PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 31562623-1 2019 The Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) incorporate 2 molecules of O2 into arachidonic acid (AA), resulting in an array of bioactive prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 38-43 32942970-1 2021 COX-2, a key enzyme that catalyzed the rate-limiting steps in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, played a pivotal role in inflammatory process. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-5 32599361-5 2020 Both compounds inhibited the cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid by ovine COX-1, and were more potent inhibitors of human recombinant COX-2 when 2-arachidonoylglycerol was used as substrate than when arachidonic acid was used. Arachidonic Acid 201-217 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 135-140 31302749-6 2020 Increased proliferation and migration after 17beta-HSD12 knockdown were partly mediated by metabolism of arachidonic acid towards COX2 and CYP1B1-derived eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 130-134 30971474-6 2019 Furthermore, we could demonstrate that MDV infection activates the COX-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway, as evident by increased levels of arachidonic acid, COX-2 expression, and PGE2 synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 140-156 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 67-89 30971474-6 2019 Furthermore, we could demonstrate that MDV infection activates the COX-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway, as evident by increased levels of arachidonic acid, COX-2 expression, and PGE2 synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 140-156 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 67-72 30096040-5 2019 Although the Km of arachidonic acid for acetylated COX-2 was ~3-fold lower than for uninhibited COX-2, the catalytic efficiency for PG formation by the acetylated enzyme was reduced 10-fold due to a concomitant decrease in Vmax. Arachidonic Acid 19-35 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 51-56 30096040-5 2019 Although the Km of arachidonic acid for acetylated COX-2 was ~3-fold lower than for uninhibited COX-2, the catalytic efficiency for PG formation by the acetylated enzyme was reduced 10-fold due to a concomitant decrease in Vmax. Arachidonic Acid 19-35 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 96-101 30096040-8 2019 We conclude that acetylation of Ser530 in COX-2 not only triggers formation of 15 R-HETE but also allows oxygenation and cyclization of arachidonic acid to a 15 R-PG endoperoxide. Arachidonic Acid 136-152 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 42-47 30151381-6 2018 The ability of T. pruinosum EO to inhibit the conversion of Arachidonic Acid (AA) to PGH2 by ovine COX-1 and human recombinant COX-2 was determined using a COX inhibitor screening assay. Arachidonic Acid 60-76 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 127-132 30384258-1 2019 We recently reported that siRNA-knockdown of delta-5-desaturase (D5D), the rate-limiting enzyme converting upstream omega - 6 dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid, promoted formation of the anti-cancer byproduct 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) from COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, consequently suppressing pancreatic cancer cell growth, migration and invasion. Arachidonic Acid 164-180 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 266-271 30315753-3 2018 NSAIDs exert their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic actions by inhibiting the cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and COX-2, key enzymes of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade. Arachidonic Acid 145-161 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 119-124 30374304-11 2018 Among these compounds, six were found to be interacting with the binding site for arachidonic acid in COX-2 enzyme. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 102-107 30314310-1 2018 Prostaglandins and thromboxane are lipid signaling molecules deriving from arachidonic acid by the action of the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 75-91 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 149-154 29308820-3 2018 The S-nitrosylation detection and subsequent kinetic investigations into the arachidonic acid (AA) oxidation of COX enzymes indicate that NO S-nitrosylates both COX-1 and COX-2 in an oxygen-dependent manner, but enhances only the dioxygenase activity of COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 77-93 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 171-176 29408043-1 2018 Arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) into various prostanoids which exert different functions in mammalian physiology. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 62-67 29928483-1 2018 Arachidonic acid (AA) can be converted into prostaglandins (PGs) or leukotrienes (LTs) by the enzymatic actions of cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), respectively. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 142-147 29308820-3 2018 The S-nitrosylation detection and subsequent kinetic investigations into the arachidonic acid (AA) oxidation of COX enzymes indicate that NO S-nitrosylates both COX-1 and COX-2 in an oxygen-dependent manner, but enhances only the dioxygenase activity of COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 77-93 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 254-259 28586004-1 2017 The conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 contributes to the biological properties of malignant tumours. Arachidonic Acid 18-34 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 58-80 27768866-1 2016 Prostaglandins have been characterized as the metabolic products of arachidonic acid released from glycerophospholipids following hydrolysis by phospholipase A2s and enzymatic oxidation by the COX1 and COX2. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 202-206 28781793-11 2017 On immunohistochemical examination, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 were strongly positive, indicating that the tumor activated the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway and produced prostaglandin. Arachidonic Acid 133-149 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 63-68 27794413-2 2016 COX-2 catalyzes the transformation of arachidonate to PGE2. Arachidonic Acid 38-50 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-5 27111555-1 2016 Biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid (AA) is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX), which exists as COX-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 36-52 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 122-127 27368132-1 2016 Recent research has demonstrated that colon cancer cell proliferation can be suppressed in the cells that overexpress COX-2 via generating 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (a free radical byproduct) during dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, an omega-6 fatty acid) peroxidation from knocking down cellular delta-5-desaturase (D5D, the key enzyme for converting DGLA to the downstream omega-6, arachidonic acid). Arachidonic Acid 382-398 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 118-123 27177970-0 2016 Identification of the two-phase mechanism of arachidonic acid regulating inflammatory prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by targeting COX-2 and mPGES-1. Arachidonic Acid 45-61 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 129-134 27245906-2 2016 These neutral arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives have been identified as efficient substrates for the second isoform of the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 14-30 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 146-151 27059979-1 2016 Prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS)-2, also known as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, can convert arachidonic acid (AA) to PGH2 in the committed step of PG synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 103-119 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 67-89 26928048-6 2016 The gene expression analysis of arachidonate COX pathway revealed that the transcript levels of inducible COX-2, membrane-bound PGE synthase-1, and PGF synthase declined more greatly in cultured preadipocytes treated with AA. Arachidonic Acid 32-44 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 106-111 26632201-5 2016 PGE2 appearing at this sub-mucosal level is a product of arachidonic acid metabolism mediated by type-2 cyclooxygenase (COX-2) situated on the membrane of many immune cells. Arachidonic Acid 57-73 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 120-125 26632201-7 2016 This inhibitory action of acetaminophen on COX2 only relates to physiological, low arachidonic acid concentrations. Arachidonic Acid 83-99 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 43-47 25980490-3 2015 The cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1, COX-2) are the key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 83-99 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 35-40 25676325-2 2015 NSAIDs are known as targets of cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3) in arachidonic acid metabolism. Arachidonic Acid 81-97 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 61-66 25654274-2 2015 In mammalian cells, prostaglandins are produced from arachidonic acid (AA) via cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2). Arachidonic Acid 53-69 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 105-109 25734181-7 2015 PGE2 is induced in the arachidonate cascade by COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 23-35 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 47-52 23682075-1 2013 COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) use arachidonic acid for the synthesis of eicosanoids that have been implicated in carcinogenesis and cardiovascular disease. Arachidonic Acid 36-52 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-5 25047043-2 2014 The oxidative conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 is carried out by two isozymes of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 28-44 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 125-130 24503478-1 2014 Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) oxygenate arachidonic acid (AA) to generate prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 44-60 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 27-32 24337484-2 2014 Cyclooxygenase (COX) converts arachidonic acid to prostanoids, and increased expression of its isoform, COX-2, has been observed in lung cancer tissue. Arachidonic Acid 30-46 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 104-109 24101387-8 2013 NF-kappaB and MAPK cascades-activated transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) and CREB-binding protein (CBP/p300) lead to expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and membrane-bound prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1), and thus to increased release of arachidonic acid and production of prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Arachidonic Acid 295-311 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 198-203 23682075-2 2013 The ability of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, to redirect arachidonic acid into the 5-LO pathway can potentially reduce its efficacy as a chemopreventive agent and increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Arachidonic Acid 67-83 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 38-43 23505121-1 2013 Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme synthesizes prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid and exists as two major isozymes, COX-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 66-82 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 127-132 22822059-1 2012 Arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) by a sequential enzymatic reaction performed by two isoenzyme groups, cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and terminal prostaglandin E synthases (cPGES, mPGES-1, and mPGES-2). Arachidonic Acid 0-16 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 158-163 23321929-9 2013 Next, to confirm COX-2 as a source for 4-HNE, we assayed the products generated by recombinant human COX-2 and found 4-HNE in a concentration-dependent manner using arachidonic acid as a substrate. Arachidonic Acid 165-181 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 17-22 23321929-9 2013 Next, to confirm COX-2 as a source for 4-HNE, we assayed the products generated by recombinant human COX-2 and found 4-HNE in a concentration-dependent manner using arachidonic acid as a substrate. Arachidonic Acid 165-181 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 101-106 21655952-1 2012 Cyclooxygenase two (COX-2) is an important enzyme metabolizing arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 63-79 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 20-25 22934333-11 2012 CONCLUSION: The difference of EOS infiltration in patients with ST may be associated with an inflammatory response underlying specific clinical manifestations after exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and the difference of COX-2 expression in patients with ST may be related to the conversion of metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid and the formation of nasal polyps. Arachidonic Acid 332-348 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 238-243 22263894-2 2012 They are produced by oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) followed by metabolism of endoperoxide intermediates by terminal PG synthases. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 86-91 21214962-1 2011 BACKGROUND: COX-2 is an enzyme isoform that catalyses the formation of prostanoids from arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 88-104 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 12-17 22068350-3 2012 Transformation of arachidonic acid was initiated by 5-LOX providing 5S-HETE as a substrate for COX-2 forming 5S,15S-diHETE, 5S,15R-diHETE, and 5S,11R-diHETE as shown by LC/MS and chiral phase HPLC analyses. Arachidonic Acid 18-34 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 95-100 21734230-1 2011 Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2, a rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids) has been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, and it has been reported that polymorphisms in the regulatory region of Cox-2 might influence its expression, contributing to the interindividual susceptibility to cancer. Arachidonic Acid 69-85 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 18-23 21734230-1 2011 Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2, a rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids) has been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, and it has been reported that polymorphisms in the regulatory region of Cox-2 might influence its expression, contributing to the interindividual susceptibility to cancer. Arachidonic Acid 69-85 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 247-252 21181286-2 2011 COX-2 inhibitors and NSAIDs act by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism to prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 46-62 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-5 22068350-10 2012 The contribution of COX-2 to the biosynthesis of dihydroxylated derivatives of arachidonic acid provides evidence for functional coupling with 5-LOX in activated human leukocytes. Arachidonic Acid 79-95 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 20-25 21879102-5 2011 In mammalian cells, salicylic acid demonstrates several bioactivities that are potentially disease-preventative, including the inhibition of production of potentially neoplastic prostaglandins, which arise from the COX-2 mediated catalysis of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 243-259 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 215-220 20817448-1 2011 Because cyclooxygenases (COX) convert arachidonic acid into pro-inflammatory cyclic endoperoxides, inhibition of these enzymes and especially the inducible COX-2 form is an important therapeutic approach to manage inflammatory diseases and possibly prevent cancer. Arachidonic Acid 38-54 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 156-161 20691240-1 2010 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is the inducible isozyme catalyzing the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids. Arachidonic Acid 77-93 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 20868723-2 2011 Prostaglandin H synthases or cyclooxygenases (COX -1 and COX-2) play a central role in the inflammatory cascade by converting arachidonic acid into bioactive prostanoids. Arachidonic Acid 126-142 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 57-62 21517752-5 2011 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 metabolizes the first enzymatic step in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostanoids. Arachidonic Acid 81-97 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 19815191-2 2010 Prostaglandins are produced after the sequential oxidation of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and terminal PG synthases. Arachidonic Acid 62-78 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 109-114 19269697-1 2009 Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other lipid mediators. Arachidonic Acid 71-87 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 27-32 20004562-2 2010 Here, we investigated the role of different phospholipases (PL)A(2) in supplying arachidonic acid (AA) for COX-2-dependent PGE(2) generation and signaling pathways involved in activation of colon cancer cells by a physiologically relevant stimulus. Arachidonic Acid 81-97 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 107-112 19205707-1 2009 PURPOSE: Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, COX1 and COX2, are key in converting arachidonic acid (AA) into prostaglandins that have been associated with colorectal carcinogenesis. Arachidonic Acid 76-92 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 48-52 19846775-2 2009 In PGE(2) biosynthesis, cyclooxygenases (COX-1/COX-2) convert arachidonic acid to PGH(2), which can be isomerized to PGE(2) by microsomal PGE-synthase-1 (MPGES-1). Arachidonic Acid 62-78 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 47-52 19347867-7 2009 Enzymatic assays using different recombinant COX-2 variants showed that COX-2-(587)Arg had significantly higher activity towards arachidonic acid than COX-2-(587)Gly (13.8 +/- 3.2 U/mg vs. 11.2 +/- 2.4 U/mg; P = 0.012). Arachidonic Acid 129-145 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 45-50 19347867-7 2009 Enzymatic assays using different recombinant COX-2 variants showed that COX-2-(587)Arg had significantly higher activity towards arachidonic acid than COX-2-(587)Gly (13.8 +/- 3.2 U/mg vs. 11.2 +/- 2.4 U/mg; P = 0.012). Arachidonic Acid 129-145 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 72-77 19347867-7 2009 Enzymatic assays using different recombinant COX-2 variants showed that COX-2-(587)Arg had significantly higher activity towards arachidonic acid than COX-2-(587)Gly (13.8 +/- 3.2 U/mg vs. 11.2 +/- 2.4 U/mg; P = 0.012). Arachidonic Acid 129-145 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 72-77 19318593-1 2009 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is a central enzyme of arachidonic acid metabolism, and its modulation by statins may explain some of the myocardial protective effects of these drugs. Arachidonic Acid 46-62 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 19416639-3 2009 The cloned stable transfectants with COX-1 or COX-2 exhibited higher expression levels of their corresponding mRNA and proteins, and greater production of PGE(2) upon stimulation with free arachidonic acid or A23187 than the parent cells and the transfectants with vector only. Arachidonic Acid 189-205 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 46-51 19444759-1 2009 Prostaglandin (PG) E(2), which exerts its actions via the PG receptors EP1-4, is produced from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 95-111 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 142-147 19028575-2 2009 The model takes into account key features of the complex catalytic mechanism of cyclooxygenase-1, converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandin PGH(2), and includes the description of the enzyme interaction with various types of NSAIDs (reversible/irreversible, non-selective and selective to COX-1/COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 109-125 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 298-303 18250160-3 2008 Recent work has uncovered a subtle functional difference between the two enzymes, namely the ability of COX-2 to efficiently utilize neutral derivatives (esters and amides) of arachidonic acid as substrates. Arachidonic Acid 176-192 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 104-109 19074288-5 2008 Consistently, conditioned media enriched with long-chain carboxychromanols, but not their sulfated counterparts or vitamin E, reduce COX-2 activity in COX-preinduced cells with 5 microM arachidonic acid as substrate. Arachidonic Acid 186-202 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 133-138 19174085-4 2008 Notable among these mechanisms are Kupffer cell activation and inflammatory cell recruitment, free oxygen radical formation and the development of oxidative stress, cytokine production, mainly TNFa and TGFb, and inflammatory mediator release due to arachidonic acid oxidation through the COX-2 and 5-LO pathways. Arachidonic Acid 249-265 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 288-299 18220987-2 2008 COX-1 and COX-2 play key roles in the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 52-68 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 10-15 17996418-2 2008 COX2 inhibitors may be neuroprotective in the brain by reducing prostanoid and free radical synthesis, or by directing arachidonic acid down alternate metabolic pathways. Arachidonic Acid 119-135 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-4 17996418-3 2008 The arachidonic acid shunting hypothesis proposes that COX2 inhibitors" neuroprotective effects may be mediated by increased formation of potentially beneficial eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 4-20 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 55-59 17996418-4 2008 Under conditions where COX2 activity is inhibited, arachidonic acid accumulates or is converted to eicosanoids via lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases. Arachidonic Acid 51-67 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 23-27 18155912-7 2008 This can occur because of unique biochemical properties of COX-2 that enable cells to form prostaglandins when arachidonic acid comprises a small fraction of available fatty acids and the concentrations of peroxides that are necessary for COX to function are low. Arachidonic Acid 111-127 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 59-64 17924829-2 2007 This study evaluated associations between the clinical requirement for LTRA and genetic polymorphisms of the ALOX5, LTC4S, COX-2, CysLTR1 and TBXA2R genes in the arachidonic acid cascade in the long-term management of 89 AIA patients from a Korean population. Arachidonic Acid 162-178 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 123-128 23392784-4 2007 Following peripheral trauma or injury, inflammatory mediators such as phospholipase A(2) are upregulated, inducing the release of arachidonic acid, which is then converted to prostanoids such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) via the action of the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2. Arachidonic Acid 130-146 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 252-275 17878511-3 2007 PGE(2) is formed from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2)-catalyzed formation of prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)) and further transformation by PGE synthases. Arachidonic Acid 22-38 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 68-73 17151091-1 2007 Aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) has implicated in carcinogenesis. Arachidonic Acid 9-25 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 40-62 17191216-3 2007 Since the discovery of a second isoform of COXs, it has been shown that PGF2alpha can be formed in vivo from arachidonic acid through both isoforms of COXs, namely cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 109-125 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 211-216 17214885-2 2007 The enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in response to inflammation is prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2/cyclo-oxygenase 2 (PTGS2/COX2). Arachidonic Acid 45-61 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 174-178 17380299-2 2007 Angiogenesis is enhanced by prostaglandins (PGs) that are synthesised by the catalysis of cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) from arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 129-145 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 117-122 17691954-1 2007 Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is a major product of COX-2 catalyzed metabolism of arachidonic acid in the endothelium. Arachidonic Acid 74-90 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 44-49 17961045-2 2007 Enzymes of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) are upregulated in a number of epithelial tumors, but to date there are hardly any data about the expression of these markers in meningiomas. Arachidonic Acid 15-31 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 53-75 17305569-8 2007 Indeed, both COX-2 and 5-LOX are also involved in the development and progression of several types of cancer; in these conditions, selective inhibition of COX-2 alone may lead to a shunt of arachidonic acid metabolism towards the leukotriene pathway, and therefore the blockade of both COX-2 and 5-LOX may produce a better anticancer response. Arachidonic Acid 190-206 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 13-24 17305569-8 2007 Indeed, both COX-2 and 5-LOX are also involved in the development and progression of several types of cancer; in these conditions, selective inhibition of COX-2 alone may lead to a shunt of arachidonic acid metabolism towards the leukotriene pathway, and therefore the blockade of both COX-2 and 5-LOX may produce a better anticancer response. Arachidonic Acid 190-206 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 13-18 17305569-8 2007 Indeed, both COX-2 and 5-LOX are also involved in the development and progression of several types of cancer; in these conditions, selective inhibition of COX-2 alone may lead to a shunt of arachidonic acid metabolism towards the leukotriene pathway, and therefore the blockade of both COX-2 and 5-LOX may produce a better anticancer response. Arachidonic Acid 190-206 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 286-297 17192482-7 2007 The products of COX-2 and LOX activities have been implicated in cytokine-mediated damage of beta-cells, so selective inhibitors of these enzymes would be expected to have a dual protective role in diabetes: they would minimize beta-cell dysfunction while maintaining insulin secretion through enhancing endogenous arachidonic acid levels. Arachidonic Acid 315-331 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 16-21 18220787-1 2007 Cyclooxygenases (COXs), the enzymes involved in the formation of prostaglandins from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, exist in two forms--the constitutive COX-1 that is cytoprotective and responsible for the production of prostaglandins and COX-2 which is induced by cytokines, mitogens and endotoxins in inflammatory cells and responsible for the increased levels of prostaglandins during inflammation. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 262-267 17457030-2 2007 Since nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), COX-2, an inducible form of COX, may be involved in the pathology of AD in association with the arachidonic acid cascade. Arachidonic Acid 169-185 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 73-78 16452198-10 2006 LY294002 also significantly inhibited the arachidonic acid-induced gene expression of COX-2, IL-1beta, GM-CSF, and ICAM1. Arachidonic Acid 42-58 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 86-91 16506214-1 2006 COX-2 is a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 43-59 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-5 16712448-1 2006 The biological role of COX-2, the inducible form of cyclooxygenase, is to convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs). Arachidonic Acid 82-98 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 23-28 16579869-3 2006 With regard to the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) in NSAID-intolerant asthmatic patients, the following changes have been observed: 1) A low production of prostaglandin E2, seemingly due to deficient Cox-2 regulation; 2) an increased expression of leukotriene-C4 synthase; and 3) a reduced production of metabolites (lipoxins) released through the transcellular metabolism of AA. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 205-210 16523199-5 2006 This observed invasion is mediated by the arachidonic acid metabolite prostaglandin E2 and is inhibited by the Omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid at a ratio of 1 : 2 Omega-3 : Omega-6, and by the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398. Arachidonic Acid 42-58 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 245-250 16519514-0 2006 Molecular dynamics simulations of arachidonic acid complexes with COX-1 and COX-2: insights into equilibrium behavior. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 76-81 16519514-5 2006 We have used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the equilibrium behavior of both COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme isoforms with bound arachidonate. Arachidonic Acid 140-152 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 107-112 16519515-0 2006 Molecular dynamics simulations of arachidonic acid-derived pentadienyl radical intermediate complexes with COX-1 and COX-2: insights into oxygenation regio- and stereoselectivity. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 117-122 17121918-1 2006 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) are key enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. Arachidonic Acid 78-94 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 16720448-1 2006 CONCLUSION: In laryngeal cancer, arachidonic acid may be metabolized to PGE2 via the cooperative actions of COX-2 and mPGES, which are induced in response to various stimuli. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 108-113 16831307-3 2006 Prostaglandins, catalyzed by the cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) from arachidonic acid, are one class of these factors. Arachidonic Acid 72-88 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 60-65 16385588-6 2006 Intact cells of ARH-77 converted 14C-labeled arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2, F2alpha, and D2, and this activity was dose-dependently inhibited by selective COX-2 inhibitors (SC-58125 and NS-398), a non-selective COX inhibitor (indomethacin), and relatively high concentrations of a selective COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560). Arachidonic Acid 45-61 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 162-167 16454737-8 2006 Prostacyclins are powerful vasodilators and potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation which are produced from free arachidonic acid through the catalytic activity of two COX: COX-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 115-131 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 185-190 16842185-2 2006 Their synthesis is dependent on two cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, which are rate-limiting for the production of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes from free arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 177-193 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 76-81 15993594-2 2005 The characterization of two cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid, has allowed the development of COX-2 selective inhibitors as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with significant gastric tolerability. Arachidonic Acid 131-147 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 180-185 17016062-11 2006 CONCLUSION: FEX showed selective arachidonic acid-mediated COX-2 inhibitory enzyme activity, which differed markedly from the COX inhibitory enzyme activity of LOR. Arachidonic Acid 33-49 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 59-64 15917246-1 2005 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 oxygenates arachidonic acid (AA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) to endoperoxides, which are subsequently transformed to prostaglandins (PGs) and glycerylprostaglandins (PG-Gs). Arachidonic Acid 34-50 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 16273333-1 2005 Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic Acid 61-77 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 27-32 16113940-3 2005 NSAIDs block the activity of both COX isozymes, COX-1 and COX-2, which mediate the enzymatic conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) and other prostaglandin (PG) metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 107-119 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 58-63 16113940-7 2005 Although COX-1 and COX-2 exhibit similar biochemical activity in converting arachidonate to PGH2 in vitro, the ultimate prostanoids they produce in vivo may be different due to differential regulation of COX-1 and COX-2, tissue distribution, and availability of the prostanoid synthases. Arachidonic Acid 76-88 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 19-24 16190133-4 2005 The inhibitory action of aspirin on COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes enhances the tissue concentrations of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Arachidonic Acid 134-150 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 46-51 15948687-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which exerts its actions via EP receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), is a bioactive metabolite produced by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and/or COX-2 from arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 184-200 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 173-178 15936346-1 2005 Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases (PTGS), commonly referred to as cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), catalyze the key step in the synthesis of biologically active prostaglandins (PGs), the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). Arachidonic Acid 206-222 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 96-101 15850674-2 2005 The initial step in the formation of prostanoids, i.e., the conversion of free arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin (PG)G(2) and then to PGH(2), is controlled by two PGH synthases (COX-1 and COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 79-95 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 193-198 15867369-2 2005 Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 61-77 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 27-32 29539150-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), which exerts its actions via EP receptors (EP1 , EP2 , EP3 , and EP4 ), is a bioactive metabolite produced by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and/or COX-2 from arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 189-205 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 178-183 15550400-3 2005 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids, is also induced by hypoxia. Arachidonic Acid 77-93 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 15788676-10 2005 Our data further support the model in which colon cancer growth is favored when intracellular arachidonic acid levels are suppressed by inhibition of cPLA(2) or by a high-COX-2/low-cPLA(2) phenotype. Arachidonic Acid 94-110 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 171-176 15899629-4 2004 Cox2 is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes, as well as the synthesis of malonaldehyde (MDA, a mutagen) and the production of hydrogen peroxide, which promotes carcinogenesis. Arachidonic Acid 38-54 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-4 15892673-7 2005 This is achieved through local inhibition of both enzymes (e.g. COX-1 and COX-2) responsible for the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites. Arachidonic Acid 114-130 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 74-79 15254968-1 2004 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is generally known as an inducible enzyme, and it produces arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which modulates bone metabolism. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 15533902-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3) convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and other hydroxy fatty acids. Arachidonic Acid 69-85 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 43-48 15073046-11 2004 The results suggest that curcumin affects arachidonic acid metabolism by blocking the phosphorylation of cPLA(2), decreasing the expression of COX-2 and inhibiting the catalytic activities of 5-LOX. Arachidonic Acid 42-58 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 143-148 15239333-4 2004 Cox2 is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes, as well as the synthesis of malonaldehyde (MDA, a mutagen) and the production of hydrogen peroxide, which promotes carcinogenesis. Arachidonic Acid 38-54 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-4 15049901-1 2004 AIMS: Cyclooxygenase (COX), which catalyses the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, has two isoforms; COX-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 81-97 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 127-132 15084746-9 2004 Furthermore, the arachidonate-induced up-regulation of PECAM-1 was abrogated by indomethacin [a cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 inhibitor] or N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide (a COX-2 inhibitor) but not nordihydroguaiaretic acid (a lipoxygenase inhibitor). Arachidonic Acid 17-29 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 198-203 15252926-4 2004 Cyclooxygenase enzymes are required for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins.COX-2 mediates the inflammatory effects of COX activity, is induced by a wide spectrum of growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines, and is overexpressed in numerous premalignant and malignant lesions, including CRC. Arachidonic Acid 58-74 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 93-98 14670842-7 2004 Furthermore, it was mimicked by prolonged incubation with the COX-2 product PGE2 and PGI2 analogues or the COX substrate arachidonic acid, suggesting that it was mediated by endogenous prostanoids produced by COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 121-137 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 209-214 15301300-2 2004 INTRODUCTION: Cyclooxygenases 1 (Cox-1) and 2 (Cox-2) play a key role in arachidonic acid metabolism and in the regulation of eicosanoid production. Arachidonic Acid 73-89 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 47-52 14715958-1 2004 The cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2 catalyze the first committed step of prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 30-35 15040874-8 2003 Prostaglandin E2, a byproduct of COX-2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism, exhibits several biologic actions that have been shown to promote tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Arachidonic Acid 48-64 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 33-38 12960371-1 2003 In addition to inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX)-1-derived prostanoid biosynthesis, aspirin acetylates COX-2, enabling the conversion of arachidonic acid to 15(R)-epi lipoxin A4, or aspirin-triggered lipoxin (ATL). Arachidonic Acid 135-151 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 101-106 12401798-3 2002 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid, is also induced by hypoxia. Arachidonic Acid 102-118 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 12821125-3 2003 COX-2 expression correlated with basal and arachidonic acid (AA) stimulated PGE(2) production. Arachidonic Acid 43-59 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-5 12576462-2 2003 To examine the role of inflammatory cells in brain edema formation, we studied the expression cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, a key enzyme in arachidonic acid metabolism, by microglia in the C6 rodent glioma model. Arachidonic Acid 134-150 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 94-116 15035793-3 2003 At low concentrations of arachidonic acid, COX-2 is the major isoenzyme involved in PG synthesis when both COX-1 and COX-2 are present in cells. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 43-48 15035793-3 2003 At low concentrations of arachidonic acid, COX-2 is the major isoenzyme involved in PG synthesis when both COX-1 and COX-2 are present in cells. Arachidonic Acid 25-41 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 117-122 12499088-2 2003 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an enzyme which catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostagladins and thromboxane. Arachidonic Acid 70-86 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 14592551-7 2003 COX-2 protein overexpression induced by hypoxia was not associated with a parallel increase in PGE2 accumulation but the enzyme regained full catalytic activity when cells were re-exposed to normoxia in the presence of heme and arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 228-244 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-5 12743620-3 2003 When added to the samples, arachidonic acid activates the synthesis of COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 27-43 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 71-76 12233875-10 2002 Increased conversion of arachidonic acid to PGE2 was maintained when mPGES and COX-2 were coexpressed. Arachidonic Acid 24-40 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 79-84 12512699-1 2002 Prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2) is generated from arachidonic acid by either constitutive (COX-1) or inducible (COX-2) cyclooxygenases. Arachidonic Acid 55-71 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 117-122 12391247-5 2002 Production of PGE(2) in response to exogenous arachidonic acid was also increased by adenosine and correlated with COX-2 protein levels. Arachidonic Acid 46-62 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 115-120 12386924-7 2002 Furthermore, addition of the major metabolites of COX-2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism did not alter the proliferation of LNCaP-COX-2 cells in vitro. Arachidonic Acid 65-81 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 50-55 11901304-3 2002 COX-2, a key isoenzyme in conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, is inducible by various agents such as growth factors and tumor promoters, and is frequently overexpressed in various tumors. Arachidonic Acid 40-56 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-5 12233875-2 2002 We investigated mPGES as well as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, catalyzing arachidonic acid to PGH2, in synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arachidonic Acid 68-84 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 33-55 11821061-5 2002 Although moDCs failed to mobilize endogenous arachidonic acid, they converted exogenous arachidonic acid into PGE2 in a COX-1- and COX-2-dependent fashion. Arachidonic Acid 88-104 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 131-136 11926591-1 2002 Cyclooxygenase (COX), existing as the COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms, converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, which is then further metabolized to various prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 73-89 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 48-53 12086406-5 2002 The COX enzymatic system includes two isoenzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, that convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 60-65 11677234-2 2002 Prostaglandin synthesis by cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) involves an initial oxygenation of arachidonic acid at C-11, followed by endoperoxide and cyclopentane ring formation, and then a second reaction with molecular oxygen in the S configuration at C-15. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 63-68 11695251-1 2001 The isozymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids that play an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular hemostasis. Arachidonic Acid 94-110 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 60-65 11487528-6 2001 However, the COX activity was partially recovered when immunoprecipitated COX-2 was incubated with arachidonic acid and haematin. Arachidonic Acid 99-115 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 74-79 11701743-3 2001 Cyclooxygenase (Cox) is the key enzyme in conversion of arachidonic acid to PGs, and two isoforms, Cox-1 and Cox-2, have been identified. Arachidonic Acid 56-72 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 109-114 11509629-1 2001 The two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, both metabolize arachidonic acid to PGH(2), the common substrate for thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), prostacyclin (PGI(2)), and PGE(2) synthesis. Arachidonic Acid 72-88 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 49-54 11273675-10 2001 The COX-2 activity in cultured retinal cells exposed to glutamate was measured as PGE2 production when latanoprost was applied compared to arachidonic acid (AA) at different molar concentrations. Arachidonic Acid 139-155 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 4-9 11469677-2 2001 Since NSAIDs are known to inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2), the basic mechanism of their antitumor effects is conceivably the altered metabolism of arachidonic acid and, subsequently, prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic Acid 154-170 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 58-63 11501838-3 2001 The best known function of NSAIDs is to block the enzyme cyclooxygenase (Cox), the rate limiting enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Arachidonic Acid 125-141 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 73-76 11394934-3 2001 The clinical availability of new drugs able to produce a selective inhibition of type 2 cyclooxygenase (COX-2), the enzyme thought to be mainly responsible for generating arachidonic-acid-derived inflammatory mediators, has been the origin of much hope. Arachidonic Acid 171-187 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 104-109 11304122-4 2001 When DNA or nucleosides were incubated with COX-2 and arachidonic acid, a significant increase in the amount of 8-oxo-2"-deoxyguanosine was observed. Arachidonic Acid 54-70 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 44-49 11273675-11 2001 The COX-2 activity was reduced by arachidonic acid (0.1-0.01 microM) as well as by latanoprost (0.1-0.001 microM) and PhXA85 (0.01-0.001 microM) in retinal cells exposed to glutamate. Arachidonic Acid 34-50 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 4-9 21336918-2 2001 After activation of cellular phospholipases and release of free arachidonic acid, catalyzed insertion of oxygen occurs enzymatically via action of one of the two known cyclooxygenase isoenzymes (COX-1 and COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 64-80 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 205-210 11201045-1 2000 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which exerts its actions via EP receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), is a bioactive metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and/or COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 122-138 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 181-186 10869354-6 2000 mPGES was functionally coupled with COX-2 in marked preference to COX-1, particularly when the supply of arachidonic acid was limited. Arachidonic Acid 105-121 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 36-41 11080685-1 2000 Arachidonic acid (AA) released by cPLA(2) and sPLA(2)s is supplied to both COX-1 and COX-2 in the immediate, and predominantly to COX-2 in the delayed, PG-biosynthetic responses. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 85-90 11080685-1 2000 Arachidonic acid (AA) released by cPLA(2) and sPLA(2)s is supplied to both COX-1 and COX-2 in the immediate, and predominantly to COX-2 in the delayed, PG-biosynthetic responses. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 130-135 10899936-4 2000 The expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in cell lysates was up-regulated, and the amount of PGE(2) formed from exogenous arachidonic acid increased following AdCAT: infection in a dose-dependent manner, paralleling the expression of COX-2 protein. Arachidonic Acid 122-138 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 234-239 11032097-1 2000 Arachidonic acid metabolism is governed by 2 isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX), the constitutively expressed COX-1 and the inducible COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 132-137 10953335-1 2000 Cyclooxygenase (COX), also referred to as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, is a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 116-132 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 16-19 10903976-8 2000 Small or partial effects at the relevant doses were observed on induction of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) activity or COX-2 protein suggesting that the primary effects were at the level of arachidonate availability. Arachidonic Acid 182-194 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 111-116 10903976-11 2000 We therefore speculate that the MEK1/ERK and p38 kinase cascades play a role in the functional coupling of arachidonate release to COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 107-119 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 131-136 10669112-11 1999 It inhibited COX-2-dependent conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid to PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner by the COX-2-transfected HEK293 cells. Arachidonic Acid 53-69 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 13-18 10797288-1 2000 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 10734173-7 2000 Experiments with purified COX-1 and COX-2 also showed 9-fold increase of 3-nitrotyrosine levels, which correlated with decreased (93-98%) production of prostaglandin H(2) when ONOO(-) (50 microM) was added 1 min before arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 219-235 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 36-41 10861445-2 2000 Reactive intermediates formed during the arachidonic acid cascade, notably by COX-2, which is upregulated in polyps of FAP patients, may promote various stages of the polyp --> adenoma --> carcinoma sequence. Arachidonic Acid 41-57 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 78-83 10889329-3 2000 The determination of the concentration of arachidonic acid metabolites was performed by HPLC for COX-1 and RIA for COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 42-58 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 115-120 10744623-1 2000 The cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and COX-2 are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Arachidonic Acid 75-91 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 32-37 10669112-11 1999 It inhibited COX-2-dependent conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid to PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner by the COX-2-transfected HEK293 cells. Arachidonic Acid 53-69 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 112-117 10514410-1 1999 Cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and Cox-2 convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H(2), the precursor of other prostaglandins and thromboxanes, eicosanoids important in vascular pathophysiology. Arachidonic Acid 43-59 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 29-34 10514475-8 1999 We therefore propose that a GPI-anchored HSPG glypican facilitates the trafficking of sPLA(2)-IIA into particular subcellular compartments, and arachidonic acid thus released from the compartments may link efficiently to the downstream COX-2-mediated PG biosynthesis. Arachidonic Acid 144-160 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 236-241 10815617-2 1999 Cyclooxygenase (COX), which exists as COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms, is the first enzyme in the pathway in which arachidonic acid is converted to PGs. Arachidonic Acid 108-124 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 48-53 10438452-0 1999 Arachidonic acid oxygenation by COX-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 0-16 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 42-47 10223523-2 1999 Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids, are now recognized: a constitutively expressed COX-1 and a highly regulated COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 82-98 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 191-196 9766645-1 1998 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids from arachidonic acid, is constitutively expressed in LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line. Arachidonic Acid 118-134 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 0-22 9866686-2 1998 Accordingly, we have exploited the heme-catalyzed hydroperoxidase activity of recombinant hCOX-2 to generate luminescence in the presence of luminol, or a cyclic naphthalene hydrazide, and the substrate arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 203-219 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 90-96 9187256-8 1997 Sodium salicylate acutely (30 min) also caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of COX-2 activity measured in the presence of 0, 1, or 10 microM exogenous arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 159-175 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 87-92 9536016-13 1998 These findings show that activation of phospholipase A2 and subsequent metabolism of arachidonic acid by the COX-2 and LOX pathways and NOS contribute to cyanide-induced ROS production. Arachidonic Acid 85-101 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 109-114 9543076-1 1998 BACKGROUND: Cyclo-oxygenases 1 (Cox-1) and 2 (Cox-2) catalyse the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin endoperoxides, leading to the formation of prostaglandin and thromboxane mediators of inflammation. Arachidonic Acid 80-96 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 46-51 9927229-2 1998 Cyclooxygenase (COX), which catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids exists in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 56-72 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 122-127 9266823-1 1997 The cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms COX-1 and COX-2 convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) precursors and are a limiting step in PG production. Arachidonic Acid 58-74 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 44-49 9187256-9 1997 In contrast, when exogenous arachidonic acid was increased to 30 microM, sodium salicylate was a very weak inhibitor of COX-2 activity with an IC50 of >100 microg/ml. Arachidonic Acid 28-44 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 120-125 9187256-10 1997 Thus, sodium salicylate is an effective inhibitor of COX-2 activity at concentrations far below those required to inhibit NF-kappaB (20 mg/ml) activation and is easily displaced by arachidonic acid. Arachidonic Acid 181-197 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 53-58 9151784-14 1997 Expression of COX-2 is again induced by the microparticle arachidonate fraction, which it may then use to synthesize PGI2. Arachidonic Acid 58-70 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 14-19 9146894-4 1997 In CHO cells stably transfected with human COX isozymes, DFU inhibited the arachidonic acid-dependent production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with at least a 1,000 fold selectivity for COX-2 (IC50 = 41 +/- 14 nM) over COX-1 (IC50 > 50 microM). Arachidonic Acid 75-91 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 183-188 9154324-2 1997 Cyclo-oxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), exists in two forms, termed COX-1 and COX-2 which are encoded by different genes. Arachidonic Acid 68-84 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 156-161 8995534-3 1997 These enzymes catalyse the release of arachidonic acid which is then converted to prostaglandins by the cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 38-54 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 131-136 9138698-19 1997 In experiments where COX-2 metabolized endogenous stores of arachidonic acid, treatment of HASM cells with IL-1 beta in combination with TNF alpha caused a similar release of PGE2 to that when the three cytokines were given in combination. Arachidonic Acid 60-76 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 21-26 7880828-2 1995 In 1 mM GSH, the constitutive (COX-1) and the mitogen inducible (COX-2) isoforms metabolized arachidonate to 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT) (88% and 78% of total products, respectively). Arachidonic Acid 93-105 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 65-70 7832763-5 1995 of 1500 nmol of O2/nmol of enzyme, whereas hCOX-2 had a specific activity of 12.2 mumol of O2/mg with a Km of 8.7 microM for arachidonate and a Vmax. Arachidonic Acid 125-137 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 43-49 7979387-5 1994 The Km values of arachidonic acid for hCox-2 and ovine Cox-1 are 0.9 and 2.7 microM, respectively. Arachidonic Acid 17-33 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 38-44 33773784-7 2021 Mechanistically, based on phospholipidomics analysis, we found that calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) played a key role with regard to the OOV-mediated arachidonic acid (AA)/COX-2/PG pathway, whereas secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) are responsible for the OEO-mediated AA/COX-2/PG pathway. Arachidonic Acid 163-179 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 185-190 33773784-7 2021 Mechanistically, based on phospholipidomics analysis, we found that calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) played a key role with regard to the OOV-mediated arachidonic acid (AA)/COX-2/PG pathway, whereas secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) are responsible for the OEO-mediated AA/COX-2/PG pathway. Arachidonic Acid 163-179 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 327-332 34893997-6 2022 The reduced growth-inhibitory potency in T-24 cells, which express distinctly fewer COX enzymes (COX-1/COX-2 = 50/1) than HT-29 cells (COX-1/COX-2 = 50/50), and the only marginal activity in COX-negative MCF-7 breast cancer cells point to an interference in the arachidonic acid cascade through COX-2 inhibition as part of the mode of action, especially as the cellular uptake was even higher in MCF-7 cells than in T-24 cells. Arachidonic Acid 262-278 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 295-300 34310861-3 2021 Their mechanism of action is associated with the enzymes of the arachidonic acid cycle (cyclooxygenases: COX-1 and COX-2). Arachidonic Acid 64-80 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 115-120 7858842-17 1994 In experiments where COX-2 activity was supported by endogenous stores of arachidonic acid,treatment of A549 cells with interleukin-l beta but not tumour necrosis factor a or interferon-gamma alone caused a similar release of PGE 2 to that seen when the cytokines were given in combination. Arachidonic Acid 74-90 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 21-26 7858842-18 1994 However, both interleukin-l beta and necrosis factor- alone produced similar increases in COX-2 activity (measured in the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid) as seen when the mixture of interleukin-l beta, tumour necrosis factor- alpha and interferon-gamma were used to stimulate the cells.7. Arachidonic Acid 144-160 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 90-95 33033709-2 2020 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is one of the terminal products of COX-2-catalyzed arachidonic acid catabolism with oncogenic potential. Arachidonic Acid 99-115 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 83-88 35175765-6 2022 Molecular docking studies revealed that these compounds bind with their polar region in the cavity over Arg-120, and their lipophilic part is orientated to the HEM cofactor similarly to the natural substrate arachidonic acid in the catalytic site of COX-2. Arachidonic Acid 208-224 mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II Homo sapiens 250-255