9-ONA), one of the major products of peroxidized fatty acids, was found to stimulate the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the key enzyme to initiate arachidonate cascade and eicosanoid production. Arachidonic Acid 179-191 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 127-143 24046806-1 2013 Pancreatic phospholipase A2, product of PLA2G1B, catalyzes the release of fatty acids from dietary phospholipids.Diet is the ultimate source of arachidonic acid in cellular phospholipids, precursor of eicosanoid signaling molecules, linked to inflammation, cell proliferation and colorectal carcinogenesis. Arachidonic Acid 144-160 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 40-47 23708071-6 2013 Radiation at doses used in the clinic activates cytoplasmic phospholipase A2, leading to increased production of arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine. Arachidonic Acid 113-129 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 60-76 23948114-2 2013 Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid generated by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 29-45 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 59-77 23948114-2 2013 Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid generated by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Arachidonic Acid 29-45 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 79-85 23704812-2 2013 Here, 9-oxononanoic acid (9-ONA), one of the major products of peroxidized fatty acids, was found to stimulate the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the key enzyme to initiate arachidonate cascade and eicosanoid production. Arachidonic Acid 179-191 phospholipase A2 group IB Homo sapiens 145-149