PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 2523787-0 1989 The effects of metformin on adipocyte insulin action and metabolic control in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 2648723-4 1989 Metformin treatment significantly reduced mean day-time plasma glucose levels (10.2 +/- 1.2 vs 11.4 +/- 1.2 mmol/l, P less than 0.01) without enhancing mean day-time plasma insulin (43 +/- 4 vs 50 +/- 7 mU/l, NS) or C-peptide levels (1.26 +/- 0.12 vs 1.38 +/- 0.18 nmol/l, NS). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 216-225 2648723-6 1989 The clamp study revealed that metformin treatment was associated with an enhanced insulin-mediated glucose utilization (370 +/- 38 vs 313 +/- 33 mg.m-2.min-1, P less than 0.01), whereas insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production was unchanged. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 2702918-7 1989 Metformin, added to the usual treatment undergone by a diabetic treated with insulin, seems to affect platelet aggregation independently of other metabolic factors. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 3126223-0 1987 Effects of metformin and glibenclamide on insulin receptors in fibroblasts and tumor cells in vitro. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 3149105-1 1988 Insulin binding to erythrocyte receptors was studied in 36 newly diagnosed male subjects with NIDDM, treated with diet alone (Group I; n = 10) or diet + glibenclamide (Group II; n = 12) or diet + glibenclamide + metformin (Group III; n = 14). Metformin 212-221 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 3075902-2 1988 Metformin is an antihyperglycaemic agent which can be used to ameliorate insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 3075902-4 1988 Although metformin may increase insulin-receptor binding, its main effect appears to be directed at the postreceptor level of insulin action. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 3239906-0 1988 [Lipoatrophic diabetes with insulin resistance controlled by metformin]. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 3126223-1 1987 The effects of the oral hypoglycemic agents metformin and glibenclamide on receptor binding of insulin and insulin-induced receptor down-regulation were studied in cultured normal human fibroblasts, human breast tumors (cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D) and a human colon tumor (cell line HCT-8) in order to identify differences in receptor regulation between normal and transformed cells. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 3126223-1 1987 The effects of the oral hypoglycemic agents metformin and glibenclamide on receptor binding of insulin and insulin-induced receptor down-regulation were studied in cultured normal human fibroblasts, human breast tumors (cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D) and a human colon tumor (cell line HCT-8) in order to identify differences in receptor regulation between normal and transformed cells. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 3126223-3 1987 Glibenclamide (2 microM) and metformin (1-10 microM) induced a 13-28% reduction in insulin receptor down regulation in fibroblasts exposed to 1.7 x 10(-8)M-insulin, the loss of binding on exposure to insulin decreasing from 55% to 40-48%. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 3126223-3 1987 Glibenclamide (2 microM) and metformin (1-10 microM) induced a 13-28% reduction in insulin receptor down regulation in fibroblasts exposed to 1.7 x 10(-8)M-insulin, the loss of binding on exposure to insulin decreasing from 55% to 40-48%. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 3329125-0 1987 [Value of combined subcutaneous infusion of insulin and metformin in 10 insulin-dependent obese diabetics]. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 3115843-6 1987 Plasma insulin was lowered in obese non-diabetic subjects, without modification of the body weight, by a 24 hour fast or by treatment with Metformin. Metformin 139-148 insulin Homo sapiens 7-14 3115843-8 1987 Treatment for 15 days by 1.75 g Metformin (or placebo), on a weight maintaining diet, induced, in the Metformin group, a decrease in plasma insulin, triglyceride and PA Inhibitor activity and an increase in EFA, while no change was observed in the placebo group. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 3115843-8 1987 Treatment for 15 days by 1.75 g Metformin (or placebo), on a weight maintaining diet, induced, in the Metformin group, a decrease in plasma insulin, triglyceride and PA Inhibitor activity and an increase in EFA, while no change was observed in the placebo group. Metformin 102-111 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 3310318-0 1987 Metformin decreases the high plasminogen activator inhibition capacity, plasma insulin and triglyceride levels in non-diabetic obese subjects. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 3552795-6 1987 In the basal state, metformin administration reduced plasma glucose levels from 172 +/- 14 to 103 +/- 9 mg/dl (P less than .005), hepatic glucose output (HGO) from 2.67 +/- 0.15 to 2.20 +/- 0.20 mg X kg-1 X min-1 (P less than .02), and forearm glucose uptake (FGU) from 0.106 +/- 0.18 to 0.039 +/- 0.016 mg X 100 ml-1 forearm X min-1 (P less than .005), whereas insulin (23 +/- 6 microU/ml) and lactate (1.56 +/- 0.18 mM) levels were unchanged. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 362-369 4046836-0 1985 Metformin improved insulin resistance in type I, insulin-dependent, diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 3552509-2 1987 The mechanism of action of metformin and other biguanides is not completely understood, but recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that metformin may act in part by both increasing the binding of insulin to its receptor and potentiating insulin action. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 3552509-2 1987 The mechanism of action of metformin and other biguanides is not completely understood, but recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that metformin may act in part by both increasing the binding of insulin to its receptor and potentiating insulin action. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 3552509-2 1987 The mechanism of action of metformin and other biguanides is not completely understood, but recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that metformin may act in part by both increasing the binding of insulin to its receptor and potentiating insulin action. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 242-249 3552515-0 1987 Effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated glucose turnover and insulin binding to receptors in type II diabetes. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 3552515-4 1987 With the same insulin infusion rates, glucose disposal was 4.94 +/- 0.55 (P less than .01) and 8.99 +/- 0.66 (P less than .01), respectively, after metformin treatment. Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 3552515-6 1987 Insulin maximum binding to erythrocytes in diabetics was 9.6 +/- 4.2 and 5.8 +/- 2.6 X 10(9) cells (means +/- SD) before and after metformin treatment, respectively (NS). Metformin 131-140 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 3552515-7 1987 Insulin maximum binding to monocytes in diabetics was 6.2 +/- 2.3 X 10(7) cells before and 5.0 +/- 1.6% after metformin. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 3552515-9 1987 Basal glucose and insulin concentrations decreased with metformin. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 3745404-3 1986 In vitro exposure of rat adipose tissue to metformin for 20 h resulted in a significant increase in insulin binding (mean +/- SEM percent specific [125I]insulin bound per 10(5) adipocytes: control, 1.35 +/- 0.13; Met, 1.69 +/- 0.18; P less than 0.02). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 3745404-3 1986 In vitro exposure of rat adipose tissue to metformin for 20 h resulted in a significant increase in insulin binding (mean +/- SEM percent specific [125I]insulin bound per 10(5) adipocytes: control, 1.35 +/- 0.13; Met, 1.69 +/- 0.18; P less than 0.02). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 3533670-0 1986 Effects of metformin treatment on erythrocyte insulin binding in normal weight subjects, in obese non diabetic subjects, in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 3533670-1 1986 We have evaluated the effects of metformin administration on erythrocyte insulin receptors in 21 subjects: 5 normal weight subjects, 5 obese non diabetics, 5 insulin-dependent diabetics (Type I) and 6 obese non insulin-dependent (Type II) diabetics. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 3910491-0 1985 [Value of metformin-insulin association in the treatment of insulin- dependent diabetes]. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 2577974-0 1985 [Action of metformin in insulin resistance]. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 2578686-1 1985 We describe insulin binding and insulin-mediated RNA synthesis on seven human fibroblasts strains in culture initiated from skin biopsies in the presence of three oral antidiabetic agents, Metformin, Gliquidone, and a non-sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug (B X DF 591 ZW), which belong to different chemical classes. Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 3552772-0 1987 Metformin enhances insulin binding to "in vitro" down regulated human fat cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 3552772-1 1987 Insulin binding to human adipose tissue from surgical patients was determined after three different preincubation conditions: a) 24 hrs in the presence or absence of 80 ng/ml insulin; b) 24 hrs in the presence of 80 ng/ml insulin or insulin plus 4 micrograms/ml metformin; c) 48 hrs pre-incubation as in b). Metformin 262-271 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 312-321 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 312-321 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 312-321 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 312-321 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 3552772-4 1987 This finding could explain discrepant results among studies dealing with the influence of metformin on insulin binding. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 3552772-5 1987 Moreover, these results could be useful in understanding the mechanism of action of metformin in insulin-resistant states, e.g. type II diabetes. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 3817257-0 1986 Effect of metformin on peripheral insulin sensitivity in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 3817257-1 1986 To test whether metformin treatment might improve peripheral insulin sensitivity in non insulin dependent diabetes, we measured peripheral glucose uptake in 12 non insulin dependent diabetics before (A) and after 4 weeks (B) of metformin therapy (2 X 850 mg/day) by the hyperinsulinemic clamp technique (80 mU/m2/min). Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 3817257-2 1986 In addition, insulin binding to monocytes was compared between A and B. Diabetic control, evaluated by measurement of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, was significantly improved by metformin treatment (P less than 0.01). Metformin 199-208 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 3533670-4 1986 Maximum specific insulin binding to erythrocytes increased after metformin in the normals (p less than 0.01), in the obese non diabetics (p less than 0.01) and in the obese Type 2 diabetics (p less than 0.005), but not in Type I diabetics. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 3908277-0 1985 Improvement of insulin action is an important part of the antidiabetic effect of metformin. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 3908277-4 1985 Recent studies indicate that metformin treatment improves peripheral insulin action, which might occur both at the receptor level and/or at the postreceptor site. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 3908277-6 1985 Findings indicating that metformin might influence postreceptor sites of insulin action seem, therefore, to be more relevant than possible effects on insulin receptor binding. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 6397366-0 1984 Influence of metformin on metabolic effect of insulin in human adipose tissue in vitro. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 6397366-3 1984 When insulin was present, however, metformin stimulated glucose conversion into both triglycerides and CO2. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 5-12 6397366-6 1984 In conclusion, metformin seems to exert its effect on glucose metabolism by potentiating the action of insulin at a post-receptor level, possibly on the rate of glucose transport. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 4046836-0 1985 Metformin improved insulin resistance in type I, insulin-dependent, diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 4046836-2 1985 The aim of this was to measure the effect of metformin (850 mg/twice daily) on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 4046836-6 1985 Metformin was therefore effective in improving the insulin action in type I diabetic patients, although its use in such circumstances requires consideration of several other factors. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 6376023-1 1984 We evaluated the effect of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide), a biguanide known to be less toxic than phenformin, on insulin binding to its receptors, both in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 6376023-5 1984 Metformin significantly increased insulin binding in vitro to both IM-9 lymphocytes and MCF-7 cells; the maximum increment was 47.1% and 38.0%, respectively. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 6376023-6 1984 Metformin treatment significantly increased insulin binding in vivo to monocytes of obese subjects (+ 31%, P less than 0.05) and diabetic patients (+ 63%, P less than 0.01). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 6376023-9 1984 These data indicate that metformin increases insulin binding to its receptors in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 6734405-3 1984 In contrast the two biguanides tested, phenformin and metformin, increased insulin binding in all cell types by 44 to 101%. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 6390140-0 1984 [Effect of metformin on the metabolic action of insulin in human adipose tissue "in vitro" and "in vivo"]. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 6376023-1 1984 We evaluated the effect of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide), a biguanide known to be less toxic than phenformin, on insulin binding to its receptors, both in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 38-59 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 6376023-2 1984 Specific 125I-insulin binding to cultured IM-9 human lymphocytes and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was determined after preincubation with metformin. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 6373159-1 1984 A study was carried out to evaluate the acute effect of an intravenous injection of metformin on the fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and growth hormone in 15 non-diabetic subjects. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 6373159-1 1984 A study was carried out to evaluate the acute effect of an intravenous injection of metformin on the fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and growth hormone in 15 non-diabetic subjects. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 152-161 6360756-5 1983 Insulin binding to monocytes was nearly identical at all insulin concentrations tested in the placebo or metformin therapy phase. Metformin 105-114 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 6360756-6 1983 These data indicate that the glucose-lowering potency of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetics cannot be associated with changes in receptor number or affinity. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 6350337-0 1983 Metformin normalizes insulin binding to monocytes from obese nondiabetic subjects and obese type II diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 6350337-3 1983 After metformin administration, an increase in insulin binding to peripheral monocytes was observed in seven of eight obese nondiabetic subjects (3.57 +/- 0.43 to 4.69 +/- 0.59% bound at 10(7) monocytes, mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.01) and in all diabetic patients (3.21 +/- 0.21 to 5.22 +/- 0.34, P less than 0.01). Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 6350337-6 1983 These studies indicate that metformin normalizes the binding of insulin to its receptor in obese subjects and diabetic patients. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 6347782-0 1983 Metformin reduces insulin requirement in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 6347782-5 1983 There was a 25.8% reduction in insulin requirement during metformin management despite slightly lower blood glucose levels (5.25 +/- 0.20 versus 5.98 +/- 0.18 mmol/l, p less than 0.01). Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 6347782-12 1983 It follows that metformin could be usefully administered to Type 1 diabetic patients with unimpaired liver and renal function to reduce their insulin requirement. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 1174086-9 1975 Even those test persons who did not lose weight under metformin showed lower proinsulin and insulin levels. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 77-87 6751898-1 1982 The effect of the biguanide metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) on insulin binding in vitro to IM-9 lymphocytes and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was studied. Metformin 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 6751898-2 1982 Metformin significantly increased insulin binding to both cell types: maximum increment was 47.1 +/- 7.0% greater than control in IM-9 and 38.0 +/- 6.1% in MCF-7 cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 6751898-4 1982 When compared with phenformin, metformin was less active in increasing insulin binding to cultured cells, the ratio between the two drug responses being similar to that of their therapeutic dosage in patients. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 6751898-5 1982 Insulin binding increment due to metformin was reversible, was not dependent on new protein synthesis and was evident also in IM-9 lymphocytes that had been down-regulated by pre-incubation with insulin (10(-7) mol/l). Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 6751898-5 1982 Insulin binding increment due to metformin was reversible, was not dependent on new protein synthesis and was evident also in IM-9 lymphocytes that had been down-regulated by pre-incubation with insulin (10(-7) mol/l). Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 6751898-6 1982 This effect of metformin on insulin binding to receptors may contribute to the hypoglycaemic effect of this agent in patients. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 7033271-6 1982 Metformin was also effective in significantly enhancing insulin binding in both IM-9 and MCF-7 cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 188698-6 1976 Basal plasma insulin was significantly reduced in all the patients following metformin treatment. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 6345193-0 1983 Effect of metformin on blood glucose, insulin and C-peptide responses to glucagon in non-insulin dependent diabetics. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 50-59 6345193-8 1983 After treatment with metformin the hyperglycemia induced by glucagon was not influenced; nevertheless insulin and C-peptide plasma levels showed an evident reduction while CPR/IRI molar ratio was unchanged. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 6345193-8 1983 After treatment with metformin the hyperglycemia induced by glucagon was not influenced; nevertheless insulin and C-peptide plasma levels showed an evident reduction while CPR/IRI molar ratio was unchanged. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 114-123 6751898-0 1982 Effect of metformin on insulin binding to receptors in cultured human lymphocytes and cancer cells. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 6751898-1 1982 The effect of the biguanide metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) on insulin binding in vitro to IM-9 lymphocytes and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was studied. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 6749582-0 1982 Metformin reduces post-prandial insulin needs in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: assessment by the artificial pancreas. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 6749582-3 1982 We have studied the effect of metformin (850 mg) given at 08.00 h in diminishing insulin needs after a 60 g carbohydrate mixed meal taken at 12.00 h, using an artificial pancreas and a sequential analysis of the results. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 6749582-5 1982 After the eighth patient a 26% saving of insulin need was demonstrated in the metformin-treated group (p less than 0.01). Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 6749582-6 1982 Metformin is thus effective in reducing post-prandial insulin needs in Type 1 diabetic patients, although its use in such circumstances requires consideration of several other issues. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 428695-0 1979 Metformin in management of pregnant insulin-independent diabetics. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 455913-0 1979 [Effects of dimethylbiguanide (metformin) on peripheral insulin clearance and lipid biosynthesis in obese dyslipidemic subjects with and without diabetes mellitus]. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 4995366-0 1971 [Experimental demonstration of the simulating action of biguanides (phenformin, metformin) on insulin secretion]. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 5791574-0 1969 [Effect of dimethylbiguanide on sensitivity to exogenous insulin in nondiabetic subjects treated by hydrochlorothiazide]. Metformin 11-28 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 33745895-11 2021 SIGNIFICANCE: Our study indicated that pre-admitted metformin usage may have beneficial effects on COVID-19 with pre-existed type 2 diabetes, insulin should be used sparingly in the hospital stay. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 32770520-0 2021 Metformin Lowers Body Weight But Fails to Increase Insulin Sensitivity in Chronic Heart Failure Patients without Diabetes: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 32770520-2 2021 However, it remains to be established whether these beneficial myocardial effects are associated with metformin-induced alterations in whole-body insulin sensitivity and substrate metabolism. Metformin 102-111 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 34057870-0 2021 Repurposing metformin for covid-19 complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 34057870-9 2021 In this article, we argue that metformin has beneficial effects on Covid-19 infection in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 4469884-0 1974 [Effects of treatment with glipizide-metformin on the behavior of blood sugar, insulin and lipids after intravenous administration of glucose in diabetic subjects]. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 33713207-5 2021 On the other hand, metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic drug that decreases serum levels of insulin and IGF-1, could have a protective role in the treatment of endocrine tumors. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 1174086-9 1975 Even those test persons who did not lose weight under metformin showed lower proinsulin and insulin levels. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 33990102-6 2021 The alteration of insulin signaling pathways, involved in gastrointestinal manifestations, carcinogenesis, muscle function, cognitive and endocrinological aspects, gain further relevance in the light of recent evidence of metformin efficacy in DM1. Metformin 222-231 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 34007128-2 2021 The pleiotropic insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects of metformin might inhibit pathways that are frequently amplified in neoplastic tissue. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 34007128-2 2021 The pleiotropic insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects of metformin might inhibit pathways that are frequently amplified in neoplastic tissue. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 33444083-2 2021 Metformin is the recommended first choice of drug for the management of T2DM and is known to improve insulin sensitivity and prevents hyperglycemia by reducing chronic inflammation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 33459895-12 2021 Women treated with metformin plus insulin had 201 (52.1%) obstetric complications versus 184 (47.7%) in insulin-only group, p = 0.22; and 112 (29.0%) neonatal complications versus 96 (24.9%), p = 0.19. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 33459895-13 2021 Patients treated with metformin plus insulin had similar GWG, excessive weight gain and insulin dose compared to the insulin-only group. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 33459895-13 2021 Patients treated with metformin plus insulin had similar GWG, excessive weight gain and insulin dose compared to the insulin-only group. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 33459895-14 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Women with GDM treated with insulin plus metformin had similar obstetric and neonatal complications, weight gained and insulin dose compared to those only treated with insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 33459895-14 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Women with GDM treated with insulin plus metformin had similar obstetric and neonatal complications, weight gained and insulin dose compared to those only treated with insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 33830463-14 2021 The broad scope of the review includes the use of progesterone, metformin to reverse insulin resistance, and bariatric surgery or operative hysteroscopy. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 33609419-8 2021 RESULTS: Treatment with metformin/rosiglitazone in MMTV-ErbB2/Leprdb/db mouse model reduced serum insulin levels, prolonged overall survival, decreased cumulative tumor incidence, and inhibited tumor progression. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 33719959-10 2021 Compared with controls, metformin can effectively reduce serum fasting glucose and insulin levels and the HOMA-IR index in NAFLD patients at the 6-month follow-up. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 32533543-1 2021 Metformin is widely used as a firstline therapy to improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 33650273-1 2021 PURPOSE: Metformin is widely used as an insulin sensitizer in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 33887146-10 2021 Conclusions: Metformin treatment was associated with significant decreases in BMI, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 33854349-11 2021 The wound healing process in rats treated with insulin was more effective than in the metformin and control groups. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 33927970-6 2021 Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs including metformin, thiazolidinediones, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue could modulate IRS-1 phosphorylation, brain IR, PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway, and other pathologic processes of AD. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 33899646-1 2021 OBJECTIVE: To improve insulin action, most clinicians prescribe Metformin in patients with insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 33899646-1 2021 OBJECTIVE: To improve insulin action, most clinicians prescribe Metformin in patients with insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 33899646-4 2021 Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine if Metformin provides a benefit in conjunction with hypocaloric diets to improve insulin sensitivity in PCOS women. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 33884414-0 2021 Effects of Behavioral Weight Loss and Metformin on Insulin-like Growth Factors in Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Trial. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 33302299-13 2021 Although currently no intervention can be universally recommended to reverse endometrial dysfunction in PCOS women, lifestyle modifications and metformin may improve underlying endometrial dysfunction and pregnancy outcomes in obese and/or insulin resistant patients. Metformin 144-153 insulin Homo sapiens 240-247 33887240-13 2021 Hypoglycemic episodes were significantly more common in the insulin-treated group (55.9% vs 17.7% on metformin, OR 6.118, 95% CI 3.134-11.944, p 0.000). Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 33854039-9 2021 Our results show that metformin improved dysglycemia and insulin sensitivity, independent of weight loss, in a young population with prediabetes/diabetes and psychosis spectrum illness, that is at extremely high risk of early cardiovascular mortality. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 33917520-9 2021 Systematic findings on the nine publications indicated metformin decreased insulin levels in four studies, FBS in one, BMI in two, Ki-67 in three studies, and HOMA-IR in two study. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 33915682-2 2021 Pharmacological treatments for EMS include metformin, a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent also administered to people to help improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 33109447-0 2021 Glycemic Impact of Metformin in Diabetes Caused by Heterozygous Insulin Gene Mutation R46Q. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 33759685-11 2021 In patients with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, Metformin should also be considered as part of treatment. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 33728428-2 2021 OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact of metformin treatment during puberty, a critical window of cardiometabolic change, on insulin sensitivity (Si) and compensatory beta-cell response in youth with obesity. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 33719959-14 2021 CONCLUSION: Compared to the controls, metformin can effectively reduce the serum fasting glucose and insulin levels and the HOMA-IR index in NAFLD patients at the 6-month follow-up and ALT and the HOMA-IR index at the 12-month follow-up. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 33608415-9 2021 Metformin resulted in a modest decrease in BMI (range of mean values: -2.70 to 1.30 vs -1.12 to 1.90), BMI z score (range of mean values: -0.37 to -0.03 vs -0.22 to 0.15), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (range of mean values: -3.74 to 1.00 vs -1.40 to 2.66). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 208-215 33690729-5 2021 Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing biguanide drug, commonly used in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus, especially in obese patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 33608415-12 2021 CONCLUSIONS: With this systematic review of RCTs, we suggest that metformin has modest but favorable effects on weight and insulin resistance and a tolerable safety profile among children and adolescents with obesity. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 32951988-1 2021 PURPOSE: Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, is the most common first-line antidiabetic therapy. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 33671767-6 2021 The insulin-induced accumulation of MG and S-d-lactoylglutathione were efficiently removed by the treatment of metformin, possibly via affecting the glyoxalase system. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 33594488-3 2021 Metformin treatment had a small but positive effect on bone quality in the peripheral skeleton, reduced weight gain, and resulted in a more beneficial body composition compared with placebo in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 33594488-6 2021 METHODS: This was a sub-study of the Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy trial, which was a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing 18-month treatment with metformin compared with placebo, in combination with different insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin 182-191 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 33594488-14 2021 CONCLUSION: Metformin treatment had a small positive effect on BMC and BMD in the peripheral skeleton and reduced weight gain compared with placebo in insulin-treated patients with T2DM. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 33861440-1 2021 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility, for which the insulin sensitizer metformin has been used therapeutically. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 33477996-5 2021 The potential anti-cancer activity of metformin is based on two principal effects: first, its capacity for lowering circulating insulin levels with indirect endocrine effects that may impact on tumor cell proliferation; second, its direct influence on many pro-cancer signaling pathways that are key drivers of BC aggressiveness. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 33430738-12 2022 CONCLUSION: Collectively, this study has demonstrated a decrease in blood glucose levels and a rise in insulin-levels and thus a consequent prophylactic effects in metformin-given STZ-induced diabetic rats. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 33413067-4 2021 In patients with T2DM, metformin lowers mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels by 1.1-1.2% as monotherapy, by 0.6-0.83 % as an add-on therapy to insulin, and by 0.9- 0.95 % as add-on therapy to other oral agents. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 32548833-7 2021 Recently, metformin has been used more commonly in diabetic pregnant women in cases when insulin cannot be prescribed, after its safety has been proven. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 33861440-3 2021 Given that metformin acts as an ovulation inducing agent and both curcumin and metformin can reduce insulin resistance, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of metformin with and without curcumin nanomicelles in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 33861440-3 2021 Given that metformin acts as an ovulation inducing agent and both curcumin and metformin can reduce insulin resistance, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of metformin with and without curcumin nanomicelles in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 33273042-1 2021 OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term efficacy of initiating therapy with metformin/pioglitazone/exenatide in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) versus sequential addition of metformin followed by glipizide and insulin. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 230-237 33270043-13 2021 Additional analyses showed a null association for other antidiabetic drugs, but significant interactions between metformin and insulin, sulfonylurea and pioglitazone, respectively, were noted. Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 33337344-9 2021 Treatment with either empagliflozin or metformin lowered expression of the dysfunction marker genes ex vivo, which correlated with improved glycemic control, and increased insulin release in vivo. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 33337344-11 2021 Improving islet endothelial function through strategies such as empagliflozin/metformin treatment may provide an effective approach for improving insulin release in human type 2 diabetes. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 33352227-3 2021 Metformin, a first-line oral antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), not only reduces blood glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity and exerts cardioprotective effects but also shows benefits against cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and other diverse diseases and regulates angiogenesis. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 33665047-10 2021 In one-third of the patients, down-titration of the insulin dose was done, indicating the insulin-sparing effect with the addition of the glimepiride and metformin combination. Metformin 154-163 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 33861440-13 2021 This study showed that curcumin has a synergistic effect with metformin in the improvement of insulin resistance and lipid profile in patients with PCOS. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 32940848-2 2021 Metformin has been shown to have antitumor effects by lowering serum levels of the mitogen insulin and having pleiotropic effects on cancer cell signaling pathways. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 33970481-5 2021 Results from available studies have shown that metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure was associated with improved clinical outcomes when compared with other oral antidiabetic agents, insulin, or lifestyle management. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 223-230 31234219-8 2021 Metformin reduced plasma glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity but the latter effect was stronger in women receiving oral contraceptive pills than in women not using any contraception. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 31234219-11 2021 The changes in plasma prolactin correlated with their baseline insulin sensitivity and the effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 33017649-8 2021 Cumulative evidence from these RCTs supported the blood glucose lowering effects of metformin, in addition to promoting weight loss, ameliorating insulin resistance, and reducing pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with metabolic syndrome. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 33576490-1 2021 The main mechanism of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is insulin resistance, therefore using metformin as a medicine reducing insulin resistance appears to be promising. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 33576490-1 2021 The main mechanism of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is insulin resistance, therefore using metformin as a medicine reducing insulin resistance appears to be promising. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 34017786-3 2021 Therefore, he escaped from insulin injection and was able to treat with metformin. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 33347618-1 2020 BACKGROUND: The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 33334002-6 2020 Because increased insulin secretion enhances ovarian androgen production, short-term treatment with metformin and other hypoglycemic agents results in significant weight loss, favorable metabolic changes, and testosterone reduction. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 32544018-6 2020 Results: After six months, the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and homeostatic model assessment estimates for insulin resistance were significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 32970287-2 2020 This study set up to determine the effect of metformin on miR223 expression and content of AKT/GLUT4 proteins in insulin resistant signaling in 3T3L1 cells and adipocyte of human diabetic patients. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 32970287-9 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin reduced insulin resistance in adipocytes by reduction of miR223 expression and improving of IRS/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathways. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 33297431-12 2020 For patients with DM and COVID-19 who require hospitalization, insulin-based treatment is recommended with cessation of metformin and SGLT2i. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 32544018-6 2020 Results: After six months, the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and homeostatic model assessment estimates for insulin resistance were significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 32544018-6 2020 Results: After six months, the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and homeostatic model assessment estimates for insulin resistance were significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 32544018-9 2020 Conclusion: Metformin, associated with vaginal ring, improves the insulin and carbohydrate metabolism. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 32706919-9 2020 In both study arms, metformin reduced plasma glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity but this effect was stronger in subjects receiving vitamin D. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 32822526-9 2020 Metformin reduced glucose levels and glycated haemoglobin, improved insulin sensitivity and decreased thyrotrophin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 32822526-13 2020 The thyrotrophin-lowering effect of metformin correlated with the improvement in insulin sensitivity and in levothyroxine-treated women with the changes in prolactin levels. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 33243251-8 2020 Insulin and the insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone and metformin prevent in part the RD-induced cone loss in vivo, despite the persistence of inflammation CONCLUSION: Our results describe a new mechanism by which inflammation induces cone death in RD, likely through cone starvation due to the downregulation of RdCVF that could be reversed by insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 32934724-3 2020 As a traditional insulin sensitizer and newly discovered anticancer agent, metformin directly and indirectly inhibits the development of EC. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 33197121-7 2022 Of the non-insulin agents, metformin was consistently the most frequently dispensed agent, with a rapid growth in metformin combination tablets. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 33153458-10 2020 Our initial attempt to reduce insulin resistance with metformin and pioglitazone was not effective, possibly because of inadequate insulinemia. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 33520876-8 2020 In the present study, metabolic rate and hepatic clearance changed to 0.0112 +- 0.0008 and 6.2 +- 0.1 ml/min in the type-1 diabetic group treated with insulin plus metformin, and 0.0149 +- 0.0012 and 6.03 +- 0.06 ml/min in the insulin-receiving type-2 diabetic rats. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 227-234 32601731-7 2020 Metformin was able to stabilise insulin sensitivity in every stratified sub-cohort except one. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 32601731-11 2020 Metformin was able to stabilise insulin sensitivity and was more effective in persons with more pronounced IFG. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 32428991-4 2020 The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) demonstrated that metformin not only had hypoglycemic action equivalent to sulfonylureas (SU) and insulin but also significantly lowered mortality and incidence of cardiovascular disease compared with SU or insulin treatment (1) while exerting a cardioprotective effect that lasted 10 years after the study ended (2). Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 261-268 32934724-5 2020 In the indirect mechanism, metformin increases the insulin sensitivity of body tissues and decreases circulating insulin levels. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 32994049-5 2020 These metformin effects result in the improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization in extrahepatic tissues. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 33194937-8 2020 Metformin"s mechanisms of actions are complex but clearly involve secondary lowering of circulating insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 32713411-0 2020 Effects of metformin on epicardial adipose tissue and atrial electromechanical delay of obese children with insulin resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 32713411-3 2020 AIM: This study aims to demonstrate the effects of metformin on epicardial adipose tissue and electromechanical delay in patients using metformin for insulin resistance. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 32713411-3 2020 AIM: This study aims to demonstrate the effects of metformin on epicardial adipose tissue and electromechanical delay in patients using metformin for insulin resistance. Metformin 136-145 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 32713411-4 2020 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 patients using metformin for insulin resistance were included in the study. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 33271428-1 2020 Metformin remains the first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in most guidelines not only because it achieves significant reduction in HbA1c but also because of a wealth of clinical experience regarding its safety and observational data that has shown that metformin use is associated with lower mortality rates when compared to sulphonylureas or insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 359-366 33271428-1 2020 Metformin remains the first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in most guidelines not only because it achieves significant reduction in HbA1c but also because of a wealth of clinical experience regarding its safety and observational data that has shown that metformin use is associated with lower mortality rates when compared to sulphonylureas or insulin. Metformin 269-278 insulin Homo sapiens 359-366 32970287-0 2020 Metformin downregulates miR223 expression in insulin-resistant 3T3L1 cells and human diabetic adipose tissue. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 31903641-8 2020 In both groups, metformin reduced glucose levels, homeostasis model assessment 1 of insulin resistance index (HOMA1-IR), thyrotropin levels and Jostel"s thyrotropin index, as well as increased SPINA-GT. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 33001414-10 2021 Metformin was associated with increased OR (CI) for AKI, 1.07 (1.02-1.12), equally to sulfonylurea, 1.10 (1.03-1.18) and DPP-4i, 1.11 (1.02-1.20), but not insulin, 0.99 (0.93-1.05). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 32934724-5 2020 In the indirect mechanism, metformin increases the insulin sensitivity of body tissues and decreases circulating insulin levels. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 32979921-0 2020 Metformin may adversely affect orthostatic blood pressure recovery in patients with type 2 diabetes: substudy from the placebo-controlled Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy (CIMT) trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 32979921-10 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Eighteen months of metformin treatment in combination with insulin compared with insulin alone increased early drop in OBP indicating an adverse effect of metformin on CAN independent of vitamin B12, MMA HbA1c. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 32917052-5 2020 The change in plasma vaspin level in response to metformin therapy was parallel with the improving of insulin resistance/sensitivity parameters. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 32921782-4 2020 The insulin sensitizing actions of metformin encouraged many investigators and physician to use it as the key drug in these conditions for both prevention and treatment. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 32887578-8 2020 The metformin group had a lower risk of primary cesarean section (aOR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) and congenital malformations (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI; 0.27-0.94) and similar risk for the other outcomes as compared with the insulin group. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 218-225 33376686-5 2020 Results: Metformin therapy led to significant reduction of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (IR) with an increment in the insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01). Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 32741222-8 2020 In addition, metformin also reduced the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in patients with HT and SH (HT: p TSH = .000 and p HOMA-IR = .000; SH: p TSH = .000 and p HOMA-IR = .000, respectively). Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 32390336-9 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin with insulin has the potential to retard the progression of atherosclerosis and provides better metabolic control in patients with T1DM, and thus, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with T1DM on reducing CVD risks. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 31863557-0 2020 A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin on myocardial efficiency in insulin-resistant chronic heart failure patients without diabetes. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 31863557-1 2020 AIMS: The present study tested the hypothesis that metformin treatment may increase myocardial efficiency (stroke work/myocardial oxygen consumption) in insulin-resistant patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) without diabetes. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 33376686-5 2020 Results: Metformin therapy led to significant reduction of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (IR) with an increment in the insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01). Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 33376686-7 2020 Metformin plus TA therapy reduced fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and IR and showed increment in the insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01) with insignificant effect on fasting insulin (P = 0.09) compared with metformin monotherapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 33277829-7 2020 Insulin-raising drugs, including exogenous insulin, increased cancer risks, while drugs potentiating insulin sensitivity like metformin reduced cancer risks. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 32556103-0 2020 Metformin alleviates hyperuricaemia-induced serum FFA elevation and insulin resistance by inhibiting adipocyte hypertrophy and reversing suppressed white adipose tissue beiging. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 32974359-6 2020 The objective of this review article is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of PH related to left heart disease (PH-LHD), outline the proposed pathophysiologic mechanism of insulin resistance in heart failure and PH-LHD, and evaluate the role metformin may have in heart failure and PH-LHD. Metformin 253-262 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 32606000-6 2020 The anti-diabetic drug metformin suppressed insulin-induced hepatic Cyclin D1 expression and protected against obese/diabetic hepatocarcinogenesis. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 32758236-11 2020 Metformin treatment with insulin, ACEi and beta-blocker therapy were also shown to have a reduction in mortality (insulin p = 0.002; ACEi p < 0.001; beta-blocker p = 0.017), whereas female gender was associated with worse outcomes (p < 0.001). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 32758236-11 2020 Metformin treatment with insulin, ACEi and beta-blocker therapy were also shown to have a reduction in mortality (insulin p = 0.002; ACEi p < 0.001; beta-blocker p = 0.017), whereas female gender was associated with worse outcomes (p < 0.001). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 32755965-5 2020 Treatment with corticosteroids, metformin and hydroxychloroquine allowed withdrawal of insulin therapy, with stabilisation of glycaemia and diminished signs of insulin resistance; however, morning fasting hypoglycaemic episodes persisted. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 32755965-5 2020 Treatment with corticosteroids, metformin and hydroxychloroquine allowed withdrawal of insulin therapy, with stabilisation of glycaemia and diminished signs of insulin resistance; however, morning fasting hypoglycaemic episodes persisted. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 32755965-10 2020 Treatment with metformin, hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate ameliorated extreme insulin resistance. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 32409919-5 2020 Therefore, we analyzed the induction of insulin resistance (IR) in the Huh7 cell line using an overdosage of insulin and treatment with metformin for its reversal, with the purpose of establishing an insulin resistance model useful for metabolic and pharmacological studies. Metformin 136-145 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 32767342-3 2020 While the efficacy of metformin in reducing insulin resistance and decreasing androgen level has been widely validated, there is no agreement on the dose of metformin to be used. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 32418411-9 2020 Insulin resistance is becoming an increasingly studied target for therapy, most evidence stemming from the time-honoured metformin use. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 32652973-2 2020 We studied whether metformin treatment has favorable or unfavorable effects on inflammatory markers and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) in GDM patients compared with insulin, and whether these markers associate with major maternal or fetal clinical outcomes. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 32587614-15 2020 Conclusions: The use of insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and inositols, along with lifestyle interventions may improve the metabolic profile in PCOS women. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 32248666-0 2020 Metformin revert insulin-induced oxaliplatin resistance by activating mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 32248666-3 2020 This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which metformin reverts insulin-induced oxaliplatin resistance in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 32248666-13 2020 The AMPK/Erk signaling pathway experiments revealed that the upregulation of Bcl-2 induced by insulin through Erk phosphorylation was inhibited by metformin and that such inhibition could be mitigated by the inhibition of AMPK. Metformin 147-156 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 32248666-14 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Insulin-induced oxaliplatin resistance was reversed by metformin-mediated AMPK activation. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 32456272-1 2020 Insulin resistance is a central mediating factor of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), with exercise training and metformin proven antidotes to insulin resistance. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 32454819-0 2020 SLC22A1 rs622342 Polymorphism Predicts Insulin Resistance Improvement in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Metformin: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 32454819-1 2020 Background: Metformin is the most widely used oral antidiabetic agent and can reduce insulin resistance (IR) effectively. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 32454819-12 2020 Conclusions: The variant of rs622342 could be a predictor of insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM treated with metformin. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 32409919-8 2020 Moreover, treatment of Huh7-IR with 0.5, 1 or 2 mM of metformin by 24 h decreased the biomarkers associated with an insulin-resistant state. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 32274915-5 2020 Metformin seems to be safe and presents evident positive effects on insulin sensitivity, but long-term and consistent data are still missing to establish its role in the paediatric population and the possible effectiveness of other emergent treatments such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, dual inhibitors of SGLT1 and SGLT2 and weight loss drugs. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 32758336-12 2020 As the diabetic MODY-5 patient (mutation of HNF1B, Val2Leu) was on low dose Riomet while eliminating insulin gradually, a simple analytical method for metformin assay was recommended to ensure its concentration before use as it is not approved yet by the Egyptian QC labs. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 32447330-12 2020 Off GH, insulin requirements reduced to zero, allowing Metformin monotherapy. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 32801686-1 2020 Introduction: Metformin is an ideal candidate to treat the liver tumor with insulin resistance because of its good performance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and the advantage in cancer therapy. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 32660025-11 2020 An analysis of a subgroup of participants taking metformin showed a decrease in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, insulin resistance, and zonulin; an increase in plasma butyrate concentrations; and an enrichment of microbial butyrate-producing pathways in the probiotic group but not in the placebo group. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 32629460-7 2020 Patients using metformin and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have a higher probability of success than do patients using metformin and a sulfonylurea, and patients using insulin and metformin have a higher probability of success than do patients using insulin alone. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 32670541-4 2020 Although insulin sensitising agents such as metformin have been traditionally used for managing metabolic aspects of PCOS, their efficacy is low in terms of weight reduction and cardiovascular risk reduction compared with newer agents such as incretin mimetics and SGLT2 inhibitors. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 32080865-0 2020 Combination of metformin and berberine represses the apoptosis of sebocytes in high-fat diet-induced diabetic hamsters and an insulin-treated human cell line. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 32080865-8 2020 Sebocytes isolated from high-fat diet-induced diabetic hamsters and insulin-treated human sebocytes displayed elevated cell death rates, which were attenuated by berberine and metformin treatments. Metformin 176-185 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 32556103-6 2020 Moreover, lowering UA using benzbromarone (a uricosuric agent) or metformin-induced activation of AMPK expression significantly attenuated UA-induced FFA metabolism impairment and adipose beiging suppression, which subsequently alleviated serum FFA elevation and insulin resistance in HUA mice. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 263-270 32556103-7 2020 Taken together, these observations confirm that UA is involved in the aetiology of metabolic abnormalities in adipose tissue by regulating leptin-AMPK pathway,and metformin could lessen HUA-induced serum FFA elevation and insulin resistance by improving adipose tissue function via AMPK activation. Metformin 163-172 insulin Homo sapiens 222-229 32606605-0 2020 Metformin Decreases Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes Through Regulating p53 and RAP2A in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 32606605-2 2020 This study was set out to explore the molecular mechanism of metformin in the treatment of T1D insulin resistance. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 32606605-4 2020 Insulin resistance model rats and cells were constructed and treated with metformin respectively. Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 32606605-8 2020 Metformin could effectively improve insulin resistance and inflammatory response while down-regulating p53 and up-regulating RAP2A. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 32606605-10 2020 Conclusion: Metformin improves T1D insulin resistance and inflammatory response through p53/RAP2A pathway, and the regulation of p53/RAP2A pathway is conducive to improving the efficacy of metformin in the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 32606605-10 2020 Conclusion: Metformin improves T1D insulin resistance and inflammatory response through p53/RAP2A pathway, and the regulation of p53/RAP2A pathway is conducive to improving the efficacy of metformin in the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 32606605-10 2020 Conclusion: Metformin improves T1D insulin resistance and inflammatory response through p53/RAP2A pathway, and the regulation of p53/RAP2A pathway is conducive to improving the efficacy of metformin in the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 219-226 32625081-2 2020 Metformin is an oral drug that is being evaluated to treat GDM, obesity-associated insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during pregnancy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 32625081-4 2020 In this line of thought, improving the metabolic status of the pregnant mother by using metformin should avoid the consequences of insulin resistance on the offspring"s fetal and postnatal development. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 32020414-1 2020 PURPOSE: To determine the separated and combined effects of metformin and exercise on insulin sensitivity and free-living glycemic control in overweight individuals with prediabetes/type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 31961463-8 2020 This effect of metformin was also significant in non-obese (51.4 versus 24.3%, OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.22-8.84, P = 0.02) and insulin-sensitive (54.8 versus 28.6%, OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.03-8.97, P = 0.04) subgroups of AEH women. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 32247208-8 2020 Additionally, compared to women prescribed metformin, all-cause mortality hazard was elevated among women prescribed sulfonylurea (HR = 1.44; 95 %CI 1.06, 1.94) or insulin (HR = 1.54; 95 %CI 1.12, 2.11). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 32442232-17 2020 Metformin-exposed neonates were born lighter (-73.92 g, 95% CI -114.79 to -33.06 g, p < 0.001) with reduced risk of macrosomia (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.45-0.79, p < 0.001) than insulin-exposed neonates. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 32442232-20 2020 Metformin-exposed neonates had decreased ponderal index (-0.13 kg/m3, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.00, p = 0.04) and reduced head (-0.21, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.03, p = 0.03) and chest circumferences (-0.34 cm, 95% CI -0.62 to -0.05, p = 0.02) versus the insulin-treated group. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 241-248 32327628-8 2020 Metformin was significantly superior to placebo with regards to decrease in body weight, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.002-0.01), but not regarding changes in waist circumference, waist-to-hip rate, leptin, fasting glucose, and blood pressure (P = 0.07-0.33). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 32327628-8 2020 Metformin was significantly superior to placebo with regards to decrease in body weight, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.002-0.01), but not regarding changes in waist circumference, waist-to-hip rate, leptin, fasting glucose, and blood pressure (P = 0.07-0.33). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 32017937-4 2020 Metformin is the most often used oral glucose-lowering agent; its beneficial properties include lowering insulin resistance, weight reduction and cardioprotection. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 32156062-4 2020 A multivariate analysis showed that exposure to either metformin or to insulin was associated with a lower risk of LC-specific mortality, and this approached statistical significance (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-92 for metformin and HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44-95 for insulin). Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 254-261 32022731-5 2020 Also, the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance has been independently associated with disease-free survival, suggesting that improving the glycemic control may improve the prognosis in this group of patients.Epidemiological studies revealed that cancer patients with diabetes mellitus have less cancer-related mortality after antiglycemic treatment, opening the option to include antiglycolytic agents, such as metformin, in the therapeutic plan. Metformin 422-431 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 31802616-0 2020 Effects of Treatment With Metformin and/or Sitagliptin on Beta-cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Prediabetic Women With Previous Gestational Diabetes. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 31802616-6 2020 MET+SITA gave a greater increase of first phase(2-10 min) insulin secretion and arginine-stimulated response (720.3+-299.0 to 995.5+-370.3 pmol/l and 3.2+-0.6 to 4.8+-1.0 pmol/min, respectively, both p<0.05) compared to MET and SITA. Metformin 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 31802616-7 2020 Similarly, MET+SITA was more effective in increasing OGTT-based glucose sensitivity (55.7+-11.3 to 108+-56.2 pmol x min-1 m-2 x mM-1 ; p=0.04) and insulin sensitivity (M/I: 2.2+-0.5 to 4.6+-1.3 mg/kg/min/muIU/min/ml; p=0.04; Matsuda Index (SI): 3.1+-0.4 to 5.7+-1.1; p=0.03) as compared to either MET or SITA. Metformin 11-14 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 31802616-10 2020 CONCLUSION: This study shows that MET+SITA is superior to SITA and MET monotherapy on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity improvement in IGR women with previous GDM and it may offer a potential pharmacologic intervention to reduce risk of T2D in this high-risk population. Metformin 34-37 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 31742716-6 2020 Metformin significantly increased insulin sensitivity (51%) as well as disposition index (97%) and decreased mixed-meal tolerance test peak glucose concentrations (8%) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus after adjustment for gestational age-dependent effects; however, in women with T2DM metformin only significantly affected peak glucose concentrations (22%) and had no significant effect on any other parameters. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 32243405-2 2020 Studies have demonstrated that metformin can reduce liver glucose in PCOS, lower testosterone levels and increase peripheral insulin sensitivity. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 32157481-8 2021 Effective modulation of some heart failure-related outcomes with metformin treatment was related to its beneficial effects in ameliorating insulin resistance and blocking pro-inflammatory markers such as the aging-associated cytokine CCL11 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 11). Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 32156062-4 2020 A multivariate analysis showed that exposure to either metformin or to insulin was associated with a lower risk of LC-specific mortality, and this approached statistical significance (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-92 for metformin and HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44-95 for insulin). Metformin 212-221 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 31593243-7 2020 Among the T2DM patients, insulin usage increased the risk of CRC (aHR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.58-0-2.19) after adjustment for age, sex, urbanization level, comorbidities, metformin usage and examinations; nevertheless, metformin decreased the risk of CRC (aHR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.54-0.77) after adjustment for age, sex, urbanization level, comorbidities, insulin usage and examinations. Metformin 166-175 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 31593243-7 2020 Among the T2DM patients, insulin usage increased the risk of CRC (aHR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.58-0-2.19) after adjustment for age, sex, urbanization level, comorbidities, metformin usage and examinations; nevertheless, metformin decreased the risk of CRC (aHR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.54-0.77) after adjustment for age, sex, urbanization level, comorbidities, insulin usage and examinations. Metformin 214-223 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 31654523-12 2020 CONCLUSIONS: In an increasing but changing population of gestational diabetes women in our region, with more heredity and non-Scandinavian origin, but with fewer smokers, metabolic control has improved with maintained favorable pregnancy outcomes, with more frequent use of Metformin and substantially less use of insulin treatment. Metformin 274-283 insulin Homo sapiens 314-321 31389032-9 2020 Metformin-induced changes in thyrotropin and Jostel"s index correlated with their baseline values, baseline levels of testosterone, and with the effect of treatment on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 31936857-2 2020 We study in jejunum the relation between insulin signalling and insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects with low (MO-low-IR) or with high insulin resistance (MO-high-IR), and with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin (MO-metf-T2DM)), and the effect of insulin/leptin on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Metformin 215-224 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 31006835-7 2020 Results of the subgroup analyses showed that insulin, glucose, and BMI decreased more significantly when the duration of administering metformin intervention was above 4 weeks. Metformin 135-144 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 31006835-9 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer patients receiving metformin as treatment for diabetes showed significant reduction in levels of insulin, fasting glucose, CRP, HOMA, leptin, BMI, and Ki-67. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 30663560-4 2020 Regarding antidiabetic medication, metformin, gliclazide, pioglitazone, exenatide and dapagliflozin exert a beneficial effect on Endothelial Function (EF); glimepiride and glibenclamide, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and liraglutide have a neutral effect, while studies examining the effect of insulin analogues, empagliflozin and canagliflozin on EF are limited. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 298-305 31662305-0 2020 Insulin Sensitivity and Renal Hemodynamic Function in Metformin-Treated Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Preserved Renal Function. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 31662305-13 2020 CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we demonstrate that impaired insulin sensitivity is associated with intrarenal hemodynamic dysfunction by gold standard techniques in adults with T2D treated with metformin monotherapy. Metformin 196-205 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 32396212-5 2020 Metformin is taken by many patients before pregnancy due to both previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes and in the treatment of prediabetes, obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as part of therapy for insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 207-214 31853319-10 2020 In conclusion, insulin combined with metformin is more effective than insulin alone in reducing serum Cys C and Hcy levels, with significant effect on the improvement of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 31718828-1 2020 OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of metformin, rosiglitazone, and their combination in obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 31718828-13 2020 CONCLUSION(S): Considering the benefits of metformin on weight loss, high-dose metformin (1,500 mg/day) along with lifestyle modification should be recommended for obese, insulin-resistant women with PCOS. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 31711841-5 2020 The most frequently prescribed medications added to metformin were sulfonylurea and basal insulin accounting for 51% (1724/3413) and 37% (1268/3413) respectively. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 31711841-8 2020 CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Type 2 diabetes patients treated with sulfonylurea, basal insulin and GLP-1 agonist as an add on to metformin had significant reductions in HbA1c. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 30888034-3 2020 Metformin is a widely used, well-tolerated drug that improves insulin sensitivity and displays anti-inflammatory properties. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 31420971-6 2020 Although metformin reduced plasma glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity in both groups, this effect was stronger in participants with low testosterone levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 31595635-5 2020 CONCLUSION: A single event of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia led to an increase in markers of platelet activation and coagulation in people with early stages of type 2 diabetes on metformin therapy. Metformin 179-188 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 32067218-12 2020 Metformin treatment elevates serum MANF levels and alleviates insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in PCOS women. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 31389032-7 2020 In both study groups, metformin decreased plasma glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 31969093-0 2020 Pharmacological strategies for insulin sensitivity: thiazolidinediones and metformin. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 31969093-7 2020 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review TZD and metformin as pharmacological treatments for insulin resistance associated with obesity and cancer. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 32769032-3 2020 Metformin regulates insulin responsive gene and helps to achieve glycemic control however, no extensive study reported about its role against glycation induced oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 31667980-1 2020 Previous randomized and observational studies on the efficacy of metformin in pregnancy to reduce incident gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women at high risk (obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], or pregestational insulin resistance) have been conflicting and several groups are planning further randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to answer this question conclusively. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 227-234 31462593-0 2019 Glucose-responsive Insulinoma with Insulin Hypersecretion Suppressed by Metformin. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 31462593-1 2019 In type 2 diabetes mellitus, metformin suppresses excessive insulin secretion in relation to the intake of glucose. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 31821361-1 2019 BACKGROUND: Metformin treatment (1000-2000 mg/day) over 6 months in pubertal children and/or adolescents with obesity and hyperinsulinism is associated with a reduction in body mass index (BMI) and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 31127593-7 2019 Fasting plasma glucose, serum high-density lipoprotein and indices of insulin sensitivity significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 31811400-2 2019 RECENT FINDINGS: There has been increasing interest in the use of non-insulin agents, primarily metformin and glyburide (which both cross the placenta). Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 31415212-3 2019 Metformin improves insulin resistance and metabolic function. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 31693269-11 2019 After adjustment, metformin was associated with reduced absolute risk of planned elective c-section (RD = -2.3, 95% CI, -4.3 to -0.3), large for gestational age (RD = -3.7, 95% CI, -5.5 to -1.8), and neonatal hypoglycemia (RD = -5.0, 95% CI, -6.9 to -3.2) compared with insulin. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 270-277 32694673-7 2019 In wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet, oral administration of metformin increases serum GDF15 and reduces food intake, body mass, fasting insulin and glucose intolerance; these effects are eliminated in GDF15 null mice. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 31856288-0 2019 Factors Associated with the Need for Insulin as a Complementary Treatment to Metformin in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 31833226-8 2019 Also whole-body insulin sensitivity was enhanced by 4 days metformin treatment, that is reduced fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 31833226-8 2019 Also whole-body insulin sensitivity was enhanced by 4 days metformin treatment, that is reduced fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 31828167-2 2019 It remains to be fully elucidated whether the use of metformin, an insulin sensitizer, and/or sulfonylureas, insulin secretagogues, affects cancer incidence in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 31849810-6 2019 Clinically, evidence for involvement of insulin signaling pathways in DM1 is based on the increased incidence of insulin resistance seen in clinical practice and recent trial evidence of beneficial effects of metformin on muscle function. Metformin 209-218 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 32090192-11 2020 Conclusions: The combination of exercise and metformin statistically significantly improved insulin and associated metabolic markers, as compared to the control arm, with potential greater effect than either exercise or metformin alone though power limited formal synergy testing. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 31647106-18 2019 Meta-analyses of effect modifications showed a positive interaction between baseline insulin levels and treatment effects on live birth in the comparison between CC plus metformin and CC (interaction RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06). Metformin 170-179 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 31647106-21 2019 Treatment effects of letrozole are influenced by baseline serum levels of total testosterone, while those of CC plus metformin are affected by baseline serum levels of insulin. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 31070566-8 2019 After 12 months of metformin treatment, the T allele was associated with 25.9% lower fasting insulin levels (95% CI 10.9-38.3%, p = 0.002) and 29.1% lower HOMA-IR index (95% CI 10.1-44.1%, p = 0.005), after adjustment for baseline values. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 31070566-11 2019 Our results suggest that the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant affects markers of insulin resistance and glycemic response to metformin in newly diagnosed patients with T2D within the first year of metformin treatment. Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 31693892-2 2019 Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug, functions mainly by improving patients" hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 31683341-14 2019 Combination of metformin and pioglitazone therapy was more effective as compared to metformin alone in reducing the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 as well as insulin resistance in PCOS. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 31857506-9 2019 : Conclusion: The metformin treatment is effective in improving antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and the effect to reduce the antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance appears earlier than the effect to improve dyslipidemia. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 31857506-9 2019 : Conclusion: The metformin treatment is effective in improving antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and the effect to reduce the antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance appears earlier than the effect to improve dyslipidemia. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 31408647-3 2019 Indeed, lowering glucose and/or insulin levels pharmacologically appears to reduce cancer risk and progression, as has been demonstrated for the biguanide metformin in observational studies. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 31405334-0 2019 Metformin and sitagliptin combination therapy ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance through upregulation of lncRNA H19. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 31405334-6 2019 Our results showed that co-treatment with TECOS and DMBG attenuated the induced apoptosis and insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS model cells, and improved reproductive hormone disorders, ovarian polycystic changes, and IR of PCOS rats. Metformin 52-56 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 31814932-7 2019 D supplementation with metformin improved menstrual regularity and follicular maturation and significant decreases in serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and also significant rises on quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) at two studies. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 31814932-7 2019 D supplementation with metformin improved menstrual regularity and follicular maturation and significant decreases in serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and also significant rises on quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) at two studies. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 31814932-7 2019 D supplementation with metformin improved menstrual regularity and follicular maturation and significant decreases in serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and also significant rises on quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) at two studies. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 31087796-13 2019 In low-quality evidence in adults, meta-analyses demonstrated that metformin was better than placebo for BMI (MD -0.48 [-0.94, -0.02], P = 0.04); metformin was better than COCP for fasting insulin (MD 4.00 [2.59, 5.41], P = 0.00001), whereas COCP was better than metformin for irregular cycles (MD 12.49 [1.34, 116.62], P = 0.03). Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 189-196 31021474-5 2019 Clinical cardiovascular protection with metformin is supported by three randomized outcomes trials (in newly diagnosed and late stage insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients) and a wealth of observational data. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 31583022-0 2019 Metformin paradoxically worsens insulin resistance in SHORT syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 31583022-2 2019 Methods: We attempted to test the efficacy metformin in a female patient with SHORT syndrome by measuring glucose and insulin during an extended Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in a 21-year old patient (BMI 17.5 kg/m2), who presented for endocrine assessment with a history of amenorrhoea. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 31583022-8 2019 Insulin concentrations remained above upper assay detection limit also at 180 min of OGTT on metformin treatment (> 1000 microIU/ml versus 100.6 microIU/ml without metformin). Metformin 93-102 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 31583022-8 2019 Insulin concentrations remained above upper assay detection limit also at 180 min of OGTT on metformin treatment (> 1000 microIU/ml versus 100.6 microIU/ml without metformin). Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 31081406-6 2019 The fasting glucose, insulin, and glucose/insulin ratio, HOMA-IR, glucose, and insulin AUC 120 were significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 21-94 31081406-10 2019 In conclusion, metformin, associated with vaginal ring, improves the insulin and carbohydrate metabolism, reduces the body weight and android fat distribution. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 31742116-7 2019 Metformin but not glyburide reduced prolactin levels due to the improvement of insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 31686756-0 2019 Irisin as a Novel Marker for Insulin Resistance in Iraqi Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Before and After Metformin Therapy. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 31176103-0 2019 Alpha lipoic acid and metformin alleviates experimentally induced insulin resistance and cognitive deficit by modulation of TLR2 signalling. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 31270521-2 2019 We report here on heat active hydrogel formation by mixing graphene oxide (GO) or carboxyl enriched reduced graphene oxide (rGO-COOH) with metformin hydrochloride, an insulin sensitizer drug currently used as the first line therapy to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 139-162 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 31548957-12 2019 About 44% patients in Group 1 (metformin) had increased insulin levels initially (>20 muU/ml), which were decreased to 16% after three months of metformin therapy. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 31548957-14 2019 Conclusion: It has been concluded from this study that metformin significantly lowers insulin levels in patients with PCOS; in both obese and nonobese; which points towards its potential usefulness in treatment of PCOS patients, though it had no significant effect on body mass index in 12 weeks. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 31386659-10 2019 Neonates born to metformin-treated mothers had lower birth weights (mean difference -107.7 g, 95% CI -182.3 to -32.7, I2 = 83%, p = 0.005) and lower ponderal indices (mean difference -0.13 kg/m3, 95% CI -0.26 to 0.00, I2 = 0%, p = 0.04) than neonates of insulin-treated mothers. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 254-261 31386659-17 2019 Limited evidence (1 study with data treated as 2 cohorts) suggested that adiposity indices (abdominal [p = 0.02] and visceral [p = 0.03] fat volumes) may be higher in children born to metformin-treated compared to insulin-treated mothers. Metformin 184-193 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 31386659-19 2019 CONCLUSIONS: Following intrauterine exposure to metformin for treatment of maternal GDM, neonates are significantly smaller than neonates whose mothers were treated with insulin during pregnancy. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 30973968-1 2019 AIMS: Metformin is first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and reduces cardiovascular events in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 31155146-9 2019 Metformin monotherapy (29.5%) was most commonly prescribed in patients with an HbA1c level of <7%; metformin combination (31.7%), in patients with an HbA1c level of 7%-<8%; and insulin-containing treatment, in patients with HbA1c levels of 8%-<9% (28.1%) and >=9% (38.4%). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 31346998-12 2019 (3) After treatment with metformin for 6 months, serum insulin levels decreased, and sOB-R levels increased significantly (P<0.01). Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 31237133-0 2019 Effectiveness and Safety of Adding Basal Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Exhibiting Inadequate Response to Metformin and DPP-4 Inhibitors with or without Sulfonylurea. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 31237133-1 2019 BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of adding basal insulin to initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and metformin and/or sulfonylurea (SU) in achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 31237133-12 2019 CONCLUSION: The combination add-on therapy of insulin glargine, on metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors with or without SU was safe and efficient in reducing HbA1c levels and thus, is a preferable option in managing T2DM patients exhibiting dysglycemia despite the use of OADs. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 30806102-9 2019 l-Carnitine may act synergistically with metformin for improvement of reproductive performance, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in clomiphene-resistant obese PCOS women. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 30938764-0 2019 Metformin Improves Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 30938764-2 2019 We previously demonstrated that adolescents with type 1 diabetes have adipose, hepatic, and muscle IR, and that metformin lowers daily insulin dose, suggesting improved IR. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 31326458-1 2019 AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy, insulin sensitivity and safety in the event of administering sulfonylurea-based drugs and metformin in combination with basal insulin. Metformin 146-155 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 31121610-0 2019 Effect of Metformin Treatment on Insulin Resistance Markers, and Circulating Irisin in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 31176103-10 2019 Combination of ALA (100 mg/kg, ip) with metformin (100 mg/kg, ip) exhibited a potentiating effect in improving cognitive performance and insulin signalling. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 31160539-0 2019 Metformin Promotes Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-Like Responses in Insulin-Resistant Mice by Decreasing Circulating Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 30959417-10 2019 Data indicated that the protective effect of SF or metformin in insulin resistant HepG2 cells involves inhibition of oxidant processes and that the combination of agents may prove more effective therapeutically. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 30959417-8 2019 Treatment of insulin resistant cells with SF or metformin alone decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6); whereas antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, as well as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) ability increased. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 31298351-7 2019 CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the addition of the low-dose slow-release metformin in insulin-resistant patients with normogonadotropic infertility improves the efficacy of FSH therapy. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 30761687-9 2019 In the adjusted Cox proportional regression analysis, metformin was associated with a decreased risk of CLRD mortality in the overall population (HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-0.99) and among participants with baseline CLRD (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10-0.93), after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, body mass index, current asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), insulin and other diabetic medications, and glycohaemoglobin level. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 398-405 30981189-12 2019 The combination of mangiferin with metformin was insulin dependent (Akt pathway) whereas the combination of mangiferin and gliclazide was insulin independent (AMPK pathway). Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 31164926-11 2019 Post-prandial insulin and glucose was reduced by metformin in combination with liraglutide and differed, but not significantly different from placebo, moreover, glucagon concentration was unaffected. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 30592549-0 2019 Impact of Insulin Tregopil and Its Permeation Enhancer on Pharmacokinetics of Metformin in Healthy Volunteers: Randomized, Open-Label, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 30911997-11 2019 The surface cumulative rank curve revealed that metformin + lifestyle might be the best intervention with respect to the improvement of the homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance and EE/DRSP + lifestyle appeared to be the best intervention for the reduction of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 30911997-14 2019 Conventional PCOS treatments, such as metformin, EE/CA, and EE/DRSP, combined with lifestyle control can be particularly effective in improving the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 30608001-0 2019 Comparison of myo-inositol and metformin on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and gene expression related to insulin and lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 30316907-5 2019 RESULTS: OCP resulted in a higher reduction in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and androgens whereas metformin resulted in significant reduction in BMI, waist circumference, and insulin resistance. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 30316907-7 2019 There was a significant negative correlation between changes in LH and testosterone levels with changes in PI and RI in OCP group whereas changes in serum fasting insulin levels negatively correlated with changes in PI and RI values in the Metformin group. Metformin 240-249 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 30629889-1 2019 BACKGROUND: Metformin improves insulin action, but feasibility in treating low milk supply is unknown. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 30629889-2 2019 RESEARCH AIM: To determine the feasibility of a metformin- versus-placebo definitive randomized clinical trial in women with low milk production and signs of insulin resistance. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 30079640-6 2019 Although metformin was originally developed as an insulin sensitizer six decades ago, it has also been shown to improve leptin resistance. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 30079640-8 2019 Moreover, administration of a combination of metformin and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors improves erectile function in patients with ED who have a poor response to sildenafil and are insulin resistant. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 31035702-1 2019 Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic drug widely used for the treatment of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and is currently considered for preventing large-for-gestational-age (LGA) offspring in pregnant women affected by obesity or diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 30959948-1 2019 Insulin-sensitizer treatment with metformin is widely used in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 30563932-2 2019 Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, reduces endometrial tumor growth in vitro. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 30959948-8 2019 However, PCOS patients with the G allele of OCT1 rs683369 and/or with the A allele of OCT1 rs628031 had increased insulin sensitivity compared to those with wild-type genotype after receiving metformin treatment. Metformin 192-201 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 30995433-1 2019 Objective: Characterize the effectiveness of insulin glargine alone, exenatide alone, or combined in subjects taking stable doses of metformin and evaluate their impact on hemoglobin A1C, hypoglycemia, weight, and glucose variability. Metformin 133-142 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 30759121-6 2019 RESULTS: Metformin was the most common non-insulin medication used prior to insulin initiation (N = 53,017, 72.7%), followed by sulfonylureas (N = 25,439, 34.9%) and DPP4 inhibitors (N = 8,540, 11.7%). Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 30575815-6 2019 In vitro, glucose, insulin, VEGFA and hypoxia upregulated endothelial FABP4, which was reversed by metformin through mTOR pathway inhibition. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 30851950-13 2019 Because metformin targets insulin resistance and inflammation, it is a plausible pharmacologic agent to prevent frailty. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 30912338-2 2019 On the 1-year anniversary of his death in 2018, we challenge three myths associated with insulin resistance: metformin improves insulin resistance; measurement of waist circumference predicts insulin resistance better than body mass index; and insulin resistance causes weight gain. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 30912338-2 2019 On the 1-year anniversary of his death in 2018, we challenge three myths associated with insulin resistance: metformin improves insulin resistance; measurement of waist circumference predicts insulin resistance better than body mass index; and insulin resistance causes weight gain. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 30912338-2 2019 On the 1-year anniversary of his death in 2018, we challenge three myths associated with insulin resistance: metformin improves insulin resistance; measurement of waist circumference predicts insulin resistance better than body mass index; and insulin resistance causes weight gain. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 30912338-2 2019 On the 1-year anniversary of his death in 2018, we challenge three myths associated with insulin resistance: metformin improves insulin resistance; measurement of waist circumference predicts insulin resistance better than body mass index; and insulin resistance causes weight gain. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 30913008-9 2019 A pre-emptive insulin dose reduction at discharge should be considered for patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, ketosis-prone diabetes, metformin prescription, and those with HbA1c <10% at presentation. Metformin 139-148 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 30595105-0 2019 Role of Metformin in the Treatment of Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 30595105-15 2019 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin induces reductions in thyroid nodule size and TSH and HOMA-IR levels in patients with thyroid nodules and insulin resistance. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 31014100-4 2019 Among glucose-lowering agents, metformin and thiazolidinediones provide cellular actions that counter some effects of insulin resistance: reduced glucotoxicity and weight-lowering with antidiabetic therapies also improve insulin action, except that endogenously- or exogenously-created hyperinsulinaemia may partially compromise these benefits. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 31014100-4 2019 Among glucose-lowering agents, metformin and thiazolidinediones provide cellular actions that counter some effects of insulin resistance: reduced glucotoxicity and weight-lowering with antidiabetic therapies also improve insulin action, except that endogenously- or exogenously-created hyperinsulinaemia may partially compromise these benefits. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 30540558-10 2019 Insulin concentration decreased in the metformin+LCD group (P=0.046). Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 30709546-0 2019 Direct toxicity of insulin on the human placenta and protection by metformin. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 30709546-10 2019 Pretreatment of trophoblasts with therapeutic doses of metformin prevented the detrimental effects of insulin. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 30983607-2 2019 Metformin and alpha-lipoic acid, two types of insulin-sensitizing agents, have been demonstrated to reduce insulin levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 30983607-2 2019 Metformin and alpha-lipoic acid, two types of insulin-sensitizing agents, have been demonstrated to reduce insulin levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 30983607-2 2019 Metformin and alpha-lipoic acid, two types of insulin-sensitizing agents, have been demonstrated to reduce insulin levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 30983607-4 2019 Aims: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness, safety, and improvement of the insulin resistance profile of Canthex and metformin in acanthosis nigricans. Metformin 127-136 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 30145806-10 2019 Our findings indicated that exenatide + metformin and vildagliptin + metformin have better efficacy in T2DM since they can improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 30145806-10 2019 Our findings indicated that exenatide + metformin and vildagliptin + metformin have better efficacy in T2DM since they can improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 30664988-4 2019 Metformin therapy reduced the levels of insulin and HOMA-IR, sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin, Ki67, caspase-3, p-Akt, obesity, hs-CRP, blood glucose and lipid profile. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 30548390-1 2019 Metformin and exercise independently improve insulin sensitivity and decrease the risk of diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 30548390-3 2019 However, recent evidence indicates that adding metformin to exercise antagonizes the exercise-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 30548390-4 2019 The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that metformin diminishes the improvement in insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness after aerobic exercise training (AET) by inhibiting skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and protein synthesis in older adults (62 +- 1 years). Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 30548390-7 2019 However, metformin attenuated the increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity and VO2 max after AET. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 30729133-6 2019 Metformin or pioglitazone suppressed cell viability concentration and time dependently, which was reversed by exposure to high glucose with or without insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 30729133-7 2019 Prolonged exposure to high glucose and insulin enhanced cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), and Cdk2 expression and suppressed cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p15/16 in HBlEpC cotreated with pioglitazone and metformin. Metformin 227-236 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 30612112-0 2019 Acupuncture or metformin to improve insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol of a combined multinational cross sectional case-control study and a randomised controlled trial. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 30612112-3 2019 Therefore, we here aim to investigate if acupuncture treatment or metformin together with lifestyle or lifestyle management alone improves insulin sensitivity and related symptoms in overweight/obese women with PCOS. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 30759121-11 2019 CONCLUSION: While metformin was commonly continued among commercially insured adults starting insulin, rates of continuation of other non-insulin diabetes medications were also high. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 31281219-0 2019 Metformin poisoning treated with high dose insulin dextrose therapy: a case series. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 31281219-1 2019 Purpose: We describe the compassionate use of high dose insulin dextrose (HID) for life threatening metformin associated lactic acidosis (MALA) in four patients admitted to intensive care. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 30153063-2 2019 Metformin is commonly used to treat insulin resistance-glucose intolerance, and flutamide, an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, is used to target hyperandrogenemia and dyslipidemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 30153063-6 2019 Metformin was shown to improve fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, whereas flutamide and combination treatment were shown to reduce plasma triglycerides, ApoB48, and ApoB100, and this was associated with decreased intestinal secretion of ApoB48/triglyceride. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 30153063-9 2019 Metformin-flutamide treatment upregulated hepatic and intestinal insulin signaling, including insulin receptor, MAPK1, and AKT2. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 30153063-9 2019 Metformin-flutamide treatment upregulated hepatic and intestinal insulin signaling, including insulin receptor, MAPK1, and AKT2. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 30306875-2 2019 INTRODUCTION: Metformin enhances insulin sensitivity, being used to prevent and treat diabetes, although its mechanism of action remains elusive. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 30306875-10 2019 In addition, metformin reduces plasma insulin concentration in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes and decreases the amount of insulin required for metabolic control in patients with diabetes, reflecting improvement of insulin activity. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 30306875-10 2019 In addition, metformin reduces plasma insulin concentration in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes and decreases the amount of insulin required for metabolic control in patients with diabetes, reflecting improvement of insulin activity. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 30306875-10 2019 In addition, metformin reduces plasma insulin concentration in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes and decreases the amount of insulin required for metabolic control in patients with diabetes, reflecting improvement of insulin activity. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 31336483-1 2019 OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to study the effects of metformin therapy on serum chemerin levels in some phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome cases, and to correlate chemerin levels with insulin resistance parameters and with hormonal profile. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 31336483-9 2019 After three months of metformin therapy, the serum chemerin, insulin, and HOMA-IR concentrations were significantly decreased in polycystic ovarian syndrome cases as compared with the levels before therapy. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 31336505-4 2019 In contrast, intensive control with metformin (leading to insulin resistance improvement) reduces diabetes complications, including cardiovascular events, suggesting that enhancement of insulin sensitivity rather than plasma glucose level has a major role improving diabetes outcomes. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 31336505-4 2019 In contrast, intensive control with metformin (leading to insulin resistance improvement) reduces diabetes complications, including cardiovascular events, suggesting that enhancement of insulin sensitivity rather than plasma glucose level has a major role improving diabetes outcomes. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 186-193 30182764-0 2019 A pilot trial of metformin for insulin resistance and mood disturbances in adolescent and adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 30182764-1 2019 We examine the effects of metformin on insulin resistance (IR) and mood including in adolescent and adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 30797286-9 2019 Metformin enhances the effects of anti-TB and insulin therapy in increasing the smear reversion by increasing autophagy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 30681616-0 2019 The effects of metformin on insulin resistance in overweight or obese children and adolescents: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 30681616-2 2019 OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess whether metformin could effectively and safely improve homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and other related laboratory indicators including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 30681616-2 2019 OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess whether metformin could effectively and safely improve homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and other related laboratory indicators including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 233-240 30566007-0 2018 Metformin Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Vascular Health in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 30729133-0 2019 High Glucose with Insulin Induces Cell Cycle Progression and Activation of Oncogenic Signaling of Bladder Epithelial Cells Cotreated with Metformin and Pioglitazone. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 30511324-3 2018 OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of the efficacy of >= 6 months of metformin treatment in children and adults with respect to weight, insulin resistance, and progression toward type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin 104-113 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 30056057-3 2018 Current evidence suggests that the anti-diabetic drug metformin improves insulin resistance and protects against endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 30524372-1 2018 Initially produced in Europe in 1958, metformin is still one of the most widely prescribed drugs to treat type II diabetes and other comorbidities associated with insulin resistance. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 30524372-2 2018 Metformin has been shown to improve fertility outcomes in females with insulin resistance associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in obese males with reduced fertility. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 29788487-10 2018 Statistically significant group differences (ie, percent change in metformin group minus placebo group) were -7.9% (95% CI = -15.0% to -0.8%) for insulin, -10.0% (95% CI = -18.5% to -1.5%) for estradiol, -9.5% (95% CI = -15.2% to -3.8%) for testosterone, and 7.5% (95% CI = 2.4% to 12.6%) for SHBG. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 30800266-2 2019 After the advent of long-acting insulin, the first oral agents, sulfonylureas became available in the mid-1950s, quickly followed (outside of the United States) by metformin. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 30119191-2 2018 Metformin is a first-line antihyperglycemic agent that works mainly by regulating hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 30058059-13 2018 CONCLUSION: DPP-4 inhibitors, followed by metformin, were the most frequently prescribed OADGs in combination with insulin in a real-world setting in Japan. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 30058059-14 2018 The diabetologists considered more drug characteristics for DPP-4 inhibitor or metformin-insulin combinations. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 30115526-7 2018 Patients with 9-years duration of diabetes or with combination therapy of insulin-metformin-sulfonylureas differed in mean BMI for adequate or inadequate glycaemic control (29.5 versus 31.2kg/m2; P<0.001 and 29.8 versus 33.2; P<0.01, respectively). Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 30542300-3 2018 In this study, we pooled the data from two clinical trials, which were originally examining the efficacy of betahistine and the efficacy of metformin in treating antipsychotic-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 30542300-6 2018 After treatment, metformin group had a mean decrease in BMI of 1.46 +- 0.14 (p < 0.001) and insulin resistance index (IRI) of 4.30 +- 2.02 (p < 0.001). Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 30542300-9 2018 Between the two treatment groups, metformin significantly decreased weight, BMI, fasting glucose, insulin level, and IRI but not waist circumference when compared with betahistine. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 30542300-10 2018 Moreover, metformin significantly decreased weight, BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin level, and IRI when compared with placebo, whereas betahistine significantly decreased body weight, waist circumference, BMI, insulin level, and IRI but not fasting glucose when compared with placebo. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 30542300-11 2018 In this study, we found that both metformin treatment and betahistine treatment were efficacious in improving antipsychotic-induced weight gain and insulin resistance, and metformin was more efficacious in preventing and revising the weight gain induced by antipsychotics. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 29529690-7 2018 High-dose metformin treatment reduced circulating levels of FSH and tended to reduce serum levels of LH, and these effects correlated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 29529690-10 2018 CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the effect of metformin on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis activity in postmenopausal women depends on its dose and the magnitude of insulin resistance. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 29943489-10 2018 CONCLUSION: Among all types of ADT and insulin therapies, metformin is the only agent with a decreased risk of active TB in the T2DM population. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 30378162-11 2018 Western blot analysis showed increased protein levels of pTie-2/Tie2 and Pakt/AKT in cEPCs harvested from T2DM, treated with insulin metformin plus. Metformin 133-142 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 30209797-3 2018 Current data suggest that adding metformin to insulin therapy in T1DM temporarily lowers HbA1c and reduces weight and insulin requirements, but this treatment fails to show a longer-term glycaemic benefit. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 30259865-3 2018 In breast cancer cell lines, metformin has been shown to induce phosphorylation at specific serine sites in insulin regulated substrate of mTOR pathway that results in apoptosis over cell proliferation. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 30787519-15 2018 There was a reduction in AMH in all groups of insulin sensitizers with significant fall in the metformin only group. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 30307162-4 2018 Inclusion of metformin during palmitate exposure normalized insulin secretion both after 2 and 7 days. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 30307162-9 2018 Our study demonstrates that metformin prevents early insulin hypersecretion and later decrease in insulin secretion from palmitate-treated human islets by utilizing different mechanisms. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 30224835-4 2018 So various trials have tried to compare metformin (an insulin-sensitizing agent) and orlistat (an anti-obesity drug) aiming to achieve weight loss and hence higher ovulation rate for the group of obese PCOS patients. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 30511324-12 2018 Three studies showed a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in the metformin versus the control group. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 30178023-9 2018 Recommendation 2: Introduce human insulin treatment to patients with type 2 diabetes who do not achieve glycemic control with metformin and/or a sulfonylurea (strong recommendation, very-low-quality evidence). Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 30197416-0 2018 Long-term metformin treatment in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance, results of an open label extension study. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 30197416-3 2018 Therefore, an 18 month open label extension study following an 18 months randomized placebo-controlled trial (RCT) on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of metformin in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance was performed. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 30197416-4 2018 SUBJECTS/METHODS: After completion of the RCT, metformin was offered to all participants with a body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-sds) > 2.3 and Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) >= 3.4. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 30208162-2 2018 Many antidiabetes treatments, particularly metformin, enhance insulin signaling, but this pathway can be inhibited by specific cancer treatments. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 30286566-7 2018 Metformin is the drug of choice for young T2DM patients; if marked hyperglycemia is present, basal insulin is given with metformin. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 30142908-7 2018 In the metformin group, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels reached a nadir at 8 months, at which time insulin secretion, glucose and insulin sensitivity were significantly better than at baseline and higher than in the insulin group. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 30233494-0 2018 Efficacy of Metformin for Benign Thyroid Nodules in Subjects With Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 30233494-1 2018 Background: To evaluate the effect of metformin therapy on decreasing benign thyroid nodule volume in subjects with insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 30142908-7 2018 In the metformin group, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels reached a nadir at 8 months, at which time insulin secretion, glucose and insulin sensitivity were significantly better than at baseline and higher than in the insulin group. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 30116997-3 2018 RECENT FINDINGS: Metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have been associated with weight reduction and decrease in daily insulin requirements without sustainable improvement in glycemic control. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 30147674-4 2018 In type 2 diabetes patients, metformin reduces hyperglycemia and increases insulin sensitivity by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscles, liver, and adipose tissue and by reducing glucose output by the liver. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 30147674-5 2018 Lowering insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels that stimulate cancer growth could be important features of metformin"s mode of action. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 29946148-0 2018 Metformin add-on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on precise insulin doses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 29970197-10 2018 There was a significant difference in the birth weight of babies in the metformin with insulin group of 207 g (p value 0.04) in favour of metformin. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 29728363-6 2018 Importantly, hepatocyte insulin sensitivity can be restored by PDGF-AA-blocking antibodies, PDGF receptor inhibitors, and by metformin, opening therapeutic avenues. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 29487223-2 2018 Metformin has been shown to have antitumor effects via a variety of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms and to be potentially synergistic with chemotherapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 29487223-2 2018 Metformin has been shown to have antitumor effects via a variety of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms and to be potentially synergistic with chemotherapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 30800563-9 2019 The improvement of blood glucose, fasting insulin and serum lipid levels proved the effectiveness of metformin without increasing body weight. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 29844095-7 2018 Following an oral glucose tolerance test in the presence of metformin, carriers of the p.E508K variant with diabetes had a lower maximum insulin peak and total and incremental insulin AUC value as compared with noncarriers with diabetes (P < 0.05). Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 30075530-4 2018 For the effect of metformin, women who used traditional Chinese medicine including Di Huang series have a lower risk of breast cancer HR: 0.35 (95%CI: 0.23-0.51) in women younger than 55 and HR: 0.54 (95%CI: 0.37-0.79) in women older than 55.The protective effect of the Di Huang Wan series may be due to the synergetic effect of reducing blood glucose or increasing insulin sensitivity and delaying the insulin resistance of cells. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 367-374 30075530-4 2018 For the effect of metformin, women who used traditional Chinese medicine including Di Huang series have a lower risk of breast cancer HR: 0.35 (95%CI: 0.23-0.51) in women younger than 55 and HR: 0.54 (95%CI: 0.37-0.79) in women older than 55.The protective effect of the Di Huang Wan series may be due to the synergetic effect of reducing blood glucose or increasing insulin sensitivity and delaying the insulin resistance of cells. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 404-411 30187872-3 2018 Women with insulin resistance also received metformin. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 30187872-9 2018 BMI and WHR decreased in all the patients with insulin resistance aftercombination treatment with metformin (P < 0.05), but increased significantly in patients without insulin resistance (P < 0.05). Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 30100873-9 2018 We also observed a significant decrease in the level of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (IR) index in the metformin-donepezil group, with a lower CCA-IMT value than that in the acarbose-donepezil group after a year of treatment (P < 0.05). Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 30100873-9 2018 We also observed a significant decrease in the level of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (IR) index in the metformin-donepezil group, with a lower CCA-IMT value than that in the acarbose-donepezil group after a year of treatment (P < 0.05). Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 30250766-4 2018 Considering the fact that androgen excess could be caused by either insulin resistance or hyperprolactinemia, we decided to treat one sister with insulin sensitizer metformin and other with dopamine agonist cabergoline. Metformin 165-174 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 29581079-1 2018 BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether insulin-sensitizing therapy (thiazolidinediones or metformin) decreased the risk of developing atrial fibrillation compared with insulin-providing therapy (insulin, sulfonylurea, or a meglitinide). Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 30008442-2 2018 Although not licensed for use in type 1 diabetes, metformin is included in some clinical guidelines as adjuvant therapy for people with type 1 diabetes who are overweight and wish to improve glycaemic control while minimising the dose of insulin.1,2 The REMOVAL study is the largest trial to date that has investigated the longer-term effects of metformin in people with type 1 diabetes.3 Here, we consider the role of metformin in individuals with type 1 diabetes in light of these results and other study findings. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 238-245 30063424-3 2018 Insulin, the only other drug approved for use in youth with T2D, is also used as add-on therapy when patients fail metformin mono-therapy. Metformin 115-124 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29808777-11 2018 Considering the increasing prevalence of obesity and the role of insulin resistance in the development of cancer, metformin might be the preferred treatment for its dual anti-diabetic and antitumor effects. Metformin 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 30062227-3 2018 In both randomized clinical trials and observational studies, antihyperglycemic drugs that act through insulin signaling (i.e., sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and incretins) increase the risk or worsen the clinical course of heart failure, whereas drugs that ameliorate hyperinsulinemia and do not signal through insulin (i.e., metformin and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors) reduce the risk of heart failure. Metformin 332-341 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 29946148-0 2018 Metformin add-on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on precise insulin doses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 29946148-1 2018 To investigate whether metformin add-on to the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (Met + CSII) therapy leads to a significant reduction in insulin doses required by type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients to maintain glycemic control, and an improvement in glycemic variation (GV) compared to CSII only therapy. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 29946148-10 2018 Our data suggest that metformin add-on to CSII therapy leads to a significant reduction in insulin doses required by T2D patients to control glycemic variations. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 29759071-14 2018 Additionally, the phosphorylation of AMPK after metformin treatment was 2-fold higher, and the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) after metformin treatment was about 2-fold lower compared to high glucose and high insulin group in HepG2 cells. Metformin 171-180 insulin Homo sapiens 248-255 29264933-5 2018 RESULTS: Among the 74,334 individuals aged >=18 years with T2DM who initiated basal insulin from 2006-2015, 30% were taking metformin (MET) and SU when initiating insulin. Metformin 127-136 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 29754323-9 2018 The levels of body mass index, glucose, HbA1c, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, and homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function were improved significantly by both exenatide and metformin treatment. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 29779196-2 2018 The efficacy of an insulin-to-liraglutide switch in an obese population with concurrent use of sulfonylurea and metformin is unknown. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 29854390-9 2018 The potential advantages of metformin in pregnant women with T2DM are then discussed, including oral dosing and improved acceptability, lower resource utilization and cost, decreased insulin requirements, less maternal weight gain and less risk of maternal and neonatal hypoglycaemia. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 29870029-0 2018 Metformin added to intensive insulin therapy improves metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes and excess body fat. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 29870029-10 2018 CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 1 diabetes and excess body fat, treated with intensive functional insulin therapy, the addition of metformin improves metabolic control of diabetes at 6 months. Metformin 133-142 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 29759071-10 2018 RESULTS: Metformin decreased TG accumulation to normal level in HepG2 cells exposed to high glucose and high insulin. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 29884917-6 2018 Potential treatments currently available for CKD-induced insulin resistance include lifestyle modification and metformin. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 29460218-6 2018 Insulin-treated patients (insulin alone or insulin plus SU/metformin) also reported experiencing more hypoglycemia (all p-values <0.012). Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29576523-13 2018 CONCLUSION: As women with higher fasting glucose levels have higher chance of necessitating insulin in later pregnancies, appropriate addition of insulin at metformin initiation for these women could help better glycaemic control throughout pregnancy. Metformin 157-166 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 29576523-13 2018 CONCLUSION: As women with higher fasting glucose levels have higher chance of necessitating insulin in later pregnancies, appropriate addition of insulin at metformin initiation for these women could help better glycaemic control throughout pregnancy. Metformin 157-166 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 29576523-2 2018 However, almost half of metformin-treated women required additional insulin. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 28967181-0 2018 Metformin and beta-cell function in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized placebo-controlled 4.3-year trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 29576523-9 2018 Of the included 138 metformin-treated women, 77 (55.8%) required supplementary insulin (metformin failure). Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 29576523-9 2018 Of the included 138 metformin-treated women, 77 (55.8%) required supplementary insulin (metformin failure). Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 29172796-0 2018 Effect of orlistat or metformin in overweight and obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 30008760-5 2018 Considering the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of insulin with older hypoglycemic agents, in general metformin and pioglitazone have the best and worst profiles, respectively. Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 30008760-10 2018 Conclusions: Considering the quality and longevity of evidence, compared to insulin monotherapy, insulin combined with metformin and pioglitazone has the best and worst profiles, respectively. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 29508275-16 2018 Metformin combined with insulin is associated with decreased weight gain, lower insulin dose, and less hypoglycemia when compared with insulin alone (C). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 29508275-16 2018 Metformin combined with insulin is associated with decreased weight gain, lower insulin dose, and less hypoglycemia when compared with insulin alone (C). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 29524481-7 2018 Metformin continuation was inversely associated with age (fully adjusted (a) OR 0.60 per 10 years [0.42-0.86]), serum creatinine above safety thresholds (aOR 0.09 [0.02-0.36]), lower income (P = 0.025 for trend), taking more medications (aOR 0.92 per medication [0.86-0.98]), and initiating rapid, short, or premixed insulin (aOR 0.59 [0.39-0.89]). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 317-324 30104075-1 2018 BACKGROUND: Insulin sensitizers like metformin and pioglitazone are clinically used since last decades for the treatment of PCOS, but their efficacy and possible role in PCOS patients remains questionable. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 29138876-6 2018 RESULTS: Individuals aged >=65 years on metformin + pioglitazone had a significantly lower risk of dementia compared with those on metformin + sulfonylurea (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34, 0.93), and a lower, but insignificant, risk of dementia compared with those on other metformin-based dual regimens (i.e. metformin + acarbose, metformin + meglitinide, metformin + insulin or metformin + dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 362-369 29293982-20 2018 The MD in homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also in favour of metformin therapy compared to COC and/or AA. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 29482528-9 2018 Saxagliptin, metformin, and the combination treatment significantly reduced the homeostasis model assessment- insulin resistance index and increased the deposition index (P < 0.01 for all). Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 28954218-13 2018 Insulin therapy associated to metformin is able to improve fasting microvascular endothelial function even before complete metabolic control. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29444159-1 2018 OBJECTIVE: Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, inhibits the endometrial cancer cell growth in vivo by improving the insulin resistance; however, its mechanism of action is not completely understood. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 29363663-0 2018 Metformin Might Inhibit Virus through Increasing Insulin Sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 29541641-0 2018 Exenatide with Metformin Ameliorated Visceral Adiposity and Insulin Resistance. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 29541641-7 2018 The whole 12-month sequential treatment with exenatide and glargine added to metformin basically improved the insulin sensitivity and glucolipid control though VAT rebounded at the end, however without deteriorating the other parameters. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 29303184-8 2018 The transcytosis efficiencies of insulin could be further increased by the addition of metformin or HA2 (3.6-fold or 4.1-fold higher than that of free insulin). Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 29044702-1 2018 AIMS: To perform meta-analyses of studies evaluating the risk of pre-eclampsia in high-risk insulin-resistant women taking metformin prior to, or during pregnancy. Metformin 123-132 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 29044702-7 2018 A meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials comparing metformin (n = 838) with insulin (n = 836), however, showed a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia with metformin [RR, 0.68 (95% CI 0.48-0.95); P = 0.02; I2 = 0%]. Metformin 161-170 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 29044702-10 2018 The mean weight gain from time of enrolment to delivery was lower in the metformin group (P = 0.05, metformin vs. placebo; P = 0.004, metformin vs. insulin). Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 29139080-5 2018 Metformin reduces the insulin dose requirement, insulin-induced weight gain, and total and LDL cholesterol, but results in an increased risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects and a minor increase in the risk of hypoglycemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 29139080-5 2018 Metformin reduces the insulin dose requirement, insulin-induced weight gain, and total and LDL cholesterol, but results in an increased risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects and a minor increase in the risk of hypoglycemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 28681986-0 2018 Metformin-associated prevention of weight gain in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients cannot be explained by decreased energy intake: A post hoc analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled 4.3-year trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 29338714-1 2018 BACKGROUND: This retrospective study investigated the effect of adding metformin to pharmacologic insulin dosing in type 1 diabetics on insulin therapy 1 year after treatment compared with patients on insulin therapy alone. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 29338714-1 2018 BACKGROUND: This retrospective study investigated the effect of adding metformin to pharmacologic insulin dosing in type 1 diabetics on insulin therapy 1 year after treatment compared with patients on insulin therapy alone. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 29338714-6 2018 Metabolic syndrome was more decreased in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group after treatment (-8.9 +- 1.3 vs. 2.5 +- 0.6%, p = 0.028). Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 29338714-7 2018 Insulin dose requirement was lower in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group (-0.03 vs. 0.11 IU/kg/d, p = 0.006). Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29338714-7 2018 Insulin dose requirement was lower in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group (-0.03 vs. 0.11 IU/kg/d, p = 0.006). Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 29338714-11 2018 These results were independent of blood lipid improvement or weight loss, although on average weight remained decreased with metformin-insulin therapy, whereas the average weight increased with insulin therapy alone. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 33385166-6 2018 In addition, metformin reduces cellular proliferation by decreasing the amount of available insulin or by directly affecting the mammalian target of rapamycin complex involved with regulating protein synthesis. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 28081696-0 2018 Effect of Metformin Therapy on Serum Fetuin Levels in Insulin Resistant Type 1 Diabetics. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 29786570-2 2018 The aim: The purpose of the paper is to determine the dynamics of the insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus concomitant with coronary heart disease in the combination therapy with metformin and pioglitazone during 3 and 6 months. Metformin 211-220 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 29094444-0 2018 Metformin as a prophylactic treatment of gestational diabetes in pregnant patients with pregestational insulin resistance: A randomized study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 29094444-1 2018 AIM: We aimed to assess the use of metformin (MTF) in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in patients with pregestational insulin resistance (PIR). Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 29094444-1 2018 AIM: We aimed to assess the use of metformin (MTF) in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in patients with pregestational insulin resistance (PIR). Metformin 46-49 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 29461234-7 2018 It was established that metformin therapy among patients with acute myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus type 2 leads to the faster decreasing of sCD40-ligand in comparison with insulin therapy, which can contribute to the improvemenet of the prognosis in this cohort. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 29786570-5 2018 RESULTS: Results: The resulting data proved the statistically significant lowering of the markers and level of the insulin resistance under the effect of combination treatment with metformin and pioglitazone. Metformin 181-190 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 29256528-0 2017 Comparison of metformin and pioglitazone in achieving sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients with insulin resistance: A quasi-experimental study. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 29040598-15 2017 Conclusions: Metformin improved vascular smooth muscle function and HbA1c, and lowered insulin dose in type 1 diabetes children. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 29276231-12 2017 The insulin requirements of patients with GDM differed significantly depending on their metformin intake. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 29276231-13 2017 24.6% of GDM patients receiving metformin treatment developed GDM requiring insulin treatment compared to 53.8% who did not receive metformin medication. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 29344202-1 2017 Metformin protects against insulin resistance by restoring insulin sensitivity and may also possess anticancer activity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 28990055-10 2017 In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the reduced expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling may contribute to the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and DMBG reverses reduced expression of insulin signaling components, by a mechanism that is yet to be determined, to attenuate certain symptoms of PCOS, such as obesity. Metformin 199-203 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 29225676-0 2017 Association between insulin resistance and preeclampsia in obese non-diabetic women receiving metformin. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 29225676-1 2017 Objectives: To examine whether the reduced incidence of preeclampsia in non-diabetic obese pregnant women treated with metformin is mediated by changes in insulin resistance. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 28990055-4 2017 The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of DMBG on the expression of the insulin signaling pathway in the ovaries of rats with PCOS, and to identify the potential underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects in PCOS. Metformin 69-73 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 29344202-1 2017 Metformin protects against insulin resistance by restoring insulin sensitivity and may also possess anticancer activity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 29292625-2 2017 Metformin an insulin sensitizer has been widely used in adult PCOS with benefits but the studies in adolescents are few. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 28802803-1 2017 This systematic review investigated whether the insulin sensitiser metformin has a geroprotective effect in humans. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 29188065-8 2017 Conclusion: Non-obese Asian Indian patients with T2DM and on metformin therapy have significantly higher circulating plasma DPP4 levels as compared to non-obese non-diabetic controls, and these levels correlate with fasting insulin and LDL-C levels, upper limb subcutaneous adipose tissue, intra-abdominal adiposity and presence of diabetes. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 29183107-0 2017 Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29183107-3 2017 Insulin-sensitising agents such as metformin may be effective in treating PCOS-related anovulation. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29180640-6 2017 YOD patients who received metformin combined with CSII therapy required significantly lower insulin doses to maintain euglycemic control compared to patients with LOD. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 28802803-6 2017 Metformin users also had reduced cancer compared to non-diabetics (rate ratio=0.94, 95%CI 0.92-0.97) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to diabetics receiving non-metformin therapies (HR=0.76, 95%CI 0.66-0.87) or insulin (HR=0.78, 95%CI 0.73-0.83). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 28903978-11 2017 Patients were more likely to be given an additional second-line antihyperglycemic medication or insulin if they were given their initial second-line medication without evidence of recommended use of metformin (P < 0.001). Metformin 199-208 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 29637133-12 2017 Metformin was initiated for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (70%), insulin resistance (25%) and impaired glucose control (9%). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 28318105-0 2017 Metformin as add-on to intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 29228555-13 2017 Metformin or rosiglitazone led to a reduction of betatrophin expression in insulin-stimulated hepatocytes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 29228555-16 2017 Serum from metformin-treated women with IR decreased betatrophin expression and reinforced insulin signals. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 28884449-3 2017 The discussion focuses upon the potential clinical use of metformin in managing young patients with obesity and insulin resistance. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 28318105-6 2017 In the first years of metformin therapy, small but non-significant decreases were seen in BMI and insulin dose in patients in the MET cohort, while after 10 years no persistent effect on HbA1c, insulin dose or BMI was seen. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 28318105-7 2017 In conclusion, although metformin may have short-term effects on BMI and insulin dose when used as adjunct therapy in patients with T1DM, no long-term beneficial effects were observed when patients were followed for 10 years. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 28589542-25 2017 Insulin is an important part of our armamentarium for T2D, and is certainly needed for many patients, but with current therapeutic approaches including metformin, incretin-based treatments, SGLT2 inhibitors, and, possibly, thiazolidinediones, we can reconsider its use in many instances. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28915960-0 2017 Pleiotropic effects of metformin to rescue statin-induced muscle injury and insulin resistance: A proposed mechanism and potential clinical implications. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 28915960-5 2017 Metformin has outstanding utility in reducing insulin resistance and preventing type-2-diabetes mellitus, but has not been studied for statin-associated muscle symptom rescue or prevention. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 28930827-14 2017 Ranking results showed that glyburide might be the optimum treatment regarding average glucose control, and metformin is the fastest in glucose control for GDM patients; glyburide have the highest incidence of macrosomia, preeclampsia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypoglycemia, shortest gestational age at delivery, and lowest mean birth weight; metformin (plus insulin when required) have the lowest incidence of macrosomia, PIH, LGA, RDS, low gestational age at delivery, and low birth weight. Metformin 108-117 insulin Homo sapiens 363-370 28586507-8 2017 The number of pregnancies treated with insulin only increased (from 23.6% to 28.3%; P<0.0001), as did the number treated with metformin, +/- insulin (from 1.4% to 3.2%; P<0.0001). Metformin 129-138 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 28698075-6 2017 The BMI- and insulin-lowering effects of metformin were significantly higher than NAC after long-term treatment. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 28858080-6 2017 Insulin consumption was higher in the metformin group in terms of total daily amount and units/kg body weight. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27702625-3 2017 As an insulin sensitizer, metformin takes pleiotropic actions and exerts protective effects on multiple organs mainly in insulin-targeted tissues such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 28827839-10 2017 In comparison to patients of the other weight groups they are treated with insulin more often and considerably less with metformin. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 27702625-3 2017 As an insulin sensitizer, metformin takes pleiotropic actions and exerts protective effects on multiple organs mainly in insulin-targeted tissues such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 27702625-5 2017 Metformin not only protects T2DM patients from cardiovascular diseases and heart failure, but also restores insulin secretion activities and protects pancreatic beta cells from lipotoxicity or glucotoxicity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 28615149-1 2017 BACKGROUND: Metformin might reduce insulin requirement and improve glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes, but whether it has cardiovascular benefits is unknown. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 28646699-9 2017 Metformin is the primary insulin-sensitising drug to be used as an adjuvant therapy to lifestyle modification in patients with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as in those referred to infertility treatment. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 28646699-9 2017 Metformin is the primary insulin-sensitising drug to be used as an adjuvant therapy to lifestyle modification in patients with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as in those referred to infertility treatment. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 28334683-8 2017 Within the T2DM group, preadipocytes from combined metformin and insulin treated subset showed better in vitro adipogenesis compared to metformin alone, which was associated with less presence of macrophages and 4-HNE in the adipose tissues. Metformin 136-145 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 28146143-12 2017 Combined treatment with Metformin and Insulin reduced blood sugar (control, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (22/24), AAA size (P<0.001); metformin, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (14/24), AAA size (P<0.0001); insulin, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (11/24), AAA size (P<0.0001). Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 206-213 28146143-12 2017 Combined treatment with Metformin and Insulin reduced blood sugar (control, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (22/24), AAA size (P<0.001); metformin, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (14/24), AAA size (P<0.0001); insulin, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (11/24), AAA size (P<0.0001). Metformin 135-144 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 27549367-5 2017 Maternal weight gain since enrollment to gestational week 36-37 was also lower in metformin group, making metformin worth using even when metformin is insufficient and supplementary insulin is needed. Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 182-189 27549367-6 2017 Data also showed that metformin significantly reduced the gestational hypertension complications in GDM patients, probably by reducing the endothelial activation and maternal inflammatory response of insulin resistance. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 31149195-0 2017 PATIENTS TREATED WITH INSULIN AND SULPHONYLUREA ARE AT INCREASED MORTALITY RISK AS COMPARED WITH THOSE TREATED WITH INSULIN PLUS METFORMIN. Metformin 129-138 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 28717133-7 2017 Consistently, the treatment of insulin in mice dose-dependently upregulated betatrophin levels, and the administration of metformin in IR mice also stimulated betatrophin production since published study showed metformin improved PI3K/Akt pathway and IR. Metformin 211-220 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 29189867-4 2017 We report a 56 years old non-insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic female who developed a severe metabolic acidosis associated with metformin in relation to an acute renal failure secondary to infectious diarrhea. Metformin 128-137 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 28337819-8 2017 Moreover, insulin-sensitizing drugs (metformin, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone) suppress LPS-induced TGF-beta and TNF-alpha mRNA expression in PFMC. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 28611274-11 2017 Insulin resistance also improves with both TZDs and metformin. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28473613-8 2017 In this study, metformin combined with exercise training reduced circulating proinsulin, and both groups taking metformin increased insulin clearance. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 77-87 28330386-9 2017 CONCLUSION: In routine clinical practice, intensification of metformin + sulfonylurea therapy by adding insulin is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and death compared with adding a dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 28473613-8 2017 In this study, metformin combined with exercise training reduced circulating proinsulin, and both groups taking metformin increased insulin clearance. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 28473613-11 2017 In this study, however, metformin combined with exercise training, but not exercise alone, lowered proinsulin concentrations and increased insulin clearance in adults with prediabetes. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 99-109 28473613-11 2017 In this study, however, metformin combined with exercise training, but not exercise alone, lowered proinsulin concentrations and increased insulin clearance in adults with prediabetes. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 28724173-0 2017 A comparative study between myo-inositol and metformin in the treatment of insulin-resistant women. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 29145540-9 2017 Three-month treatment with metformin and pioglitazone significantly improved insulin sensitivity and increased orexin concentrations by 26% (p = 0.025) and 14% (p = 0.076), respectively. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 29145540-12 2017 Three-month anti-hyperglycemic treatment with proportionate doses of metformin or pioglitazone increased orexin concentrations via amelioration of insulin resistance and improvement of glycemic control. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 28647726-9 2017 Network meta-analyses suggest that metformin had the highest probability of being the most effective treatment in reducing the risk of most outcomes compared with insulin or glibenclamide. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 28478038-0 2017 Successful metformin treatment of insulin resistance is associated with down-regulation of the kynurenine pathway. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 28539171-2 2017 In this systematic review and meta-analysis we evaluated the effect of metformin on clinical outcomes in patients with EC and insulin resistance or T2DM. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 28725599-5 2017 In this review, we summarize the evidence regarding the impact of metformin-an insulin sensitizer-on the three mechanisms of arteriogenic ED. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 29259467-8 2017 Conclusion: Clomiphene-metformin combination treatment appears to be useful, at least for clomiphene-resistant patients, and a BMI of >30 kg/m2 and a fasting insulin of >=15 muU/mL appear to be predictors of a good result with this treatment. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 161-168 28375706-10 2017 Conclusion Metformin may improve the worse prognosis that is associated with diabetes and insulin treatment, mainly in patients with primary HER2-positive and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 28977950-2 2017 We carried out a systematic search of Pubmed and Embase databases for studies published before August 2016, which assessed the associations between anti-diabetic medications (metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones and insulin) intake and pancreatic cancer prognosis. Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 28092404-8 2017 RESULTS: Both metformin and MYO significantly reduced the insulin response to OGTT and improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 28092404-8 2017 RESULTS: Both metformin and MYO significantly reduced the insulin response to OGTT and improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 28529619-5 2017 By inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing glucose uptake by muscles, metformin decreases blood glucose and circulating Insulin levels. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 28538088-0 2017 Effects of the Insulin Sensitizer Metformin in Alzheimer Disease: Pilot Data From a Randomized Placebo-controlled Crossover Study. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 28039583-1 2017 AIMS: To improve insulin sensitivity, insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin are commonly used in overweight and obese T1D patients. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 28039583-1 2017 AIMS: To improve insulin sensitivity, insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin are commonly used in overweight and obese T1D patients. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 28538088-2 2017 Given this association, we hypothesized that the central nervous system-penetrant insulin-sensitizing medication metformin would be beneficial as a disease-modifying and/or symptomatic therapy for AD, and conducted a placebo-controlled crossover study of its effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), neuroimaging, and cognitive biomarkers. Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 27935183-3 2017 Adjunct metformin reduces insulin dose requirement and stabilizes weight but there are no data on its cardiovascular effects. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 27935183-7 2017 MATERIALS AND METHODS: After 12 weeks of single-blind placebo-controlled run-in, participants with >= 70% adherence are randomized to metformin or matching placebo for 3 years with insulin titrated towards HbA1c 7.0% (53 mmol/mol). Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 28196954-4 2017 Multiple studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that metformin can inhibit the growth of thyroid cells and different types of thyroid cancer cells by affecting the insulin/IGF1 and mTOR pathways. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 27817155-12 2017 Insulin was required in six comparator women vs none in the study group (eight vs two required metformin). Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28060743-5 2017 Although evidence is limited, insulin use has been associated with increased and metformin with decreased incidence of colorectal cancer. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 27407018-0 2017 Effects of SLC22A1 Polymorphisms on Metformin-Induced Reductions in Adiposity and Metformin Pharmacokinetics in Obese Children With Insulin Resistance. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 26680745-3 2017 Of importance is that the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 20-year study of type 2 diabetics, completed in 1998, compared patients treated with insulin, sulfonylureas and metformin and concluded that metformin provided vascular protective actions. Metformin 209-218 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 27131512-0 2017 Effect of metformin by employing 2-hour postload insulin for measuring insulin resistance in Taiwanese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 27642000-9 2017 Patients prescribed insulin second-line after metformin had a mean HbA1c of 10.11% (95%CI 9.83, 10.38) prior to first prescription of insulin and 9.98% (95%CI 9.73, 10.23) at baseline. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 29222856-6 2017 RESULTS: The serum homocysteine levels in patients treated with insulin in monotherapy were significantly higher than what was observed in the metformin treated subjects and in the patients receiving insulin combined with metformin. Metformin 143-152 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 29222856-6 2017 RESULTS: The serum homocysteine levels in patients treated with insulin in monotherapy were significantly higher than what was observed in the metformin treated subjects and in the patients receiving insulin combined with metformin. Metformin 222-231 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 26680745-5 2017 The vascular protective actions of metformin are thought to be secondary to the antihyperglycaemic effects of metformin that are mediated via activation of AMP kinase and subsequent inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation as well as an insulin sensitizing action in striated muscle and adipose tissue. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 26680745-5 2017 The vascular protective actions of metformin are thought to be secondary to the antihyperglycaemic effects of metformin that are mediated via activation of AMP kinase and subsequent inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation as well as an insulin sensitizing action in striated muscle and adipose tissue. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 28056431-0 2017 Second line initiation of insulin compared with DPP-4 inhibitors after metformin monotherapy is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and severe hypoglycemia. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 28116648-8 2017 Metformin is noted for its beneficial effects on lifespan extension and on disorders due to increased insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 28056431-1 2017 AIMS: The objective of this nationwide study was to compare the risk of all-cause mortality, fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD), and severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on metformin monotherapy treatment starting second-line treatment with either insulin or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i). Metformin 208-217 insulin Homo sapiens 283-290 29156452-8 2017 Insulin sensitizers like metformin and oral contraceptive pills provide short-term benefits on PCOS symptoms. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27711958-10 2017 Metformin treatment not only normalized sexual desire and sexual satisfaction in both studied groups, but also normalized or improved the remaining domains of FSFI in patients with diabetes, and these effects correlated with an improvement in insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 243-250 27711958-11 2017 Conclusions: Metformin treatment provides a beneficial effect on female sexual function and the strength of this effect depends on the degree of insulin resistance. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 27808588-2 2017 Insulin-sensitizer agents such as metformin and inositols have been shown to improve the endocrine and metabolic aspects of PCOS. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27808588-12 2017 The two insulin-sensitizers, metformin and myo-inositol, show to be useful in PCOS women in lowering BMI and ameliorating insulin sensitivity, and improving menstrual cycle without significant differences between the two treatments. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 27808588-12 2017 The two insulin-sensitizers, metformin and myo-inositol, show to be useful in PCOS women in lowering BMI and ameliorating insulin sensitivity, and improving menstrual cycle without significant differences between the two treatments. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 27898267-3 2017 Insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as Metformin, are effective in treating hyper-insulinemic PCOS patients. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28161303-9 2017 CONCLUSION: Combined exenatide/metformin reduced intra-abdominal fat content, and enhanced insulin resistance and inflammatory status in patients with obesity and type-2 diabetes, representing a novel treatment regimen. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 27778642-0 2017 Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Children: Randomized Clinical Trial. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 27778642-3 2017 Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on insulin sensitivity, measured via euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique and insulin pathway expression molecules in muscle biopsies of children with obesity. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 28606576-9 2017 The insulin sensitizers, metformin and pioglitazone, improved insulin resistance and the concentration of circulating GLP-1, increased the relative number of intestinal L cells to a certain degree. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 28606576-9 2017 The insulin sensitizers, metformin and pioglitazone, improved insulin resistance and the concentration of circulating GLP-1, increased the relative number of intestinal L cells to a certain degree. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 27802445-0 2017 Comment on "Metformin Decreases Thyroid Volume and Nodule Size in Subjects with Insulin Resistance: A Preliminary Study". Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 29308837-7 2017 Metformin remains the cure for the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 27684440-1 2017 PURPOSE: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin on insulin, C-peptide and body weight in Chinese men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 28334539-2 2017 Current national and international guidelines list insulin treatment as a possible second choice therapy in patient with unsatisfactory glucose control on monotherapy with metformin. Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 27695899-8 2016 Furthermore, the glucose-lowering drug, metformin, prevented IR cleavage accompanied by inhibition of calpain 2 release in exosomes, and re-established insulin signalling. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 27827311-16 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Among patients who intensified metformin monotherapy, the addition of insulin compared with a sulfonylurea was not associated with a higher rate of kidney outcomes but was associated with a higher rate of the composite outcome that included death. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 27695899-10 2016 CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Sequential cleavage of IR by calpain 2 and gamma-secretase may contribute to insulin signalling in cells and its inhibition may be partly responsible for the glucose-lowering effects of metformin. Metformin 214-223 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 27745917-11 2016 After metformin, there were significant decreases in serum IGF-1 (p=0.046), omentin (p=0.007), insulin (p=0.012), C-peptide (p=0.018), and leptin (p=0.0035). Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 27588386-6 2016 Metformin treatment reduced plasma glucose and insulin resistance, irrespective of the gender. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 28331909-0 2016 Evaluating the effect of insulin sensitizers metformin and pioglitazone alone and in combination on women with polycystic ovary syndrome: An RCT. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 28331909-2 2016 One of the common therapeutic methods is using insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 28331909-6 2016 RESULTS: Metformin and pioglitazone and combination therapy induced favorable changes in fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR index, QUICKI, fasting glucose to insulin ratio in women with PCOS. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 28331909-6 2016 RESULTS: Metformin and pioglitazone and combination therapy induced favorable changes in fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR index, QUICKI, fasting glucose to insulin ratio in women with PCOS. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 27717596-3 2016 The use of insulin sensitizers (i.e. metformin), reduces such metabolic, and most hormonal, impairments. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 27717596-4 2016 As metformin often induces side effects, new integrative strategies have been proposed to treat insulin resistance, such as the use of inositols. Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 26887663-2 2016 METHODS: In the Carotid Atherosclerosis: Metformin for Insulin Resistance (CAMERA) study (NCT00723307), 173 individuals without Type 2 diabetes, but with coronary disease, were randomized to metformin (n=86) or placebo (n=87) for 18 months. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 27118251-4 2016 Notably, cellular steroidogenesis models have facilitated the understanding of the mechanistic effects of pharmacotherapies, including insulin sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone and metformin) used for the treatment of insulin resistance in PCOS, on androgen production. Metformin 179-188 insulin Homo sapiens 216-223 26809842-7 2016 Compared with the placebo, metformin treatment also have a significant effect on reducing weight, body mass index, insulin, insulin resistance index, total cholesterol and triglyceride, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 27882107-13 2016 Sitagliptin phosphate combined with metformin effectively and safely improves glycemic excursion and carbohydrate metabolism in NEDM patients by promoting the first phase of insulin and incretin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion of. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 26809842-7 2016 Compared with the placebo, metformin treatment also have a significant effect on reducing weight, body mass index, insulin, insulin resistance index, total cholesterol and triglyceride, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 26809842-9 2016 We found that metformin treatment was effective in improving antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and the effects improving antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance appeared earlier than the reducing dyslipidemia. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 27716110-8 2016 Metformin compared to placebo resulted in significant reduction in BMI [-1.13 kg/m2 (95 % CI -1.61 to -0.66)] and insulin resistance index [-1.49 (95 % CI -2.40 to -0.59)] but not fasting blood sugar [-2.48 mg/dl (95 % CI -5.54 to 0.57]. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 27724912-9 2016 HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c) level >=8.5 %, obesity and insulin treatment in dose-dependent and time-varying manner demonstrated significant association with increased risk of malignancy, while metformin use was associated with a lower risk of cancer. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 27900046-4 2016 Metformin at a low dose potently inhibited the insulin action, decreasing the ability of the endometrial cancer (EC) cell line to migrate and invade in a high and normal glucose environment, and decreasing the migration ability of the primary eEPs. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 27900046-5 2016 In the EC cell line, the insulin treatment increased the proliferation, without any subsequent reduction of proliferation by the addition of 0.1 mM metformin; however, relative cell proliferation sensitivity to metformin was observed in the range between 1 and 5 mM regardless of the glucose concentration present. Metformin 211-220 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 27900046-7 2016 However, at this concentration, metformin can inhibit the insulin action in endometrial epithelial cancer cells, demonstrating an anti-metastatic effect in high and normal glucose environments. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 27018756-15 2016 Metformin significantly (P < .05) reduced insulin, BP, CRP, and PAI-1 levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 27755516-7 2016 Life style modification with BMI reduction was recommended and metformin, a drug improving sensitivity to insulin, was administered. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 27640062-15 2016 Insulin-metformin CT compared with IM showed a MD in HbA1c of -0.9% (95% CI -1.2 to -0.5); P < 0.01; 698 participants; 9 trials; low-quality evidence. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27409676-7 2016 Older age, longer diabetes duration, male sex, and use of insulin, sulfonylurea, calcium channel blockers, aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel and dipyridamole were significantly associated with a higher risk in sitagliptin users, but dyslipidemia and use of metformin and statin were protective. Metformin 257-266 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 27904616-0 2016 Effect of folic acid and metformin on insulin resistance and inflammatory factors of obese children and adolescents. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 27355267-12 2016 Oral glucose tolerance tests at discharge revealed that metformin significantly improved insulin sensitivity, P < 0.05. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 27355267-14 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin decreases glucose equally as effective as insulin without causing hypoglycemia, with additional benefits including improved insulin resistance and decreased endogenous insulin synthesis when compared with insulin controls. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 27355267-14 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin decreases glucose equally as effective as insulin without causing hypoglycemia, with additional benefits including improved insulin resistance and decreased endogenous insulin synthesis when compared with insulin controls. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 27355267-14 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin decreases glucose equally as effective as insulin without causing hypoglycemia, with additional benefits including improved insulin resistance and decreased endogenous insulin synthesis when compared with insulin controls. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 27355267-15 2016 These results indicate that metformin is safe in burn patients and further supports the use of metformin in severely burned patients for postburn control of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 27378194-6 2016 Moreover, metformin decreases the production of insulin, insulin-like growth factor, inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor, and therefore it exerts anti-mitotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenetic effects. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 48-83 27571249-0 2016 Long-term treatment with metformin in obese, insulin-resistant adolescents: results of a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 27571249-2 2016 In this study, the long-term efficacy and safety of metformin versus placebo in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance is studied. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 27571249-12 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Long-term treatment with metformin in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance results in stabilization of BMI and improved body composition compared with placebo. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 27571249-13 2016 Therefore, metformin may be useful as an additional therapy in combination with lifestyle intervention in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 27233831-1 2016 Metformin is the basic drug of antihyperglycemic therapy in type 2 diabetes: according to actual therapeutic guidelines, it should be given in the absence of contraindications or intolerance during the whole course of the disease even after the initiation of insulin therapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 259-266 27531132-0 2016 Randomized placebo control study of insulin sensitizers (Metformin and Pioglitazone) in psoriasis patients with metabolic syndrome (Topical Treatment Cohort). Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 27531132-3 2016 Study objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Insulin sensitizers (metformin and pioglitazone) in psoriasis patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 27059816-8 2016 Insulin sensitivity increased more with metformin versus dulaglutide. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27059816-9 2016 In conclusion, dulaglutide improves postprandial glycaemic control after a standardized test meal by enhancing beta-cell function, while metformin exerts a greater effect on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 26864078-3 2016 The anticancer mechanisms of metformin involve both indirect or insulin-dependent pathways and direct or insulin-independent pathways. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 26864078-3 2016 The anticancer mechanisms of metformin involve both indirect or insulin-dependent pathways and direct or insulin-independent pathways. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 27435163-3 2016 We hypothesize that metformin use in pregnancy, as an adjunct to insulin, will decrease adverse outcomes by reducing maternal hyperglycemia, maternal insulin doses, maternal weight gain and gestational hypertension/pre-eclampsia. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 27491324-5 2016 Metformin, a biguanide, reduces insulin resistance and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, and has an excellent safety profile. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 27491324-6 2016 The combination of metformin and sitagliptin, targeting both characteristics of prediabetes (insulin resistance and progressive beta cell degeneration), may potentially slow or halt the progression from prediabetes to type 2 DM. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 27606384-2 2016 We present the results of a trial designed to test the hypothesis that metformin will improve insulin sensitivity in obese pregnant women, thereby reducing the incidence of high-birthweight babies. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 27606384-10 2016 Embedded substudies were included to assess the effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity using the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp; endothelial function; maternal and fetal fat distribution using magnetic resonance imaging; placental expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 and glucocorticoid receptor; and myometrial contractility and glycogen storage. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 27606384-16 2016 Subjects taking metformin demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity [glucose disposal per unit plasma insulin difference between means during high-dose insulin 0.02 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.03 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute/microIU/l; p = 0.04] compared with those taking placebo and enhanced endogenous glucose production [difference between means 0.54 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.00 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute; p = 0.02]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 27606384-16 2016 Subjects taking metformin demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity [glucose disposal per unit plasma insulin difference between means during high-dose insulin 0.02 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.03 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute/microIU/l; p = 0.04] compared with those taking placebo and enhanced endogenous glucose production [difference between means 0.54 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.00 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute; p = 0.02]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 27606384-16 2016 Subjects taking metformin demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity [glucose disposal per unit plasma insulin difference between means during high-dose insulin 0.02 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.03 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute/microIU/l; p = 0.04] compared with those taking placebo and enhanced endogenous glucose production [difference between means 0.54 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.00 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute; p = 0.02]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 27439433-0 2016 Improving treatment and liver fibrosis outcomes with metformin in HCV-HIV co-infected and HCV mono-infected patients with insulin resistance: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 27439433-4 2016 Metformin, an insulin sensitizer is known to improve HCV treatment response and has been associated with a reduced risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 27118574-3 2016 In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer effects of metformin, which included insulin- and AMPK-dependent effects, selectively targeting cancer stem cells, reversing multidrug resistance, inhibition of the tumor metastasis and described the antineoplastic effects of metformin combined with chemotherapeutic agents in digestive system cancers (colorectal, gastric, hepatic and pancreatic cancer), reproductive system cancers (ovarian and endometrial cancer), prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 114-131 27234585-9 2016 Finally the action of the insulin-sensitizing drugs metformin and the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone on follicular cells is reviewed. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 26831122-0 2016 Effects of Metformin and Exercise Training, Alone or in Combination, on Cardiac Function in Individuals with Insulin Resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 26831122-1 2016 INTRODUCTION: In patients affected by insulin resistance (IR), metformin (MET) therapy has been shown to exert its positive effects by improving glucose tolerance and preventing the evolution to diabetes. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 26861811-7 2016 The decision to introduce basal insulin to metformin must, however be individualized based on a risk-benefit analysis. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 27321322-0 2016 Use of metformin earlier in pregnancy predicts supplemental insulin therapy in women with gestational diabetes. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 27321322-2 2016 We found a significant association between earlier gestational age at initiation of metformin therapy and the necessity for supplemental insulin in women treated with metformin during pregnancy. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 27321322-2 2016 We found a significant association between earlier gestational age at initiation of metformin therapy and the necessity for supplemental insulin in women treated with metformin during pregnancy. Metformin 167-176 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 27228266-12 2016 Orlistat and metformin had similar positive effects on BMI (-0.65%, 95% CI: -2.03 to 0.73), HOMA (-3.60%, 95% CI: -16.99 to 9.78), testosterone (-2.08%, 95% CI: -13.08 to 8.93) and insulin (-5.51%, 95% CI: -22.27 to 11.26). Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 27228266-14 2016 In addition, the available evidence indicates that orlistat and metformin have similar effects in reducing BMI, HOMA, testosterone and insulin in overweight/obese PCOS women. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 26992090-0 2016 Identification of metformin poor responders, requiring supplemental insulin, during randomization of metformin versus insulin for the control of gestational diabetes mellitus. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 26992090-0 2016 Identification of metformin poor responders, requiring supplemental insulin, during randomization of metformin versus insulin for the control of gestational diabetes mellitus. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 26992090-5 2016 RESULTS: Women using metformin (23.4% needing supplemental insulin) gained less weight (P < 0.001), and had lower fasting glucose during the first and last 2 weeks of treatment (P = 0.014 and 0.008, respectively) when compared with insulin monotherapy. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 26992090-5 2016 RESULTS: Women using metformin (23.4% needing supplemental insulin) gained less weight (P < 0.001), and had lower fasting glucose during the first and last 2 weeks of treatment (P = 0.014 and 0.008, respectively) when compared with insulin monotherapy. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 26992090-6 2016 Insulin supplementation in the metformin group was related to initial body mass index, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test (GTT), and first week mean glucose level. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26992090-10 2016 Women using metformin (+- supplemental insulin) had similar glycemic control, less weight gain, and similar rates of side-effects as those on insulin monotherapy. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 27152598-1 2016 AIMS: To determine if concomitant metformin reduced the risk of death, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), and cancer in people with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 27226182-9 2016 Longitudinally, there was a small but significant increase in BMI and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the Insulin Group and a significant increase in the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and a trend towards higher triglycerides in the Metformin Group. Metformin 270-279 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 27136447-0 2016 Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic effect of metformin monotherapy with metformin and acupuncture combined therapy on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 27136447-7 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Consequently, Metformin and acupuncture combined therapy is more effective than Metformin only, proving that acupuncture is an insulin sensitizer and is able to improve insulin sensitivity possibly by reducing body weight and inflammation, while improving lipid metabolism and adipokines. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 182-189 27293994-8 2016 Treating EC with siYAP/TAZ, YAP inhibitor Verteporfin or metformin alone only partially inhibited the function of insulin and IGF1. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 27293994-9 2016 However, combination of siYAP/TAZ with metformin could completely inhibit the effects of insulin. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 26868993-8 2016 After metformin treatment, PDCD4 expression was distinctly down-regulated for the obese women with PCOS with insulin resistance. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 27182828-1 2016 IMPORTANCE: Metformin, an oral antihyperglycemic drug, acts as an insulin sensitizer in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 26811361-4 2016 Metformin initiators who intensified treatment with insulin or sulfonylurea were followed to either their first or recurrent hypoglycemia event using Cox proportional hazard models. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 26811361-13 2016 INTERPRETATION: Among patients using metformin who could use either insulin or sulfonylurea, the addition of insulin was associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia than the addition of sulfonylurea. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 26811361-13 2016 INTERPRETATION: Among patients using metformin who could use either insulin or sulfonylurea, the addition of insulin was associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia than the addition of sulfonylurea. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 26902691-7 2016 Metformin resulted in a significant reduction of IGF-1, IGF-1: IGFBP-3 molar ratio, insulin, FBG and HOMA-IR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 26835874-0 2016 Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed Extract, 4-Hydroxyisoleucine, and Metformin Stimulate Proximal Insulin Signaling and Increase Expression of Glycogenic Enzymes and GLUT2 in HepG2 Cells. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 26922558-8 2016 In patients with untreated amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism, but not in the other groups of patients, metformin reduced serum levels of thyrotropin and this effect correlated weakly with its action on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 26387747-11 2016 Metformin treatment reduces VEGF-B levels and ameliorates insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 26743209-3 2016 Metformin improves hyperglycemia mainly through the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis along with the improvement of insulin signaling. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 26922558-6 2016 RESULTS: In all groups of patients, metformin reduced plasma glucose and triglycerides, serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin as well as HOMA1-IR. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 26835874-12 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings provide a mechanism by which FSE exerts antihyperglycemic effects similar to metformin and insulin that occurs via enhanced insulin signaling, gene expression, and increasing glucose uptake. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 26894572-2 2016 Metformin is likely beneficial in obese and/or insulin-resistant children/adolescents, but its role in this setting is still unclear. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 27038867-20 2016 Insulin sensitizers like metformin, thiazolidines have also resulted in improvements in cognitive functions, mainly in animal experiments. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27180669-2 2016 This article deals with the combination therapy comprising metformin and dapagliflozin in a single preparation, molecules affecting different pathophysiological mechanisms of type 2 diabetes, particularly insulin resistance and increased glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 205-212 26792047-5 2016 The proposed mechanism of weight lowering effect of metformin includes changes in hypothalamic physiology, including leptin and insulin sensitivity, as well as circadian rhythm changes affecting food intake, regulation of fat oxidation and storage in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 26916684-0 2016 Metformin versus placebo in combination with insulin analogues in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-the randomised, blinded Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy (CIMT) trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 26916684-7 2016 HbA1c was more reduced in the metformin group (between-group difference -0.42% (95% CI -0.62% to -0.23%), p<0.001)), despite the significantly lower insulin dose at end of trial in the metformin group (1.04 IU/kg (95% CI 0.94 to 1.15)) compared with placebo (1.36 IU/kg (95% CI 1.23 to 1.51), p<0.001). Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 26894572-9 2016 Metformin had greater effectiveness over lifestyle intervention alone in reducing fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment for insulin-resistance index (HOMA-IR) at both 12 and 24 months. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 26894572-9 2016 Metformin had greater effectiveness over lifestyle intervention alone in reducing fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment for insulin-resistance index (HOMA-IR) at both 12 and 24 months. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 26894572-11 2016 CONCLUSION: Metformin for nondiabetic obese/overweight children and adolescents resulted in a noteworthy insulin resistance improvement, without significant BMI advantage when compared to lifestyle intervention. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 26740120-5 2016 Metformin influences various cellular pathways, including activation of the LKB1/AMPK pathway, inhibition of cell division, promotion of apoptosis and autophagy, down-regulation of circulating insulin, and activation of the immune system. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 26878387-5 2016 Although lowering of insulin levels with diet or drugs such as metformin and diazoxide seems generally beneficial, some practitioners also utilize strategic elevations of insulin levels in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 26636185-0 2016 Metformin Protects Kidney Cells From Insulin-Mediated Genotoxicity In Vitro and in Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 26525880-0 2016 Lifestyle and Metformin Ameliorate Insulin Sensitivity Independently of the Genetic Burden of Established Insulin Resistance Variants in Diabetes Prevention Program Participants. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 26636185-2 2016 A possible mechanism is induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage by insulin, Here, the effect of a combination of metformin with insulin was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 118-127 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 26636185-3 2016 The rationales for this were the reported antioxidative properties of metformin and the aim to gain further insights into the mechanisms responsible for protecting the genome from insulin-mediated oxidative stress and damage. Metformin 70-79 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 26636185-9 2016 Metformin did not show intrinsic antioxidant activity in the cell-free assay, but protected cultured cells from insulin-mediated oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mutation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 26636185-11 2016 Metformin may protect patients from genomic damage induced by elevated insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 26588235-2 2016 Metformin is used in type II diabetes to lower circulating insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 27633039-3 2016 Metformin also increases the affinity of the insulin receptor, reduces high insulin levels and improves insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 26983336-1 2016 For several years there is an evidence for a relationship between the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and of insulin resistance; therefore metformin, an insulin sensitizer, is used for the treatment for more than 10 years. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 26983336-1 2016 For several years there is an evidence for a relationship between the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and of insulin resistance; therefore metformin, an insulin sensitizer, is used for the treatment for more than 10 years. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 26547662-2 2016 Among users of long-acting insulin, we conducted a population-based case-control study to evaluate the incident myocardial infarction (MI) and incident stroke risks associated with the use of sulfonylureas and the use of metformin. Metformin 221-230 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 26547662-12 2016 Metformin may be an important cardiovascular disease prevention therapy for patients on insulin therapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 26895247-8 2016 It is postulated that an insulin-sensitizing agent, metformin, has cancer-preventing effects on diabetic patients. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 27633039-3 2016 Metformin also increases the affinity of the insulin receptor, reduces high insulin levels and improves insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 28017142-5 2016 Switching antidiabetic therapy from gliclazide to acarbose and metformin, the patient"s serum insulin level and IAA decreased gradually. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 26765270-1 2016 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common in obese women with insulin resistant type 2 diabetes for which metformin treatment is getting established in addition to clomiphene. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 27514712-9 2016 Oral administration of metformin (insulin sensitizer) to PCOS-patients increases GLUT4 endometrial levels, improving fertility of those patients. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 26824829-6 2016 Drugs that reduce circulating insulin levels, such as metformin, may reduce cancer risk, and drugs that increase circulating insulin levels, including exogenous insulin and insulin secretagogues, may increase cancer risk. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 26834850-17 2016 For children and obese adolescents, metformin is used in the case of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 26566714-9 2016 Patients on concomitant metformin alone had higher insulin doses at Week 24, but achieved greater reductions in A1C, less weight gain and lower hypoglycaemia rates than patients on a concomitant sulfonylurea or metformin plus a sulfonylurea, regardless of whether cut-offs were exceeded. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 26618447-12 2016 CONCLUSION: In subjects with insulin resistance, metformin therapy significantly decreased thyroid volume and nodule size. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 27478438-6 2016 Metformin plus insulin was associated with reduced hemoglobin A1C levels, total daily insulin dosage, body mass index (BMI), and body weight. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 27478438-11 2016 Among adolescents with T1DM, administering adjunctive metformin therapy in addition to insulin was associated with improved HbA1c levels, total daily insulin dosage, BMI, and body weight. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 26618447-0 2016 Metformin Decreases Thyroid Volume and Nodule Size in Subjects with Insulin Resistance: A Preliminary Study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 26455399-7 2015 Furthermore, humans with type 1 diabetes respond to lifestyle modifications or metformin by 20%-60% increased whole-body insulin sensitivity, likely through improvement in both glycemic control and oxidative phosphorylation. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 26618447-10 2016 Insulin resistance also decreased after metformin therapy (4.5 +- 1.9 vs. 2.9 +- 1.7, p < 0.0001). Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26575601-9 2015 Among the anti-diabetic medications in diabetes patients, the OR for insulin users was 25.57 (95% CI 11.55-56.60), sulphonylureas 2.22 (95% CI 1.13, 4.40), and metformin users 1.46 (95% CI 0.85-2.52), compared with no use of any anti-diabetic medications. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 26624824-14 2015 Of multiple secondary end points, findings favored metformin only for insulin dose and measures of adiposity; conversely, use of metformin resulted in an increased risk for gastrointestinal adverse events. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 26656973-1 2016 The potential reproductive benefits of metformin, a drug endowed with the capacity to ameliorate insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), has garnered much interest over the past 2 decades. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 26350101-11 2015 Basal insulin therapy in combination with oral drugs, most often metformin - is the most convenient initial regimen. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 26320144-0 2015 Effects of metformin on mitochondrial function of leukocytes from polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 26537234-10 2015 Additional analyses suggested that the breast cancer risk associated with human insulin use might be beneficially modified by concomitant use of metformin, statin and ACEI/ARB. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 26537234-12 2015 The increased risk of breast cancer associated with human insulin use may be modified by medications such as metformin, statin and ACEI/ARB. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 26344902-11 2015 Finally, metformin modestly attenuated palmitate-induced insulin resistance and cytotoxicity, as did oleate. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 25131985-10 2015 In a subgroup of 285 patients followed-up longitudinally (average treatment period 1.42 yr), addition of metformin resulted in a slight reduction of BMI-SDS [-0.01 (-2.01 to +1.40)], but did not improve HbA1c or insulin requirement. Metformin 105-114 insulin Homo sapiens 212-219 25332100-7 2015 Longitudinal analyses showed that metformin had a significant effect on anthropometric (weight, BMI, and waist) and biochemical variables [glucose, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and triglycerides] (all p <= 0.05); and in total and abdominal fat (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02). Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 25332100-8 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Prepubertal intervention with metformin reduces central adiposity and improves insulin sensitivity in non-obese catch-up SGA children. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 26579078-5 2015 Furthermore, anti-diabetic treatments such as metformin and sulfonylurea have been observed to modulate the gut microbiota or at least their metabolic profiles, thereby potentially affecting insulin resistance through indirect mechanisms still unknown. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 191-198 26514337-13 2015 Her serum insulin-like growth factor-1 level, measured after glycemic control was achieved with metformin and insulin, was elevated, which is characteristic of acromegaly. Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 26386799-9 2015 Patients taking versus not taking insulin had 0.83 more episodes of angina and used 1.40 more NTG doses per week, increases evident only in those taking insulin without concomitant metformin (Pinteraction < .05 for both). Metformin 181-190 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 26263223-7 2015 In the metformin group, TMEM18 minor allele carriers had a greater reduction in insulin levels (P = 0.04). Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 25555492-1 2015 OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficiency of the combined therapy with metformin and dapagliflozin, a new oral anti-diabetic drug with an insulin-independent mechanism of action, in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to DPP4 inhibitors, sulphonylureas and thiazolidindiones, also combined with metformin. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 25962401-0 2015 Progression to insulin therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sitagliptin or sulphonylurea plus metformin dual therapy. Metformin 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 26142890-7 2015 RESULTS: The predictive parameters (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV) for improvements in HbA1c at week 24 for metformin were 0.83, 0.81, 0.44, and 0.96; for sulfonylurea, 0.79, 0.94, 0.71, and 0.96; and for insulin glargine, 0.67, 0.89, 0.65, and 0.90. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 26491824-6 2015 The use of insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin often normalises the menstrual cycle, improving hyperandrogenism and, subsequently, the response to ovulation induction therapies. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 26084759-3 2015 Unless contraindicated or not tolerated, metformin can be initiated and continued concurrently with other anti-diabetic agents or insulin. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 26280837-4 2015 Metformin was significantly superior to placebo (standard mean differences, -0.69 to -0.51; P = 0.01-0.0001) in the primary outcome measures (body weight, body mass index, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 197-204 26165398-3 2015 We aimed to establish whether the insulin sensitising drug metformin improves maternal and fetal outcomes in obese pregnant women without diabetes. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 26117686-7 2015 The pooled estimates of metformin-insulin differences were very small and statistically non-significant in fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose and HbA1c, measured at 36-37 weeks of gestation. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 26117686-8 2015 Notably, 14-46% of those receiving metformin required additional insulin. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 26117686-9 2015 Compared with the insulin group, metformin treatment was associated with a lower incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia (relative risk, RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.58-0.93; P=0.01) and of neonatal intensive care admission (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.59-0.97; P=0.03). Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 26216367-7 2015 In male subjects consuming only metformin, a positive association between HOMA-IR and insulin (p<0.05) was seen. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 74-93 26216367-9 2015 Interestingly, the female subjects on metformin displayed a positive association between HOMA-IR and insulin (p<0.05) only. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 89-108 26216367-10 2015 A positive association of HOMA-IR with glucose (p<0.01) and insulin (p<0.05) was seen in females on metformin in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs. Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 26087341-7 2015 Insulin resistance may be improved among obese individuals with T1DM by biguanides (metformin) and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (exenatide). Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26366087-11 2015 In addition, there are still uncertainties surrounding the effects of metformin or oral contraceptives in the management of insulin level, although they improved total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels. Metformin 70-79 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 25993908-9 2015 In insulin-resistant PCOS patients (HOMA-IR> 2) metformin treatment (1.7 g per day for 4 weeks to 6 months) improved insulin sensitivity, restored mitochondrial integrity and function and normalised platelet aggregation. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 25993908-9 2015 In insulin-resistant PCOS patients (HOMA-IR> 2) metformin treatment (1.7 g per day for 4 weeks to 6 months) improved insulin sensitivity, restored mitochondrial integrity and function and normalised platelet aggregation. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 25904026-3 2015 METHODS: A literature review was completed aiming to compare the glycaemic control, maternal and fetal out comes of metformin therapy with insulin. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 26314870-0 2015 Evaluation of Apelin and Insulin Resistance in Patients with PCOS and Therapeutic Effect of Drospirenone-Ethinylestradiol Plus Metformin. Metformin 127-136 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 26013675-4 2015 RESULTS: Increased risks of HCC were found for use of insulin (odds ratio [OR] = 3.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.52-5.51), sulfonylureas (OR = 1.39, 95%CI 0.98-1.99), and repaglinide (OR = 2.12, 95%CI 1.38-3.26), while a reduced risk was found for use of metformin (OR = 0.57, 95%CI 0.41-0.79). Metformin 260-269 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 25547060-7 2015 Regarding neonatal outcomes, when compared with insulin group, metformin presented significantly lower average birth weights (MD = -44.35, 95 % CI -85.79 to -2.90, P = 0.04), incidence of hypoglycemia (RR = 0.69, 95 % CI 0.55-0.87, P = 0.001) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (RR = 0.82, 95 % CI 0.67-0.99, P = 0.04). Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 25547060-8 2015 CONCLUSION: Metformin can significantly reduce several adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes including PIH rate, incidence of hypoglycemia and NICU, thus it may be an effective and safe alternative or additional treatment to insulin for GDM women. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 226-233 26059289-8 2015 Metformin enhances the action of insulin in liver and skeletal muscle, and its efficacy for delaying or preventing the onset of diabetes has been proven in large, well-designed, randomised trials, such as the Diabetes Prevention Program and other studies. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 26066530-7 2015 INTERVENTIONS: Insulin resistance was treated with lifestyle intervention and metformin, and diabetes with the addition of glitazones, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and/or insulin. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 25962562-9 2015 Following treatment with bisperoxopicolinatooxovanadate (BPV) or metformin in the insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells, there was an increase in the rate of glucose uptake, an increase in GLUT4 expression and its translocation, a reduction in the expression of PTEN and p-PTEN, and a decrease in cell apoptosis compared with untreated insulin-resistant cells. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 25962562-9 2015 Following treatment with bisperoxopicolinatooxovanadate (BPV) or metformin in the insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells, there was an increase in the rate of glucose uptake, an increase in GLUT4 expression and its translocation, a reduction in the expression of PTEN and p-PTEN, and a decrease in cell apoptosis compared with untreated insulin-resistant cells. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 338-345 26236179-3 2015 One of these detectors is AMPK (5" AMP-activated protein kinase), a protein kinase activated by ATP deficiency but also by several natural substances such as polyphenols or synthetic molecules like metformin, used in the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 234-241 26013675-5 2015 The risk of HCC increased with increasing duration of insulin use (OR = 2.52 for <1 year, 5.41 for 1-2 years, and 6.01 for >=2 years; p for trend < 0.001), while no clear pattern with duration was observed for sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and metformin. Metformin 251-260 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 26013675-6 2015 CONCLUSION: Our study supports the evidence that patients with diabetes using metformin, and possibly other antidiabetic drugs that increase insulin sensibility, have a reduced risk of HCC, while those using insulin or drugs that increase circulating insulin, such as insulin secretagogues, have an increased risk. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 25891779-0 2015 Metformin attenuates palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance in L6 cells through the AMP-activated protein kinase/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c pathway. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 26140084-6 2015 Metformin has a number of biochemical effects that would suggest a benefit in treating chronic liver diseases, particularly in the context of insulin resistance and inflammation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 25472847-11 2015 CONCLUSION: Adding metformin to the conventional insulin regimen effectively achieved tight glycaemic control with a lower dose of insulin. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 25472847-11 2015 CONCLUSION: Adding metformin to the conventional insulin regimen effectively achieved tight glycaemic control with a lower dose of insulin. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 25676019-5 2015 While generating beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, metformin also improves insulin resistance and corrects dyslipidemia in patients with T2D. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 26111812-3 2015 In a window of opportunity trial of metformin in non-diabetic breast cancer patients, Dowling and colleagues examined both the direct actions of the drug on cancer cells (as mediated by AMP kinase), as well as its indirect actions (as mediated by circulating insulin). Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 259-266 26111812-4 2015 The data suggest that short-term administration of metformin in this setting has anti-tumor effects significantly involving the indirect, insulin-dependent pathway. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 25891779-3 2015 In this study, we investigated whether AMPK activation and SREBP-1c inhibition contribute to the beneficial effects of metformin on IRS-1-associated insulin signaling in L6 myotubes. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 25891779-9 2015 The results from this study demonstrate that metformin ameliorates PA-induced insulin resistance through the activation of AMPK and the suppression of SREBP-1c in skeletal muscle cells. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 25891779-2 2015 We recently reported that metformin improved insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated insulin signaling by downregulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 25667085-0 2015 Metformin increases APP expression and processing via oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and NF-kappaB activation: Use of insulin to attenuate metformin"s effect. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 25742316-0 2015 Metformin and salicylate synergistically activate liver AMPK, inhibit lipogenesis and improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 25742316-4 2015 We find doses of metformin and salicylate used clinically synergistically activate AMPK in vitro and in vivo, resulting in reduced liver lipogenesis, lower liver lipid levels and improved insulin sensitivity in mice. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 25742316-6 2015 These effects are also observed in primary human hepatocytes and patients with dysglycaemia exhibit additional improvements in a marker of insulin resistance (proinsulin) when treated with ASA and metformin compared with either drug alone. Metformin 197-206 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 25945500-5 2015 Insulin was added if targets could not be reached on metformin alone at maximum doses. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 25304269-1 2015 OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effects of metformin (Met) and laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) in clomiphene and insulin-resistant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (CIRPCOS). Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 25667085-3 2015 Furthermore, the protective role of insulin against metformin is also demonstrated. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 25667085-8 2015 These effects of metformin were found to be antagonized by the addition of insulin, which reduced Abeta levels, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 25899185-12 2015 Mean fasting insulin levels at beginning of study entry were 17.22 +- 2.3 mIU/L and 16.93 +- 2.28 mIU/L in metformin and no metformin group respectively (p=0.589). Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 25808987-4 2015 Although drugs such as metformin that lower insulin resistance can contribute to weight loss, a better understanding of the links between obesity, weight loss and changes in insulin resistance might lead to new approaches to patient management. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 25658660-6 2015 As expected, metformin reduced plasma glucose, insulin resistance and glycated hemoglobin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 25791462-2 2015 Metformin has beneficial effects on insulin resistance and endothelial functions. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 24698216-2 2015 Metformin, typically used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a possible adjunct therapy in T1DM to help improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 24698216-7 2015 RESULTS: Total daily insulin dose, BMI z-score and waist circumference significantly decreased at 3 and 6 months compared to baseline within the metformin group, even among normal-weight participants. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 24698216-10 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose metformin likely improves BMI as well as insulin sensitivity in T1DM adolescents, as indicated by a decrease in total daily insulin dose. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24698216-10 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose metformin likely improves BMI as well as insulin sensitivity in T1DM adolescents, as indicated by a decrease in total daily insulin dose. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 25662675-0 2015 The variant organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2)-T201M contribute to changes in insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Metformin 144-153 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 25662675-11 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the loss-of-function variant OCT2-T201M (rs145450955) contribute to changes in insulin resistance and beta cell activity in patients with T2D treated with metformin. Metformin 194-203 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 25866577-2 2015 Metformin is the oldest insulin sensitizer used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 25866577-3 2015 In PCOs, metformin decreases the serum lipids, androgen and insulin; induces ovulation and regular menstrual cycle; increases the pregnancy rate. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 26445623-8 2015 RESULTS: Adding sulphonylurea to metformin targeted both insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 25812009-10 2015 Following metformin administration, fasting glucose and insulin were reduced. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 25825634-6 2015 In particular, the interferences exerted by metformin on AMP-activated protein kinase pathway (the cellular energy sensor), on insulin levels and on Hexokinase could potentially have repercussion on glucose handling and thus on FDG distribution. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 30603248-4 2016 On the other hand, MCT showed that administration of metformin reduced plasma glucose levels accompanied by the decrease of plasma insulin levels and the increase of plasma glucagon levels, whereas administration of sitagliptin had little effects on these parameters. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 25834454-9 2015 Self-monitoring is essential to achieve good metabolic control, and endocrinologists should first administer metformin if insulin resistance is evident and then add dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors/glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists or insulin. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 25740979-1 2015 BACKGROUND: Metformin may improve metabolic factors (insulin, glucose, leptin, highly sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) associated with poor breast cancer outcomes. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 25740979-10 2015 At six months, decreases in weight and blood variables were statistically significantly greater in the metformin arm (vs placebo) in univariate analyses: weight -3.0%, glucose -3.8%, insulin -11.1%, homeostasis model assessment -17.1%, leptin -20.2%, hs-CRP -6.7%; all P values were less than or equal to .03. Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 25740979-12 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin statistically significantly improved weight, insulin, glucose, leptin, and CRP at six months. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 24913417-1 2015 Metformin is an old insulin sensitizer that has been widely used in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to treat metabolic comorbidities and may also improve ovarian dysfunction in women with PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 25425451-7 2015 CONCLUSION: The results of this exploratory study show that combination therapy with metformin/pioglitazone/exenatide in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM is more effective and results in fewer hypoglycaemic events than sequential add-on therapy with metformin, sulfonylurea and then basal insulin. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 291-298 24913417-2 2015 In fact, metformin may improve insulin resistance, a common finding of PCOS, and reduce insulin blood levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 24913417-2 2015 In fact, metformin may improve insulin resistance, a common finding of PCOS, and reduce insulin blood levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 25178647-1 2015 Metformin has a potential role for insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) and has demonstrated efficacy in diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 25634039-5 2015 Indications for metformin use in IVF cycles included polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients who were habitual abortions (67%), had prior poor egg quality (61%), had high serum insulin levels (56%). Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 179-186 25729685-8 2015 Metformin is effective insulin sensitizing agent and an established first line drug in type 2 diabetes currently. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 25545400-6 2015 The MET-REMODEL trial is a single-center, phase IV, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of Metformin in regression of the independent cardiac risk factor of LVH in patients with CAD who are insulin resistant. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 233-240 25658116-13 2015 Metformin upregulated insulin gene expression and suppressed DNA methylation and ectopic triacylglycerol accumulation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 25663871-0 2015 Effect of metformin on insulin-resistant endothelial cell function. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 25663871-1 2015 The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metformin on the function of insulin-resistant (IR) endothelial cells. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 25682077-10 2015 These biomarker data suggest mechanisms for metformin action in vivo in breast cancer patients via up-regulation of tumor pAMPK, down-regulation of pAkt, and suppression of insulin responses reflecting cytostatic rather than cytotoxic mechanisms. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 24534012-2 2015 This study aimed to explore the association between the estimated insulin demand of the diet, as measured by glycemic and insulin load, weight loss, percentage body fat and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in obese adolescents with clinical features of insulin resistance and/or prediabetes after a 3 month lifestyle and metformin intervention. Metformin 320-329 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 25701261-8 2015 Finally, we found that anti-diabetic drug metformin and AMPK ligand AICAR, but not thiazolidinediones (TZDs), specifically suppress the estradiol-induced cellular growth in the insulin-primed cells. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 25467617-8 2015 RESULTS: Less maternal weight gain was found in the metformin treated groups (9.8 +- 1.5 kg [metformin alone] vs. 9.8 +- 1.4 kg [metformin plus insulin] vs. 12.5 +- 1.1 kg [insulin alone] P < 0.000). Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 25467617-8 2015 RESULTS: Less maternal weight gain was found in the metformin treated groups (9.8 +- 1.5 kg [metformin alone] vs. 9.8 +- 1.4 kg [metformin plus insulin] vs. 12.5 +- 1.1 kg [insulin alone] P < 0.000). Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 25467617-13 2015 42.7% of patients required supplemental insulin (mean dose of 13.6 +- 2 units) in the metformin group. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 25467617-15 2015 CONCLUSION: Metformin is an effective and cheap treatment option for women with gestational diabetes with or without supplemental insulin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 25609400-10 2015 Four secondary outcomes were better for metformin in metformin v insulin, and one was worse for metformin in metformin v glibenclamide. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 25369141-3 2015 Studies have shown that metformin may benefit those insulin-resistant individuals with T1DM. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 25369141-9 2015 Metformin was associated with a reduction in daily insulin dosage, body weight, total cholesterol level, low-density lipoprotein level, and high-density lipoprotein level but an increase in risk of gastrointestinal AEs compared with placebo treatment in T1DM patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 25369141-12 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin may decrease the daily insulin dosage, body weight, and lipid levels in T1DM. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 25905051-7 2015 Metformin lowers circulating insulin and it may be important for treatment of hyperinsulinemia-associated cancers, such as colon and breast cancer. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 25588785-5 2015 We present a protocol for a study to test the hypothesis that metformin will improve insulin sensitivity in obese pregnant women, thereby reducing the incidence of high birthweight babies and other pregnancy complications. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 25205223-9 2015 In adjusted analyses, SU + insulin was associated with increased all-cause mortality (RR 1.81 [1.63, 2.01]), cardiovascular death (RR 1.35 [1.14, 1.60]) and the composite endpoint (RR 1.25 [1.09, 1.42]) compared with metformin + insulin. Metformin 217-226 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 25328079-0 2015 Addition of sitagliptin or metformin to insulin monotherapy improves blood glucose control via different effects on insulin and glucagon secretion in hyperglycemic Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 25328079-11 2015 Our data indicate that sitagliptin and metformin exert different effects on islet hormone secretion in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients on insulin monotherapy. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 25772174-4 2015 Recent preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that metformin not only improves chronic inflammation through the improvement of metabolic parameters such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia, but also has a direct anti-inflammatory action. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 25328079-1 2015 This study aimed to explore the effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin and the biguanide metformin on the secretion of insulin and glucagon, as well as incretin levels, in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus poorly controlled with insulin monotherapy. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 25053577-7 2015 RESULTS: Among all Vanderbilt cancer patients, metformin was associated with a 22% decrease in overall mortality compared to other oral hypoglycemic medications (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.88) and with a 39% decrease compared to type 2 diabetes patients on insulin only (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.73). Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 25162967-5 2015 In the high-dose metformin group, BMI, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index, and 2-h plasma glucose were significantly decreased. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 25162967-8 2015 Metformin suppressed ACF formation in IGT patients in a dose-dependent manner, possibly through direct and indirect (attenuating insulin resistance) mechanisms. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 25874236-7 2015 84.9% patients in metformin group required add-on insulin therapy at mean gestational age of 26.58 +- 3.85 weeks. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 25510597-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Metformin, an insulin-sensitizer, may correct several physiologic abnormalities owing to insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 25510597-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Metformin, an insulin-sensitizer, may correct several physiologic abnormalities owing to insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 24903160-5 2014 Metformin may ameliorate LYRM1-induced insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in part via a direct antioxidant effect and in part by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-PGC1/NRFs pathway. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 24903160-0 2014 Metformin prevents LYRM1-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a mitochondrial-dependent mechanism. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 24903160-4 2014 Metformin enhanced basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation, reduced IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylation and ROS levels, and affected the expression of regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in LYRM1-over-expressing adipocytes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 25293340-7 2014 Metformin can be used in conjunction with a lifestyle intervention program in obese adolescents with clinical insulin resistance to achieve weight loss and to improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 25293340-7 2014 Metformin can be used in conjunction with a lifestyle intervention program in obese adolescents with clinical insulin resistance to achieve weight loss and to improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 24824502-6 2014 AMPK-activating drugs reverse many of the metabolic defects associated with insulin resistance, and recent findings suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effects of the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin are mediated by AMPK. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 24824502-6 2014 AMPK-activating drugs reverse many of the metabolic defects associated with insulin resistance, and recent findings suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effects of the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin are mediated by AMPK. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 25347323-9 2014 In unadjusted analyses, use of medications other than metformin was significantly associated with an increased risk of adding a second oral agent only, insulin only, and a second agent or insulin (P < .001 for all). Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 25256878-6 2014 RESULTS: Metformin administration resulted in significant decrease in the body weight, body mass index, hirsutism score, fasting and postprandial blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, HOMA index, sleep disturbances scale, and Epworth sleepiness scale compared to the untreated PCOS group. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 25347323-9 2014 In unadjusted analyses, use of medications other than metformin was significantly associated with an increased risk of adding a second oral agent only, insulin only, and a second agent or insulin (P < .001 for all). Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 25472042-13 2014 Culturing TallyHO morulae with the AMPK activator metformin led to a reversal of all the abnormal findings, including increased AMPK phosphorylation, improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and normalisation of lipid accumulation. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 25426078-5 2014 Metformin appears to reduce risk for pancreatic cancer and improve survival in diabetics with pancreatic cancer primarily by decreasing insulin/IGF signaling, disrupting mitochondrial respiration, and inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 25315294-1 2014 Oral hypoglycemic agents such as glyburide (second-generation sulfonylurea) and metformin (biguanide) are attractive alternatives to insulin due to lower cost, ease of administration, and better patient adherence. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 25406011-1 2014 BACKGROUND: The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 25361177-6 2014 Combined metformin and erlotinib led to partial regression of PTEN-null and EGFR-amplified xenografted MDA-MB-468 BBC tumors with evidence of significant apoptosis, reduction of EGFR and AKT signaling, and lack of altered plasma insulin levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 229-236 25151573-1 2014 PURPOSE: In the EASIE (Evaluation of Insulin Glargine Versus Sitagliptin in Insulin-Naive Patients) trial, insulin glargine found a significant reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin compared with sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled with metformin. Metformin 277-286 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 25253174-2 2014 In a recent presurgical trial, we found a heterogeneous effect of metformin on breast cancer proliferation (ki-67) depending upon insulin resistance (HOMA index). Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 25253174-3 2014 Here, we determined the associations of additional serum biomarkers of insulin resistance, tumor subtype, and drug concentration with ki-67 response to metformin. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 25253174-5 2014 The ki-67 response to metformin was assessed comparing data obtained from baseline biopsy (ki-67 and tumor subtype) and serum markers (HOMA index, C-peptide, IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, free IGF-I, hs-CRP, adiponectin) with the same measurements at definitive surgery. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 147-156 25151573-10 2014 IMPLICATIONS: Insulin glargine is a clinically superior and cost-effective alternative to sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled with metformin. Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 24936555-12 2014 CONCLUSIONS: U-500 regular insulin + metformin is effective for the treatment of T2DM patients with severe insulin resistance. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 25013215-7 2014 RESULTS: Metformin is used clinically off-label in the management of hirsutism, acne and insulin resistance in PCOS, although the evidence for anti-androgenic effects is inconsistent. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 25054311-4 2014 In both groups of patients, metformin reduced fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance, triglycerides and glycated hemoglobin. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 25303400-9 2014 The protective effect of metformin on thyroid cancer incidence was also supported by sensitivity analyses, disregarding age (< 50 or >= 50 years) and sex; and was not affected by excluding users of insulin, sulfonylurea, and insulin and/or sulfonylurea respectively, by previous diagnosis of other cancers or by potential detection examinations that might lead to differential diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 231-238 24636967-13 2014 Furthermore, metformin and rosiglitazone improved insulin resistance, while aripiprazole, metformin, and sibutramine decreased blood lipids. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 25013215-12 2014 One study with a 2-year follow-up demonstrated that babies born to women treated with metformin also developed less visceral fat, making them less prone to insulin resistance in later life. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 25289085-0 2014 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor signaling by metformin in endometrial cancer cells. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 25954799-7 2014 In the Ukpds trial, involving about 1700 overweight diabetic patients, metformin monotherapy for about 10 years was more effective in reducing mortality than glycaemic control based mainly on dietary measures, and also more effective than treatment with a sulphonylurea such as chlorpropamide or glibenclamide, or with insulin. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 319-326 27200644-0 2014 Economic Assessment of Delaying Insulin Treatment Through The Use of Newer Anti-Diabetic Agents, Dapagliflozin (Forxiga ) And Exenatide (Bydureon ), Both As Add-On To Metformin; A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis From A Uk Nhs Perspective. Metformin 167-176 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 25349635-9 2014 Compared with treatment with only diet or metformin, the hazard ratio [HR] for non-response was 5.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-24.6, P = 0.03) for insulin therapy and 5.0 (95% CI: 1.13-22.16, P = 0.03) for sulfonylurea therapy. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 24917306-10 2014 Preoperative metformin use caused significant decreases in circulating factors, including insulin, glucose, insulin-like growth factor 1, and leptin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 24682492-1 2014 Combining metformin and exercise is recommended for the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 24682492-2 2014 However, it has been suggested that metformin blunts the insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 24682492-3 2014 We evaluated in a group of insulin-resistant patients the interactions between exercise and their daily dose of metformin. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 24917306-10 2014 Preoperative metformin use caused significant decreases in circulating factors, including insulin, glucose, insulin-like growth factor 1, and leptin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 25580176-12 2014 Women taking metformin may require supplemental insulin more frequently than those taking glyburide. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 24793923-9 2014 Ten out of 32 metformin patients required additional insulin. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 25473629-10 2014 In addition, the fasting insulin was significantly greater in metformin group and flutamide group in comparison to metformin+flutamide and placebo groups after treatment (p<0.05). Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 25473629-11 2014 Within groups, insulin level showed significant changes (before and after treatment) in metformin+flutamide group and LDL reduction was significant in flutamide group before and after treatment. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 25580176-13 2014 CONCLUSION: Glyburide and metformin appear to be safe and effective to manage blood glucose in patients with gestational diabetes who prefer to not utilize insulin or who cannot afford insulin therapy. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 24844968-2 2014 Insulin, metformin and thiazolidinediones (TDZs) are among the major diabetes therapies that improve glycaemic control by acting via molecular targets including the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 24844968-2 2014 Insulin, metformin and thiazolidinediones (TDZs) are among the major diabetes therapies that improve glycaemic control by acting via molecular targets including the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 186-193 25147257-6 2014 Those about which we know the most-metformin, SUs, insulin, and perhaps now also TZDs-are efficacious in most patients and can be placed into a basic initial algorithm. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 25518129-1 2014 Type 2 diabetes is characterised by insulin resistance and deficiencywhich explains the multitude of molecules developed for its treatment.The beneficial effects of metformin and sulfamides have been demonstrated. Metformin 165-174 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 24627035-0 2014 Are growth factor receptors modulated by metformin in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin? Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 24972190-10 2014 Mean plasma insulin (p=0.0005), IGF-1 (p=0.001), and IGFBP-7 (p=0.0098) were significantly reduced after metformin treatment. Metformin 105-114 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 25247153-1 2014 BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to measure the body composition in adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and to explore the effect of metformin therapy on the various components of body composition, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 25247153-13 2014 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin therapy results in significant improvement in body composition and insulin sensitivity of adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 24627035-1 2014 OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of metformin on gene and protein expression of insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 (IGF-1R) receptor in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 24627035-3 2014 RESULTS: IR gene expression was increased after treatment with insulin (2.9-fold change, p = 0.027) and further after metformin treatment (4.7-fold change, p < 0.001), and in IGF-1R, the group treated with insulin (1.83-fold change) and metformin (1.78-fold change) showed more expression, than control group (p < 0.001). Metformin 240-249 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24876433-4 2014 Insulin treatment was started in 394 (4.3%) metformin and in 162 (14.5%) sulfonylurea users within 6 years (P < .001). Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 24876433-6 2014 A substantial eGFR decline (category: 15-<30 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) was significantly associated with a higher likelihood to have insulin initiated (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.09-5.23) in metformin but not in sulfonylurea (HR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.16-1.30) users. Metformin 203-212 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 25166296-3 2014 Eventually this progression leads to the use of basal insulin typically with concomitant treatments (e.g., metformin, a GLP-1 RA [glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist], a TZD [thiazolidinedione] or a DPP-4i [dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor]) and, ultimately, to basal-bolus insulin in some forms. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 25144611-13 2014 The association between obesity, insulin resistance, as well as increased risk and poor outcomes in endometrial and ovarian cancer patients makes metformin an attractive agent for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Metformin 146-155 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 25083175-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of metformin (MTF ) in reducing insulin resistance and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in inhibiting oxidative stress which are involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 26674650-3 2014 Recently, we have reported that the combined treatment with metformin and progesterone-based oral contraceptives has successfully reversed the early-stage EC into normal endometria in addition to improvement of insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 211-218 24921909-9 2014 Among the diabetics, multivariate regression showed that insulin/analogues were associated with increased, but metformin with decreased death with progressive MM. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 25118505-1 2014 Metformin is an oral insulin-sensitizing anti-diabetic drug. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 25083175-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of metformin (MTF ) in reducing insulin resistance and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in inhibiting oxidative stress which are involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 65-68 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 25083175-12 2014 The serum levels of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), insulin and leptin reduced significantly after treatment in the MTF+NAC group compared to the placebo (p<0.05). Metformin 109-112 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 24874591-6 2014 Fasting plasma insulin increased with glimepiride + metformin, while it did not change with vildagliptin + metformin. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 24874591-8 2014 Regarding insulin sensitivity, vildagliptin + metformin increased M value. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 24915260-0 2014 Association between intensification of metformin treatment with insulin vs sulfonylureas and cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 24915260-2 2014 OBJECTIVE: To compare time to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, or death in a cohort of metformin initiators who added insulin or a sulfonylurea. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 25333031-2 2014 Metformin is one of the longest established oral insulin sensitising agents. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 24915260-15 2014 CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with diabetes who were receiving metformin, the addition of insulin vs a sulfonylurea was associated with an increased risk of a composite of nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 24899137-7 2014 The primary objective of the METFORMIN study is to determine the effect of adding metformin treatment to lifestyle intervention in reducing BMI in obese adolescents with insulin resistance. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 24899137-7 2014 The primary objective of the METFORMIN study is to determine the effect of adding metformin treatment to lifestyle intervention in reducing BMI in obese adolescents with insulin resistance. Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 24837407-3 2014 The combination of vildagliptin with the biguanide metformin is of particular interest because of its complementary mode of action, addressing insulin resistance, alpha- and beta cell function in the islet of the pancreas. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 24517721-9 2014 Metformin seemed to decrease oxidative stress and improve insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction in PCOS patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 24682417-5 2014 Confirmation of insulin-mediated effects, independent of body mass index, also supports the potential benefit of adjuvant metformin therapy. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 24236897-1 2014 AIMS: Given that sleep disorders are known to be related to insulin resistance, and metformin has favourable effects on insulin resistance and on ventilatory drive, we sought to determine whether metformin therapy was related to sleep variables in a group of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 24580044-5 2014 Several studies have indicated that metformin, as an insulin sensitizer, effectively improves NAFLD and its related metabolic status. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 24671665-11 2014 Early basal insulin treatment in patients insufficiently controlled with metformin is efficient, safe and convenient. Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 23999197-8 2014 Accordingly, the improvement of insulin sensitivity with surgery-induced weight loss (+51%, P=0.01) and metformin (+42%, P=0.02) led to increased adipose p53. Metformin 104-113 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 24735537-0 2014 Differential AMPK phosphorylation by glucagon and metformin regulates insulin signaling in human hepatic cells. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 24217938-1 2014 PURPOSE: The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of adding oral metformin to insulin therapy in pregnant women with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 24940437-8 2014 Therefore, the administration of metformin and pioglitazone in patients with T2DM may improve insulin function, reduce the role of IR and improve endothelial function. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 24606093-1 2014 CONTEXT: Although metformin is widely used to improve insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), its mechanism of action is complex, with inconsistent effects on insulin sensitivity and variability in treatment response. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 24606093-2 2014 OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to delineate the effect of metformin on glucose and insulin parameters, determine additional treatment outcomes, and predict patients with PCOS who will respond to treatment. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 24329524-1 2014 WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: There are acknowledged benefits to continuing metformin when initiating insulin, but there appears to be growing concern over the role of sulphonylureas and thiazolidinediones when used in combination with insulin. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 24799988-5 2014 Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (ALT/AST) levels in the majority of subjects; however, it has no significant effect on liver histology. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 24595965-3 2014 Whether metformin treatment in pregnant PCOS women affects maternal and fetal insulin concentrations at birth is not clarified. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 24595965-4 2014 OBJECTIVES: To investigate the possible effect of metformin on insulin concentrations in umbilical cord blood and the possible association between maternal and fetal insulin concentrations. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24595965-9 2014 RESULTS: At delivery women randomized to metformin had lower insulin concentrations than those randomized to placebo (259+-209 vs 361+-261 pmol/l; P=0.020). Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 24595965-13 2014 CONCLUSIONS: In PCOS, metformin treatment during pregnancy resulted in lower maternal insulin concentrations at delivery. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 23848509-0 2014 Respiratory effects of insulin sensitisation with metformin: a prospective observational study. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 23848509-2 2014 We aimed to assess whether treatment with metformin, an oral insulin-sensitising agent, improved lung function or symptoms in individuals with COPD and glucose intolerance. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 26327840-3 2014 The aim of this study was to verify indications for metformin use in obese women based on metabolic and anthropometric parameters assessed by dual-X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), to establish the degree of insulin resistance and its correlations. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 24612291-5 2014 RESULTS: Patients who used metformin showed a lower incidence of gastric cancer than those who did not use metformin, in insulin non-users (P = 0.047, log-rank test). Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 24612291-7 2014 In insulin non-users, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) for metformin use was 0.73 (95% confidential interval [CI], 0.53-1.01) with borderline statistical significance (P = 0.059). Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 24462282-9 2014 CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the functional, biochemical and ultrastructural abnormalities observed in human islet cells exposed to glucotoxic condition can be significantly prevented by metformin, further highlighting a direct beneficial effect of this drug on the insulin secreting human pancreatic beta cells. Metformin 193-202 insulin Homo sapiens 272-279 24480115-0 2014 Metformin modulates PI3K and GLUT4 expression and Akt/PKB phosphorylation in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 24480115-4 2014 RESULTS: PI3K and GLUT4 expression were increased in the insulin-treated group and further attenuated when metformin was added. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 24480115-6 2014 CONCLUSION: Metformin affects human endometrial stromal cells by acting on proteins related to growth factors, usually increasing their expression when combined with insulin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 24106875-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Insulin and incretin agents (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors [DPP4is] and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists [GLP1 RAs]) are second-line treatment options in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) not achieving glycemic targets with metformin. Metformin 251-260 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 24684803-2 2014 Though basal insulin with metformin or sulfonylurea is an effective therapy, it cannot reduce postprandial glycemia without the risk of hypoglycemia. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 24393785-8 2014 Metformin might influence tumourigenesis, both indirectly, through the systemic reduction of insulin levels, and directly, via the induction of energetic stress; however, these effects require further investigation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 24461109-10 2014 On day 7, compared with pasireotide alone, the decrease in serum insulin was attenuated with nateglinide, metformin, liraglutide and vildagliptin co-administration (levels were 3%, 6%, 34% and 71% higher, respectively). Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 23668534-2 2014 Metformin, which attenuates insulin resistance, has been recommended as the first-line antidiabetic medication. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 24186866-0 2014 Effects of sitagliptin and metformin treatment on incretin hormone and insulin secretory responses to oral and "isoglycemic" intravenous glucose. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 24485398-12 2014 CONCLUSIONS: Even after long duration of diabetes, addition of glimepiride to insulin and metformin can be effective in lowering HbA1c and/or reducing the need for exogenous insulin. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 29872460-2 2014 The objective of this study was to analyse efficacy and hypoglycaemia outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin glargine (IG) with metformin (MET), sulphonylurea (SU) or MET+SU. Metformin 147-156 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 29872461-2 2014 More recently, several clinical trials have confirmed resveratrol"s potential to substantially enhance the therapeutic effects of the pharmaceutical metformin hydrochloride, particularly related to glucose management, insulin sensitivity and cardioprotection. Metformin 149-172 insulin Homo sapiens 218-225 24563672-0 2014 Combination of Diane-35 and Metformin to Treat Early Endometrial Carcinoma in PCOS Women with Insulin Resistance. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 24569407-1 2014 AIM: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMG) reduction in women with hyperinsulinemia in therapy with metformin suggests that metformin affects the level of AMH and ovulatory dysfunction through insulin-mediated mechanisms. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24569407-1 2014 AIM: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMG) reduction in women with hyperinsulinemia in therapy with metformin suggests that metformin affects the level of AMH and ovulatory dysfunction through insulin-mediated mechanisms. Metformin 115-124 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24622715-15 2014 Patients taking metformin had lower HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, and tissue plasminogen activator compared with those taking placebo, but there were no significant differences for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, or fasting glucose. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 24563672-3 2014 The aim of the study was to describe and discuss cases of PCOS and insulin resistance (IR) women with early endometrial carcinoma while being co-treated with Diane-35 and metformin. Metformin 171-180 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 24992778-1 2014 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to observe clinical curative effects of combination application of dimethylbiguanide and pioglitazone and single application of pioglitazone in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) complicated with insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 104-121 insulin Homo sapiens 247-254 24385405-6 2014 Previous studies have supported the beneficial effects of metformin in reduction of body weight, improvement of insulin resistance, prevention of complications related to diabetes and chemo-preventive benefits in reducing hepatocellular carcinoma. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 24302004-7 2014 Activation of AMPK by metformin inhibited mTORC1-STAT3 signaling, thereby preventing excess amino acid-impaired insulin signaling. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 24857149-2 2014 Metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug, improves insulin resistance and has been associated with reduced cancer incidence and cancer mortality. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 24992778-9 2014 CONCLUSION: The combination of dimethylbiguanide and pioglitazone was more effective for the treatment of PCOS complicated with IR than simple pioglitazone; chronic inflammation occurrence was possibly one of reasons for insulin sensitivity reduction of patients with PCOS. Metformin 31-48 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 24549596-9 2014 Plasma proinsulin and androstenedione levels decreased after metformin treatment only in obese PCOS women. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 7-17 25069836-3 2014 Metformin is a first-line drug in the treatment of overweight and obese type 2 diabetic patients, offering a selective pathophysiological approach by its effect on insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 25069836-9 2014 Because of the suggested benefits for the treatment of insulin resistance in many clinical conditions, besides type 2 diabetes, the prospective exists that more indications for metformin treatment are becoming a reality. Metformin 177-186 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 24549596-11 2014 Proinsulin level decreases due to metformin treatment. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 0-10 24603137-3 2014 The aim of this study was to evaluate gene and protein expression of an insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor (IGF1R) and aromatase in granulosa cells treated with metformin and insulin. Metformin 194-203 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 24289822-8 2014 Patients with pronounced insulin resistance might need Metformin, and Glitazones need more studies. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 24183733-5 2014 Metformin is an insulin sensitising agent which is safe, widely available and currently licensed for type-2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 24603137-7 2014 Aromatase mRNA expression was significantly reduced in metformin-incubated cells following stimulation with insulin for 30 min. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 23893676-9 2014 Within the PWS group, responders to metformin had higher 2-h glucose levels on OGTT (7.48 mmol/L vs. 4.235 mmol/L; p=0.003) and higher fasting insulin levels (116 pmol/L vs. 53.5 pmol/L; p=0.04). Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 25763406-3 2014 Insulin resistance (IR) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both PCOS and GDM, representing an important therapeutic target, with metformin being the most widely prescribed insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drug. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 25763406-3 2014 Insulin resistance (IR) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both PCOS and GDM, representing an important therapeutic target, with metformin being the most widely prescribed insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drug. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 24577463-3 2014 No study has yet reported a protective cognitive effect of metformin, an insulin-sensitizing biguanide widely used in diabetic patients. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 24829699-2 2014 Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent which improves insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 24296614-3 2014 Hyperglycemia was determined without any clinical sign and metformin was started for steroid-induced insulin resistance. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 23875783-10 2013 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin treatment enhances both adiponectin activity and insulin sensitivity, resulting in a less hyperandrogenic state in patients with PCOS. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 25726246-6 2014 Peripheral insulin resistance was also enhanced and the GP in charge decided to discontinue the dosing of metformin as a result. Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 23657947-7 2013 Glipizide plus metformin significantly increased fasting insulin [2.33, 95 % CI (1.94, 2.73)]. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 25308229-0 2014 [Sulphonylurea derivatives or insulin with metformin?]. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 24267731-2 2013 Metformin might reduce cancer growth through direct antiproliferative effects or through indirect mechanisms, particularly the reduction of insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 24466358-2 2013 The initial reluctance to use metformin in these patients has given way to a broader acceptance after clinical trials and meta-analyses have revealed that some of the insulin-sensitizing agents lead to adverse cardiovascular events. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 24094981-0 2013 Resistin, an adipokine, may affect the improvement of insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome patient treated with metformin. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 24094981-2 2013 As the first-line medication, metformin is commonly used for MS to reduce insulin resistance. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 24094981-8 2013 Here, we hypothesized that resistin, an adipokine, may affect the improvement of insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome patient treated with metformin. Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 24094981-9 2013 This hypothesis could explain why rosiglitazone is superior to metformin in enhancement of insulin sensitivity. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 24189526-4 2013 Antidiabetic biguanides such as metformin, which reduce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia by decreasing insulin resistance, extend lifespan, and inhibit carcinogenesis in rodents. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 24309653-0 2013 Metformin trims fats to restore insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 24157825-2 2013 We determined whether metformin induced a modulation of apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) overall and by insulin resistance status in a presurgical trial. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 24157825-7 2013 In the 59 women without insulin resistance (HOMA index<2.8) ,there was a higher level of TUNEL at surgery on metformin vs placebo (median difference on metformin +4%, IQR: 2-14 vs +2%, IQR: 0-7 on placebo), whereas an opposite trend was found in the 28 women with insulin resistance (median difference on metformin +2%, IQR: 0-6, vs +5%, IQR: 0-15 on placebo, P-interaction=0.1). Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 267-274 24157825-10 2013 Our findings provide additional evidence for a dual effect of metformin on BC growth according to insulin resistance status. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 23786328-1 2013 Metformin is not only a widely used oral antidiabetic drug, which acts as an insulin sensitizer and suppressor of hepatic gluconeogenesis, but it also exhibits antitumor properties. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 23933835-9 2013 In addition, whereas aPKC inhibition diminished gluconeogenic enzyme levels in the absence and presence of insulin in hepatocytes from both non-diabetic and diabetic donors, metformin and AICAR increased gluconeogenic enzyme levels in hepatocytes from non-diabetic individuals, but nevertheless diminished gluconeogenic enzyme levels in insulin-treated hepatocytes from diabetic donors. Metformin 174-183 insulin Homo sapiens 337-344 24089540-9 2013 Metformin monotherapy also was associated with lower mortality (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.99; P < 0.05), whereas no other monotherapies or combination therapies were significantly associated with POE or all-cause mortality compared with insulin as monotherapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 239-246 24089540-10 2013 CONCLUSIONS: In obese patients with type 2 diabetes and high risk of cardiovascular disease, monotherapy with metformin or diet-only treatment was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events than treatment with insulin. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 219-226 23991629-0 2013 Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 24219188-6 2013 A prescription medication inventory was used to determine use of insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinedione). Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 24269881-7 2013 Metformin limited (p<0.05) ceramide"s effects on insulin signaling, senescence, and cell cycle regulation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 23991629-7 2013 The metformin group achieved euglycemia in a shorter time (2.6 +- 1.3 vs. 3.7 +- 1.8 days, P=0.020) with less daily insulin dosage and was more powerful in lowering total cholesterol, increasing AIR and HOMA beta-cell function, whereas reduction of IMCL in the soleus was more obvious in the rosiglitazone group but not in the metformin group. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 23988170-15 2013 The metformin therapy significantly improved insulin resistance, imbalance of endocrine hormones, hirsutism and menstrual cyclicity in women with PCOS. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 23979954-12 2013 CONCLUSION: ILS and metformin treatment have favorable effects on lipoprotein subfractions that are primarily mediated by intervention-related changes in insulin resistance, BMI, and adiponectin. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 23999444-5 2013 With respect to indirect mechanisms, it will be important to determine whether recently demonstrated metformin-induced changes in levels of candidate systemic mediators such as insulin or inflammatory cytokines are of sufficient magnitude to achieve therapeutic benefit. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 23961326-11 2013 CONCLUSION: In Asian patients inadequately controlled with insulin (with or without concomitant metformin), insulin-vildagliptin combination treatment significantly reduced HbA1c compared with placebo, without an increase in risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain. Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 23794020-3 2013 These results have drawn attention to the mechanisms underlying metformin"s anti-cancer effects, which may include triggering of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in vulnerability to an energy crisis (leading to cell death under conditions of nutrient deprivation) and a reduction in circulating insulin/IGF-1 levels. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 321-328 23809765-5 2013 Recent studies seem to indicate that drugs commonly used in diabetes patients such as metformin, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, insulin, statins and ACE inhibitors may increase EPC number and improve EPC function. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 23660512-7 2013 RESULTS: Compared to placebo, both ILS and metformin significantly reduced LDL-C and raised HDL-C among HT users, changes partially explained by change in estradiol and testosterone but independent of changes in waist circumference and 1/fasting insulin. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 246-253 23986086-3 2013 The anti-diabetic drug metformin is a stereotypical DR mimetic that exerts its anti-cancer activity through a dual mechanism involving insulin-related (systemic) and mTOR-related (cell-autonomous) effects. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 23986086-12 2013 Thus, metformin can no longer be considered as a bona fide DR mimetic, at least in terms of anti-cancer activity, because tumors harboring the insulin-unresponsive, DR-resistant, PIK3CA-activating mutation H1047R remain sensitive to the anti-tumoral effects of the drug. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 23988170-4 2013 Metformin treatment after 6 and 12 months significantly reduced weight, BMI, waist circumference, insulin and HOMA-IR (p=0.000) with high differences of variances within repeated measurements. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 23865839-5 2013 Metformin is an insulin sensitising agent which is known to improve vascular health outcomes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other individuals with insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 24051942-4 2013 It has been demonstrated that by reducing hyperinsulinemia, in particular with the administration of metformin, insulin-lowering agents might improve endocrine and reproductive abnormalities in PCOS patients. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 23438101-3 2013 OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of metformin (Met) or omega-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, lipid profile, and body mass index (BMI) of obese children. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 23624033-8 2013 Metformin is the most commonly prescribed insulin sensitizer in PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 23624033-9 2013 Available randomized controlled trials suggest that metformin improves insulin resistance without any effect on body mass index, fasting glucose or lipid levels. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 23595973-0 2013 Metformin augments the levels of molecules that regulate the expression of the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT4 in the endometria of hyperinsulinemic PCOS patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 23595973-1 2013 STUDY QUESTION: Does treatment with the insulin sensitizer metformin modify the levels and activation of proteins related to the expression of the insulin-dependent glucose transporter (GLUT4), such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), in endometria from hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS h-Ins) patients? Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 23595973-1 2013 STUDY QUESTION: Does treatment with the insulin sensitizer metformin modify the levels and activation of proteins related to the expression of the insulin-dependent glucose transporter (GLUT4), such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), in endometria from hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS h-Ins) patients? Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 23595973-18 2013 WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Since the insulin sensitizer metformin increases the expression of the GLUT4, it may improve endometrial physiology in PCOS patients and, therefore, promote better reproductive outcomes. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 23595973-19 2013 These results suggest that in PCOS patients, metformin may act directly at the endometrial level and decrease insulin resistance condition by increasing the expression of GLUT4 and, in this way, indirectly restore endometrial function. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 23744726-12 2013 We observed a significant correlation between M value increase, an index of insulin sensitivity, and a decrease in inflammatory parameters in the exenatide plus metformin group. Metformin 161-170 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 23865839-5 2013 Metformin is an insulin sensitising agent which is known to improve vascular health outcomes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other individuals with insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 23849162-14 2013 Insulin-resistance linked ovarian hyperandrogenism could also contribute to decreased fertility, and the two patients became pregnant after initiation of insulin-sensitizers (metformin). Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23849162-14 2013 Insulin-resistance linked ovarian hyperandrogenism could also contribute to decreased fertility, and the two patients became pregnant after initiation of insulin-sensitizers (metformin). Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 23524173-1 2013 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glycemic control in women receiving metformin or insulin for gestational diabetes, and to identify factors predicting the need for supplemental insulin in women initially treated with metformin. Metformin 207-216 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 23524173-8 2013 Twelve women in the metformin group (26.08%) required supplemental insulin for glycemic control. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 23524173-11 2013 Logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age at diagnosis and mean pretreatment glucose level were predictors of the need for supplemental insulin therapy in women initially treated with metformin. Metformin 199-208 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 23624419-5 2013 Vildagliptin+metformin were more effective than placebo+metformin in reducing body weight and BMI, glycemic control, HOMA-IR, glucagon and insulin resistance measurements. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 23350795-9 2013 CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm low rates of clinically important hypoglycaemia using this method, and suggest that higher risk of hypoglycaemia may be suspected when patients needing insulin are younger, less obese and taking metformin and a sulphonylurea, and especially when A1c levels <=7.0% are attained with glargine dosage <=0.4 units/kg. Metformin 231-240 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 23557757-7 2013 RESULT(S): We found that insulin-resistant PCOS patients [1] had greater limbic activation during an emotion task than controls (n = 5); [2] trended toward decreased positive affect and increased trait anxiety; [3] after metformin treatment, had limbic activation that no longer differed from controls; and [4] had positive correlations between fMRI limbic activation during emotional processing and mu-opioid binding potential. Metformin 221-230 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 24121378-2 2013 Metformin is an insulin sensitizer acting in the liver and the peripheral tissues that ameliorates the metabolic and reproductive defects in PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 23663483-12 2013 CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that metformin has direct anti-tumour activities in pancreatic cancer cells involving AMPKThr172 activation and suppression of the insulin/IGF signalling pathways. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 23315599-0 2013 How metformin acts in PCOS pregnant women: insights into insulin secretion and peripheral action at each trimester of gestation. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 23315599-9 2013 Insulin secretion was significantly higher during the first trimester in patients with an early failure of metformin treatment. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23808735-6 2013 Insulin therapy with respect to the positive outcomes of study with insulin analogs moved up to the second line in algorithm therapy, immediately after metformin therapy and change of life style. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23808735-6 2013 Insulin therapy with respect to the positive outcomes of study with insulin analogs moved up to the second line in algorithm therapy, immediately after metformin therapy and change of life style. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 21945710-7 2013 Insulin resistance was confirmed by HOMA-IR index and metformin-treated group presented reduction of insulin levels at week 22. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 21945710-7 2013 Insulin resistance was confirmed by HOMA-IR index and metformin-treated group presented reduction of insulin levels at week 22. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 21945710-11 2013 Metformin treatment was able to reduce insulin resistance and attenuated this adverse cardiac and vascular remodeling. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 23381014-7 2013 Meta-analysis of observational studies showed a 50% reduction in HCC incidence with metformin use (n=8 studies; OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.73), 62% and 161% increase in HCC incidence with sulfonylurea (n=8 studies; OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.16-2.24) or insulin use (n=7; OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.46-4.65), respectively. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 241-248 23384119-8 2013 Addition of Vildagliptin to ongoing Metformin treatment reconstitutes the disproportionality of the proinsulin to insulin secretion from the beta cell. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 100-110 23384119-8 2013 Addition of Vildagliptin to ongoing Metformin treatment reconstitutes the disproportionality of the proinsulin to insulin secretion from the beta cell. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 23679951-2 2013 It improves peripheral and liver sensitivity to insulin, reduces basal hepatic glucose production, increases insulin-stimulated uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, decreases hunger and causes weight reduction.Recently, much attention has been made toward the possible kidney protective efficacy of metformin. Metformin 319-328 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 24843658-5 2013 For instance, metformin, an insulin sensitizer, reportedly has a potential anticancer effect. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 23171036-4 2013 We also followed up a subset of male patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection (n = 47) who were not receiving antiviral treatment and for whom metformin was prescribed for insulin resistance, which tends to have a higher incidence and severity in coinfected patients. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 189-196 23566618-2 2013 Numerous epidemiological cohort and case-control studies showed that type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for cancer and that metformin therapy is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of cancer and cancer-related death when compared to other glucose-lowering agents (sulfonylureas, insulin). Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 298-305 23748512-8 2013 When necessary, drug intervention, described in this article as the MGI (metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and insulin) approach, should begin with metformin and progress to the early addition of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists because of their weight loss potential and ability to target multiple pathophysiologic defects in patients with T2DM. Metformin 167-176 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 23748512-10 2013 Long-acting insulin should be initiated if glycemic control is not achieved with metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist combination therapy, focusing on long-acting insulin analogs that induce the least weight gain and have the lowest hypoglycemic risk. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 23713537-1 2013 Metformin attenuates the higher insulin sensitivity that occurs with exercise training. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 23680741-3 2013 While the rationale to keep metformin with insulin is strong (mostly as an insulin-sparing agent to limit weight gain), the evidence is less clear for other OADs. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 23680741-3 2013 While the rationale to keep metformin with insulin is strong (mostly as an insulin-sparing agent to limit weight gain), the evidence is less clear for other OADs. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 23620761-0 2013 Metformin downregulates the insulin/IGF-I signaling pathway and inhibits different uterine serous carcinoma (USC) cells proliferation and migration in p53-dependent or -independent manners. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 23620761-7 2013 Given the cross-talk between the insulin and IGF signaling pathways, the aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the anti-proliferative actions of metformin in uterine serous carcinoma (USC) are potentially mediated via suppression of the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) pathway. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 23205962-2 2013 The Metformin in Gestational Diabetes (MiG) trial reported similar pregnancy outcomes for metformin versus insulin; however, supplemental insulin was required in 46% of women on metformin. Metformin 178-187 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 23171036-7 2013 Treatment with metformin in HIV and HCV coinfected patients was well tolerated and significantly increased the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 23171036-8 2013 The minor allele (C) of the rs11212617 variant was associated with treatment success and may affect the course of insulin resistance in response to metformin (odds ratio 1.21; 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.39; P = 0.005). Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 23171036-10 2013 CONCLUSIONS: We provide novel data suggesting that identification of the ATM rs11212617 variant may be important in assessing the glycaemic response to metformin treatment for insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 23279603-1 2013 AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of Metformin compared with a hypocaloric diet on C-reactive protein (CRP) level and markers of insulin resistance in obese and overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 161-168 23020608-1 2013 A randomized study characterizing metformin patients needing additional insulin. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 23160726-5 2013 Metformin-imeglimin also significantly improved FPG and the proinsulin/insulin ratio from baseline (-0.91 mg/dL and -7.5, respectively) compared with metformin-placebo (0.36 mg/dL and 11.81). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 60-70 23160726-5 2013 Metformin-imeglimin also significantly improved FPG and the proinsulin/insulin ratio from baseline (-0.91 mg/dL and -7.5, respectively) compared with metformin-placebo (0.36 mg/dL and 11.81). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 23608322-9 2013 Metformin and weight reduction therapy resulted in a significant decrease in the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio and HOMA-IR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 23608322-14 2013 Metformin and weight reduction therapy decreased also hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 23020608-3 2013 Furthermore, we aimed to characterize metformin-treated patients needing additional insulin to achieve prespecified glucose targets. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 23020608-7 2013 Only 23 (20.9%) of the 110 patients in the metformin group needed additional insulin. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 23394085-9 2013 Strategies considering the system in its complex are encouraged and, in this context, drugs aimed at reducing circulating insulin levels, such as metformin, should receive attention as potential anti-cancer agents. Metformin 146-155 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 23194004-6 2013 Metformin treatment, lead to a significant decrease in serum insulin (p = 0.0132) and testosterone (p = 0.0017) levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 23022130-6 2013 Furthermore, the incretin therapies can be combined with metformin, which is usually continued when basal insulin is introduced in type 2 diabetes. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 24069859-0 2013 Insulin resistance assessment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome using different diagnostic criteria--impact of metformin treatment. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 24069859-10 2013 Metformin therapy was associated with improvement in insulin sensitivity in HOMA-IR and G120/I120 defined insulin resistant patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 24069859-10 2013 Metformin therapy was associated with improvement in insulin sensitivity in HOMA-IR and G120/I120 defined insulin resistant patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 24069859-13 2013 Metformin treatment significantly improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 24069859-13 2013 Metformin treatment significantly improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 23631252-2 2013 Insulin sensitizers such as metformin and pioglitazone reduce peripheral insulin resistance, whereas dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4) inhibitors augment postprandial insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23631252-2 2013 Insulin sensitizers such as metformin and pioglitazone reduce peripheral insulin resistance, whereas dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4) inhibitors augment postprandial insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 23415113-2 2013 In this setting, metformin, an old and widely accepted first line agent, stands out not only for its antihyperglycemic properties but also for its effects beyond glycemic control such as improvements in endothelial dysfunction, hemostasis and oxidative stress, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and fat redistribution. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 261-268 28609031-6 2013 In addition, the company cited the combination therapy of metformin plus other DPP-4 inhibitors as an alternative comparator therapy, namely for patients who cannot be treated with sulfonylurea or for whom sulfonylurea is unsuitable, but insulin therapy is not yet indicated. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 238-245 22946682-8 2013 Metformin reduces the metabolic syndrome, lowers insulin and testosterone levels in postmenopausal women, and it is a potent inhibitor of endometrial cancer cell proliferation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 23412023-4 2013 It has been demonstrated that by reducing hyperinsulinemia, in particular with the administration of metformin, insulin-lowering agents might improve endocrine and reproductive abnormalities in PCOS patients. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 23714455-5 2013 Further, the use of metformin, a diabetes medication that reduces insulin levels, has been epidemiologically associated with reduced breast cancer risk among patients with diabetes, and a recent observational study found a higher rate of pathologic complete responses among patients with diabetes and breast cancer who were using metformin. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 24186599-2 2013 While this paper briefly summarises the current state of knowledge on PCOS, its main aim is to remind the reader about the effectiveness of metformin in women with PCOS in controlling glycaemia, increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin and affecting endothelial function, vascular inflammation, lipid profile and other risk factors of atherosclerosis, which suggests its cardioprotective effects. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 228-235 23899569-3 2013 A systematic review was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of metformin in reducing weight and ameliorating insulin resistance in obese nondiabetic children. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 23147210-3 2013 In this study we aimed to examine the effectiveness of metformin as a weight reducing drug in obese and overweight patients with regard to their degree of insulin resistance. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 23147210-12 2013 CONCLUSION: Metformin is an effective drug to reduce weight in a naturalistic outpatient setting in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant overweight and obese patients. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 23147210-12 2013 CONCLUSION: Metformin is an effective drug to reduce weight in a naturalistic outpatient setting in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant overweight and obese patients. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 24292754-6 2013 Although one case is insufficient to draw firm conclusions, this report suggests that metformin is a therapeutic choice for SPIDDM when the insulin secretion capacity is maintained. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 23296512-7 2013 After the addition of metformin to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in the therapy of DM, an improvement in metabolic control was observed. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 23296512-8 2013 Due to the possible mechanism of insulin resistance which is associated with impaired insulin receptors after HSCT procedure, metformin with insulin appears to be effective in the treatment of this type of diabetes. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 23296512-8 2013 Due to the possible mechanism of insulin resistance which is associated with impaired insulin receptors after HSCT procedure, metformin with insulin appears to be effective in the treatment of this type of diabetes. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 23899569-7 2013 Concomitantly, fasting insulin resistance improved after metformin therapy. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 23899569-9 2013 CONCLUSIONS: Short-term metformin treatment appears to moderately affect weight reduction in severely obese children and adolescents, with a concomitant improvement in fasting insulin sensitivity. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 25098041-10 2013 RESULTS: After 3 and 6 months of Metformin therapy, significant reduction in biochemical parameters was observed such as fasting glucose, insulin and leptin. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 24448252-5 2013 Drugs that directly reduce insulin resistance (pioglitazone and metformin) are also associated with lesser but still significant decreases in MACE. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 23928867-11 2013 CONCLUSIONS: Addition of metformin to intensive insulin therapy in young obese patients with type 1 diabetes results in a significant reduction of glycated LDL levels. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 24259985-15 2013 CONCLUSION: The results of this observational study show that insulin glargine, when added to a fixed-dose combination of metformin and a DPP-4 inhibitor, resulted in a significant and clinically relevant improvement of glycemic control. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 22540883-5 2012 RESULTS: Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index (HOMA-beta) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 105-115 23184570-8 2012 As a result, a linagliptin/metformin fixed-dose combination offers the potential to address multiple defects of type 2 diabetes pathophysiology (pancreatic islet dysfunction, insulin resistance, increased hepatic glucose output), and most importantly, in the context of a safe, efficacious, flexible, and convenient therapeutic regimen. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 23141431-9 2012 In conclusion, we examined the activity of metformin and insulin on pGLS in vitro and metformin enhanced the action of insulin on the intracellular signaling pathways. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 23141431-9 2012 In conclusion, we examined the activity of metformin and insulin on pGLS in vitro and metformin enhanced the action of insulin on the intracellular signaling pathways. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 23141431-0 2012 Metformin enhances the action of insulin on porcine granulosa-lutein cells in vitro. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 23141431-2 2012 Metformin increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and has direct effects on ovarian steroidogenesis in humans. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 23141431-6 2012 Metformin with insulin significantly increased mRNA expressions of INSR, IGF-1R, and IRS-1, while metformin alone had no significant effect. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 23141431-7 2012 And metformin with insulin had the significant effect on the protein activity (activation and phosphorylation) of downstream targets of INSR signaling pathway. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 23141431-8 2012 Metformin with insulin significantly elicited an induction of luciferase activity in the transfection of AP-1 and NF-kappaBreporter, while metformin alone did not. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 22563947-3 2012 Metformin has beneficial effects on insulin resistance and endothelial functions. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 23068960-7 2012 The neonates of metformin group had less rate of birth weight centile >90 than insulin group (RR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9, P=0.012). Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 22540883-5 2012 RESULTS: Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index (HOMA-beta) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 22540883-5 2012 RESULTS: Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index (HOMA-beta) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 22540883-5 2012 RESULTS: Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index (HOMA-beta) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 254-263 22540883-7 2012 Exenatide + metformin gave a greater increase in M value (+34%), and disposition index (+55%) compared with placebo + metformin; first (+21%) and second phase (+34%) C-peptide response to glucose and C-peptide response to arginine (+25%) were also improved by exenatide + metformin treatment, but not by placebo + metformin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 166-175 22540883-7 2012 Exenatide + metformin gave a greater increase in M value (+34%), and disposition index (+55%) compared with placebo + metformin; first (+21%) and second phase (+34%) C-peptide response to glucose and C-peptide response to arginine (+25%) were also improved by exenatide + metformin treatment, but not by placebo + metformin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 200-209 22811314-1 2012 BACKGROUND: Metformin is a drug used in the treatment of diabetes and of some disorders related to insulin resistance, such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 22968630-3 2012 Our data showed that the metformin pretreatment strikingly enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake through increasing GLUT4 translocation to the PM in NYGGF4 overexpression adipocytes. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 23185203-3 2012 If metformin use during pregnancy and the lactation period is supported by few data, it could be indicated for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, since it could diminish circulating androgens and insulin resistance, thus ameliorating the ovulation rate. Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 199-206 23078974-2 2012 Currently available oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) attempt to correct the underlying pathophysiological dysfunctions leading to T2DM: insulin resistance for the insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinediones), and impaired insulin secretion for the insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas, glinides and more recently incretin mimetics). Metformin 182-191 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 23076984-13 2012 The likelihood of initiating insulin was higher in subjects initiated with sulfonylurea than with metformin (adjusted odds ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-2.38; P < 0.001). Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 22740509-0 2012 The effect of metformin on insulin resistance and exercise parameters in patients with heart failure. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 22933030-1 2012 Metformin may exert anti-cancer effects through indirect (insulin-mediated) or direct (insulin-independent) mechanisms. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 22933030-1 2012 Metformin may exert anti-cancer effects through indirect (insulin-mediated) or direct (insulin-independent) mechanisms. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 22658895-9 2012 Secondary analysis revealed that molar insulin-to-C-peptide ratio (I/C) > 0.175 (a surrogate measure of exogenous insulin usage) was associated with decreased overall survival, complete remission duration and progression-free survival (PFS), whereas metformin and/or thiazolidinedione usage were associated with increased PFS. Metformin 253-262 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 22658895-9 2012 Secondary analysis revealed that molar insulin-to-C-peptide ratio (I/C) > 0.175 (a surrogate measure of exogenous insulin usage) was associated with decreased overall survival, complete remission duration and progression-free survival (PFS), whereas metformin and/or thiazolidinedione usage were associated with increased PFS. Metformin 253-262 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 22475072-1 2012 BACKGROUND: Metformin (an insulin sensitizer) and spironolactone (an antiandrogen) are both used for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 22682949-1 2012 AIMS: To evaluate the impact on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion of sitagliptin+metformin compared to metformin in type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 22682949-6 2012 Sitagliptin+metformin, but not placebo+metformin, decreased FPPr, FPPR/FPI ratio, and increased C-peptide values, even if no differences between the groups were recorded. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 96-105 22682949-7 2012 Sitaglitin+metformin gave also a greater increase of HOMA-beta, M value, C-peptide response to arginine and disposition index compared to placebo+metformin group. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 73-82 22475072-7 2012 There was a significant reduction in the 1 and 2 h glucose and insulin levels with metformin therapy in those with AGT. Metformin 83-92 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 22582808-8 2012 Up-regulation of Sfrp5 expression and secretion in adipocytes may be one crucial mechanism by which rosiglitazone and metformin improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 118-127 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 22786777-4 2012 WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Since the insulin-sensitizing agents came into use in the management of PCOS, metformin has shown a positive benefits-risks ratio. Metformin 118-127 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 22786777-19 2012 GENERALIZABILITY TO OTHER POPULATIONS: The paradigm of using the minimum effective dose of metformin could be pursued in other pathological conditions characterized by insulin resistance. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 24082557-1 2012 OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of metformin and pioglitazone on insulin resistance, ovulation and hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 22926251-4 2012 Ongoing translational research should be useful in guiding design of clinical trials, not only to evaluate metformin at conventional antidiabetic doses, where reduction of elevated insulin levels may contribute to antineoplastic activity for certain subsets of patients, but also to explore more aggressive dosing of biguanides, which may lead to reprogramming of energy metabolism in a manner that could provide important opportunities for synthetic lethality through rational drug combinations or in the context of genetic lesions associated with hypersensitivity to energetic stress. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 22424822-1 2012 The objective was to determine the effect of metformin on the concentrations of resistin and other markers of insulin resistance or inflammation (C-reactive protein, cytokines, body weight, HbA1c, among others) in minors with glucose intolerance. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 25246913-12 2012 Metformin caused a significant decrease in weight (p=0.027), insulin level (p=0.043), and insulin resistance (p=0.048). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 25246913-12 2012 Metformin caused a significant decrease in weight (p=0.027), insulin level (p=0.043), and insulin resistance (p=0.048). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22564993-9 2012 CONCLUSION: Metformin before surgery did not significantly affect Ki-67 overall, but showed significantly different effects according to insulin resistance, particularly in luminal B tumors. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 22711171-9 2012 Among patients treated with metformin, BMI decreased by a mean of 0.93 and the insulin resistance index by 2.04. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 22711171-12 2012 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin was effective in reversing antipsychotic-induced adverse events, including restoration of menstruation, promotion of weight loss, and improvement in insulin resistance in female patients with schizophrenia. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 22892913-8 2012 Metformin caused lower insulin and pro-insulin levels and higher glucagon levels and increased systolic carotid diameter and blood flow. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 22622058-0 2012 Cardiopulmonary and endothelial effects of metformin treatment in an insulin resistant population. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 23019799-1 2012 The aim of this multicentre and observational study was to evaluate in a real life setting glycated haemoglobin A1(c), (HbA1c) as well as body weight outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes in whom insulin was initiated after unsatisfactory response to exenatide, combined with maximal dosages of metformin and a sulfonylurea. Metformin 299-308 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 22892913-8 2012 Metformin caused lower insulin and pro-insulin levels and higher glucagon levels and increased systolic carotid diameter and blood flow. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 22892913-11 2012 Metformin afforded more protection against macrovascular diabetes complications, increased systolic carotid artery diameter and total and systolic blood flow, and decreased insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 23071876-7 2012 No cure has yet been found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications, treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, is still the recommended first line medication especially for obese patients. Metformin 184-193 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 22016348-0 2012 Addition of metformin to sildenafil treatment for erectile dysfunction in eugonadal nondiabetic men with insulin resistance. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 23071876-7 2012 No cure has yet been found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications, treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, is still the recommended first line medication especially for obese patients. Metformin 184-193 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 22498320-11 2012 The use of metformin first, in those without insulin, provided an HR of 0.40 (0.17-0.94). Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 22399368-7 2012 The combination of diet and exercise followed by metformin in the early phase of "insulin resistance" may reduce or delay both atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis complications associated with diabetes. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 22607767-0 2012 Effect of different doses of metformin on serum testosterone and insulin in non-diabetic women with breast cancer: a randomized study. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 22607767-4 2012 Metformin reduces hyperglycemia and insulin levels in patients with diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 22607767-5 2012 In women without diabetes and with polycystic ovary syndrome, metformin lowers both insulin and testosterone levels. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 22512264-7 2012 CONCLUSION: The addition of vildagliptin to metformin gave a better improvement of glycemic control, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function compared with metformin alone. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 22607767-8 2012 The aim of the present study was to test the effect of different doses of metformin on serum levels of insulin and testosterone in those postmenopausal patients with breast cancer and without diabetes who have basal testosterone levels >=0.28 ng/mL (median value). Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 22449736-9 2012 Additionally, a small number of studies suggested that metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, has therapeutic potential for endometrial cancer. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 22493491-8 2012 Metformin inhibits PTP and improves IFNalpha response in insulin-resistant cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 22486858-11 2012 CONCLUSIONS: A combination of metformin, peginterferon alfa-2a, and ribavirin improved insulin sensitivity and increased the SVR rate of patients with hepatitis C genotype 1 and IR, with a good safety profile. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 21301998-2 2012 Several potential mechanisms have been suggested for the ability of metformin to suppress cancer growth in vitro and vivo: (1) activation of LKB1/AMPK pathway, (2) induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis, (3) inhibition of protein synthesis, (4) reduction in circulating insulin levels, (5) inhibition of the unfolded protein response (UPR), (6) activation of the immune system, and (7) eradication of cancer stem cells. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 279-286 22068250-6 2012 In the pioglitazone + metformin group (24 hours off medication), fasting plasma glucose fell from 109 to 102 mg/dL; plasma glucose area under the curve decreased by 12.0%; insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function improved by 42% and 50%, respectively (all P<.001); 14.3% converted to normal glucose tolerance; and no patient developed diabetes. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 22462531-1 2012 OBJECTIVE: Evidence indicates that metformin and pioglitazone both improve insulin resistance and hirsutism among patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 22462531-6 2012 Pioglitazone was found to be significantly more effective than metformin at reducing fasting insulin level (P = 0.002, standardized mean differences [SMD] = -0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.61, -0.13]). Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 22398127-6 2012 The body weight, body mass index, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the metformin group, but increased in the placebo group during the 12-week follow-up period. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 22398127-6 2012 The body weight, body mass index, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the metformin group, but increased in the placebo group during the 12-week follow-up period. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 22398127-9 2012 CONCLUSION: Metformin was effective and safe in attenuating antipsychotic-induced weight gain and insulin resistance in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 22592687-0 2012 Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 22592687-3 2012 Insulin-sensitising agents such as metformin may be effective in treating the features of PCOS, including anovulation. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 21933330-5 2012 The benefits of the insulin sensitizer metformin and lifestyle intervention for reducing the incidence of metabolic syndrome have been shown in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 35-45 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 22068250-7 2012 In the pioglitazone + metformin + exenatide group (24 hours off medication), fasting plasma glucose fell from 109 to 98 mg/dL; plasma glucose area under the curve decreased by 21.2%; insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function improved by 52% and 109%, respectively (all P<.001); 59.1% of patients with IGT reverted to normal glucose tolerance; and no patient developed diabetes. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 22494745-0 2012 Re: addition of metformin to sildenafil treatment for erectile dysfunction in eugonadal non-diabetic men with insulin resistance. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 22442275-9 2012 Adverse effects of insulin, including weight gain and hypoglycemia, can be minimized by initial use of basal insulins in combination with metformin, incretin mimetics, or dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV inhibitors. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 22559241-9 2012 Metformin is recommended to be prescribed with insulin as compared to oral hypoglycemic agents which should be discontinued while starting insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 22009336-0 2012 Metformin and placebo therapy in adjunct with lifestyle intervention both improve weight loss and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 22517929-13 2012 In a random effects model, metformin and insulin resulted in reduced HbA(1c), weight gain, and insulin dose, compared with insulin alone; trial sequential analyses showed sufficient evidence for a HbA(1c) reduction of 0.5%, lower weight gain of 1 kg, and lower insulin dose of 5 U/day. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 22517929-13 2012 In a random effects model, metformin and insulin resulted in reduced HbA(1c), weight gain, and insulin dose, compared with insulin alone; trial sequential analyses showed sufficient evidence for a HbA(1c) reduction of 0.5%, lower weight gain of 1 kg, and lower insulin dose of 5 U/day. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 22517929-13 2012 In a random effects model, metformin and insulin resulted in reduced HbA(1c), weight gain, and insulin dose, compared with insulin alone; trial sequential analyses showed sufficient evidence for a HbA(1c) reduction of 0.5%, lower weight gain of 1 kg, and lower insulin dose of 5 U/day. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 22262811-2 2012 Experimental models show that metformin inhibits the growth of certain neoplasms by cell autonomous mechanisms such as activation of AMP kinase with secondary inhibition of protein synthesis or by an indirect mechanism involving reduction in gluconeogenesis leading to a decline in insulin levels and reduced proliferation of insulin-responsive cancers. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 282-289 22182833-5 2012 Early studies in PCOS suggested that metformin indirectly reduces insulin level, dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation; however, recent placebo-controlled trials failed to demonstrate significant metabolic benefit. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 22564101-9 2012 Insulin efficacy may be enhanced by continuing metformin and/or incretin therapies, while discontinuing other drugs as appropriate. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 25505509-3 2012 Some studies have assessed the effects of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in relationship with insulin sensitizing agents such as Metformin (Met). Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 25505509-3 2012 Some studies have assessed the effects of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in relationship with insulin sensitizing agents such as Metformin (Met). Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 22278418-5 2012 Furthermore, the influence of pretreatment with insulin or with chemotherapeutic agents on metformin-induced growth inhibition was investigated in thyroid carcinoma cells, in a doxorubicin-resistant thyroid carcinoma cell line, and in derived carcinoma stem cells. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 22278418-7 2012 In addition, metformin antagonized the growth-stimulatory effect of insulin, inhibited clonal cell growth, reduced thyroid cancer sphere formation, and potentiated the antimitogenic effect of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin and cisplatin on undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma cells. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 22278418-10 2012 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin markedly diminished growth stimulation by insulin and showed an additive antimitogenic effect to chemotherapeutics agents. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 22355097-2 2012 Metformin, effective in treating type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndromes, improves insulin resistance by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis and by enhancing glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 22355097-2 2012 Metformin, effective in treating type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndromes, improves insulin resistance by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis and by enhancing glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 22355097-5 2012 The effects of metformin on circulating insulin levels indicate a potential efficacy towards cancers associated with hyperinsulinaemia; however, metformin may also directly inhibit tumour growth. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 22701828-10 2012 CONCLUSION: Addition of vildagliptin and FDC of vildagliptin and metformin is an effective strategy in glycemic control, reduction in dose of insulin and weight of patients suffering with T2DM. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 21835833-6 2012 In the majority of cases, no specific treatment is recommended, but where there is a history of low birth weight, with associated insulin resistance, intervention with the insulin sensitising agent metformin may be considered on a case by case basis. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 21835833-6 2012 In the majority of cases, no specific treatment is recommended, but where there is a history of low birth weight, with associated insulin resistance, intervention with the insulin sensitising agent metformin may be considered on a case by case basis. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 22490993-5 2012 RESULTS: Metformin could block the mitogenic effects of insulin, but this effect does not entirely explain the reduction in cancer incidence. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 22214489-1 2012 INTRODUCTION: Although traditionally used as a final treatment option, early use of insulin is a therapeutic option after metformin failure in type 2 diabetes. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 22451180-1 2012 AIM: to compare the effectiveness of metformin and pioglitazone in ameliorating insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 22154980-1 2012 AIMS: Metformin is an insulin sensitizing agent with beneficial effects in diabetic patients on glycemic levels and in the cardiovascular system. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 22826635-3 2012 Common and effective treatment options added to metformin therapy (basal insulin, sulfonylureas, and pioglitazone) contribute to weight gain, which makes the addition of GLP-1RAs advantageous. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 22040838-0 2012 Independent and combined effects of exercise training and metformin on insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 22040838-1 2012 OBJECTIVE: Physical activity or metformin enhances insulin sensitivity and opposes the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 22040838-9 2012 CONCLUSIONS: Insulin sensitivity was considerably higher after 12 weeks of exercise training and/or metformin in men and women with prediabetes. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 23390858-14 2012 The insulin resistance was improved in 80% of the PCOS patients after six months therapy with Metformin 2 x 850 mg/p.d. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 22049096-1 2012 Pioglitazone and metformin are insulin sensitisers used for the treatment of T2DM. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 22194737-4 2012 This concept has stimulated several clinical studies where antidiabetic drugs, such as insulin sensitizers including metformin, have been evaluated in insulin-resistant, NAFLD patients. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 22088206-1 2012 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ovarian function during early infancy in daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treated with metformin throughout pregnancy (PCOSd+M), as a means to reduce androgen and insulin levels, compared with daughters of nontreated PCOS women (PCOSd-M) and daughters of women who belong to a healthy comparison group (HCd). Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22715547-8 2012 Only insulin sensitizing drugs like metformin and pioglitazone have been consistently shown to reduce cardiovascular risk. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 5-12 22451839-9 2012 The results of several clinical trials that have used insulin sensitizers (metformin and PPAR-gamma agonists) have been inconclusive. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 22570949-0 2012 The effects of metformin on inflammatory mediators in obese adolescents with insulin resistance: controlled randomized clinical trial. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 23094143-0 2012 Effects of metformin on the regulation of free Fatty acids in insulin resistance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 23094143-3 2012 Our aim was to evaluate plasma FFA changes in insulin resistance in a physiological situation after improvement of insulin sensitivity by metformin. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 23094143-5 2012 A double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention with metformin was carried out in patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 23094143-10 2012 Fasting plasma glucose, FFA, and HOMA-IR tended to decrease after metformin, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 23094143-15 2012 Metformin in insulin resistance did not lead to improved FFA dynamics despite a trend of improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 23094143-15 2012 Metformin in insulin resistance did not lead to improved FFA dynamics despite a trend of improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 22570949-5 2012 Serum fasting insulin concentrations (pmol/L) increased in the placebo group (189.45 +/- 112.64-266.06 +/- 167.79; p=0.01) and showed a slight decrease in the metformin group (256.82 +/- 113.89-229.25 +/- 86.53; p=0.64). Metformin 159-168 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 23196582-5 2012 Metformin treatment is useful to improve insulin resistance in DM1. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 24829630-4 2012 Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent known to improve insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 21631893-5 2011 Metformin achieves glycemic control by reducing hepatic glucose production and increasing the muscle intake of glucose, thus lowering levels of circulating glucose and, consequently, insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 21349749-0 2012 The effect of oral metformin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant ponies. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 21349749-1 2012 Metformin may be an effective therapeutic option for insulin-resistant (I-R) horses/ponies because, in humans, it reportedly enhances insulin sensitivity (SI) of peripheral tissues without stimulating insulin secretion. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 21349749-1 2012 Metformin may be an effective therapeutic option for insulin-resistant (I-R) horses/ponies because, in humans, it reportedly enhances insulin sensitivity (SI) of peripheral tissues without stimulating insulin secretion. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 21950959-11 2011 Further study of lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions that reduce insulin resistance, such as metformin, are needed to demonstrate that they are effective in reducing the risk of diabetes, endometrial abnormalities and cardiovascular disease events in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 22158450-6 2011 The positive effects of metformin are correlated with the reduction in insulin resistance, which is responsible for both the onset and development of heart failure in diabetic patients. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 22196251-18 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Carbohydrate restriction in conjunction with metformin and liraglutide is an effective treatment option for patients with advanced diabetes who are candidates for instituting insulin or who are in need of intensified insulin treatment. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 22590838-9 2011 Mean blood glucose level was not significantly different in the two groups at the beginning of the ICU admission; however, mean glucose level in insulin-metformin group, twelve hours after the initiation of the study, was significantly lower than insulin group (p < 0.05). Metformin 153-162 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 22590838-10 2011 In addition, mean doses of potassium and insulin demand as well as mean number of episodes of hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and glucose levels out of the accepted range were significantly lower in insulin-metformin group (p < 0.05). Metformin 203-212 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 21970867-5 2011 Orlistat can be useful as an adjunct to lifestyle changes in severely obese adolescents and metformin can be used in older children and adolescents with clinical insulin resistance. Metformin 92-101 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 21831508-10 2011 The effects of metformin and NAC on insulin sensitivity are not associated with TNF-alpha. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 22673924-1 2011 OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether metformin or vitamin E treatment for six months is effective in reducing body weight, blood pressure, and also ameliorating insulin resistance, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in obese adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 22673924-5 2011 Moreover, in comparingson of changes in HOMA among the groups, the metformin- treated group showed significantly improved metabolic control and insulin sensitivity (HOMA) at the end of the study. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 22673924-7 2011 CONCLUSION: These data suggest that metformin treatment is more effective than dietary advice and vitamin E treatment in reducing insulin resistance, and also in ameliorating metabolic parameters such as fasting insulin and lipid levels, in obese adolescents having NAFLD. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 22673924-7 2011 CONCLUSION: These data suggest that metformin treatment is more effective than dietary advice and vitamin E treatment in reducing insulin resistance, and also in ameliorating metabolic parameters such as fasting insulin and lipid levels, in obese adolescents having NAFLD. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 212-219 19771523-3 2011 This patient demonstrated a poor response to GH therapy and developed physical and biochemical findings of insulin resistance responsive to metformin therapy. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 21946410-5 2011 Metformin, which lowers insulin levels only in settings of hyperinsulinemia, had minimal activity in this normoinsulinemic model. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 21926282-4 2011 Insulin sensitizer medication use (metformin and/or thiazolidinediones) was assessed by prescription medication inventory. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 22059955-20 2011 Most studies suggested that metformin led to a significant reduction in insulin resistance. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 21779873-2 2011 In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), increased proinsulin levels predicted type 2 diabetes and proinsulin levels were significantly reduced following treatment with metformin, lifestyle modification or troglitazone compared with placebo. Metformin 170-179 insulin Homo sapiens 52-62 21779873-2 2011 In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), increased proinsulin levels predicted type 2 diabetes and proinsulin levels were significantly reduced following treatment with metformin, lifestyle modification or troglitazone compared with placebo. Metformin 170-179 insulin Homo sapiens 100-110 21949222-9 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Children exposed to metformin had larger measures of subcutaneous fat, but overall body fat was the same as in children whose mothers were treated with insulin alone. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 21949222-10 2011 Further follow-up is required to examine whether these findings persist into later life and whether children exposed to metformin will develop less visceral fat and be more insulin sensitive. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 21926952-7 2011 CONCLUSION: This collateral diagnosis that accompanies the diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome seems important since this type of patients could be treated with metformin or with thiazoles to reduce insulin-resistance and steatosis as well. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 21664031-0 2011 Does metformin influence the insulin-, IGF I- and IGF II-receptor gene expression and Akt phosphorylation in human decidualized endometrial stromal cells? Metformin 5-14 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 21664031-1 2011 OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of metformin on insulin-, IGF I-, and IGF II-receptor gene expression and Akt phosphorylation in decidualized human endometrial stromal cells (ESC) after stimulation with insulin, IGF I and II. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 22015290-3 2011 Metformin, a commonly used diabetes drug, lowers insulin in non-breast diabetic cancer patients, likely by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis; it also appears to have potential insulin independent direct effects on tumor cells which are mediated by activation of AMPK with downstream inhibition of mTOR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 22015290-3 2011 Metformin, a commonly used diabetes drug, lowers insulin in non-breast diabetic cancer patients, likely by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis; it also appears to have potential insulin independent direct effects on tumor cells which are mediated by activation of AMPK with downstream inhibition of mTOR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 24250430-3 2011 Metformin, an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent, may introduce a new treatment protocol in critically ill patients with insulin-resistance hyperglycemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 21764223-5 2011 Measures which enhance adipocyte insulin sensitivity--such as pioglitazone, astaxanthin, and spirulina--may also be helpful in this regard, as may agents that boost hepatocyte capacity for fatty acid oxidation, such as metformin, carnitine, hydroxycitrate, long-chain omega-3 fats, and glycine. Metformin 219-228 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 21774820-5 2011 Modulation of LPS-induced adipokine production by metformin and AMPK activation might represent an alternative way to treat both, insulin resistance and breast cancer. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 21679232-6 2011 Women treated with insulin had higher rates of Caesarean delivery (45.6% insulin, 37% metformin, 34% diet, P = 0.02) than women treated with metformin or diet. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 21411114-0 2011 Treatment with insulin sensitizer metformin improves arterial properties, metabolic parameters, and liver function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 21572014-13 2011 Molecular analyses suggested that altered AMP kinase phosphorylation status and low insulin levels mediate the salutary effects of metformin. Metformin 131-140 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 21752887-1 2011 CONTEXT: Insulin resistance plays a role in hepatocarcinogenesis and is decreased by metformin treatment. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 21455728-8 2011 In parallel, the effect of metformin on AMPK and insulin-signalling pathways was investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 21709296-0 2011 Changes over time in glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in response to low-dose metformin and thiazolidinedione combination therapy in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 21709296-4 2011 RESULTS: Glycemic parameters and insulin sensitivity improved in the rosiglitazone/metformin arm in year 1, but deteriorated in the years thereafter as in the placebo arm. Metformin 83-92 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 21410627-6 2011 Homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) and fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio were significantly improved with sitagliptin/metformin FDC versus metformin monotherapy. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 75-85 21410627-6 2011 Homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) and fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio were significantly improved with sitagliptin/metformin FDC versus metformin monotherapy. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 21550959-3 2011 RESULTS: In both insulin treatment groups, metformin/thiazolidinedione-treated patients had significantly greater improvement in A1C levels (-2.19% to -2.36%), lower end point A1C values, and lower rates of occurrence of hypoglycemia in comparison with metformin/sulfonylurea-treated patients (all P<.05). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 21550959-5 2011 CONCLUSION: In these post hoc analyses, patients with type 2 diabetes initiating premixed or basal insulin therapy and treated concomitantly with the OHA combination of metformin/thiazolidinedione at baseline demonstrated significantly greater A1C improvement with less hypoglycemia in comparison with patients treated with metformin/sulfonylurea. Metformin 324-333 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 21605417-2 2011 Because of the significant prevalence of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in PCOS patients, and their putative role in ovulatory dysfunction, the use of metformin was touted as a means to improve ovulatory function and reproductive outcomes in PCOS patients. Metformin 163-172 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 21083860-8 2011 Fifteen (31.9%) of the 47 women randomised to metformin needed supplemental insulin. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 21415383-4 2011 RESULTS: Measures of beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity from an OGTT showed more favorable changes over time with rosiglitazone versus metformin or glyburide. Metformin 143-152 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 21277073-0 2011 Effect of dose escalation of metformin on clinical features, insulin sensitivity and androgen profile in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 21277873-5 2011 In the present study we have determined the effect of metformin on neuronal insulin resistance and AD-associated characteristics in an in vitro model of "type 3 diabetes" by differentiating neuronal cell line Neuro-2a under prolonged presence of insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 21307134-0 2011 The metabolic status modulates the effect of metformin on the antimullerian hormone-androgens-insulin interplay in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 21307134-12 2011 Data were further analyzed after dividing patients on the basis of pretreatment insulinemic response to the oral glucose tolerance test; metformin was effective in reducing insulin secretion, AMH levels, and, interestingly, ovarian volume exclusively in PCOS patients with hyperinsulinism; none of these changes occurred in the normoinsulinemic group. Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 21470407-4 2011 The ability of metformin to lower circulating insulin may be particularly important for the treatment of cancers known to be associated with hyperinsulinemia, such as those of the breast and colon. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 21635988-16 2011 An aggressive regimen including metformin, a thiazolidinedione, and a GLP-1 receptor agonist may improve insulin sensitivity and enhance beta-cell function. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 21735693-12 2011 The metformin therapy improved insulin sensitivity as evidenced by an increase in ISI by 41.5% (p = 0.0005). Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 21735693-15 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin administration decreases the circulating PAI-1 concentration and simultaneously improves insulin sensitivity and BMI in PCOS women with hyperinsulinemia. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 21518564-14 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin can improve insulin resistance and imbalance of endocrine hormones. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 21518564-17 2011 Our study might suggest that metformin is the better choice in PCOS patients with serious obese and rosiglitazone plus metformin would be more effective in patients with severe insulin resistance or those do not respond to metformin. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 21518564-17 2011 Our study might suggest that metformin is the better choice in PCOS patients with serious obese and rosiglitazone plus metformin would be more effective in patients with severe insulin resistance or those do not respond to metformin. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 21209024-0 2011 Phosphorylation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by metformin in the human ovary requires insulin. Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 21209024-8 2011 The addition of compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, negated the effect of metformin in the presence of insulin on pAMPK. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 21209024-10 2011 In summary, the presence of insulin was required to cause a metformin-induced increase in pAMPK in these human ovarian cells. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 21209024-11 2011 Although previous data suggest that metformin may act via an insulin-independent pathway, our results therefore imply that insulin may be required to initiate an effect. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 21209024-11 2011 Although previous data suggest that metformin may act via an insulin-independent pathway, our results therefore imply that insulin may be required to initiate an effect. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 21194687-2 2011 The use of metformin was associated with a statistically significant reduction in insulin resistance and sex hormone-binding globulin levels, a statistically significant increase in serum androgen levels, and a consequent improvement in semen characteristics. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 21277873-8 2011 The results thus demonstrate possible therapeutic efficacy of peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin in AD by its ability to sensitize neuronal insulin resistance. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 21277873-8 2011 The results thus demonstrate possible therapeutic efficacy of peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin in AD by its ability to sensitize neuronal insulin resistance. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 21316309-7 2011 The negative effect of insulin on IL-8 (4.8 fold) and IL-1beta (9.3 fold) gene expression was similarly found in cells incubated with metformin. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 21088829-1 2011 OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of metformin and sulphonylureas on the risks of switching to insulin therapy, hospitalisation for macrovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 21088829-4 2011 RESULTS: Compared with patients who started on metformin, those who started on sulphonylureas were at a higher risk of switching to insulin (adjusted hazard ratio and 95% CI, 1.55; 1.43, 1.68), hospitalisation (1.15; 1.08, 1.21), and death (1.37; 1.26, 1.49). Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 21088829-6 2011 The risks of switching to insulin and hospitalisation were both increased among patients who switched from metformin to another oral hypoglycaemic agent or combined initial monotherapy with another agent. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 21209036-11 2011 Metformin in the presence of insulin activated Akt and this was dependent on phosphoinositide-3 kinase, as was translocation of Glut-4 to the membrane. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 21209036-12 2011 Metformin was able to substantially enhance the insulin-stimulated translocation of Glut-4 transporters from the cytosol to the membrane. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 21040499-8 2011 The addition of metformin to rosiglitazone decreased insulin resistance and reduced weight gain, but had no additional effect on beta-cell mass. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 21040499-10 2011 Although the combination of rosiglitazone and metformin did not affect beta-cell mass at 26 weeks of age, it did result in reduced body weight and insulin resistance. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 21040499-11 2011 CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that the addition of metformin to rosiglitazone improves the metabolic profile through an effect on insulin resistance and not beta-cell mass. Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 21199262-2 2011 Efficacy with metformin therapy is usually of limited duration, which necessitates the early introduction of one or two additional oral agents or the initiation of injections, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists or insulin. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 20947819-10 2011 Metformin did not affect postprandial lipemia and could be used to treat insulin resistance in this population. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 21228310-2 2011 Our objective was to determine whether metformin treatment causes weight loss and improves obesity-related comorbidities in obese children, who are insulin-resistant. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 21228310-7 2011 Fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.007) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance index (P = 0.006) also improved more in metformin-treated children than in placebo-treated children. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 21031343-12 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Both rosiglitazone/metformin combination therapy and metformin monotherapy decreased serum vaspin levels through glucose and insulin sensitivity regulation, while they exerted differential effects on adiponectin, IL-6 and other cardiovascular risk factors in drug-naive patients with T2DM. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 21031343-12 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Both rosiglitazone/metformin combination therapy and metformin monotherapy decreased serum vaspin levels through glucose and insulin sensitivity regulation, while they exerted differential effects on adiponectin, IL-6 and other cardiovascular risk factors in drug-naive patients with T2DM. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 21128816-0 2011 Metformin treatment for small benign thyroid nodules in patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 21209036-0 2011 Action of metformin on the insulin-signaling pathway and on glucose transport in human granulosa cells. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 21209036-1 2011 CONTEXT: Hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome is widely treated with the insulin sensitizer metformin, which, in addition to its systemic effects, directly affects the ovarian insulin-stimulated steroidogenesis pathway. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 21209036-2 2011 OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the interaction of metformin with the other insulin-stimulated ovarian pathway, namely that leading to glucose uptake. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 21209036-5 2011 MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of metformin on insulin-receptor substrate proteins 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and -2) mRNA and protein expression was determined. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 21119073-1 2011 BACKGROUND: Preliminary evidence suggests that metformin may decrease breast cancer risk by decreasing insulin levels and reducing cell proliferation. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 21863614-7 2011 Insulin sensitisers include both metformin and glitazones. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20980415-0 2011 Metformin and cancer occurrence in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 21625101-10 2011 Insulin sensitizers such as metformin and PPAR-gamma agonists are either contraindicated or sparingly used due to their potential side effects, even in CHD patients with overt diabetes mellitus. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20929990-8 2011 Triple therapy (rosiglitazone, metformin, and any insulin) resulted in a greater reduction in A1C than rosiglitazone plus insulin (-0.50 +- 0.14%, P < 0.001) and metformin plus insulin (-0.45 +- 0.14%, P < 0.001). Metformin 165-174 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 20980415-2 2011 The aim of this study was to assess the effect of metformin on cancer incidence in a consecutive series of insulin-treated patients. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 20980415-6 2011 After adjustment for comorbidity, glargine, and total insulin doses, exposure to metformin, but not to sulfonylureas, was associated with reduced incidence of cancer (odds ratio 0.46 [95% CI 0.25-0.85], P = 0.014 and 0.75 [0.39-1.45], P = 0.40, respectively). Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 20980415-7 2011 CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of cancer risk could be a further relevant reason for maintaining use of metformin in insulin-treated patients. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 20684955-0 2011 Effect of the insulin sensitizers metformin and pioglitazone on endothelial function in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized study. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 20684955-14 2011 CONCLUSION(S): In young women with PCOS, treatment with metformin or pioglitazone for 6 months induces a similar beneficial effect on endothelial function; this may be partially attributed to an improvement in insulin resistance. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 210-217 24363693-9 2011 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and APACHE II had significant correlation with MACR in metformin treated patients (p < 0.05; R(2) = 0.134 and p < 0.05; R(2) = 0.149) while in insulin treated patients only the values of GCS had significant correlation with MACR values (p < 0.05, R(2) = 0.124). Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 21672339-5 2011 Metformin plus rosiglitazone significantly decreased blood pressure, lipids, BMI, and fasting and postmeal insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 21672339-8 2011 The metformin and rosiglitazone combination increased insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function recovered. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 21672339-1 2011 Metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy is known to improve insulin resistance and postpone diabetes mellitus development in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 21954641-1 2011 The use of metformin during the first month of treatment of patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes type 2 led to the decrease of insulin resistance and reduced activity of systemic inflammation (significant decrease in the concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha). Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 21281021-7 2011 Lifestyle modification to reduce weight in obese women and treatment with insulin-sensitising drugs such as metformin in women with glucose intolerance result in the improvement of some metabolic abnormalities and hyperandrogenic disorders with the consequent restoration of normal menstrual and ovulatory function in a significant number of women with polycystic ovaries. Metformin 108-117 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 22117989-0 2011 Combination therapy with metformin and fenofibrate for insulin resistance in obesity. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 22117989-1 2011 This randomized controlled study investigated metformin and fenofibrate, compared with metformin alone, for the treatment of peripheral insulin resistance in patients with simple obesity with hyperinsulinaemia but not diabetes. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 22117989-6 2011 In addition, combined metformin and fenofibrate therapy showed significantly decreased fasting and postmeal insulin levels relative to baseline and relative to the placebo group. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 22117989-8 2011 Metformin and fenofibrate can increase insulin sensitivity and recover beta-cell function in patients with simple obesity accompanied by insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 22117989-8 2011 Metformin and fenofibrate can increase insulin sensitivity and recover beta-cell function in patients with simple obesity accompanied by insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 21625374-8 2011 The combination treatment of insulin infusion plus oral metformin is shown to be superior than the monotherapy with oral metformin only. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 21961686-11 2011 In one study in adolescents metformin treatment showed a reduction of HbA1c by 0.6% (95% CI: -1.16-0.04) and a slight decrease in daily total insulin dose. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 20868233-4 2010 However, higher concentrations of metformin (100-1000 mum) increased (1.3-1.5-fold; p<0.001) insulin release at basal glucose concentrations, but had no effect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 21106483-3 2010 Accordingly, the benefit of metformin for treating patients with type 1 diabetes was documented (as an add-on therapy to insulin, primarily in adult patients with the phenotype of type 2 diabetes). Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 21106483-6 2010 The use of metformin in type 2 diabetic patients with insulin treatment can result in a decrease in insulin dose, an improvement in glycaemic control, a beneficial effect in weight changes and a decrease in risk of macrovascular complications. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 21106483-6 2010 The use of metformin in type 2 diabetic patients with insulin treatment can result in a decrease in insulin dose, an improvement in glycaemic control, a beneficial effect in weight changes and a decrease in risk of macrovascular complications. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 20596715-8 2010 CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that 2,500 mg daily dose of metformin in obese patients with PCOS is effective in the reduction of BMI, waist hip/ratio, LDL, serum insulin and increases SHBG. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 21628978-2 2011 However, we hypothesized that retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists, which are researched for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, will also be useful like metformin, which shows insulin-sparing effect in type 1 diabetes. Metformin 150-159 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 20868233-6 2010 Exposure for 48 h to 200 mum metformin improved aspects of beta-cell insulin secretory function, whereas these benefits were lost at 1 mm metformin. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 21126943-2 2010 This study was designed to show the effect of metformin, one of the most important drugs used to reduce insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), on these adipokines. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 22166651-0 2010 Appropriate insulin initiation dosage for insulin-naive type 2 diabetes outpatients receiving insulin monotherapy or in combination with metformin and/or pioglitazone. Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 20724929-2 2010 Insulin resistance represents a major pathophysiological feature of the syndrome and, therefore, insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin and thiazolidinediones) have been applied in PCOS women. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20724929-2 2010 Insulin resistance represents a major pathophysiological feature of the syndrome and, therefore, insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin and thiazolidinediones) have been applied in PCOS women. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 20739883-7 2010 Given these new findings, it can be anticipated that FCHL patients could also benefit from insulin-sensitizing therapy such as pioglitazone and metformin. Metformin 144-153 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 21246005-5 2010 A treatment paradigm shift is recommended in which combination therapy is initiated with diet/exercise, metformin (which has antiatherogenic effects and improves hepatic insulin sensitivity), a TZD (which improves insulin sensitivity and preserves beta-cell function with proven durability), and a GLP-1 analog (which improves beta, alpha-cell function and promotes weight loss) or a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 104-113 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 20947488-1 2010 Metformin, an insulin-lowering agent, has been associated with decreased cancer risk in epidemiologic studies in diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 20079899-12 2010 CONCLUSION(S): This report has demonstrated that the combination of metformin and simvastatin could lead to a better reduction of T and LH levels and thus reversing the LH:FSH ratio, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in patients with PCOS and may be an appropriate management option for patients with PCOS. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 21437106-3 2010 Complementary combination therapy with sitagliptin-metformin lowers glucose via enhancement of insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon secretion, and insulin sensitization. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 20528570-4 2010 Lifestyle intervention, oral contraceptives, and insulin sensitises such as metformin are the most commonly used treatment modalities. Metformin 76-85 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 20919907-0 2010 Pharmacokinetics of metformin after enteral administration in insulin-resistant ponies. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 20919907-1 2010 OBJECTIVE: To determine pharmacokinetics and plasma steady-state kinetics of metformin after oral or nasogastric administration in insulin-resistant (IR) ponies. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 20639355-0 2010 Metformin and placebo therapy both improve weight management and fasting insulin in obese insulin-resistant adolescents: a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 20599791-6 2010 This was reversed by restoration of normal growth medium, while the insulin resistance was prevented by pioglitazone or metformin. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 20712585-0 2010 Metformin and energy metabolism in breast cancer: from insulin physiology to tumour-initiating stem cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 20920046-8 2010 In conclusion, in type 2 diabetic patients starting basal insulin analogue therapy, continuing both metformin and secretagogues results in more hypoglycaemia and weight gain and lower insulin doses than only maintaining metformin. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 20920046-8 2010 In conclusion, in type 2 diabetic patients starting basal insulin analogue therapy, continuing both metformin and secretagogues results in more hypoglycaemia and weight gain and lower insulin doses than only maintaining metformin. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 20639355-6 2010 The insulin sensitivity index, however, only improved in the metformin group. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 19931080-9 2010 The area under the curve for insulin was significantly decreased by DRP/EE20 and DRP/EE20 plus metformin, but it was significantly increased by DRP/EE20 plus CPA. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 20730705-0 2010 Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with metformin ameliorates insulin resistance in parallel with the decrease of serum interleukin-6 concentrations. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 20730705-8 2010 The decrease in IL-6 levels in women receiving metformin occurred in parallel to the increase in the insulin sensitivity index (r=-0.579, p=0.048; intention-to-treat analysis, r=-0.687, p=0.001). Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 20730705-9 2010 In conclusion, serum IL-6 levels decreased during treatment with metformin in parallel to amelioration of insulin resistance, whereas oral contraceptives slightly increased circulating IL-6 levels without changing insulin sensitivity. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 21966106-3 2010 Simultaneously the role of metformin (an insulin sensitizing agent) in modulating insulin resistance and serum androgen level was also analyzed. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 21966106-6 2010 Follow up of cases with metformin for 3 months revealed a significant fall in serum insulin (P < 0.05) with improvement in insulin resistance along with a nonsignificant fall in testosterone level. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 21966106-6 2010 Follow up of cases with metformin for 3 months revealed a significant fall in serum insulin (P < 0.05) with improvement in insulin resistance along with a nonsignificant fall in testosterone level. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 20441727-0 2010 The effect of metformin on anthropometrics and insulin resistance in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents: a meta-analysis. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 20441727-2 2010 While metformin has been shown to attenuate weight gain and insulin resistance, not all studies have shown a benefit in the reduction of antipsychotic-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 20441727-3 2010 OBJECTIVE: To characterize metformin"s impact on anthropometrics and insulin resistance in patients taking AAPs. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 21714292-7 2010 Thus, metformin and ramipril combination in patients with MS leads to decrease in insulin resistancy, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism normalization, to restoration of endothelium functions that is possible to consider as prophylaxis of the development of type 2 diabetes melitus and its cardiovascular complications. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 20003069-9 2010 Metformin improves markers of insulin sensitivity and reduces BMI in children and adolescents with clinical insulin resistance or pre-diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 20003069-9 2010 Metformin improves markers of insulin sensitivity and reduces BMI in children and adolescents with clinical insulin resistance or pre-diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 29699342-10 2010 Treatment with an insulin-sensitizing agent (metformin) improves the levels of glycodelin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1, and blood flow in spiral arteries during the peri-implantation period. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 29699342-13 2010 Metformin treatment improves the levels of insulin, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity, and decreases early pregnancy loss. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 29699342-13 2010 Metformin treatment improves the levels of insulin, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity, and decreases early pregnancy loss. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 20204498-2 2010 Metformin, a caloric restriction mimetic, has a long history of safe use as an insulin sensitizer in diabetics and has been shown to reduce cancer incidence and cancer-related mortality in humans. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 20204498-5 2010 Metformin therapy with the various diets indicated that metformin can be highly effective at suppressing systemic metabolic biomarkers such as IGF-1, insulin and glucose, especially in the high energy diet treated animals. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 20204498-5 2010 Metformin therapy with the various diets indicated that metformin can be highly effective at suppressing systemic metabolic biomarkers such as IGF-1, insulin and glucose, especially in the high energy diet treated animals. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 21446088-14 2010 CONCLUSION: Administration of metformin in type 2 diabetes with metabolic syndrome decreased cardiovascular risk factors by reducing glycemia, triglycerides, BMI, central obesity and insulin resistance. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 20206412-5 2010 The TRIC-1 study demonstrated that adding metformin to routine treatment improves the possibilities of cure in women and in patients whose insulin sensitivity returns to normal during treatment. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 20840272-3 2010 Metformin has been introduced as a therapeutic option in PCOS, targeting of cardiometabolic and reproductive abnormalities on the basis of its action on the reduction of glucose levels and the attenuation of insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 208-215 20455892-8 2010 Insulin sensitization, initially with metformin but later with trials of additional agents such as thiazolidinediones, is the mainstay of early therapy, but insulin replacement, eventually with very high doses, is required once diabetes has supervened. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20656475-1 2010 Metformin is widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 where it reduces insulin resistance and diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 20656475-6 2010 Reversal of these processes through reduction of insulin resistance by the oral anti-diabetic drug metformin is an attractive anti-cancer strategy. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 20624011-10 2010 RESULTS: Metformin administration reduced significantly LH, A, T, insulin and BMI, while allopregnanolone was significantly increased with no change in progesterone plasma levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 20626240-7 2010 In contrast, only in patients treated with metformin a statistically significant decrease in fasting insulin and cholesterol levels as well as BMI was observed. Metformin 43-54 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 21234175-1 2010 AIMS: To evaluate if 2-h post glucose insulin level is an effective tool to monitor insulin resistance in response to metformin therapy, in infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 118-127 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 21234175-8 2010 CONCLUSION: 2-h post glucose insulin level is an effective tool to monitor insulin resistance in PCOS patients and improves significantly after metformin therapy, similar to improvements observed in clinical, hormonal and metabolic parameters. Metformin 144-153 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 20938417-8 2010 CONCLUSION: In this series of males with metabolic syndrome, treatment with metformin associated with healthy dietary modifications and a mild physical activity increment resulted in significant improvement of insulin sensitivity and increase in total and free testosterone levels, regardless of the presence of hypogonadism. Metformin 76-85 insulin Homo sapiens 210-217 20832741-1 2010 Metformin lowers blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose output, increasing insulin sensitivity and enhancing peripheral glucose uptake. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 20799766-9 2010 The patient was advised to avoid taking recombinant human insulin for the rest of his life and to control hyperglycemia with acarbose and metformin. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 20577046-1 2010 Metformin has become a mainstay in the modest therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 20350924-9 2010 CONCLUSION: The addition of insulin glargine early in the diabetes treatment paradigm in patients for whom sulfonylurea or metformin monotherapy had failed resulted in significantly greater improvements in glycemic control in comparison with the addition of pioglitazone. Metformin 123-132 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 20573187-10 2010 Based on six trials with placebo or no treatment controls, metformin reduced fasting insulin (WMD -8.94 mU/L; CI -13.0, -4.90), triglycerides (WMD -42.87 mg/dL; CI -73.3, -12.5), body mass index (WMD -0.70 kg/m2; CI -1.09, -0.31) and waist-to-hip ratio (WMD -0.02; CI -0.03, 0.00). Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 21350615-10 2010 CONCLUSION: Among insulin sensitizers, metformin has more favorable, persistent and multifacet effects in MS with SSUF. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 20597621-4 2010 Metformin induces higher glucose uptake, thus inducing a lower synthesis/secretion of insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 20573187-16 2010 Metformin was the only insulin-sensitizer to demonstrate beneficial effects on all three components of HALS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 20404854-12 2010 Agents that decrease intestinal carbohydrate digestion (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors) or decrease insulin resistance (metformin) might be alternative adjunctive therapies in T1DM, though its benefits are marginally supported by clinical data. Metformin 118-127 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 20554237-3 2010 Treatments inducing elevated plasma insulin seem to increase cancer risk but insulin-sensitizers (metformine, thiazolidinediones) seem to reduce cancer risk. Metformin 98-108 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 20015525-11 2010 The addition of both sitagliptin or metformin to pioglitazone gave an improvement of HbA(1c), FPG, and PPG; but metformin led also to a decrease of body weight and to a faster and better improvement of insulin resistance and inflammatory state parameters, even if sitagliptin produced a better protection of beta-cell function. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 20015525-11 2010 The addition of both sitagliptin or metformin to pioglitazone gave an improvement of HbA(1c), FPG, and PPG; but metformin led also to a decrease of body weight and to a faster and better improvement of insulin resistance and inflammatory state parameters, even if sitagliptin produced a better protection of beta-cell function. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 20394912-5 2010 The use of insulin sensitizers i.e. metformin in PCOS should be restricted to women with glucose intolerance and/or insulin resistance. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 20394912-5 2010 The use of insulin sensitizers i.e. metformin in PCOS should be restricted to women with glucose intolerance and/or insulin resistance. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 20057994-5 2010 Metformin was associated with reductions in: (1) insulin-dose requirement (5.7-10.1 U/day in six of seven studies); (2) HbA(1c) (0.6-0.9% in four of seven studies); (3) weight (1.7-6.0 kg in three of six studies); and (4) total cholesterol (0.3-0.41 mmol/l in three of seven studies). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 20057994-9 2010 CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Metformin reduces insulin-dose requirement in type 1 diabetes but it is unclear whether this is sustained beyond 1 year and whether there are benefits for cardiovascular and other key clinical outcomes. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 20547605-1 2010 Metformin is a biguanide, insulin sensitiser that reduces blood sugar levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 20388847-0 2010 Crosstalk between insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors and G protein-coupled receptor signaling systems: a novel target for the antidiabetic drug metformin in pancreatic cancer. Metformin 156-165 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 20388847-0 2010 Crosstalk between insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors and G protein-coupled receptor signaling systems: a novel target for the antidiabetic drug metformin in pancreatic cancer. Metformin 156-165 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 20388847-6 2010 Recent results show that metformin-induced activation of AMPK disrupts crosstalk between insulin/IGF-1 receptor and GPCR signaling in pancreatic cancer cells and inhibits the growth of these cells in xenograft models. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 20388847-9 2010 We posit that crosstalk between insulin/IGF-1 receptor and GPCR signaling is a mechanism for promoting the development of certain types of cancer and a target for the prevention and therapy of these diseases via metformin administration. Metformin 212-221 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 20415692-0 2010 Adding insulin glargine vs. NPH insulin to metformin results in a more efficient postprandial beta-cell protection in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 7-14 20425680-5 2010 A diabetes therapy with insulin or sulfonylureas, which leads to elevated exogenous or endogenous insulin levels, appears to be related with an increased cancer risk, whereas administration of metformin or thiazolidinediones, which is associated with a decrease of insulin concentrations, results in risk reduction. Metformin 193-202 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 20425680-5 2010 A diabetes therapy with insulin or sulfonylureas, which leads to elevated exogenous or endogenous insulin levels, appears to be related with an increased cancer risk, whereas administration of metformin or thiazolidinediones, which is associated with a decrease of insulin concentrations, results in risk reduction. Metformin 193-202 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 20425680-5 2010 A diabetes therapy with insulin or sulfonylureas, which leads to elevated exogenous or endogenous insulin levels, appears to be related with an increased cancer risk, whereas administration of metformin or thiazolidinediones, which is associated with a decrease of insulin concentrations, results in risk reduction. Metformin 193-202 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 20465505-4 2010 There is also a growing interest in the use of metformin, which has been shown to possess antitumor activity resulting from activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and subsequent inhibiton of mTOR, as well as from decreased circulating insulin levels. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 239-246 30861688-5 2010 Metformin is an insulin sensitizer that effectively acts against insulin resistance, one of the predominant metabolic defects in T2DM. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 30861688-5 2010 Metformin is an insulin sensitizer that effectively acts against insulin resistance, one of the predominant metabolic defects in T2DM. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 20442309-3 2010 Second, metformin decreases insulin resistance and indirectly reduces insulin level, a beneficial effect because insulin promotes cancer cell growth. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 20442309-3 2010 Second, metformin decreases insulin resistance and indirectly reduces insulin level, a beneficial effect because insulin promotes cancer cell growth. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 20625965-8 2010 Treatment with metformin to improve insulin resistance and address the diabetes proved successful. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 19694967-1 2010 Insulin sensitizers like metformin generally act through pathways triggered by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20446599-4 2010 Combined use of metformin and TZDs has theoretical benefit as it targets two main pathophysiologic defects in type 2 diabetes, such as increased gluconeogenesis and peripheral insulin resistance. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 20380657-1 2010 To evaluate the effect of metformin on basal and insulin-induced glucose uptake in subcutaneous and visceral preadipocyte-derived adipocytes from obese and non-obese patients, preadipocytes were obtained from subcutaneous and visceral fat depots during abdominal surgery. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 20380657-9 2010 Combined treatment with metformin and insulin increased glucose uptake in subcutaneous preadipocyte-derived adipocytes from both non-obese and obese patients (p < 0.001 vs. insulin alone). Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 20106839-8 2010 In both of these groups, and without difference between them, serum androgens and indices of insulin resistance improved significantly (P < 0.05) after metformin treatment. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 20687400-0 2010 Low-dose metformin improves pregnancy rate in in vitro fertilization repeaters without polycystic ovary syndrome: prediction of effectiveness by multiple parameters related to insulin resistance. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 20687400-14 2010 CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose metformin improved pregnancy rate in IVF repeaters without PCOS, probably by decreasing insulin resistance. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 20156067-1 2010 BACKGROUND: Obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) manifest impaired insulin-stimulated release of a d-chiro-inositol-containing inositolphosphoglycan (DCI-IPG) insulin mediator during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), which appears to be restored by the administration of metformin. Metformin 289-298 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 20640230-7 2010 In conjunction with weight reduction and exercise, a pharmacologic reduction in insulin levels by either metformin or thiazolidinediones ameliorates both hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Metformin 105-114 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 20215559-2 2010 Metformin inhibits transcription of key gluconeogenesis genes in the liver, increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and decreases circulating insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 20215559-3 2010 Metformin reduces levels of circulating glucose, increases insulin sensitivity, and reduces insulin resistance-associated hyperinsulinemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 20148739-6 2010 A significant reduction in serum fasting insulin, HOMA index, waist and testosterone levels was only observed with metformin. Metformin 115-124 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 20148739-9 2010 These findings suggest that metformin has an additive effect to diet and exercise to improve parameters of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 19892338-0 2010 Metformin versus laparoscopic ovarian drilling in clomiphene- and insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 19892338-8 2010 CONCLUSION: Although metformin results in a better attenuation of insulin resistance, laparoscopic ovarian drilling is associated with higher rates of ovulation and pregnancy. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 19496972-1 2010 The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled study was to explore the effect of metformin in children with a neurogenic or myogenic motor deficit, who are therefore prone to develop overweight, adiposity, and insulin resistance. Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 211-218 19496972-5 2010 As compared to placebo, metformin intake for 6 months exerted an insulin sensitizing effect and lowered weight (mean difference of 2 kg within 6 months, p = 0.007) and BMI (p = 0.016). Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 19496972-8 2010 In conclusion, metformin treatment for 6 months was associated with a rise in insulin sensitivity and with a reduction of visceral adiposity in children and adolescents with a primary muscle disorder or with a neural tube defect. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 19330342-6 2010 EE/CA-metformin group showed higher proportional reduction fasting insulin concentrations, HOMA-IR and free testosterone levels than metformin alone and EE/CA-spironolactone groups. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 20948845-3 2010 Co-administered metformin seems to mitigate the risk associated with insulin. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 20091537-0 2010 Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 20091537-3 2010 If insulin sensitising agents such as metformin are effective in treating features of PCOS, then they could have wider health benefits than just treating the symptoms of the syndrome. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 20216906-7 2010 Management approaches included treatment switching and metformin, both of which have shown benefit for insulin-resistant individuals with isolated fat accumulation. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 19761871-3 2010 OBJECTIVES: TONIC is conducted to test whether treatment with metformin, an insulin sensitizer, or vitamin E, a naturally available antioxidant, will lead to improvements in biochemical and histological features of nondiabetic children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 19019358-10 2010 CONCLUSION(S): In polycystic ovary syndrome, metformin improves insulin resistance, inflammatory markers, and endothelial function. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 20831045-6 2010 The use of combination of metformin with glyclazide MB provides advantages in lowering of insulin resistance, contol glycemia, and lessening of hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 19564648-1 2010 Metformin is a biguanide, insulin sensitiser that reduces blood sugar levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 20798858-2 2010 To assess the long-term effects of metformin in combination with lifestyle intervention and its association between insulin levels and the degree of steatosis at ultrasonography (US) in obese adolescents. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 20798858-10 2010 Long-term therapy plus metformin significantly reduced body weight, body mass index, insulin, HOMA-IR, and visceral fat. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 20356474-11 2010 (2) Fasting insulin as well as 30 min and 120 min insulin levels after oral glucose tolerance test and insulin area under the curve in the metformin group were significantly reduced after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment as compared with those of baseline (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Metformin 139-148 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 21812223-8 2010 The aim of the pharmacological therapy is to decrease insulin resistance, namely by metformin. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 20873243-4 2010 RESULTS: As compared with the patients receiving insulin monotherapy, the patients taking metformin alone or in combination showed a more effective recovery of carbohydrate and lipid metabolic disturbances, diminished insulin resistance (IR), lowered blood pressure and albuminuria, reduced diastolic dysfunction, and a smaller cardiovascular risk. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 20873243-4 2010 RESULTS: As compared with the patients receiving insulin monotherapy, the patients taking metformin alone or in combination showed a more effective recovery of carbohydrate and lipid metabolic disturbances, diminished insulin resistance (IR), lowered blood pressure and albuminuria, reduced diastolic dysfunction, and a smaller cardiovascular risk. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 218-225 20873243-5 2010 When metformin was used in combination with gliclaside (Group 2) for 12 months, there was the maximum IR reduction, an increase in insulin sensitivity, and better results in reaching the goal values of carbohydrate metabolism; there was left ventricular myocardial reverse remodeling. Metformin 5-14 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 20107300-5 2010 Medications that decrease insulin needs like metformin, thiazolidinediones, or pramlintide may help, but some patients also need high doses of insulin. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 20356474-11 2010 (2) Fasting insulin as well as 30 min and 120 min insulin levels after oral glucose tolerance test and insulin area under the curve in the metformin group were significantly reduced after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment as compared with those of baseline (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Metformin 139-148 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 20356474-11 2010 (2) Fasting insulin as well as 30 min and 120 min insulin levels after oral glucose tolerance test and insulin area under the curve in the metformin group were significantly reduced after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment as compared with those of baseline (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Metformin 139-148 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 20356474-13 2010 The insulin action index in the metformin group was higher than that in the fosinopril group after 4 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups after 8 weeks of treatment (P > 0.05). Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 19845037-0 2009 Treatment of insulin resistance with metformin in naive genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 20002081-16 2009 RESULTS: Treatment with metformin increased the mean AUC (07.30-16.30 h) of plasma ghrelin by 24% (P= 0.003), while decreasing those of glucose by 19% (P < 0.001) and insulin by 19% (P= 0.001). Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 19765050-3 2009 Metformin and thiazolidinediones are both antihyperglycaemic drugs, both lower blood glucose concentrations in type 2 diabetes without causing overt hypoglycaemia and both require the presence of insulin to generate their therapeutic effects, but act without stimulating insulin secretion. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 196-203 20388946-7 2009 Metformin and thiazolidinediones may improve insulin sensitivity, serum aminotransferase level and liver histology. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 19817775-6 2009 Select starting insulin analogue treatment strategies for patients who are not at treatment goals with metformin + lifestyle intervention. Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 19836986-3 2009 However, with insulin and analgesic treatment, the patient"s symptoms improved markedly within a few months; the patient gained 50 kg, while insulin was tapered and then withdrawn, to be replaced by metformin, which maintained perfect diabetes control. Metformin 199-208 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 19845037-1 2009 UNLABELLED: Insulin resistance affects sustained virological response (SVR) in chronic hepatitis C. To know whether adding metformin to standard antiviral treatment improves SVR, we conducted a prospective, multicentered, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in 19 Spanish hospitals, including 123 consecutive patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C and insulin resistance. Metformin 123-132 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 19845037-10 2009 CONCLUSION: Adding metformin to peginterferon and ribavirin was safe and improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 20144400-0 2009 Combined pioglitazone and metformin treatment maintains the beneficial effect of short-term insulin infusion in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from a pilot study. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 20144400-1 2009 BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to examine the efficacy of short-term intravenous insulin intervention followed by oral pioglitazone/metformin therapy to prevent patients from continuous insulin application. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 192-199 20144400-13 2009 CONCLUSIONS: Our pilot study demonstrated that a beneficial effect of a short-term intravenous insulin application on glycemic control was effectively maintained by pioglitazone/metformin treatment for at least 4 months. Metformin 178-187 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 19574398-1 2009 Metformin treatment, now widely prescribed in polycystic ovary syndrome, is aimed at correcting the associated insulin resistance, but it has also been shown to directly inhibit ovarian steroidogenesis. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 19552904-4 2009 RESULTS: After 1 cycle, BMI, total T level, and percentage of participants with insulin resistance were significantly decreased in the metformin group, without any significant decrease in LH, FSH, and DHEAS levels; and in the second cycle, CC treatment resulted in a higher ovulation rate and a thicker endometrium in the metformin group. Metformin 135-144 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 19552904-6 2009 CONCLUSION: The short-course pretreatment with metformin decreased hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance and improved cervical sores, ovulation rate, and pregnancy rate among women with CC-resistant PCOS. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 21105563-3 2009 Administration of various insulin sensitizing drugs, such as metformin and troglitazone have been shown to decrease serum androgen concentrations and to increase ovulation rates, increase conception and decrease miscarriage in affected women. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 20058777-6 2009 However, there are interesting data concerning drugs that lower plasma insulin levels, particularly metformin, but also, to a certain degree, pioglitazone. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 19821299-0 2009 Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 19821299-3 2009 If insulin sensitising agents such as metformin are effective in treating features of PCOS, then they could have wider health benefits than just treating the symptoms of the syndrome. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 19574398-7 2009 Metformin significantly inhibited basal and insulin-stimulated aromatase mRNA expression, with parallel results from the aromatase activity assay and protein assessment. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 19574398-10 2009 We have shown for the first time in human granulosa cells that metformin signficantly attenuated basal and insulin-stimulated P450 aromatase mRNA expression and activity, via silencing of key promoters. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 20069140-7 2009 Metformin is currently the preferred insulin-sensitizing drug for chronic treatment of PCOS and has been shown to improve the metabolic profile, menstrual cyclicity and fertility in women with PCOS, and is associated with weight loss. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 19909598-9 2009 Promising treatments for PCOS seem to be insulin sensitizers such as metformin and glitazones. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 19721204-3 2009 Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that the fracture rate was decreased in patients treated with metformin, one of the anti-hyperglycemic agents by improving insulin resistance. Metformin 102-111 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 19496776-7 2009 The total daily insulin dose (IU) was significantly reduced in the metformin group compared to placebo after 24 weeks (-5.9 +/- 2.2 vs. 2.9 +/- 1.7, P = 0.004. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 19496776-12 2009 Metformin, as adjunct to intensive insulin therapy, was associated with a reduction in the total daily insulin dose and a significant weight loss in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 19679549-6 2009 Metformin pretreatment completely abrogated insulin-induced potentiation of Ca(2+) signaling but did not interfere with the effect of GPCR agonists alone. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 19502540-7 2009 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin appears to be moderately efficacious in reducing BMI and insulin resistance in hyperinsulinemic obese children and adolescents in the short term. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 19690559-1 2009 A question often asked by health-care providers is whether metformin has added benefits if continued after patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus switch to insulin. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 19820276-5 2009 Most conventional antidiabetes agents, including sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin, improve glycemic control but are associated with weight gain or, as with metformin, are weight-neutral or weight-sparing. Metformin 170-179 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 19688265-4 2009 Orlistat and sibutramine are FDA-approved for treatment of pediatric obesity; metformin may be considered in the presence of clinically significant insulin resistance. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 19679549-8 2009 Low doses of metformin (0.1-0.5 mmol/L) blocked the stimulation of DNA synthesis, and the anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth induced by insulin and GPCR agonists. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 19808125-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Insulin is recommended as a second-line treatment after diet and metformin fail to reach and/or maintain glycemic targets considered to minimize the risk for long-term diabetic complications. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 19394976-8 2009 Fasting plasma insulin and postprandial plasma insulin values were higher in the group treated with glimepiride + metformin compared with the other groups. Metformin 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 19387874-1 2009 This study assessed the efficacy of adding metformin to a structured lifestyle intervention in reducing BMI in obese adolescents with insulin resistance. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 19394976-8 2009 Fasting plasma insulin and postprandial plasma insulin values were higher in the group treated with glimepiride + metformin compared with the other groups. Metformin 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 19394976-10 2009 Pioglitazone-metformin-based therapeutic control is associated with the most quantitatively relevant improvement in insulin resistance-related parameters, whereas the sulfonylurea-metformin-including protocol has less relevant effects. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 19634921-3 2009 Thus, the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, has been proposed for PCOS treatment. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 19369429-2 2009 In overweight T2D patients, metformin has been demonstrated to reduce CVD risk, and this beneficial effect may be conserved with the combination of metformin and insulin treatment. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 19588338-3 2009 If insulin sensitising agents such as metformin are effective in treating features of PCOS, then they could have wider health benefits than just treating the symptoms of the syndrome. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 19588338-10 2009 Nevertheless, these benefits were not translated into live birth rates.Metformin has a significant effect in reducing fasting insulin levels (WMD -4.20 mIU/L, CI -7.68 to -0.73); however, the reduction was only significant in the non-obese group (BMI < 30 kg/m2). Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 19533481-0 2009 Metformin administration was associated with a modification of LH, prolactin and insulin secretion dynamics in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 21437123-3 2009 Repaglinide, a rapid-acting insulin secretagogue, targets PPG, and metformin, an insulin sensitizer, targets FBG. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 19568428-2 2009 The oral agent pioglitazone is licensed for use with insulin when metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 19480717-7 2009 RESULTS: After six months of metformin, in both PCOS treated groups, a similar improvement in testosterone (T) and insulin resistance indexes was observed. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 18440534-8 2009 Insulin sensitivity indexes were statistically significantly worse in patients who ovulated under metformin and statistically significantly better in patients who ovulated under CC. Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 18440534-12 2009 CONCLUSION(S): Insulin-resistant PCOS patients with low BMI are more likely to respond to metformin whereas CC treatment is more effective in less hyperandrogenic and insulin-resistant PCOS patients with low BMI. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 19175375-8 2009 Continuing metformin and/or sulphonylurea after start of therapy with basal long-acting insulin results in better glycaemic control with less insulin requirements, less weight gain and less hypoglycaemic events. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 19469001-8 2009 Moreover, we report an OR for HCC of 2.99 (CI 1.34-6.65, P = 0.007) in diabetic patients treated with insulin or sulphanylureas, and an OR of 0.33 (CI 0.1-0.7, P = 0.006) in diabetic patients treated with metformin. Metformin 205-214 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 19175375-8 2009 Continuing metformin and/or sulphonylurea after start of therapy with basal long-acting insulin results in better glycaemic control with less insulin requirements, less weight gain and less hypoglycaemic events. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 19374538-1 2009 EVALUATION OF: Goodwin PJ, Pritchard KI, Ennis M, Clemons M, Graham M, Fantus IG: Insulin-lowering effects of metformin in women with early breast cancer. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 19454394-1 2009 OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes given an analogue mixture of basal and rapid-acting insulins (insulin lispro protamine suspension plus insulin lispro) would have less glycemic variability than patients given basal insulin glargine. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 19454394-1 2009 OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes given an analogue mixture of basal and rapid-acting insulins (insulin lispro protamine suspension plus insulin lispro) would have less glycemic variability than patients given basal insulin glargine. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 19454394-1 2009 OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes given an analogue mixture of basal and rapid-acting insulins (insulin lispro protamine suspension plus insulin lispro) would have less glycemic variability than patients given basal insulin glargine. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 21180541-0 2009 The Effect of Metformin and Standard Therapy versus Standard Therapy alone in Nondiabetic Patients with Insulin Resistance and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): A Pilot Trial. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 21180541-3 2009 This was a 12-month prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing diet and exercise alone to diet, exercise and metformin in nondiabetic patients with insulin resistance and NASH. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 19454394-4 2009 RESULTS: Patients on the twice-daily insulin lispro mix 75/25 (75% insulin lispro protamine suspension/25% insulin lispro) plus metformin regimen had significantly lower standard deviation, M-value, and J-index than patients on the insulin glargine plus metformin regimen, but not lower coefficient of variation or mean amplitude of glycemic excursion. Metformin 254-263 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 19454394-6 2009 CONCLUSION: Use of basal plus prandial insulin lispro mixtures at 2 or 3 meals was associated with lower glycemic variability in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 129-138 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 19370625-1 2009 BACKGROUND: The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 19370625-2 2009 Suppression of insulin levels with metformin might reduce the hyperinsulinaemia and hyperandrogenism suppression of the ovarian response. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 19388972-9 2009 CONCLUSIONS: Addition of a short-acting insulin secretagogue at main meals improves postprandial hyperglycaemia during combination therapy with basal insulin and metformin, but increases the frequency of hypolycaemia. Metformin 162-171 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 19374538-6 2009 The evaluation presented below briefly addresses the history of the issue and possible targets of metformin effects beside its insulin-related action. Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 18547343-0 2009 Effect of metformin, orlistat and pioglitazone treatment on mean insulin resistance and its biological variability in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 19449763-1 2009 Currently, insulin sensitizing drugs in the form of metformin as the basic drug are part of the treatment of practically any type II diabetic patient. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 19307526-11 2009 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin, added to insulin in patients with DM2, improved body weight, glycemic control, and insulin requirements but did not improve the primary end point. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 19237574-3 2009 The present study investigates whether the widely prescribed insulin-sensitizing drug, metformin (Glucophage(R)), affects APP metabolism and Abeta generation in various cell models. Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 19288260-4 2009 The combination tablet also contains metformin, which addresses insulin resistance. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 19275673-6 2009 In addition, a 0.5-0.7% reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels was observed in metformin- or sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes and in drug-naive or insulin-treated diabetic patients. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 19298459-11 2009 Insulin sensitivity of FFA rose when pioglitazone was added to sulfonylurea (P<0.05), but decreased for gliclazide + metformin (P<0.05). Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 18547343-3 2009 OBJECTIVE: To compare the change in IR and its variability before and after treatment with insulin sensitization through metformin and pioglitazone, compared to that induced by weight loss with orlistat. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 19001513-13 2009 A level of metformin (125 microm) insufficient for the stimulation of lactate output when used alone potentiated the effects of suboptimal doses of insulin on lactate production. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 19001513-16 2009 Metformin also enhances the action of suboptimal insulin concentrations to stimulate lactate production. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 18721166-9 2009 Fatty liver prevalence (p < 0.04), severity (p < 0.04), and fasting insulin (p < 0.025) improved significantly with metformin compared to placebo. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 19160294-2 2009 In type 1 diabetes, addition of metformin to insulin therapy, to improve insulin sensitivity, has been assessed in a few trials involving few patients or in uncontrolled studies of short duration. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 19754381-2 2009 As Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes share some altered parameters-such as abnormal glucose: insulin ratio, altered lipidic metabolism and insulin-resistance syndrome- the use of metformin has become increasingly accepted and widespread in the treatment of PCOS. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 19237574-9 2009 Although insulin and metformin display opposing effects on Abeta generation, in combined use, metformin enhances insulin"s effect in reducing Abeta levels. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 18945255-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a form of progressive fatty liver disease that is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which suggests that insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin may be beneficial for NASH. Metformin 202-211 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 18945255-1 2009 BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a form of progressive fatty liver disease that is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which suggests that insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin may be beneficial for NASH. Metformin 202-211 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 19133915-4 2009 Both fasting and non-fasting triglycerides have emerged as important indicators of cardiometabolic risk, while metformin, thiazolidinediones and GLP-1 modulators may prove promising tools for managing insulin resistance. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 19145963-3 2009 Metformin, which decreases hepatic glucose output and sensitizes peripheral tissues to insulin, has been shown to decrease mortality rates in patients with type 2 diabetes and is considered a first-line agent. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 19128368-3 2009 This study was undertaken to determine if subsequent metformin treatment after rimonabant would maintain the improvement in weight, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenaemia in PCOS. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 19754381-2 2009 As Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes share some altered parameters-such as abnormal glucose: insulin ratio, altered lipidic metabolism and insulin-resistance syndrome- the use of metformin has become increasingly accepted and widespread in the treatment of PCOS. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 18972094-3 2009 However, effects of combined thiazolidinedione-metformin treatment on aPKC or PKB activation by sub-maximal and maximal insulin are unknown. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 19092235-0 2009 Increased insulin sensitivity by metformin enhances intense-pulsed-light-assisted hair removal in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 19092235-9 2009 CONCLUSION: Adding metformin to IPL in women with PCOS results in a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity and hirsutism. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 18972094-8 2009 CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Combined thiazolidinedione-metformin treatment markedly improves sub-maximal and maximal insulin signalling to IR, IRS-1/PI3K, aPKC and PKBbeta in type 2 diabetic muscle. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 18972094-5 2009 RESULTS: Following combined thiazolidinedione-metformin therapy, increases in glucose disposal and increases in sub-maximal and maximal insulin-induced activities of all four muscle signalling factors, IR, IRS-1-dependent PI3K (IRS-1/PI3K), aPKC and PKBbeta, were observed. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 19212122-10 2009 Total renin, aldosterone, androgen levels and insulin sensitivity indices were significantly improved after 6 months on metformin treatment. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 18997670-2 2009 We here compared the response of serum adiponectin and leptin levels to the amelioration of androgen excess by means of treatment with an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive pill, as compared with the response to insulin sensitization with metformin. Metformin 238-247 insulin Homo sapiens 211-218 19522426-2 2009 A high incidence of ovulation failure is observed in PCO women and perhaps linked to insulin resistance related to metabolic features In the last few years some studies assessed hyperinsulinimea and insulin resistance attenuation effects, by insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin, in PCOS women suggesting potential scope for these drugs in CC ovulation induction quality improvement. Metformin 277-286 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 19811343-1 2009 OBJECTIVE: The antidiabetic agent metformin is regularly discussed as a promising treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is characterized by insulin resistance. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 19522426-2 2009 A high incidence of ovulation failure is observed in PCO women and perhaps linked to insulin resistance related to metabolic features In the last few years some studies assessed hyperinsulinimea and insulin resistance attenuation effects, by insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin, in PCOS women suggesting potential scope for these drugs in CC ovulation induction quality improvement. Metformin 277-286 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 19522426-2 2009 A high incidence of ovulation failure is observed in PCO women and perhaps linked to insulin resistance related to metabolic features In the last few years some studies assessed hyperinsulinimea and insulin resistance attenuation effects, by insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin, in PCOS women suggesting potential scope for these drugs in CC ovulation induction quality improvement. Metformin 277-286 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 19522426-13 2009 CONCLUSION: The ovulatory response to clomifene can be increased in polycystic ovary syndrome women by decreasing insulin secretion with metformin. Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 18813215-6 2008 Of note, 46% of metformin-treated women required supplemental insulin. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 19084097-3 2008 Hyperinsulinemia, as demonstrated by elevated insulin levels on a 2-hour 75-g load glucose tolerance test, is an important parameter in deciding whether or not to initiate metformin therapy to women with PCOS with the hope of preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 5-12 18410553-1 2008 CONTEXT: Weight loss and metformin therapy are reported to be beneficial in improving the biochemical hyperandrogenaemia and insulin resistance of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 19073504-0 2008 Insulin-lowering effects of metformin in women with early breast cancer. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 19073504-3 2008 Metformin, a biguanide derivative used in the treatment of diabetes, reduces insulin levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes and other insulin-resistant states. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 19073504-3 2008 Metformin, a biguanide derivative used in the treatment of diabetes, reduces insulin levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes and other insulin-resistant states. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 19073504-4 2008 If metformin lowers insulin levels in women with breast cancer, it may also improve breast cancer outcomes. Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 19073504-5 2008 PATIENTS AND METHODS: We administered metformin (1500 mg per day) to 32 women with early breast cancer whose baseline insulin levels were at least 45 pmol/L to determine its effect on insulin levels. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 19073504-9 2008 Metformin significantly lowered fasting insulin levels by 15.8 pmol/L (22.4%; P=.024) and improved insulin sensitivity by 25.6% (P=.018), total cholesterol by 5.3%, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 9.1%. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 19073504-9 2008 Metformin significantly lowered fasting insulin levels by 15.8 pmol/L (22.4%; P=.024) and improved insulin sensitivity by 25.6% (P=.018), total cholesterol by 5.3%, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 9.1%. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 19073504-11 2008 CONCLUSION: Metformin significantly lowers insulin levels, and it improves insulin resistance in nondiabetic women with breast cancer. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 19073504-11 2008 CONCLUSION: Metformin significantly lowers insulin levels, and it improves insulin resistance in nondiabetic women with breast cancer. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 18761646-1 2008 OBJECTIVE: Although metformin (MET) is an insulin sensitizer currently used as an adjunct to the treatment of some of the complications of childhood obesity besides type 2 diabetes mellitus, few studies have comprehensively examined its metabolic and clinical effects in obese children with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 18794619-12 2008 In subgroup analysis of patients exposed to insulin, all-cause mortality remained decreased in metformin users (adjusted HR 0.62, P < 0.04). Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 18769904-0 2008 Effects of pioglitazone and metformin on NEFA-induced insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 18769904-1 2008 AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We sought to determine whether pioglitazone and metformin alter NEFA-induced insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and, if so, the mechanism whereby this is effected. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 18769904-6 2008 Metformin increased (p < 0.001) glucose disappearance during IL/H to rates present during glycerol treatment, indicating protection against NEFA-induced insulin resistance in extrahepatic tissues. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 18248643-13 2008 Metformin treatment induced a significant decrease in insulin levels (P < 0.01) and the concomitant recovery of NPY secretory capacity in response to ghrelin (AUC-NPY: P < 0.05 vs. baseline) in PCOS women. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 18222436-5 2008 INTERVENTION(S): Insulin sensitization with metformin. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 18222436-7 2008 RESULT(S): Metformin, without weight loss or increased physical activity, resulted in restoration of menstrual cycle, reduction in serum T, and improvement in insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 18834342-4 2008 In the past few years, metformin, an insulin sensitizer, has been extensively evaluated for induction of ovulation. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 18834342-24 2008 CONCLUSION: In women with PCOS, continuous use of metformin during pregnancy significantly reduced the rate of miscarriage, gestational diabetes requiring insulin treatment and fetal growth restriction. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 18721657-5 2008 In the past 10 years, insulin sensitization with weight loss or metformin has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for PCOS infertility that eliminates the risk of multiple pregnancy and may reduce the risk of early pregnancy loss as compared with ovulation-inductor drugs. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 17825080-6 2008 The pharmacological tools available to improve insulin sensitivity include the biguanides (metformin) and thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone). Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 18034844-7 2008 Metformin improves sensitivity to insulin and most likely affects positively ED. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 18979454-3 2008 Metformin is beneficial in improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, in lowering insulinemia, and in reducing elevated androgen levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 18437350-3 2008 This study investigates whether the glycation inhibitors aminoguanidine and pyridoxamine, the insulin sensitiser metformin and the cross-link breaker alagebrium can inhibit and/or reverse the methylglyoxal-mediated glycation of ApoA-I and whether these changes can preserve or restore the ability of ApoA-I to activate LCAT. Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 24692813-3 2008 Biguanides, such as metformin, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as pioglitazone, improve insulin resistance. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 18636232-0 2008 How does blood glucose control with metformin influence intensive insulin protocols? Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 18636232-8 2008 RESULTS: The addition of metformin to the IIT protocol decreased insulin requirement and concentration of insulin and C-peptide. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 18636232-8 2008 RESULTS: The addition of metformin to the IIT protocol decreased insulin requirement and concentration of insulin and C-peptide. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 18636232-14 2008 CONCLUSION: Metformin plus insulin appears to lower the incidence of insulin resistance, lower insulin requirement while maintaining blood glucose level control, and consequently lower the incidence of adverse effects related to high-dose insulin therapy, particularly hypoglycaemia, and also declined nursing workload. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 18636232-14 2008 CONCLUSION: Metformin plus insulin appears to lower the incidence of insulin resistance, lower insulin requirement while maintaining blood glucose level control, and consequently lower the incidence of adverse effects related to high-dose insulin therapy, particularly hypoglycaemia, and also declined nursing workload. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 18636232-14 2008 CONCLUSION: Metformin plus insulin appears to lower the incidence of insulin resistance, lower insulin requirement while maintaining blood glucose level control, and consequently lower the incidence of adverse effects related to high-dose insulin therapy, particularly hypoglycaemia, and also declined nursing workload. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 18603639-1 2008 For many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, metformin plus appropriate treatment for cardiovascular risk factors form the cornerstone of drug therapy.1 However, the progressive impairment of both the secretion and action of insulin in the condition mean that high blood glucose concentrations usually worsen over time, so necessitating escalation of hypoglycaemic therapy. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 229-236 18555837-0 2008 An observational study of reduction of insulin resistance and prevention of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin and diet. Metformin 169-178 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 18795211-7 2008 Eighteen percent of mothers treated with metformin needed supplementary insulin therapy. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 18408882-8 2008 When the therapeutic target is not achieved, insulin with metformin could be suggested, but is this approach the ideal one for all patients? Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 18477733-14 2008 Metformin may also have a positive effect on metabolic parameters such as waist circumference, fasting insulin and glucose levels, and triglycerides. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 18288595-5 2008 The anti-atherogenic effects of metformin include reductions in insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and obesity. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 18375437-0 2008 Metformin decreases the adipokine vaspin in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome concomitant with improvement in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 18375437-0 2008 Metformin decreases the adipokine vaspin in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome concomitant with improvement in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 18390799-8 2008 Metformin improved insulin resistance by 35%, whereas the OCP worsened insulin resistance by 33%. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 18319306-7 2008 RESULTS: Metformin-treated girls gained on average 5.5 kg (or approximately 50%) less fat, after 4 yr were less insulin resistant and less hyperandrogenic, had lower IGF-I levels and a less atherogenic lipid profile, and were less likely to be post-menarcheal than untreated girls, whereas their gain in height, lean mass, and bone mineral density were similar. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 18322300-12 2008 CONCLUSIONS: A 6-month therapy with insulin sensitizers resulted in marked improvement in adipose tissue GLUT4 mRNA expression in PCOS patients, rosiglitazone being more effective when compared with metformin. Metformin 199-208 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 18597582-10 2008 Metformin is recommended for initial drug therapy; TZDs, sulfonylureas, and insulin are useful options as add-on therapy for patients whose A1C levels remain >or= 7% despite treatment with metformin and lifestyle interventions. Metformin 192-201 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 18492523-0 2008 Addition of metformin to a lifestyle modification program in adolescents with insulin resistance. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 18082302-6 2008 After an 8-week treatment with metformin, the body weight, fasting levels of glucose, triglyceride, and insulin, insulin secretion, and insulin resistance significantly decreased. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 18558611-0 2008 Improvement of autoimmune hypoglycemia by decreasing circulating free insulin concentrations with metformin. Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 18556965-1 2008 AIM: To determine whether metformin treatment for 6 months is effective in reducing body weight and hyperinsulinemia and also ameliorating insulin sensitivity indices in obese adolescents with hyperinsulinemia. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 18568311-4 2008 Retrospective analyses indicate a rather positive effect of the insulin sensitizers metformin and glitazones and a neutral or rather negative effect of insulin and sulfonylureas in diabetic patients with heart failure. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 19902051-7 2008 RESULTS: Comparative analysis amongst various insulin regimens shows that combination of metformin, and glimeperide with SC administration of basal insulin Lantus required the least daily dose of insulin with least consequential hypoglycemia as well as weight gain. Metformin 89-98 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 18252787-1 2008 CONTEXT: Insulin sensitizers, including metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), improve hyperinsulinemia and reproductive dysfunctions in some women with hyperandrogenism. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 18608522-3 2008 Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing drug, has been shown to improve such metabolic abnormality. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 18608522-15 2008 Metformin significantly decreased fasting insulin concentrations (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) and increased the insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05) in both obese and non-obese PCOS patients, while no significant changes were observed in the Diane35 group. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 18608522-15 2008 Metformin significantly decreased fasting insulin concentrations (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) and increased the insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05) in both obese and non-obese PCOS patients, while no significant changes were observed in the Diane35 group. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 18608522-16 2008 In addition, insulin levels also decreased (p < 0.05) in the Diane35/metformin group. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 18608522-17 2008 CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that a combination of metformin and contraceptive pill may be more effective in suppressing the hyperandrogenemia of obese and non-obese PCOS patients than metformin alone and may reduce insulin levels more than contraceptive pill alone. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 18645710-1 2008 OBJECTIVES: Most research confirms that metformin therapy has a positive influence on cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 18245179-12 2008 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin was effective and safe in attenuating olanzapine-induced weight gain and insulin resistance in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 18160120-9 2008 In contrast, gliclazide in combination with metformin therapy caused increases in both post-load serum glucose and insulin excursions after 2 years, whereas metformin add-on to sulfonylurea did not have a significant effect on post-load serum glucose concentrations and resulted in an increase in insulin levels. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 18280440-6 2008 Metformin improved glycemic control and reduced insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 21221185-5 2008 The fixed-dose combination of metformin and pioglitazone appears to be a good option for treating diabetes in insulin-resistant patients. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 18024851-8 2008 CONCLUSIONS: Insulin-sensitizing treatment with metformin is not associated with a higher incidence of bone fractures, suggesting that the negative effect of thiazolidinediones is due to a specific action on bone metabolism rather a reduction of insulinemia. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 21221185-3 2008 Metformin and the thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, are insulin-sensitizing agents available for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 18261504-6 2008 CONCLUSION: Metformin treatment in persons at risk for diabetes improves weight, lipid profiles, and insulin resistance, and reduces new-onset diabetes by 40%. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 18210332-0 2008 The investigation and management of severe hyperandrogenism pre- and postmenopause: non-tumor disease is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and typically responds to insulin-sensitization with metformin. Metformin 202-211 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 18210332-11 2008 A fall in serum T level in response to insulin-sensitizing therapy with metformin and lifestyle change may be a reassuring indicator that such women are highly unlikely to harbor an androgen-secreting tumor. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 18556965-7 2008 After metformin, there was a significant decline in body mass index (from 28.5 +/- 3.4 to 26.7 +/- 4 kg/m2, p < 0.001), fasting insulin (from 19.2 +/- 10.4 to 11.1 +/- 6.1 microU/ml, p < 0.001) and 120 min insulin levels (from 103.7 +/- 73.8 to 49.8 +/- 30.9 microU/ml, p < 0.001). Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 18556965-7 2008 After metformin, there was a significant decline in body mass index (from 28.5 +/- 3.4 to 26.7 +/- 4 kg/m2, p < 0.001), fasting insulin (from 19.2 +/- 10.4 to 11.1 +/- 6.1 microU/ml, p < 0.001) and 120 min insulin levels (from 103.7 +/- 73.8 to 49.8 +/- 30.9 microU/ml, p < 0.001). Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 212-219 18556965-10 2008 Moreover, in comparison of changes in insulin sensitivity indices between the metformin treated and control groups, the metformin treated group showed significantly improved metabolic control at the end of the study. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 18556965-10 2008 Moreover, in comparison of changes in insulin sensitivity indices between the metformin treated and control groups, the metformin treated group showed significantly improved metabolic control at the end of the study. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 18556965-11 2008 CONCLUSION: These data suggest that metformin treatment is effective in reducing insulin resistance and also ameliorating metabolic complications of insulin resistance syndrome in obese adolescents with hyperinsulinemia. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 17914032-7 2008 Insulin-induced suppression of free fatty acids was greater (P < 0.05) after treatment with pioglitazone (0.14 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.01 mmol/l) but unchanged with metformin (0.12 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.15 +/- 0.07 mmol/l). Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 18182600-8 2008 The lifestyle-plus-metformin group had mean decreases in body mass index (BMI) of 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.3), insulin resistance index of 3.6 (95% CI, 2.7-4.5), and waist circumference of 2.0 cm (95% CI, 1.5-2.4 cm). Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 18182600-9 2008 The metformin-alone group had mean decreases in BMI of 1.2 (95% CI, 0.9-1.5), insulin resistance index of 3.5 (95% CI, 2.7-4.4), and waist circumference of 1.3 cm (95% CI, 1.1-1.5 cm). Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 18182600-15 2008 Metformin alone was more effective in weight loss and improving insulin sensitivity than lifestyle intervention alone. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 18819351-7 2008 Combined treatment of insulin with meformin or glyclaside with metformin is indicated to patients having compensated type 2 DM and a small ulcerative defect (Wagner"s stages I-II) in the absence of infection, obesity, and IR. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 17968971-6 2008 Metformin also limits weight gain associated with insulin therapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 18156614-6 2008 The risk for non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke increased significantly in patients on insulin (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.26-2.37; P = 0.0007), whereas this risk was lower among those on metformin (HR 0.63, CI 0.42-0.95; P = 0.03) and unchanged with sulphonylureas (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.57-1.14; P = 0.23). Metformin 187-196 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 18166815-2 2008 However, in non-obese T2DM patients, metformin, targeting insulin resistance, is non-inferior to the prandial insulin secretagogue, repaglinide, controlling overall glycaemia (HbA1c). Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 18166815-9 2008 In contrast, fasting levels and AUC of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol and serum insulin were lower during metformin than repaglinide (mean (95% confidence intervals), LDL cholesterol difference metformin versus repaglinide: AUC: -0.17 mmol/l (-0.26; -0.08)). Metformin 188-197 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 18166815-9 2008 In contrast, fasting levels and AUC of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol and serum insulin were lower during metformin than repaglinide (mean (95% confidence intervals), LDL cholesterol difference metformin versus repaglinide: AUC: -0.17 mmol/l (-0.26; -0.08)). Metformin 276-285 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 17653063-7 2008 Metformin does appear to mitigate the adverse effects of insulin on body weight. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 19065992-9 2008 Use of sitagliptin in conjunction with the insulin-sensitizing medication metformin has been shown to decrease HbAlc levels more significantly than does either drug alone. Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 18158076-4 2007 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that treatment with a premixed insulin analogue containing 50/50 basal + prandial insulins administered before each meal would achieve lower overall and mealtime glycemic control than once-daily basal insulin analogue, both plus metformin (Met), in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 289-298 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 18074413-0 2007 Effect of rosiglitazone and metformin on insulin resistance in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy containing protease inhibitor: randomized prospective controlled clinical trial. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 18074413-1 2007 AIM: To evaluate and compare effects of 48-week treatment with rosiglitazone and metformin on insulin resistance in patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), containing a protease inhibitor. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 18074413-6 2007 RESULTS: After 48 weeks of treatment, the fasting insulin concentration (+/-standard deviation) in rosiglitazone group significantly declined from 39.0+/-3.35 to 19.7+/-3.99 mIU/L (P<0.001; 49% decrease) and in metformin group from 40.3+/-2.29 to 29.2+/-2.82 mIU/L (P<0.001; 27% decrease). Metformin 214-223 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 17984247-1 2007 OBJECTIVE: Addition of androgen receptor (AR) blockade (flutamide) to insulin-sensitising therapy (metformin) may confer synergistic benefits in girls with hyperinsulinaemic androgen excess. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 17987221-8 2007 Metformin improves insulin resistance and is the first-line antidiabetic drug in use today. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 17608755-1 2007 BACKGROUND: Discontinuation of metformin therapy, if started beyond menarche in adolescents or young women with hyperinsulinaemia following low birthweight, is rapidly followed by rebound deteriorations in body fat, insulin resistance and blood lipid profile. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 18062354-7 2007 Metformin, Thiazolidinediones and Acarbose are anti-hyperglycemic drugs of choice: they reduce the incidence of DM2 and IR (or improve insulin sensitivity) and they decrease or stabilize the visceral adipose tissue mass (Thiazolidinediones increases subcutaneous fat only). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 18088046-10 2007 Metformin and thiazolidinendiones are used to treat insulin resistance, but have different mechanisms of action. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 18088046-11 2007 Metformin reduces free fatty amino acids effluvium from fat cells, thereby suppressing hepatic glucose production and indirectly improving peripheral insulin sensitivity and the endothelial function. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 17890232-7 2007 CONCLUSIONS: A single analogue-insulin formulation added to metformin and sulfonylurea resulted in a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.5% or less in a minority of patients at 1 year. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 17698034-8 2007 Metformin treatment of the hepatocytes resulted in activation of the AMP-activated kinase, attenuation of the mTOR/S6K1 pathway, reduction of IRS-1 phosphorylation, and a leftward shift in the insulin dose-response curve for PKB activation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 18059616-10 2007 Prevention of T2DM with lifestyle intervention is at least as effective in non-obese as in obese prediabetic subjects, and recent data suggest that metformin treatment targeting insulin resistance and non-glycemic cardiovascular disease risk factors is as beneficial in non-obese as in obese patients with T2DM. Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 178-185 17718786-1 2007 AIM: In a previous study we showed that metformin reduced BMI z-scores and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, and increased whole body insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetes. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 17718786-1 2007 AIM: In a previous study we showed that metformin reduced BMI z-scores and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, and increased whole body insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents with fasting hyperinsulinemia and a family history of type 2 diabetes. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 17718786-6 2007 Metformin had no effect on ALT levels or the ALT to AST ratio in the five African American adolescents enrolled in the study but reduced their fasting insulin concentrations from 26.1 to 19.5 muU/mL (p < 0.05). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 17575082-3 2007 This study tests the hypothesis that AMP kinase (AMPK) activation with metformin directly improves insulin signaling within the blastocyst, leading to improved pregnancy outcomes. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 18038714-14 2007 However, metformin at a higher dose and in combination with rosiglitazone resulted in improvement of pancreatic beta-cell function, shown by markedly improved first-phase insulin response to glucose measured by AIR. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 18038714-17 2007 CONCLUSION: We suggest that early initiation of combined therapy comprising a high dose of metformin plus rosiglitazone may be valuable in managing insulin resistance and DM2 in children with AS. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 18092442-5 2007 Furthermore, drugs able to reduce insulin resistance, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, already in the therapeutic armamentarium of type 2 diabetes, could be used in subjects with the metabolic syndrome as a preventive measure. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 17846932-7 2007 Insulin only (IO), bedtime insulin with sulphonylurea (glipizide) (IS), or bedtime insulin with metformin (IM). Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 18019665-8 2007 Through its effect on RBP4 expression in adipocytes, metformin may improve total insulin sensitivity in obese individuals including those with MS and delay the onset of manifest DM. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 18158076-4 2007 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that treatment with a premixed insulin analogue containing 50/50 basal + prandial insulins administered before each meal would achieve lower overall and mealtime glycemic control than once-daily basal insulin analogue, both plus metformin (Met), in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 289-298 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 17691915-7 2007 Insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones and metformin show promise, and several studies have explored the role of lipid lowering agents, antioxidants, and cytoprotective agents. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17767338-8 2007 In several prospective and retrospective studies on women with PCOS, metformin was shown to prevent early pregnancy loss, decrease insulin resistance, reduce insulin and testosterone levels, and decrease the incidence of gestational diabetes when these women got pregnant while on metformin and continued to take it throughout their pregnancy. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 17767338-8 2007 In several prospective and retrospective studies on women with PCOS, metformin was shown to prevent early pregnancy loss, decrease insulin resistance, reduce insulin and testosterone levels, and decrease the incidence of gestational diabetes when these women got pregnant while on metformin and continued to take it throughout their pregnancy. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 17519312-2 2007 OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of metformin suspension on insulin sensitivity in PCOS patients. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 17335818-8 2007 RESULT(S): In the metformin group, there was a significant decrease in the fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and total T. In the N-acetyl cysteine group, there was no significant difference in the fasting glucose or fasting insulin and there was a significant decrease in total T. There was no significant difference in the fasting glucose-fasting insulin ratio in both groups. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 17519312-9 2007 During treatment, the clamp insulin sensitivity index was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in the metformin group in comparison with baseline and placebo group, without significant differences between the 6- and 12-month assessments. Metformin 102-111 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 17519312-10 2007 At 6 and 12 months after treatment suspension, in the metformin group, insulin sensitivity index significantly (P < 0.05) worsened in comparison with that observed at baseline and during treatment and with that observed in the placebo and control groups. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 17519312-11 2007 CONCLUSION: In normal-weight anovulatory PCOS patients, long-term metformin administration exerts beneficial effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 17929538-1 2007 INTRODUCTION: The main causes of reduced glucose levels during metformin therapy appear to be an increase in insulin action in peripheral tissues and reduced hepatic glucose output due to inhibition gluconeogenesis. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 17559747-2 2007 However, when metformin fails, the recommended add-on treatment options (sulphonylureas, glitazones and basal insulin) can lead to significant weight gain. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 17426085-11 2007 On the contrary, the insulin sensitivity index increased with metformin but did not change with Diane(35) Diario. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 17587394-1 2007 AIM: The aim of this randomized placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pioglitazone administered alone or in combination with metformin in reducing insulin dosage requirements for improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 17929538-14 2007 CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that, as compared to place- bo, metformin is more efficient in reducing insulin resistance in obese patients with DM type 2. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 17403121-3 2007 RESULTS: Insulin dose at week 24 was significantly lower with rosiglitazone + metformin (33.5 +/- 1.5 U/day, mean +/- se) compared with placebo [59.0 +/- 3.0 U/day; model-adjusted difference -26.6 (95% CI -37.7, -15,5) U/day, P < 0.001]. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 17403121-8 2007 CONCLUSIONS: Addition of insulin to rosiglitazone + metformin enabled more people to reach glycaemic targets with less insulin, and was generally well tolerated. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 17489673-5 2007 Nevertheless, appropriate treatment of MS components often requires pharmacologic intervention with insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, while statins and fibrates, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are the first-line lipid-modifying or antihypertensive drugs. Metformin 136-145 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 17391168-8 2007 However, body weight, waist circumference, fasting serum levels of insulin and C-peptide were lower and less number of patients experienced hypoglycaemia during treatment with metformin vs. repaglinide. Metformin 176-185 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 17587750-11 2007 The combination of thiazolinediones and metformin is associated with a slight but significant improvement in the long-term blood pressure control of these patients, and with an improvement in the anti-inflammatory state, both of which are related to a similar reduction in insulin-resistance. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 273-280 17259403-10 2007 We further hypothesize that the diabetes-preventive effect of metformin may interact with the impact of these variants on insulin regulation. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 17493545-6 2007 METHODS: Newly diagnosed treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes had their hepatic triglyceride (TG) content measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline and after 3 months of treatment with BiAsp 30 insulin, in combination with metformin. Metformin 246-255 insulin Homo sapiens 217-224 17293706-5 2007 We have reported elsewhere that metformin did not prevent olanzapine-induced weight gain, and the insulin resistance index significantly decreased after metformin and placebo; Baptista T, et al. Metformin 153-162 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 17331860-9 2007 Metformin and rosiglitazone significantly decreased levels of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (total-C), HbA1c, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 17299064-1 2007 CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: One of the treatments for hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism in nonobese women is combined androgen receptor blockade (with flutamide; Flu), insulin sensitization (with metformin; Met) plus an estroprogestagen contraceptive. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 17940431-1 2007 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to describe the role of insulin resistance in the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome and to review the results of treatment with the insulin sensitizing drug metformin. Metformin 207-216 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 17940431-1 2007 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to describe the role of insulin resistance in the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome and to review the results of treatment with the insulin sensitizing drug metformin. Metformin 207-216 insulin Homo sapiens 182-189 17395752-6 2007 Adjustment for weight, fasting insulin, proinsulin, and other metabolic factors combined explained 81% of the beneficial metformin effect, but it remained nominally significant (P = 0.034). Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 17395752-6 2007 Adjustment for weight, fasting insulin, proinsulin, and other metabolic factors combined explained 81% of the beneficial metformin effect, but it remained nominally significant (P = 0.034). Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 40-50 17395752-8 2007 Treatment of high-risk subjects with metformin results in modest weight loss and favorable changes in insulin sensitivity and proinsulin, which contribute to a reduction in the risk of diabetes apart from the associated reductions in fasting glucose. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 17395752-8 2007 Treatment of high-risk subjects with metformin results in modest weight loss and favorable changes in insulin sensitivity and proinsulin, which contribute to a reduction in the risk of diabetes apart from the associated reductions in fasting glucose. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 126-136 17224152-0 2007 Acute effects of metformin therapy include improvement of insulin resistance and ovarian morphology. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 17224152-1 2007 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the acute effects of metformin therapy on biochemical markers and polycystic ovarian morphology among insulin-resistant (IR) and noninsulin-resistant (NIR) patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 17505944-0 2007 Effects of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome depends on insulin resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 17505944-5 2007 This implies that, by improving insulin and carbohydrate metabolism, metformin administration in PCOS patients could indirectly contribute to increase SHBG concentration. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 17505944-6 2007 The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of metformin treatment in PCOS patients both with and without insulin resistance. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 17505944-12 2007 Considering the favorable effects of metformin treatment in PCOS patients both with insulin resistance and without it, it is purposeful to use this drug in both groups of women. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 17849796-8 2007 CONCLUSION: A 3 month course of metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome did not improve menstrual cyclicity, albeit significant decrease in insulin, insulin resistance and hirsutism was obtained. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 17849796-8 2007 CONCLUSION: A 3 month course of metformin therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome did not improve menstrual cyclicity, albeit significant decrease in insulin, insulin resistance and hirsutism was obtained. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 17458042-7 2007 (4) In a randomised unblinded trial the addition of metformin to ongoing insulin therapy in 106 children reduced both mean HbA1c levels and weight gain after one year of treatment. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 17458042-8 2007 About one-third of children treated with metformin were able to stop using insulin and maintain satisfactory glycaemic control. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 17458042-12 2007 Metformin addition to ongoing insulin therapy allows some patients to stop using insulin altogether. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 17414590-0 2007 Metformin plus low-dose glimeperide significantly improves Homeostasis Model Assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)) and beta-cell function (HOMA(beta-cell)) without hyperinsulinemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 17327307-7 2007 Insulin resistance was improved by metformin and worsened by the high-dose OCP. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17327307-9 2007 CONCLUSIONS: In overweight women with PCOS, metformin and low- and high-dose OCP preparations have similar efficacy but differential effects on insulin resistance and arterial function. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 17454168-2 2007 The use of insulin-sensitizer compounds, such as metformin, permits great improvement of such metabolic abnormality, restoring ovarian function and gonadal steroid synthesis and reducing insulin resistance. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 17454168-2 2007 The use of insulin-sensitizer compounds, such as metformin, permits great improvement of such metabolic abnormality, restoring ovarian function and gonadal steroid synthesis and reducing insulin resistance. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 187-194 17454168-6 2007 RESULTS: Plasma LH, estradiol, insulin and C-peptide were decreased significantly by metformin treatment in the entire group of PCOS patients. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 17454168-6 2007 RESULTS: Plasma LH, estradiol, insulin and C-peptide were decreased significantly by metformin treatment in the entire group of PCOS patients. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 43-52 19888409-0 2007 Impact of treatment with rosiglitazone or metformin on biomarkers for insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 17362692-2 2007 The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of insulin with metformin for newly diagnosed, treatment-naive patients with T2DM. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 17489777-9 2007 Level of insulin reduced for 37% after metformin treatment (234+/-68 vs. 148+/-39 pmol/l). Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 17273659-0 2007 Are the beneficial cardiovascular effects of simvastatin and metformin also associated with a hormone-dependent mechanism improving insulin sensitivity? Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 17273659-6 2007 Insulin resistance determined by the homeostasis model assessment decreased only with metformin. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17229249-1 2007 BACKGROUND: Metformin is considered the gold standard for type 2 diabetes treatment as monotherapy and in combination with sulphonylureas and insulin, whereas the combination of metformin with thiazolidinediones is relatively less studied. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 17454455-9 2007 Short-term treatment with metformin may be useful in women with insulin resistance. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 17253562-14 2007 Metformin was more effective than the OCP in reducing fasting insulin (WMD -3.46, 95% CI -5.39 to -1.52) and not increasing triglyceride (WMD -0.48, 95% -0.86 to -0.09) levels, but there was insufficient evidence regarding comparative effects on reducing fasting glucose or cholesterol levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 17253562-15 2007 AUTHORS" CONCLUSIONS: Up to 12-months treatment with the OCP is associated with an improvement in menstrual pattern and serum androgen levels compared with metformin; but metformin treatment results in a reduction in fasting insulin and lower triglyceride levels than with the OCP. Metformin 171-180 insulin Homo sapiens 225-232 17199734-0 2007 The addition of metformin in type 1 diabetes improves insulin sensitivity, diabetic control, body composition and patient well-being. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 17258675-5 2007 Metformin (an insulin sensitizer) reduces hepatic glucose production. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 17610348-0 2007 Effects of simvastatin and metformin on inflammation and insulin resistance in individuals with mild metabolic syndrome. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 17610348-2 2007 OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of simvastatin and metformin on insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 17610348-5 2007 RESULTS: As expected, when compared with simvastatin, metformin therapy resulted in significant reductions in mean BMI, fasting plasma glucose, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), whereas simvastatin treatment resulted in significantly reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B levels. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 16968813-8 2007 Insulin secretion in response to arginine at maximally potentiating glucose levels (AIR(max)) tended to increase after metformin and to decrease after pioglitazone; however, when adjusted for S(I), the changes were not significant. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17199734-1 2007 AIM: As many overweight people with T1DM are insulin resistant, adjuvant therapy with insulin sensitising agents, such as metformin, may be beneficial. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 17199734-15 2007 CONCLUSION: Adjuvant metformin can improve QOL, insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control in overweight adults with T1DM. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 18200800-6 2007 The combination of nateglinide with insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, targets both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance and results in reductions in HbA1c that could not be achieved by monotherapy with other antidiabetic agents. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 17986832-7 2007 In the absence of a specific diagnosis and therapy, metformin is a useful insulin sensitizer and should be used in conjunction with aggressive diet and exercise interventions. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 17426408-11 2007 Insulin sensitizers such as metformin are a new class of drugs utilized in treatment of PCOS. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 17460368-0 2007 Comparison of the effects of pioglitazone and metformin on insulin resistance and hormonal markers in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and early diabetes. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 18613325-3 2007 Metformin lowers, rather than increases, fasting plasma insulin concentrations and acts by enhancing insulin sensitivity, inducing greater peripheral uptake of glucose, and decreasing hepatic glucose output. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 18613325-3 2007 Metformin lowers, rather than increases, fasting plasma insulin concentrations and acts by enhancing insulin sensitivity, inducing greater peripheral uptake of glucose, and decreasing hepatic glucose output. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 17203528-10 2006 In the placebo-controlled trials, metformin improved insulin resistance markers and liver function tests, but not histological scores. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 17203528-11 2006 In the single-arm trials, metformin and thiazolidinediones improved insulin resistance markers and liver function tests, and beneficial histological changes were reported. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 17062894-10 2006 Metformin treatment significantly improved hyperandrogenism, menstrual cyclicity, body weight, and insulin resistance independent of GNAS1 genotype. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 17145645-5 2006 The insulin-sensitizing agents available commercially include metformin, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 16978371-8 2006 Compared with baseline (60 +/- 14 units), total daily insulin dose was significantly lower following the addition of metformin (50 +/- 13 units; P < 0.05) and this final total daily insulin dose in the metformin group was lower compared with placebo (58 +/- 12 units, P < 0.05). Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 16978371-8 2006 Compared with baseline (60 +/- 14 units), total daily insulin dose was significantly lower following the addition of metformin (50 +/- 13 units; P < 0.05) and this final total daily insulin dose in the metformin group was lower compared with placebo (58 +/- 12 units, P < 0.05). Metformin 205-214 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 16978371-8 2006 Compared with baseline (60 +/- 14 units), total daily insulin dose was significantly lower following the addition of metformin (50 +/- 13 units; P < 0.05) and this final total daily insulin dose in the metformin group was lower compared with placebo (58 +/- 12 units, P < 0.05). Metformin 205-214 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 16978371-10 2006 CONCLUSION: Metformin can effectively improve glycaemic control and reduce the total daily insulin dose in overweight people with Type 1 diabetes. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 17172088-0 2006 Some effect of metformin on insulin resistance in an infant with leprechaunism. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 16949486-5 2006 RESULTS: In comparison with placebo (n = 17), metformin recipients (n = 16) showed significant reductions in weight and in homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (p < 0.05, intention to treat). Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 17151157-12 2006 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin therapy is safe and effective in abrogating weight gain, decreased insulin sensitivity, and abnormal glucose metabolism resulting from treatment of children and adolescents with atypicals. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 17139582-8 2006 The best results of insulin treatment with regard to weight control are obtained with basal insulin combined with metformin rather than insulin alone, prandial insulin substitution or intensified insulin treatment. Metformin 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 17026491-10 2006 Under additional metformin therapy, the increment of insulin requirement of all patients (n = 40) was significantly lower (11 vs. 26%, p < 0.01), and there was no significant difference between the groups with different BMIs. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 17026491-13 2006 Additional metformin therapy reduces insulin requirement in patients with and without overweight. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 17087306-4 2006 The agents that improve insulin resistance, such as metformin and pioglitazone, have multiple effects to improve glucose and lipid metabolism by increasing sensitivity for insulin without increasing insulin secretion and exert anti-atherogenic properties resulting in preventing development of atherosclerosis. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 17087306-4 2006 The agents that improve insulin resistance, such as metformin and pioglitazone, have multiple effects to improve glucose and lipid metabolism by increasing sensitivity for insulin without increasing insulin secretion and exert anti-atherogenic properties resulting in preventing development of atherosclerosis. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 17039655-3 2006 Metformin and rosiglitazone are 2 pharmacologic agents useful in conditions characterized by insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 17077202-10 2006 The limited effectiveness of metformin in older persons may reflect age-related differences in insulin action and secretion. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 18200815-3 2007 Of all the hypoglycemic agents in the pharmacological arsenal against diabetes, thiazolidinediones, in particular pioglitazone, as well as metformin appear to have additional effects in ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation; rendering them attractive tools for prevention of insulin resistance and diabetes. Metformin 139-148 insulin Homo sapiens 284-291 17214387-3 2006 Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, has been proven to be of clinical usefulness both in the short-term aiding of infertility treatments and, potentially, in the prevention of the long-term sequelae for patients with PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 17185789-8 2006 Insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin may also have a place in treatment of PCOS. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16918591-0 2006 Insulin sensitivity during oral glucose tolerance test and its relations to parameters of glucose metabolism and endothelial function in type 2 diabetic subjects under metformin and thiazolidinedione. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16918591-1 2006 AIM: This study was designed to assess the usefulness of a model-based index of insulin sensitivity during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the identification of possible changes in this metabolic parameter produced by pharmacological agents known to be potent insulin sensitizers, that is metformin (M) and thiazolidinedione (T). Metformin 298-307 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 16827766-9 2006 The metformin group had significantly lower total cholesterol (P= 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P= 0.02) and cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (P= 0.05), but there was no statistically significant treatment effect on androgens, insulin, insulin resistance, triglycerides, ovulation or pregnancy. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 263-270 16941277-10 2006 In conclusion, it was found that in these participants metformin acts in insulin resistance; it increases glucose muscle uptake and blood flow. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 16901933-1 2006 In patients with type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), the biguanide, metformin, exerts its antihyperglycemic effect by improving insulin sensitivity, which is associated with decreased level of circulating free fatty acids (FFA). Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 16901933-10 2006 The antilipolytic action in adipocytes could be the mechanism by which cellular action by metformin reduces systemic FFA concentration and thus improves insulin sensitivity in obese patients and the hyperglycemic conditions of NIDDM. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 16478780-0 2006 Metformin counters the insulin-induced suppression of fatty acid oxidation and stimulation of triacylglycerol storage in rodent skeletal muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 16478780-3 2006 Metformin did not alter basal FA metabolism but countered the effects of insulin on FA oxidation and incorporation into triacylglyerol (TAG). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 16478780-4 2006 Specifically, metformin prevented the insulin-induced suppression of FA oxidation in SOL but did not alter FA incorporation into lipid pools. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 16478780-6 2006 In SOL, metformin resulted in a 50% increase in AMP-activated protein kinase alpha2 activity and prevented the insulin-induced increase in malonyl-CoA content. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 16478780-9 2006 Because increased muscle lipid storage and impaired FA oxidation have been associated with insulin resistance in this tissue, the ability of metformin to reverse these abnormalities in muscle FA metabolism may be a part of the mechanism by which metformin improves glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 16478780-9 2006 Because increased muscle lipid storage and impaired FA oxidation have been associated with insulin resistance in this tissue, the ability of metformin to reverse these abnormalities in muscle FA metabolism may be a part of the mechanism by which metformin improves glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 287-294 16478780-9 2006 Because increased muscle lipid storage and impaired FA oxidation have been associated with insulin resistance in this tissue, the ability of metformin to reverse these abnormalities in muscle FA metabolism may be a part of the mechanism by which metformin improves glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 246-255 insulin Homo sapiens 287-294 16827766-9 2006 The metformin group had significantly lower total cholesterol (P= 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P= 0.02) and cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (P= 0.05), but there was no statistically significant treatment effect on androgens, insulin, insulin resistance, triglycerides, ovulation or pregnancy. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 272-279 16950750-2 2006 This theoretical background is now supported by substantial evidence for treating women with PCOS with insulin sensitising agents such as metformin or the thiazolidinediones. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 16776753-6 2006 On the contrary, in the per protocol (PP) population, moxonidine statistically significantly (p = 0.025) decreased the AUC for insulin from baseline in the PP population; for metformin, the treatment effect on insulin was a small, net increase resulting in a statistically significant between-group difference of 16.2% (95% CI = 0.1-35.0). Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 210-217 16817823-0 2006 Metformin therapy improves coronary microvascular function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 16817823-2 2006 Metformin therapy reduces whole-body insulin resistance (IR) in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 16817823-3 2006 OBJECTIVE: As insulin resistance accompanying PCOS may be reversed by metformin therapy, we hypothesized that metformin therapy might improve coronary microvascular functions in women with PCOS and IR. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 16406190-7 2006 The daily insulin dose (units), total and per kg/BW was significantly lower [p < 0.001] with metformin (51 +/- 5, 0.51 +/- 0.10), glimepiride (40 +/- 4, 0.42 +/- 0.09) as well as with both drugs (23 +/- 7, 0.21 +/- 0.07) in comparison to placebo (82 +/- 10, 0.82 +/- 0.12). Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 16916482-1 2006 OBJECTIVE: To determine whether women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and abnormal insulin levels treated with metformin had different rates of ovulation and pregnancy from women with PCOS and normal insulin levels. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 16916482-6 2006 After treatment with metformin, cumulative rates of ovulation were similar in women with elevated fasting serum insulin levels (48.8%) and those with normal levels (44.7%). Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 16822926-2 2006 BACKGROUND: Adult patients with type 2 diabetes controlled with insulin frequently require the addition of insulin sensitising drugs such as metformin and sometimes glitazones to achieve optimum glycaemic control. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 16822926-2 2006 BACKGROUND: Adult patients with type 2 diabetes controlled with insulin frequently require the addition of insulin sensitising drugs such as metformin and sometimes glitazones to achieve optimum glycaemic control. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 16406190-10 2006 CONCLUSION: Glimepiride and metformin are effective individually in achieving a glycemic goal with a less daily insulin dose, weight gain, and hypoglycemic episodes in comparison to insulin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus with further marked reduction in these parameters when used concurrently. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 16513829-5 2006 Metformin-induced stimulation of transport was not inhibited by treatment with wortmannin and was additive with that of insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 16513829-9 2006 Cotreatment with metformin bypassed this insulin resistance by maintaining high transport levels. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 16513829-14 2006 This accounts for metformin"s ability to enhance hexose transport activity above insulin-stimulated and Akt-dependent levels. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 16492692-9 2006 Metformin was also associated with lower insulin resistance and leptin and IGF-I levels and higher SHBG and IGF-binding protein-1 levels and with a more favorable lipid profile. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 16886591-5 2006 CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents with PCOS, metformin-diet reduces weight, insulin, IR, cholesterol, and triglycerides, and facilitates resumption of regular menses. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 16595599-0 2006 Randomized, controlled trial of metformin for obesity and insulin resistance in children and adolescents: improvement in body composition and fasting insulin. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 16595599-9 2006 Metformin had a greater treatment effect over placebo for weight (-4.35 kg, P = 0.02), body mass index (-1.26 kg/m(2), P = 0.002), waist circumference (-2.8 cm, P = 0.003), sc abdominal adipose tissue (-52.5 cm(2), P = 0.002), and fasting insulin (-2.2 mU/liter, P = 0.011). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 239-246 16595599-11 2006 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin therapy for obese insulin-resistant pediatric patients results in significant improvement in body composition and fasting insulin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 16764619-10 2006 RESULTS: Serum androgens and insulin response to OGTT decreased significantly after metformin therapy. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 16764619-13 2006 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin improves insulin resistance, reduces androgen levels and significantly increases the ovulation and pregnancy rates in infertile women, following LOD. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 16792841-9 2006 In conclusion, administration of metformin allowed the identification of two subsets of PCOS women in whom neuroendocrine abnormalities may improve independently of the presence of insulin resistance or hyperinsulinaemia. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 16768125-0 2006 [Insulin sensitizer--anti-diabetic drugs, metformin and pioglitazone that can improve insulin resistance]. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 1-8 16768125-0 2006 [Insulin sensitizer--anti-diabetic drugs, metformin and pioglitazone that can improve insulin resistance]. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 16768125-5 2006 The insulin-sensitizing drugs, which were biguanides (metformin) and thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) have been shown to correct not only insulin resistance but also steatosis and inflammation in the liver. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 16768125-5 2006 The insulin-sensitizing drugs, which were biguanides (metformin) and thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) have been shown to correct not only insulin resistance but also steatosis and inflammation in the liver. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 16792841-2 2006 The present study applied frequent blood sampling to assess the response of LH to metformin treatment in insulin-resistant women with PCOS. Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 16767294-6 2006 Recently, oral contraceptives are being substituted for insulin sensitizing agents (metformin and glitazones) in the PCOS treatment, due to their effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 16647382-9 2006 CONCLUSION(S): Metformin has shown to be effective in an insulin-resistant PCOS woman with RM. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 16407452-3 2006 Recent studies indicate that a low-dose combination of flutamide (Flu; a generic androgen-receptor blocker) and metformin (Met; a generic insulin-sensitizer) normalizes the adolescent PCOS spectrum more than an oral contraceptive (OC); in young women, the PCOS spectrum was found to be more normalized by OC plus Flu-Met than by OC alone. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 16516166-7 2006 Moreover, AICAR and metformin inhibited the ability of insulin and IGF-1 to induce HIF-1alpha expression. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 16767294-6 2006 Recently, oral contraceptives are being substituted for insulin sensitizing agents (metformin and glitazones) in the PCOS treatment, due to their effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 16492202-4 2006 Although evidence is accumulating that metformin is useful and has a role in polycystic ovary syndrome, a condition of insulin resistance, it is not yet accepted as treatment for Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 16520442-9 2006 Measures of insulin sensitivity, including insulin area under the curve and HOMA (homeostasis model assessment), demonstrated improvement only with metformin, but these did not reach statistical significance. Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 16520442-9 2006 Measures of insulin sensitivity, including insulin area under the curve and HOMA (homeostasis model assessment), demonstrated improvement only with metformin, but these did not reach statistical significance. Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 16492202-6 2006 Metformin may become an important treatment for women with either gestational or Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and indeed may have additional important benefits for women, including reducing insulin resistance, body weight and long-term risk of diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 190-197 16352680-2 2006 No data of the exact point and the impact of insulin resistance (IR) on metformin"s efficacy exist. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 16352680-12 2006 Insulin sensitivity improved within 4 wk after beginning of metformin as shown by an increased area under the curve glucose to insulin ratio, compared with baseline (P < 0.005). Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16352680-12 2006 Insulin sensitivity improved within 4 wk after beginning of metformin as shown by an increased area under the curve glucose to insulin ratio, compared with baseline (P < 0.005). Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 16246375-7 2006 Troglitazone had a better antihyperglycemic potency than metformin when insulin was added. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 16395615-0 2006 Metformin improves atypical protein kinase C activation by insulin and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-(PO4)3 in muscle of diabetic subjects. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 16522281-3 2006 Weight loss, metformin, and thiazolidinediones ameliorate insulin resistance and decrease concentrations of PAI-1. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 16395615-4 2006 Nevertheless, the effects of metformin on insulin-sensitive signalling factors in human muscle have only been partly characterised to date. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 16395615-8 2006 Metformin therapy for 8 to 12 months improved insulin-stimulated, as well as basal aPKC activity in muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 16585812-6 2006 RESULTS: The adjusted rate ratio of an injurious crash was 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0-2.0) for current users of insulin monotherapy relative to non-users and 1.3 (95% CI: 1.0-1.7) for sulfonylurea and metformin combined. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 16443869-12 2006 CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to sulfonylureas and exogenous insulin had a significantly increased risk of cancer-related mortality compared with patients exposed to metformin. Metformin 187-196 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 16501671-9 2006 Insulin therapy group showed significantly decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C levels compared with sulphonylurea and sulphonylurea plus metformin treated groups, however, no significant difference was noted in the levels of above mentioned parameters and controls. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16624028-0 2006 [Metformin hydrochloride ameliorates adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity in adolescents with metabolic syndrome]. Metformin 1-24 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 16624028-14 2006 Metformin can improve or ameliorate adiponectin levels, insulin sensitivity and some clinical markers. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 16817087-2 2006 The biguanide metformin has encouraging effects on several metabolic aspects of the syndrome, including insulin sensitivity, plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 17489164-9 2006 Combined treatment with Diane35 and metformin led to reduction of weight, fat mass and abdominal fat distribution; possessed significant antiandrogenic effect; did not decrease blood glucose levels; supressed glucose-stimulated insulin levels; had beneficial effect on HDL-cholesterol and neutral effect on other lipid parameters and atherogenic indices; decreased diastolic blood pressure. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 228-235 16477438-7 2006 RESULTS: Both TZDs and metformin enhance insulin suppression of endogenous glucose production and fasting plasma glucose clearance. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 16585812-10 2006 CONCLUSIONS: L Elderly drivers treated with insulin monotherapy or a combination of sulfonylurea and metformin, especially at high doses, have a small increased risk of injurious crashes. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 16914073-0 2006 Metformin and pioglitazone: Effectively treating insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 16914073-3 2006 Two key classes of insulin-sensitizing agents--the biguanides (principally metformin) and thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone)--have distinct molecular mechanisms of action and differing effects on metabolic dysfunction. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 16914073-6 2006 FINDINGS: The different insulin-sensitizing mechanisms of metformin and the thiazolidinediones are manifest in partially distinct effects on hepatic and peripheral glucose homeostasis, and clinical studies show improved glucose control with combination therapy. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 16914073-11 2006 CONCLUSION: The distinct, but complementary, mechanisms of action of the thiazolidinediones and metformin provide the opportunity for effective combination therapy with two insulin-sensitizing agents. Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 16522532-2 2006 The use of insulin-sensitizer compounds, such as metformin, permits great improvement of such metabolic abnormality and the restoration of normal ovarian function. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 16627381-5 2006 In contradistinction, metformin, an effective insulin sensitizer, causes less weight gain. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 16380496-13 2006 In parallel to improved insulin sensitivity, plasma BPI significantly increased in the metformin group but not in the placebo group. Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 16522532-3 2006 Metformin administration reduces insulin resistance and androgen production both from the ovary and adrenal gland. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 16454597-13 2005 The group treated with metformin showed levels of triglycerides (TG) significantly higher than those of the diet controlled group (p = 0.009) and insulin group (p < 0.001). Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 16423593-1 2006 OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) to predict efficacy of insulin sensitization (metformin) or suppression (octreotide) because insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion may impact pharmacotherapeutic efficacy in obese children. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 16423593-12 2006 CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy of metformin was predicted by pretreatment insulin resistance. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 16800161-7 2006 RESULTS: The combination therapy of rosiglitazone with metformin or sulfonylurea produces better glycaemic control than conventional care of metformin with sulfonylurea and insulin in most patients, extends the viability of oral therapy before requiring insulin, and typically leads to lifetime cost increases across all treatment types. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 254-261 17347533-2 2006 The treatment of PCOS patients with insulin sensitizers, such as metformin or thiazolidinediones, increases the ovulation rate and the number of successful pregnancies. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 17037948-15 2006 Metformin, by decreasing insulin resistance, alleviates many of the hormonal disturbances and restores menses in a considerable proportion of patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 16107611-2 2005 Insulin (33 to 34% vs. 21%) or insulin plus metformin (27 to 39% vs. 21%) significantly (P < 0.01) increased the rates of blastocyst formation, whereas metformin alone had no effect when added during the first half (0-22 h), the latter half (22-44 h), or the entire (0-44 h) maturation period. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 16289780-7 2005 The aim of the pharmacological therapy is to decrease insulin resistance, namely by metformin. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 16107611-4 2005 When supplemented during IVC, insulin (34% vs. 23%) or insulin plus metformin (35% vs. 23%) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the rates of blastocyst formation, whereas metformin alone had no effect. Metformin 173-182 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 16107611-7 2005 In addition, the effect of insulin was enhanced when supplemented with metformin compared to insulin alone (52% vs. 40%). Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 16107611-9 2005 Insulin significantly (P < 0.01) increased oocyte GSH content (6.2 pmol vs. 4.3 pmol) and metformin significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced the action of insulin on GSH content (7.3 pmol vs. 6.2 pmol) and tyrosine kinase activity (1.9 arbitrary units [AU] vs. 1.5 AU) when compared to insulin alone. Metformin 93-102 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 16107611-9 2005 Insulin significantly (P < 0.01) increased oocyte GSH content (6.2 pmol vs. 4.3 pmol) and metformin significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced the action of insulin on GSH content (7.3 pmol vs. 6.2 pmol) and tyrosine kinase activity (1.9 arbitrary units [AU] vs. 1.5 AU) when compared to insulin alone. Metformin 93-102 insulin Homo sapiens 285-292 16107611-10 2005 In conclusion, insulin increased the developmental potential of porcine oocytes and embryos, and metformin enhanced the action of insulin when supplemented during the entire IVM and IVC. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 16250043-9 2005 Finally, the ability of insulin-sensitizing, pharmacological agents to treat NAFLD by reducing IR in the liver (metformin) and in the periphery (thiazolidinediones) are discussed. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 16316811-9 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Clinical outcomes of metformin therapy may be categorized on the basis of basal BMI and insulin levels in PCOS patients. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 16483179-1 2005 AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of metformin and rosiglitazone on insulin resistance and serum androgen levels in both obese and lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 16483179-14 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that both metformin and rosiglitazone increased insulin sensitivity in obese patients with PCOS as expected, and in lean patients as well. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 16219007-1 2005 The biguanide, metformin, sensitizes the liver to the effect of insulin, suppressing hepatic glucose output. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 16219007-4 2005 Metformin in combination with insulin has been shown to significantly improve blood glucose levels while lowering total daily insulin dose and body weight. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 16219009-6 2005 RESULTS: Metformin acts by increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin, principally in the liver. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 16219009-7 2005 Beneficial properties of metformin include weight reduction, favourable effects on the lipid profile and the fibrinolytic pathway, and improvement of ovarian function in some insulin-resistant women. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 16219011-0 2005 Treating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes with metformin and thiazolidinediones. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 16219011-2 2005 Metformin and thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) counter insulin resistance by different cellular mechanisms and with complementary effects, making them suited for use in combination. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 16259573-7 2005 Lifestyle therapy is indicated as the first intervention; however, metformin as an insulin sensitising agent has a role in first-line medical therapy in women with PCOS. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 16515237-4 2005 Metformin is a hepato-selective insulin sensitizer. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 16278525-8 2005 Glucose-lowering agents may be indicated, and drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, which reduce insulin resistance, should form the basis of therapy. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 16179727-5 2005 Interestingly, insulin-sensitizing agents (e.g., thiazolidinediones, metformin) improve aPKC activation by insulin in vivo and PIP3 in vitro, most likely by activating 5"-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which favorably alters intracellular lipid metabolism. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 16179727-5 2005 Interestingly, insulin-sensitizing agents (e.g., thiazolidinediones, metformin) improve aPKC activation by insulin in vivo and PIP3 in vitro, most likely by activating 5"-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which favorably alters intracellular lipid metabolism. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 16210009-0 2005 Metformin alters insulin signaling and viability of human granulosa cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 16210009-1 2005 OBJECTIVE: To study whether insulin signaling pathways in the ovary are altered by metformin. Metformin 83-92 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 16210009-8 2005 CONCLUSION(S): Besides systemic effects, the ovulation inducing action of metformin may at least partially be due to direct effects on insulin signaling intermediates and follicular growth patterns in the ovary. Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 15958399-8 2005 CONCLUSION: In insulin-resistant women with PCOS, metformin pre-treatment and co-administration with hpFSH increases the mono-ovulatory cycles. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 16178991-5 2005 The combination of nateglinide with insulin-sensitising agents, for example, metformin and thiazolidinediones, addresses the dual defects of loss of insulin secretion and insulin resistance to provide optimal management of type 2 diabetes, and more patients achieve HbA 1c goal with nateglinide combination therapy rather than with monotherapy with other oral agents. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 16599037-12 2005 On Metformin, the median fasting serum insulin decreased from 23.6 micro U/ml to 20.2 micro U/ml (P<0.05). Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 16200335-2 2005 Treatment with insulin sensitizers (metformin, rosiglitazone) can ameliorate insulin resistance. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 16200335-2 2005 Treatment with insulin sensitizers (metformin, rosiglitazone) can ameliorate insulin resistance. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 16200335-12 2005 This improvement in insulin secretion could be clearly demonstrated when the sums of insulin concentrations after oral glucose tolerance test were compared: 548-/+13 to 345-/+11.8 mIU/l in the rosiglitazone group (37% decrease, p<0.01) and from 552-/+15 to 420-/+12 mIU/l in the metformin group (24% decrease, p<0.01). Metformin 282-291 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 16039647-1 2005 The drugs troglitazone and metformin are used to reduce the degree of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 16231594-7 2005 Two classes of drugs have been shown to correct insulin resistance: biguanides (e.g., metformin) and thiazolidinediones (e.g., rosiglitazone and pioglitazone). Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 16115299-6 2005 Metformin improved insulin resistance compared with placebo group (HOMA-IR from 3.39 to 2.5 vs. 3.42 to 3.37; 26% reduction in HOMA-IR, P = 0.01). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 16115299-8 2005 CONCLUSION: Metformin improves both endothelial function and insulin resistance in patients with MS. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 16026380-0 2005 Long-term effects of pioglitazone and metformin on insulin sensitivity in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 15990591-7 2005 Treatments aimed at weight loss remain a primary option; among pharmacological interventions, insulin sensitizers (glitazones and metformin) have confirmed beneficial effects on both biochemical and histological data, but new treatments are on the horizon. Metformin 130-139 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 16026380-1 2005 AIM: Despite their comparable glycaemic effects in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), pioglitazone and metformin may have different effects on insulin sensitivity because they have different mechanisms of action. Metformin 115-124 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 16026380-2 2005 We studied the changes in insulin sensitivity, as assessed by the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), in patients with T2DM who used metformin or pioglitazone as monotherapy or in combination therapy with sulphonylurea. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 16026380-12 2005 CONCLUSION: Pioglitazone differed from metformin in its effects on insulin sensitivity despite both drugs having comparable glycaemic effects. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 16043735-0 2005 Improved meal-related beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity by the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes over 1 year. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 16294070-9 2005 Metformin did significantly increase the fractional synthetic rate of muscle protein which increased even further with insulin administration. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 16157982-0 2005 Markedly improved glycemic control and enhanced insulin sensitivity in a patient with type 2 diabetes complicated by a suprasellar tumor treated with pioglitazone and metformin. Metformin 167-176 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 15975107-0 2005 Does metformin decrease blood pressure in patients with Type 2 diabetes intensively treated with insulin? Metformin 5-14 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 16091082-8 2005 CONCLUSION: Metformin is safe and may represent a useful adjunct to the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescents and young adults who have poor glycemic control despite a large amount of insulin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 15975107-1 2005 AIMS: We investigated in a double-blind study whether metformin reduces blood pressure (BP) in patients with Type 2 diabetes intensively treated with insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 15955124-3 2005 We examined whether the insulin-sensitizing agents, metformin and rosiglitazone, improve intestinal lipoprotein metabolism in obese insulin-resistant individuals. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 15955124-6 2005 RESULTS: Metformin and rosiglitazone both significantly improved insulin sensitivity, but this was not paralleled by improvement in dyslipidaemia. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 15983320-1 2005 OBJECTIVE: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and metformin are insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic agents with reported benefits on atherosclerosis. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 15955124-8 2005 CONCLUSION: In obese insulin-resistant subjects metformin and rosiglitazone both improve insulin sensitivity, as measured by HOMA, without improvement in lipid metabolism. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 15955371-6 2005 Although in recent years the emphasis on initial therapy has been shifting from insulin secretagogues to insulin sensitizers such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, questions remain as to genetic and/or phenotypic factors may dictate a different choice of the first antidiabetic drug to be used. Metformin 133-142 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 15911461-2 2005 Clomiphene citrate has been standard therapy for ovulation induction in patients seeking pregnancy, but recent evidence suggests that insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin may also be effective. Metformin 169-178 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 15864539-11 2005 These data show that chronic treatment of human myotubes with insulin, metformin or rosiglitazone has a direct positive effect on insulin action and mRNA expression. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 15927899-9 2005 Metformin monotherapy was associated with a delay in the onset of secondary failure (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82-0.98), in the progression to combination therapy (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.87), and in the start of insulin therapy (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51-0.82). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 241-248 23577416-5 2005 However, in polycystic ovary syndrome, with its excessive follicle pool, short-term reduction of insulin promoted LH action by metformin treatment has failed to influence follicle responses to exogenous FSH. Metformin 127-136 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 15853834-1 2005 OBJECTIVE: Treatment with metformin, an insulin-lowering agent, increases serum glycodelin, a progesterone-regulated lipocalin protein of the reproductive axis that may play a role in foeto-maternal defence mechanisms. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 15991679-1 2005 Based on the favourable international experience with metformin in the most common female endocrine disease, the polycystic ovary syndrome, which has insulin resistance in the background, the author"s treatment advice has been this in such cases since early 2002: for sexually active women who do not want to become pregnant for the time being, anti-androgenic contraceptive pill; for those who do not want to take contraceptives, contraceptives are contraindicated, or who do want to conceive, metformin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 15632102-2 2005 This study was designed to determine whether the insulin sensitizer drugs pioglitazone and metformin would improve glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity by decreasing IMCL. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 15842521-0 2005 Continuing metformin when starting insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 15842521-1 2005 AIMS: To test the effect of continuing metformin on weight gain and glycaemic control in patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes who need to start insulin. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 15842521-7 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin decreases weight gain, lowers insulin requirement, and improves glycaemic control, and should be continued in patients with Type 2 diabetes who transfer to insulin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 15842521-7 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin decreases weight gain, lowers insulin requirement, and improves glycaemic control, and should be continued in patients with Type 2 diabetes who transfer to insulin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 179-186 16350724-5 2005 There is known the first description of atypical endometrial hyperplasia resistant to progestogen therapy, which was subsequently treated with an insulin-sensitizng agent, metformin. Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 15855334-0 2005 Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone treatment on insulin signaling and glucose uptake in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 15855334-1 2005 The effect of metformin or rosiglitazone monotherapy versus placebo on insulin signaling and gene expression in skeletal muscle of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes was determined. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 15855334-3 2005 Insulin-mediated whole-body and leg muscle glucose uptake was enhanced 36 and 32%, respectively, after rosiglitazone (P < 0.01) but not after metformin or placebo treatment. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 16350724-8 2005 In contrast, metformin lowers the rate of gluconeogenesis in the presence of insulin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 16350724-31 2005 Theoretically, metformin, a treatment which is now widely used to treat infertile women with PCOS, may have a role in preventing endometrial hyperstimulation by lowering insulin concentrations and restoring ovulation. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 15665022-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that one of the modes of action of metformin may be through phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 15665022-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that one of the modes of action of metformin may be through phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 15665022-7 2005 RESULTS: Metformin had differential effects on fasting insulin levels, insulin resistance as demonstrated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), LH, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and free testosterone index on the basis of IRS genotype. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 15665022-7 2005 RESULTS: Metformin had differential effects on fasting insulin levels, insulin resistance as demonstrated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), LH, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and free testosterone index on the basis of IRS genotype. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 15938589-8 2005 Rosiglitazone plus metformin significantly improved long-term control of insulin resistance-related parameters compared with glimepiride plus metformin, although glimepiride treatment was associated with a slight improvement in cholesterolaemia, not observed in the rosiglitazone-treated patients, and with significant improvements in non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as basal homocysteinaemia and plasma Lp(a) levels. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 15817918-9 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin co-treatment in a group of insulin-resistant, normogonadotrophic, anovulatory patients resulted in normalization of the endocrine profile and facilitated monofollicular development during the FSH induction of ovulation. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 15899724-12 2005 CONCLUSIONS: The rosiglitazone-metformin combination significantly improved the long-term control of all insulin resistance-related parameters compared with the glimepiride-metformin combination. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 16035301-7 2005 Insulin secretagogues can be used as monotherapy, in association with metformin or a glitazone, or even in combination with a basal insulin regimen. Metformin 70-79 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15844237-6 2005 For prevention and/or treatment, exercise and optimal diet are useful, and metformin and rosiglitazone have been shown to improve insulin resistance. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 15715892-1 2005 OBJECTIVES: To measure the effect of metformin on the body composition, insulin resistance and sensitivity in subjects with risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 15868769-8 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Race, age, residential setting, preexisting comorbidities and diabetes complications, other oral diabetes drug use, and insulin use are statistically significant predictors of initial prescribing of TZD or metformin in a Medicaid MCO population. Metformin 219-228 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 15864539-0 2005 Enhanced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in response to insulin, metformin or rosiglitazone is associated with increased mRNA expression of GLUT4 and peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor gamma co-activator 1. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 15864539-0 2005 Enhanced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in response to insulin, metformin or rosiglitazone is associated with increased mRNA expression of GLUT4 and peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor gamma co-activator 1. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 15864539-5 2005 RESULTS: Insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis was significantly increased in cultured human myotubes treated with insulin, rosiglitazone or metformin for 8 days, compared with non-treated cells. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 15715892-12 2005 CONCLUSIONS: The administration of metformin for 2 months improves the parameters of body composition and insulin dynamics in subjects with risk factors for type 2 DM. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 15717887-14 2005 Metformin improved hyperglycemia through increased insulin-independent glucose uptake in peripheral muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 15653205-7 2005 RESULTS: Much better and faster decrease in the level of testosterone and free androgen index in group with combined use of metformin and Diane35 was established, without deterioration of the anthropometric and biochemical indices and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 124-133 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 15598674-0 2005 Responses of serum androgen and insulin resistance to metformin and pioglitazone in obese, insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 15598674-0 2005 Responses of serum androgen and insulin resistance to metformin and pioglitazone in obese, insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 15598674-5 2005 Fasting serum insulin concentration (P < 0.001 for both drugs) and the area under the insulin curve during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test decreased after pioglitazone (P < 0.002) or metformin (P < 0.05) treatment. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 15688205-5 2005 More body fat was deposited centrally in patients receiving insulin alone than those receiving insulin with an oral hypoglycaemic agent (metformin). Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 15688205-8 2005 The possible role of metformin in reducing central fat accumulation following insulin treatment warrants further investigation into its mechanism and potential long-term benefits. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 15677775-7 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Initiating insulin treatment by adding basal insulin glargine once daily to glimepiride plus metformin treatment was safer and more effective than beginning twice-daily injections of 70/30 and discontinuing OADs in type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled with OADs. Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 15386819-9 2005 When insulin was added to an initial therapy, CHF incidence was increased 2.33 times (p < 0.0001) and 2.66 times (p < 0.0001) compared to the addition of sulphonylurea or metformin respectively. Metformin 177-186 insulin Homo sapiens 5-12 15745936-2 2005 Insulin sensitizers, especially metformin, have been shown to improve these metabolic disturbances, but there are only a few studies on their effects on serum lipids in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15690319-0 2005 Differential regulation of insulin action and tumor necrosis factor alpha system activity by metformin. Metformin 93-102 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 15690319-10 2005 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin is able to reverse insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in high-risk subjects for type 2 diabetes mellitus independently of the effects on tumor necrosis factor alpha system activity. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 24790303-4 2005 Metformin is considered to be the most effective oral agent as monotherapy for Japanese young persons with type 2 diabetes, because most of them are obese with insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 15513975-1 2005 BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metformin and acarbose on insulin resistance, hormone profiles and ovulation rates in patients with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 15722622-8 2005 The use of metformin, an insulin sensitizer, for affected adolescents is the topic of a presently heated debate. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 15388683-1 2004 Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are increasingly being treated with metformin as an insulin sensitizing agent to reduce symptoms of hyperandrogenism and promote fertility. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 15642799-1 2005 To investigate whether the long-term administration of metformin or pioglitazone to women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) could induce changes in their hypothalamic dopaminergic (DA) tone and to analyze whether these changes correlated with modifications in insulin resistance, we originally studied 57 obese hyperinsulinemic, non-diabetic, insulin resistant women with PCOS, but only 34 completed the study. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 264-271 15642799-1 2005 To investigate whether the long-term administration of metformin or pioglitazone to women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) could induce changes in their hypothalamic dopaminergic (DA) tone and to analyze whether these changes correlated with modifications in insulin resistance, we originally studied 57 obese hyperinsulinemic, non-diabetic, insulin resistant women with PCOS, but only 34 completed the study. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 320-327 15642799-9 2005 The present results suggests that either pioglitazone or metformin administration was associated with a clear improvement in the endogenous hypothalamic DA tone, simultaneously with an amelioration of the insulin resistance status in these obese women with PCOS. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 205-212 15606381-16 2005 CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin, metformin treatment was associated with improvement of endothelial function, which was largely unrelated to changes in glycaemic control, but not with improvement of chronic, low-grade inflammation. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 16116971-4 2005 After treatment for 6 months in the CPA+ metformin group, BMI and WHR were significantly decreased, while insulin sensitivity was significantly decreased as Compared with those before treatment. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 16116971-7 2005 It was concluded that combined use of CPA and metformin could improve the insulin sensitivity, and further suppress the hyperandrogenism in non-obese women with PCOS. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 15562389-0 2005 Metformin-diet benefits in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the bottom and top quintiles for insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 15562389-4 2005 After 12 months on metformin-diet, weight fell by 7% in both insulin-resistant groups (P < .0001), insulin, IR, and insulin secretion fell in the top insulin-resistant group by 60%, 64%, and 39% (all P < .0001), with smaller reductions in the bottom insulin-resistant group of 18%, 13% (P > .05 for both), and 22% (P < .01), respectively. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 15562389-10 2005 Metformin-diet should benefit most women with PCOS, even those with normal serum insulin, without IR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 16514819-0 2005 [Use of metformin (siofor) in patients with gout and insulin resistance (pilot 6-month results)]. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 16514819-0 2005 [Use of metformin (siofor) in patients with gout and insulin resistance (pilot 6-month results)]. Metformin 19-25 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 16514819-1 2005 AIM: To evaluate metformin efficacy and safety in patients with gout and insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 16514819-6 2005 RESULTS: A 6-month metformin therapy significantly changed the levels of glucose, insulin, HDLP and LDLP cholesterol, uric acid, HOMA index. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 15561641-4 2004 The concept that insulin-resistance, coupled with oxidative stress, may be the underlying mechanism responsible for fat accumulation and disease progression points to insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin, thiazolidinediones) as the most promising drugs. Metformin 195-204 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 15561641-4 2004 The concept that insulin-resistance, coupled with oxidative stress, may be the underlying mechanism responsible for fat accumulation and disease progression points to insulin-sensitizing agents (metformin, thiazolidinediones) as the most promising drugs. Metformin 195-204 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 15569129-10 2004 RESULTS: Rosiglitazone increased insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose uptake by 38% (from 38.7 +/- 3.4 to 53.3 +/- 3.6 micromol 100 g(-1) min(-1), P = 0.004) and whole body glucose uptake by 36% (P = 0.01), while metformin treatment had no significant effect on myocardial (40.5 +/- 3.5 vs. 36.6 +/- 5.2, NS) or whole body glucose uptake. Metformin 214-223 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 15598336-18 2004 Several pharmacological agents have been used including ursodeoxycholic acid, vitamin E, betaine, n-acetyl cysteine, and insulin sensitizing agents like metformin, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone. Metformin 153-162 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 15519498-1 2004 Metformin improves insulin sensitivity, which is correlated to phospholipid fatty acid composition in obese type 2 diabetics. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 15371448-0 2004 AMP-activated protein kinase is required for the lipid-lowering effect of metformin in insulin-resistant human HepG2 cells. Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 15371448-13 2004 Metformin lowers hepatic lipid content by activating AMPK, thereby mediating beneficial effects in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 15517078-10 2004 The luteal progesterone level may be enhanced in PCOS by decreasing insulin secretion with metformin. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 15531508-5 2004 Twenty-four-hour incubation of T2D islets with metformin was associated with increased insulin content, increased number and density of mature insulin granules, improved glucose-induced insulin release, and increased insulin mRNA expression. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 15579189-11 2004 Metformin treatment for 6 months in insulin-resistant PCOS women (n = 9) had no effect on plasma adiponectin (P = 0.59) despite significant loss of weight and fat mass and improvement in hyperandrogenaemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 15531508-5 2004 Twenty-four-hour incubation of T2D islets with metformin was associated with increased insulin content, increased number and density of mature insulin granules, improved glucose-induced insulin release, and increased insulin mRNA expression. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 15531508-5 2004 Twenty-four-hour incubation of T2D islets with metformin was associated with increased insulin content, increased number and density of mature insulin granules, improved glucose-induced insulin release, and increased insulin mRNA expression. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 15531508-5 2004 Twenty-four-hour incubation of T2D islets with metformin was associated with increased insulin content, increased number and density of mature insulin granules, improved glucose-induced insulin release, and increased insulin mRNA expression. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 15482765-8 2004 RESULT(S): Frequencies of ovulation were higher after treatment with an insulin-sensitizing drug (ovulations per subject in 6 months: metformin, 3.3; rosiglitazone, 2.4; and combination, 3.4) than with placebo (0.4). Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 15495054-18 2004 Combination therapy with bedtime NPH insulin resulted in statistically significantly less weight gain compared to insulin monotherapy, provided metformin was used +/-sulphonylurea. Metformin 144-153 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 15495054-20 2004 REVIEWERS" CONCLUSIONS: Bedtime NPH insulin combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents provides comparable glycaemic control to insulin monotherapy and is associated with less weight gain if metformin is used. Metformin 188-197 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 15469778-4 2004 Combining an insulin secretagogue (ie, sulfonylurea or meglitinide) and an insulin sensitizer (ie, metformin or a glitazone) capitalizes on unique mechanisms of action and results in significant A1C lowering (SOR: C). Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 15372361-5 2004 Metformin treatment significantly reduced their body weights (p < 0.01), body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.01), the levels of HbA1c (p < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p < 0.05), serum insulin (p < 0.05), C-peptide (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and total cholesterol (p < 0.05). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 198-205 15529521-0 2004 Avandamet: combined metformin-rosiglitazone treatment for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 15697072-9 2004 Body weight, free testosterone, insulin and insulin resistance levels decreased significantly after metformin therapy. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 15697072-9 2004 Body weight, free testosterone, insulin and insulin resistance levels decreased significantly after metformin therapy. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 15697073-9 2004 By decreasing insulin and IGF-I levels, metformin therapy offers additional beneficial effects in resumption of regular menses. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 15529521-2 2004 Metformin (a biguanide) and rosiglitazone (a thiazolidinedione) counter insulin resistance, acting by different cellular mechanisms. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 15356029-2 2004 Recently, we disclosed the efficacy of insulin sensitization with metformin to disrupt progression from PP to PCOS in formerly LBW girls who were postmenarche. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 15211369-2 2004 We aimed to compare the effect of orlistat and orlistat plus metformin combination therapy on weight loss and insulin resistance in obese women. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 15647714-3 2004 Metformin has been joined by thiazolidinediones to reduce insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 15647716-5 2004 Therefore, agents that improve beta-cell function (such as sulfonylureas and meglitinides) and insulin sensitizers (such as metformin and thiazolidinediones) both are useful alone or in combination for treating type 2 diabetes. Metformin 124-133 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 15262344-6 2004 Metformin, as insulin-sensitizing drug, is being evaluated for its potential long-term disease-modifying effect, such as prevention of diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 15697072-3 2004 This study was designed to evaluate the effects of metformin and flutamide on metabolic parameters and insulin resistance in non-obese women with PCOS. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 15165912-2 2004 Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, may decrease the occurrence of these outcomes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 15475228-4 2004 Despite its use for a number of years, metformin"s role as an insulin sensitizer has only recently been appreciated. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 15239026-1 2004 The effects of a combination of repaglinide and metformin on the insulin secretion pattern and insulin sensitivity were studied in a fixed-dose, open-label, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 15239026-7 2004 The insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was increased by 35 % after 1 week of combination therapy with repaglinide plus metformin (1.11 +/- 0.03 x 10 (2) vs. 0.83 +/- 0.21 x 10 (2) mg x kg (-1) body weight x min (-1) x pmol (-1) x l, respectively; p = 0.033). Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 15625771-3 2004 Therefore this review aims to discuss the current evidence on the use of metformin, a commonly used insulin-sensitizing agent, in treating both the short-term and the long-term problems of women with PCOS. Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 15247056-8 2004 Drugs that inhibit glycolysis (2-deoxyglucose) or enhance insulin action (metformin) are being assessed as CR mimetics. Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 14871885-0 2004 Metformin, but not leptin, regulates AMP-activated protein kinase in pancreatic islets: impact on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 14871885-6 2004 Incubation with metformin (0.2-1 mM) activated AMPK in both human islets and MIN6 beta-cells in parallel with an inhibition of insulin secretion, whereas leptin (10-100 nM) was without effect in MIN6 cells. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 14871885-8 2004 The inhibitory effects of metformin on insulin secretion may therefore need to be considered with respect to the use of this drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 15163284-6 2004 Improvement of insulin sensitivity can be obtained with metformin and thiazolidinediones. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 15129054-1 2004 PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The use of insulin sensitizing drugs such as metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome has been increasingly popular and validated by systematic reviews. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 15334791-10 2004 Metformin significantly lowered fasting plasma insulin and postprandial plasma insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 15334791-10 2004 Metformin significantly lowered fasting plasma insulin and postprandial plasma insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 15645955-12 2004 Insulin resistance decreased significantly with metformin and pioglitazone, beta cell fuhction also showed improvement CONCLUSIONS: Glycaemic control was seen in all study groups, the improvement was better in drug treated groups than in the control group. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15136950-15 2004 CONCLUSION: Metformin improves significantly hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in PCOS patients and appears to be an efficacious mode of therapy. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 15115425-5 2004 In some circumstances (eg, severe insulin resistance), metformin therapy during pregnancy may be warranted. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 15125825-13 2004 CONCLUSIONS: Bedtime NPH insulin added to maximal therapy with sulfonylurea and metformin is an effective, simple, well-tolerated approach for patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 15063962-0 2004 Metformin therapy increases insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in hyperinsulinemic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 15080783-10 2004 Metformin treatment of 9 obese, insulin-resistant PCOS patients over a period of 6 months caused a significant decrease in body weight, body fat mass and total testosterone, but showed no significant decline in IL-6 or CRP concentrations. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 15235215-5 2004 Treatment with insulin sensitizers, metformin and thiazolidinediones, improve both metabolic and hormonal patterns and also improve ovulation in PCOS. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 15149568-6 2004 Of the available insulin-sensitizing agents, metformin has been the agent most frequently studied in PCOS, and has the least undesirable pregnancy safety profile. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 15149568-7 2004 Ameliorating the metabolic syndrome associated with insulin resistance in PCOS with metformin may also prevent long-term cardiovascular and diabetes complications, pending further evidence. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 15140339-0 2004 Pioglitazone as monotherapy or in combination with sulfonylurea or metformin enhances insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S or QUICKI) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 15140339-5 2004 STUDY AIM: To evaluate the effect of PIO monotherapy and in combination therapy with sulfonylurea (SU) or metformin (MET) on insulin sensitivity as assessed by HOMA-S and QUICKI in a large group of patients (approximately 1000). Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 15063962-10 2004 CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that metformin therapy not only restores normal levels of insulin and testosterone, but also decreases the pool of free-bioactive IGF-I by increasing the levels of circulating IGFBP-1. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 15063963-12 2004 RESULTS: Serum androgens and insulin response to OGTT decreased significantly after metformin therapy. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 15063963-16 2004 CONCLUSION(S): Metformin improves insulin resistance and reduces androgen levels. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 15645955-14 2004 Metformin and pioglitazone had beneficial effects on lipid levels, improved insulin sensitivity and improved insulin secretion also. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 15645955-14 2004 Metformin and pioglitazone had beneficial effects on lipid levels, improved insulin sensitivity and improved insulin secretion also. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 14987322-2 2004 AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect of metformin, a well-known insulin-sensitizing agent, in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 14987322-7 2004 RESULTS: The mean serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, insulin and C-peptide levels decreased and the index of insulin resistance improved significantly from baseline in the group given metformin. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 15019860-2 2004 However, the emphasis on initial therapy has been shifting from secretagogues and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors to insulin sensitizers such as metformin and the thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Metformin 142-151 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 14987322-7 2004 RESULTS: The mean serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, insulin and C-peptide levels decreased and the index of insulin resistance improved significantly from baseline in the group given metformin. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 14987322-10 2004 CONCLUSION: The data suggest that improvement of the insulin sensitivity with metformin may improve the liver disease in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 15001195-2 2004 Metformin improves insulin action and lower plasma FFA concentrations. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 15001195-7 2004 RESULTS: Metformin treatment, but not placebo treatment, was associated with a decrease in fasting plasma glucose (P <.05), insulin (P <.05), triglyceride (P <.05), and FFA (P <.03) concentrations and HOMA index (P <.03). Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 15032652-0 2004 Insulin resistance as a therapeutic target for improved endothelial function: metformin. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15032627-8 2004 This goal can be obtained with preventive measures, as physical activity, diet and drugs that can reduce insulin resistance (metformin and thiazolidinediones). Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 15032652-6 2004 Metformin has beneficial effects on endothelial function which appear to be mediated through its effects to improve insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 15641325-8 2004 Insulin secretagogues increase insulin levels, whereas insulin sensitizers, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, decrease insulin resistance. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 15641325-8 2004 Insulin secretagogues increase insulin levels, whereas insulin sensitizers, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, decrease insulin resistance. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 15046183-6 2004 Insulin resistance provides a target for specific treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver, and insulin-sensitising agents (metformin or thiazolidinediones) as well as lifestyle changes to reduce visceral adiposity are the most promising therapeutic options. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 14998944-0 2004 Metformin during pregnancy reduces insulin, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, weight, testosterone and development of gestational diabetes: prospective longitudinal assessment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome from preconception throughout pregnancy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 14998944-0 2004 Metformin during pregnancy reduces insulin, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, weight, testosterone and development of gestational diabetes: prospective longitudinal assessment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome from preconception throughout pregnancy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Metformin 178-187 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Metformin 178-187 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Metformin 178-187 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 14748678-5 2004 Lifestyle changes as recommended in diabetes are fundamental for treatment; addition of insulin-sensitising agents (eg, metformin) may be valuable in circumstances such as anovulatory infertility. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 15090799-7 2004 Fasting insulin and insulin area under the curve decreased significantly more in the exercise and metformin group (P < 0.05). Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 15090799-7 2004 Fasting insulin and insulin area under the curve decreased significantly more in the exercise and metformin group (P < 0.05). Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 14725687-2 2004 Weight loss is beneficial, but the additional administration of insulin-lowering drugs, such as metformin, and antiandrogens may produce further benefits, due to their different spectrum of action. Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 14984444-13 2004 It is possible that improving insulin sensitivity with diet, exercise and drugs such as metformin may reduce the risk of diabetes in individuals at high risk, such as women with polycystic ovary syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, and a history of GDM. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 14764283-5 2004 Metformin is the most extensively studied insulin-sensitizing agent for the treatment of women with PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 14764283-6 2004 Use of metformin leads to a decrease in serum insulin and androgen levels, as well as an improvement in ovulatory function. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 14967373-9 2004 RESULT(S): In the metformin group of nonobese patients, the mean fasting serum insulin concentration decreased from a pretreatment value of 12.1 +/- 2.4 to 6.3 +/- 0.6 microU/mL after treatment, and the area under the curve of insulin decreased from 5,189.1 +/- 517.4 to 3,035.6 +/- 208.9 microU/mL per minute. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 14967373-9 2004 RESULT(S): In the metformin group of nonobese patients, the mean fasting serum insulin concentration decreased from a pretreatment value of 12.1 +/- 2.4 to 6.3 +/- 0.6 microU/mL after treatment, and the area under the curve of insulin decreased from 5,189.1 +/- 517.4 to 3,035.6 +/- 208.9 microU/mL per minute. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 227-234 14752300-1 2004 Metformin is a common treatment for women who have insulin resistance manifesting as type 2 diabetes or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 15209435-21 2004 Metformin, a biguanide oral antidiabetic agent, was shown to affect insulin resistance by decreasing enzymatic activity of overexpressed PC-1 molecules in obese type 2 diabetics. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 14686957-0 2004 Effects of short-term metformin treatment on insulin sensitivity of blood glucose and free fatty acids. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 14686957-1 2004 AIM: Based on the known effect of metformin (MET) in improving insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, with the scope to focus the effects on glycaemic and free fatty acids (FFA) levels, we studied the effects of a short-term treatment with this drug in obese subjects and obese patients with diabetes or family history of diabetes (FHD). Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 14693980-6 2004 Fasting insulin levels were also reduced (pioglitazone arm -1.3 micro IU/ml; metformin arm -0.8 micro IU/ml). Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 14979733-8 2004 Studies aimed at reversing insulin resistance have identified weight loss, exercise and pharmacological treatment with metformin, thiazolidinediones, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and ACE inhibitors as potential therapies to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 15200348-12 2004 Metformin and thiazolidinediones affect insulin sensitivity by independent mechanisms. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 15200348-16 2004 Sulphonylureas are particularly beneficial when combined with agents such as metformin that decrease insulin resistance. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 15106708-2 2004 Insulin-sensitizing drugs like metformin may have a role in the treatment of this disease. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 14715857-0 2004 Metformin therapy increases insulin-stimulated release of D-chiro-inositol-containing inositolphosphoglycan mediator in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 14715857-2 2004 Furthermore, similar effects of DCI and metformin, an insulin-sensitizing drug, have been demonstrated in PCOS women. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 14715857-3 2004 To determine whether metformin improves insulin actions by increasing biologically active DCI-IPG in women with PCOS, we analyzed DCI-IPG during an oral glucose tolerance test in 19 obese women with PCOS before and after 4-8 wk of metformin or placebo. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 14715857-4 2004 After treatment, the mean (+/-SE) area under the curve (AUC) during the oral glucose tolerance test of insulin (AUC(insulin)) decreased significantly more in the metformin group, compared with the placebo group [-3574 +/- 962 vs. +1367 +/- 1021 micro IU/min.ml (-26 +/- 7 vs. +10 +/- 7 nmol/min.liter), P = 0.003], but the AUC of DCI-IPG (AUC(DCI-IPG)) decreased similarly in both groups (-1452 +/- 968 vs. -2207 +/- 1021%/min, P = 0.60). Metformin 162-171 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 14715857-4 2004 After treatment, the mean (+/-SE) area under the curve (AUC) during the oral glucose tolerance test of insulin (AUC(insulin)) decreased significantly more in the metformin group, compared with the placebo group [-3574 +/- 962 vs. +1367 +/- 1021 micro IU/min.ml (-26 +/- 7 vs. +10 +/- 7 nmol/min.liter), P = 0.003], but the AUC of DCI-IPG (AUC(DCI-IPG)) decreased similarly in both groups (-1452 +/- 968 vs. -2207 +/- 1021%/min, P = 0.60). Metformin 162-171 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 14715857-5 2004 However, the ratio of AUC(DCI-IPG)/AUC(insulin) increased by 160% after metformin and decreased by 29% after placebo (P = 0.002 between groups). Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 14715857-6 2004 Moreover, metformin seemed to improve the positive correlation between AUC(DCI-IPG) and AUC(insulin) but not placebo (r = 0.32, P = 0.68 at baseline; r = 0.52, P = 0.12 after metformin; and r = -0.39, P = 0.30 after placebo). Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 14715857-6 2004 Moreover, metformin seemed to improve the positive correlation between AUC(DCI-IPG) and AUC(insulin) but not placebo (r = 0.32, P = 0.68 at baseline; r = 0.52, P = 0.12 after metformin; and r = -0.39, P = 0.30 after placebo). Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 14715857-7 2004 We conclude that in obese women with PCOS, metformin may improve the action of insulin in part by improving insulin-mediated release of DCI-IPG mediators, as evidenced by increased bioactive DCI-IPG released per unit of insulin. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 14715857-7 2004 We conclude that in obese women with PCOS, metformin may improve the action of insulin in part by improving insulin-mediated release of DCI-IPG mediators, as evidenced by increased bioactive DCI-IPG released per unit of insulin. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 14715857-7 2004 We conclude that in obese women with PCOS, metformin may improve the action of insulin in part by improving insulin-mediated release of DCI-IPG mediators, as evidenced by increased bioactive DCI-IPG released per unit of insulin. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 14761669-0 2004 Combination of metformin and thiazolidindiones restore insulin signalling in insulin-resistant cultured myotubes. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 14761669-0 2004 Combination of metformin and thiazolidindiones restore insulin signalling in insulin-resistant cultured myotubes. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 14761669-1 2004 We examined the effect of combination of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and metformin on insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 15330682-3 2004 A decrease in fasting plasma insulin, a marker of insulin resistance, was seen with metformin XT but not with immediate-release (IR) metformin in one well designed trial, but changes were similar in another. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 14761669-2 2004 The combined use of TZDs and metformin resulted in maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at 12.5 microM of TZDs and 100 microM of metformin as compared to the maximum tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 achieved at 50 microM of TZDs or 400 microM of metformin. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 14761669-4 2004 Results demonstrated that (1) Additive effect on insulin sensitization can be achieved by a combination of TZDs and metformin at lower concentration; (2) combination of TZDs and metformin act on insulin signaling molecules in insulin resistance; (3) in vitro system has the potentiality to determine possible target molecule(s) and mechanism of action of drugs. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 15696851-11 2004 Weight loss, metformin or thiazolidinediones can improve NAFLD by increasing insulin sensitivity. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 15330682-3 2004 A decrease in fasting plasma insulin, a marker of insulin resistance, was seen with metformin XT but not with immediate-release (IR) metformin in one well designed trial, but changes were similar in another. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 14644809-10 2003 Although initial studies suggest that Metformin may be particularly useful for treating the PCOS adolescent with insulin resistance and obesity, additional studies are needed to determine the efficacy and long-term outcome. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 14749143-11 2003 Because patients with type 2 diabetes often have excess hepatic glucose output, use of metformin is effective in lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 1 to 2 percentage points when used as monotherapy or in combination with other blood glucose-lowering agents or insulin. Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 269-276 14644838-6 2003 The experiences with insulin-sensitizing drugs, especially metformin, are reviewed; while their beneficial role as an adjuvant to treatment of ovulatory infertility has been well established, the effects of a long-term treatment, especially in very young patients, are still under debate. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 15000437-0 2003 The combination metformin/glyburide exerts its hypoglycemic effect mainly by increasing insulin secretion: a controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 15260389-0 2003 Beneficial effects of triple drug combination of pioglitazone with glibenclamide and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on insulin therapy. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 14535967-9 2003 INTERVENTION: Addition of metformin or placebo to insulin therapy. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 14576245-9 2003 Metformin has an effect in reducing fasting insulin concentrations, blood pressure, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 15260389-12 2003 CONCLUSIONS: With proper patient selection, pioglitazone with glibenclamide and metformin can be safely used in patients receiving insulin with good results. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 14510863-7 2003 Compared with treatment on Metformin, there was an increase in insulin sensitivity (HOMA S% 17.2-31.6) but no change in glycaemic control. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 15000437-11 2003 Increased insulin secretion was the explanation for the additive effects of the combination (percentual change in acute insulin response during the minimal model = 5.8 vs 51.5 vs 88.2% for metformin, glyburide and the combination, p < 0.05). Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 15000437-13 2003 In conclusion, the additive hypoglycemic effects of the combination glyburide/metformin was caused by increased insulin secretion. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 14502098-3 2003 Experimental studies show that metformin-mediated improvements in insulin sensitivity may be associated with several mechanisms, including increased insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, enhanced glycogen synthesis, and an increase in the recruitment and activity of GLUT4 glucose transporters. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 14514347-2 2003 The aim of the present study was to investigate whether addition of metformin for 3 Months improves metabolic control and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 14514347-9 2003 Peripheral glucose uptake divided by mean plasma insulin concentration was increased in the metformin group (P<0.05) but not in the placebo group. Metformin 92-101 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 14557435-2 2003 Because the insulin sensitizer metformin has been shown to improve metabolic disturbances in PCOS, it was of particular interest to examine serum CRP levels during metformin therapy. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 14502098-4 2003 In adipose tissue, metformin promotes the re-esterification of free fatty acids and inhibits lipolysis, which may indirectly improve insulin sensitivity through reduced lipotoxicity. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 14502099-3 2003 The landmark UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) showed that intensive glycaemic management with metformin significantly reduced the risk of a range of debilitating and/or life-threatening macrovascular complications, compared with other oral agents, diet and insulin who achieved similar overall glycaemic control. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 262-269 14502100-4 2003 Metformin is a biguanide compound which is antihyperglycaemic, reduces insulin resistance and has cardioprotective effects on lipids, thrombosis and blood flow. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 14502102-2 2003 Metformin improves insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle as its primary antihyperglycaemic mechanism of action, and intensive glycaemic management with metformin significantly reduced the risk of macrovascular diabetic complications in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 14502102-3 2003 The clinical outcome benefits in the metformin group included a significant reduction in the risk of stroke (- 41% vs + 14% with sulphonylurea or insulin treatment, p=0.032), which is well known to be highly sensitive to changes in blood pressure. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 14502105-6 2003 Metformin is a mild inhibitor of respiratory chain complex 1; it activates AMPK in several models, apparently independently of changes in the AMP-to-ATP ratio; it activates G6PDH in a model of high-fat related insulin resistance; and it has antioxidant properties by a mechanism (s), which is (are) not completely elucidated as yet. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 210-217 12970273-9 2003 However, metformin did reduce markers of insulin resistance. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 12877648-2 2003 A new single-tablet of glyburide/metformin combination therapy (Glucovance), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc.) has recently been developed, which addresses the primary defects of Type 2 diabetes: beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 216-223 12746632-0 2003 Effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in female obese patients with normal glucose tolerance. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 14502098-0 2003 Reducing insulin resistance with metformin: the evidence today. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 14502098-2 2003 Metformin, the most widely-prescribed insulin-sensitizing agent in current clinical use, improves blood glucose control mainly by improving insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production, and by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 14502098-2 2003 Metformin, the most widely-prescribed insulin-sensitizing agent in current clinical use, improves blood glucose control mainly by improving insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production, and by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 14502098-2 2003 Metformin, the most widely-prescribed insulin-sensitizing agent in current clinical use, improves blood glucose control mainly by improving insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production, and by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 14502098-3 2003 Experimental studies show that metformin-mediated improvements in insulin sensitivity may be associated with several mechanisms, including increased insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, enhanced glycogen synthesis, and an increase in the recruitment and activity of GLUT4 glucose transporters. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 15255372-6 2003 The value of the insulin sensitizer metformin therapy awaits further evaluation and it should be integrated in the spectrum of therapeutical options that include the discussed surgical methods and GnRH analogues as well. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 12877089-0 2003 [Insulin-sensitizing agents: metformin and thiazolidinedione derivatives]. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 1-8 12877089-1 2003 Both metformin and thiazolidinedione derivatives(TZDs) improve insulin resistance, a major pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and decrease blood glucose levels without stimulating insulin secretion. Metformin 5-14 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 12916337-11 2003 During insulin therapy, treatment of the insulin resistance with an oral antidiabetic, mostly metformin, and the lifestyle changes must be continued. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 12836724-6 2003 Recent studies have investigated the role of the insulin-sensitizing agent, metformin, in the treatment of PCOS. Metformin 76-85 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 12681023-0 2003 Addition of rosiglitazone to metformin is most effective in obese, insulin-resistant patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 12871871-5 2003 RESULTS: In 13 non-responders, on metformin diet, median serum insulin fell (21 to 16 microIU/ml, P<0.05) and insulin secretion fell from 251 to 200 (P<0.01); weight, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), testosterone and IR were unchanged (P> or =0.07). Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 12757988-9 2003 During the treatment period, fasting plasma insulin (FPI) decreased significantly in both groups, more so with metformin (P<0.05). Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 12757988-10 2003 Two-hour postprandial plasma insulin (PPI) levels decreased only in the metformin group (P<0.05). Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 12788862-0 2003 Low-dose flutamide-metformin therapy reverses insulin resistance and reduces fat mass in nonobese adolescents with ovarian hyperandrogenism. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 12788862-3 2003 Combined antiandrogen (flutamide 250 mg/d) and insulin-sensitizing (metformin) therapy has beneficial effects, in particular on dyslipidemia and androgen excess in young women. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 12788862-10 2003 Flutamide-metformin treatment (n = 30) was followed within 3 months by marked decreases in hirsutism score and serum androgens, by a more than 50% increase in insulin sensitivity and by a less atherogenic lipid profile (all P < 0.0001). Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 12788862-14 2003 In conclusion, in teenage girls with ovarian hyperandrogenism, low-dose combined flutamide-metformin therapy attenuated a spectrum of abnormalities, including insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 12746632-1 2003 OBJECTIVES: Metformin is recognized as the treatment of chronic obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 12749437-7 2003 Metformin dose-dependently inhibited gonadotrophin and insulin-stimulated P and E2 production (range 25%-50%). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 12749437-8 2003 In theca, metformin inhibited A production (0%-40%) with no effect on P. In the presence of insulin, A was inhibited dose-dependently and P increased by a similar magnitude. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 12679450-7 2003 Therefore, pioglitazone and metformin are equally efficacious in regard to glycemic control, but they exert significantly different effects on insulin sensitivity due to differing mechanisms of action. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 12642010-7 2003 Treatment of HIV-related LD with metformin may ameliorate insulin resistance, but its impact on fat redistribution requires additional studies. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 12634538-10 2003 Patients receiving metformin also had a significantly higher plasma concentration of insulin. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 12683699-4 2003 With the introduction of metformin in the United States in the mid-1990s and the subsequent advent of thiazolidinediones, an opportunity exists to address and directly reverse, at least in part, the defects in insulin action seen in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 210-217 12852706-2 2003 The synergistic effects of combining glipizide with metformin on glucose control may be realized by treating the primary effects of type 2 DM, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 12634538-12 2003 This effect may be mediated by either a metformin-induced augmentation of insulin sensitivity or by increasing insulin availability. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 12546685-6 2003 (iv) The reported beneficial effects of exercise and metformin on cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance in humans could be related to the fact that they activate AMPK. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 12589230-3 2003 Patients on monotherapy might benefit from a combination agent such as glyburide/metformin, which increases insulin secretion and reduces insulin resistance. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 12686020-9 2003 Attention is currently focused on the insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinediones), as they appear to impact processes related to the insulin resistance syndrome and the vascular pathophysiologic changes of atherosclerosis. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 14553866-6 2003 In particular, information on insulin-sensitizing agents-metformin and the currently available thiazolidinediones (TZDs), pioglitazone and rosiglitazone-is presented. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 12942379-4 2003 The optimal treatment for insulin resistance and impaired glucose intolerance in HIV-infected patients is not known, but preliminary studies have suggested that metformin, an insulin sensitizing agent, improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Metformin 161-170 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 12942379-4 2003 The optimal treatment for insulin resistance and impaired glucose intolerance in HIV-infected patients is not known, but preliminary studies have suggested that metformin, an insulin sensitizing agent, improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Metformin 161-170 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 12942379-4 2003 The optimal treatment for insulin resistance and impaired glucose intolerance in HIV-infected patients is not known, but preliminary studies have suggested that metformin, an insulin sensitizing agent, improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Metformin 161-170 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 12917943-0 2003 Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12917943-3 2003 If insulin sensitising agents such as metformin are effective in treating features of PCOS, then they could have wider health benefits than just treating the symptoms of the syndrome. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 12917943-11 2003 Metformin has a significant effect in reducing fasting insulin levels (WMD -5.37, CI -8.11 to -2.63), blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 12803736-8 2003 Metformin (an insulin sensitiser) and glibenclamide (an insulin secretagogue) are well supported by decades of clinical evidence, and the pharmacokinetics of these agents support twice-daily co-administration. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 12502670-9 2003 This was achieved at lower daily insulin dosages (metformin group -0.14 +/- 0.1 vs. placebo group 0.02 +/- 0.2 units. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 12930161-5 2003 Nonetheless, because insulin levels decline with metformin use, it has been termed an "insulin sensitiser". Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 12930161-5 2003 Nonetheless, because insulin levels decline with metformin use, it has been termed an "insulin sensitiser". Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 12790691-5 2003 Whenever insulin is required by the obese diabetic patient after failure to respond to oral drugs, it should be preferably prescribed in combination with an oral agent, more particularly metformin or acarbose, or possibly a thiazolidinedione. Metformin 187-196 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 12519844-1 2003 Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing drug, has been shown to improve ovarian function and glucose metabolism in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but its effects and possible benefits in nonobese PCOS subjects are not well known. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 12519844-8 2003 Metformin improved hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and menstrual cyclicity, most likely through its positive effect on insulin clearance and abdominal adiposity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 12716216-8 2003 In at least two randomized controlled studies, metformin proved to be clinically effective in increasing insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinemic, nondiabetic adolescents. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 15526505-2 2003 Metformin is a first-line drug in the treatment of overweight and obese type 2 diabetic patients, offering a selective pathophysiological approach by its effect on insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 15526505-6 2003 Thus metformin appears to have a broad set of pharmacological properties, making the drug potentially applicable even in nondiabetic situations such as obesity, extreme insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans, polycystic ovary syndrome, etc. Metformin 5-14 insulin Homo sapiens 169-176 15526510-5 2003 Insulin resistance decreased by 14.5% (p=0.02) after metformin. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15526510-7 2003 In conclusion, the results from the present study demonstrate that metformin contributes to a reduction in body weight, body fat mass and waist circumference, improves insulin sensitivity and decreases basal, total and stimulated insulin secretion in obese subjects. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 15981942-19 2003 More recently, metformin has shown promise in promoting weight loss and improving insulin sensitivity among adolescents. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 12466058-7 2002 In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, oral administration of metformin at 320 mg/kg once daily made an increase of the response to exogenous short-acting human insulin 15 d later. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 12466058-8 2002 This is consistent with the view that metformin can increase insulin sensitivity. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 12489380-6 2002 Metformin and the thiazolidinediones are used to treat insulin resistance, but their actions differ. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 12489380-7 2002 Metformin reduces free-fatty-acid efflux from fat cells, thereby suppressing hepatic glucose production, and indirectly improves peripheral insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 12489380-14 2002 Metformin and thiazolidinediones are insulin-sensitizing agents with different mechanisms of action and effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 12605557-6 2003 Metformin, although no more effective as a glucose-lowering agent than sulfonylureas or insulin, does significantly reduce cardiovascular disease, probably as a result of its weak insulin-sensitising action. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 12511230-0 2003 Metformin modulates insulin post-receptor signaling transduction in chronically insulin-treated Hep G2 cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 12511230-0 2003 Metformin modulates insulin post-receptor signaling transduction in chronically insulin-treated Hep G2 cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 12511230-4 2003 Therapeutic concentrations (0.01-0.1 mmol/L) of metformin prevented the changes induced by chronic insulin treatment in these post-receptor components of insulin signaling pathway. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 12511230-4 2003 Therapeutic concentrations (0.01-0.1 mmol/L) of metformin prevented the changes induced by chronic insulin treatment in these post-receptor components of insulin signaling pathway. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 12511230-10 2003 The effect of metformin on insulin signaling transduction represent a primary mechanism of metformin action in insulin resistant state. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 12511230-10 2003 The effect of metformin on insulin signaling transduction represent a primary mechanism of metformin action in insulin resistant state. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 12511230-10 2003 The effect of metformin on insulin signaling transduction represent a primary mechanism of metformin action in insulin resistant state. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 12511230-10 2003 The effect of metformin on insulin signaling transduction represent a primary mechanism of metformin action in insulin resistant state. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 14553866-7 2003 Although metformin has been shown to indirectly reduce insulin resistance, TZDs are the only available agents that have been shown to directly lower insulin resistance. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 12453953-0 2002 The benefits of metformin therapy during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment of type 1 diabetic patients. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 12502670-1 2003 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether, in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, the addition of metformin to insulin and standard diabetes management results in 1) higher insulin sensitivity and 2) lower HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin dosage (units per kilogram per day) and BMI. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 12502670-1 2003 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether, in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, the addition of metformin to insulin and standard diabetes management results in 1) higher insulin sensitivity and 2) lower HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin dosage (units per kilogram per day) and BMI. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 12477517-11 2002 RESULT(S): Metformin treatment was associated with significant reduction in basal free testosterone plasma levels, insulin plasma levels, and insulin response to oral glucose tolerance testing. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 12477517-11 2002 RESULT(S): Metformin treatment was associated with significant reduction in basal free testosterone plasma levels, insulin plasma levels, and insulin response to oral glucose tolerance testing. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 12466374-4 2002 Metformin treatment was accompanied by a drop in fasting insulin and serum androgens and by a less atherogenic lipid profile (all P <or= 0.01). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 12404195-8 2002 TZD had a better antihyperglycemic potency than metformin when insulin was added (P <.001). Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 12453950-1 2002 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the metabolic effects of metformin, as compared with placebo, in type 2 diabetic patients intensively treated with insulin. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 12453950-11 2002 CONCLUSIONS-In type 2 diabetic patients who are intensively treated with insulin, the combination of insulin and metformin results in superior glycemic control compared with insulin therapy alone, while insulin requirements and weight gain are less. Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 12237252-0 2002 Metformin enhances insulin signalling in insulin-dependent and-independent pathways in insulin resistant muscle cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 12237252-0 2002 Metformin enhances insulin signalling in insulin-dependent and-independent pathways in insulin resistant muscle cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 12237252-0 2002 Metformin enhances insulin signalling in insulin-dependent and-independent pathways in insulin resistant muscle cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 12237252-2 2002 To evaluate the insulin sensitizing action of metformin on skeletal muscle cells, we have used C2C12 skeletal muscle cells differentiated in chronic presence or absence of insulin. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 12237252-8 2002 Metformin treatment restored PI 3-kinase activity in insulin-resistant myotubes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 12237252-16 2002 9 These data demonstrate the direct insulin sensitizing action of metformin on skeletal muscle cells. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 12401970-7 2002 In some obese adolescents, metformin therapy resulted in declines in body mass index, insulin, and glucose. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 12425366-7 2002 Our results demonstrate that metformin reduces hyperinsulinaemia, body weight and fat mass and improves insulin sensitivity in patients with insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 12425366-7 2002 Our results demonstrate that metformin reduces hyperinsulinaemia, body weight and fat mass and improves insulin sensitivity in patients with insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 12364442-8 2002 Treatment of 10 insulin-resistant PCOS women with metformin significantly increased circulating fasting ghrelin concentrations (P < 0.02). Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 12364443-0 2002 Sustained benefits of metformin therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with fat redistribution and insulin resistance. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 12453953-1 2002 OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess the insulin-sparing effect of oral administration of metformin along with a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) for the treatment of type 1 diabetic patients. Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 12453953-4 2002 RESULTS: Treatment with metformin was associated with a reduction in daily insulin requirements between V0 and V6 of -4.3 +/- 9.9 units (-7.8 +/- 18%) compared with an increase with placebo treatment of 1.7 +/- 8.3 units (2.8 +/- 12.7%) (P = 0.0043). Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 12453953-5 2002 A decrease in basal requirement of insulin was also observed in patients treated with metformin of -2.6 +/- 3.2 units (-7.9 +/- 23.8%) compared with an increase with placebo treatment of 1.9 +/- 5.7 units (8.8 +/- 27.1%) (P = 0.023). Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 12453953-11 2002 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin was found to be a safe insulin-sparing agent, when used in combination with CSII for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 12481381-7 2002 The combination of insulin capsules and glucophage tablets produced about 38% reduction in plasma glucose levels and significantly (P < 0.001) higher AUC and RH compared to either glucophage, doanil tablets or enteric coated insulin capsules alone. Metformin 40-50 insulin Homo sapiens 228-235 12202407-2 2002 The most extensively studied insulin-lowering agent in the treatment of PCOS is metformin: an oral antihyperglycaemic agent used initially in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 12387512-0 2002 Metformin adjunctive therapy with insulin improves glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 12387512-1 2002 Metformin lowers blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose output and improving insulin sensitivity without requiring an increase in circulating insulin concentration. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 12419034-5 2002 In patients treated with metformin, follicular fluid concentrations of testosterone and insulin were significantly lower (60.5 +/- 5 versus 79.1 +/- 6 ng/dl; P < 0.05 and 18 +/- 2.5 versus 22 +/- 2.4 micro IU/ml; P < 0.05 respectively), and the mean number of oocytes retrieved (22.3 +/- 2.4 versus 19.7 +/- 1.6) did not differ. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 12062853-7 2002 After stabilisation with combination therapy, those subjects on metformin used less insulin to maintain glycaemic control (13.7+/-6.8 vs. 23.0+/-9.4 U/day, P=0.001) and had lower HbA(1c) values (8.13+/-0.89 vs. 9.05+/-1.30%, P=0.003) compared with those not given metformin. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 12153743-2 2002 Insulin sensitising agents, such as metformin, improve both the biochemical and reproductive parameters; however, no study has been designed to specifically assess the effect of metformin on hair growth. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 12150695-5 2002 Improved pregnancy outcomes in women with PCOS receiving metformin may be attributed to its ability to reduce insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and hypofibrinolytic plasminogen activator inhibitor activity by the enhancement of folliculogenesis and improvement of oocyte quality. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 12151419-5 2002 Hence, PCOS should be regarded as a general health issue and the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin should be considered for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 12093242-1 2002 Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing agent with potent antihyperglycemic properties. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 12093242-4 2002 The antihyperglycemic properties of metformin are mainly attributed to suppressed hepatic glucose production, especially hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increased peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 178-185 12093242-5 2002 Although the precise mechanism of hypoglycemic action of metformin remains unclear, it probably interrupts mitochondrial oxidative processes in the liver and corrects abnormalities of intracellular calcium metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes) and cardiovascular tissue. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 12192894-1 2002 Most patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have hyperinsulinemia; thus it has been postulated that insulin-lowering drugs, such as metformin, might be a useful long-term choice. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 12093831-7 2002 After treatment, women in the OC + metformin group had significant decreases in BMI and WHR, and a significant increase in insulin sensitivity, in contrast to those in the OC group, who had insignificant changes in these parameters. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 12093831-9 2002 CONCLUSIONS: Adding metformin to the OC treatment may improve the insulin sensitivity, and may further suppress the hyperandrogenaemia in non-obese women with PCOS. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 12365468-0 2002 Discontinuation of metformin in type 2 diabetes patients treated with insulin. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 12365468-1 2002 BACKGROUND: Metformin added to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients improves glycaemic control and decreases the required daily dose of insulin (DDI). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 12365468-10 2002 CONCLUSIONS: In type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin plus metformin, glycaemic control can be maintained after discontinuation of metformin by increasing the DDI substantially (20 to 36%) during application of an intensified treatment protocol. Metformin 139-148 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 12032379-7 2002 Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, is particularly effective in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who have significant insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 12032379-7 2002 Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, is particularly effective in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who have significant insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 12032379-8 2002 Metformin use leads to a decrease in serum insulin and androgen levels as well as an improvement in ovulatory function. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 12192894-11 2002 These results suggest that metformin is effective in decreasing hyperandrogenism, mainly by reducing insulin levels. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 12050266-3 2002 We tested this hypothesis by comparing the efficacy of anti-androgen (flutamide) or insulin-sensitizing (metformin) monotherapy to that of combined therapy in normalizing the endocrine-metabolic and anovulatory status of nonobese, young women with hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism. Metformin 105-114 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 12050266-6 2002 Compared with monotherapy, combined flutamide-metformin therapy resulted in greater improvements in insulin sensitivity, in testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and triglyceride levels, and in low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio (all P < 0.005). Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 11812753-8 2002 However, insulin stimulation of PI 3-kinase activity was augmented nearly threefold after troglitazone treatment (from 67 +/- 22% stimulation over basal pre-treatment to 211 +/- 62% post-treatment, P < 0.05), whereas metformin had no effect. Metformin 220-229 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 12223963-13 2002 We should also mention the GnRH-agonists, and finally, dietetics and metformine (in cases of insulin-resistance). Metformin 69-79 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 12092688-12 2002 In most surveys, practitioners prescribe insulin or an oral agent, most often metformin. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 12149814-6 2002 The appropriate treatment of altered metabolism of carbohydrate requires: 1) a customized dietary approach depending on individual BMI and lipid alterations; 2) a physical exercise programme; 3) the use of insulin sensitization drugs: metformin and thiazolidinediones and, where the therapeutic goals are not achieved or there is a contraindication for oral hypoglycaemic drugs; 4) insulin therapy with regimens similar to other diabetic patients. Metformin 235-244 insulin Homo sapiens 206-213 12709286-11 2002 PCOS patients may become insulin resistant, a condition improved by the administration of metformin. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 11976561-9 2002 After one month of metformin treatment, retention of labelled insulin significantly increased (p<0.001) but was still significantly lower than in the controls (p<0.001). Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 11932281-4 2002 In the present study we tested the hypothesis that metformin therapy in obese adolescents with PCOS will attenuate the adrenal steroidogenic response to ACTH, with reduction of insulin resistance/insulinemia. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 11932281-13 2002 In summary, metformin treatment of obese adolescents with PCOS and impaired glucose tolerance is beneficial in improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, in lowering insulinemia, and in reducing elevated androgen levels. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 12017222-19 2002 Four of 20 African-American children presenting with mean glucose 650 mg/dl maintained normal HbA1c levels on small doses of metformin after initial treatment with multiple insulin injections with or without metformin. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 12017229-13 2002 Metformin did permit reduction of insulin dose in the combination group. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 11912566-8 2002 Also, metformin reduced the concentration of plasma glucose (P =.011), serum insulin (P=.044), and serum insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) (P=.013), while it increased serum glucagon concentration (P <.001). Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 11874944-9 2002 The reduction in insulin resistance determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was nearly twofold greater with troglitazone than metformin. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 11968579-15 2002 During metformin treatment the insulin level declined and subsequently the menstrual cycle became normal in 11 of 16 patients with hyperinsulinaeia (68.7%), incl. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 11968579-17 2002 The results indicate a possible new indication of metformin in the treatment of ovarian hyperandrogenism in insulin resistant patients. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 12017763-13 2002 In cases of severe insulin resistance the use of glitazones in conjunction with metformin or sulphonylureas may be indicated. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 11925670-5 2002 Positive correlations between DHEA/S and of the results insulin tolerance were found as at the baseline (+0.4452, resp. +0.4455) as well as in the control period after the metformin administration (+0.7549, resp. +0.6073). Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 11815472-10 2002 Addition of metformin to high-FFA media prevented impairment in glucose-mediated insulin release, decline of first-phase insulin secretion, and reduction of glucose utilization and oxidation without significantly affecting islet triglyceride accumulation. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 11902096-2 2002 Combining metformin with the amino acid derivative, nateglinide, tackles both beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, and produces a greater decrease in haemoglobin A1c levels than treatment with either drug alone. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 11756319-0 2002 Regulation of glucose transport and insulin signaling by troglitazone or metformin in adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic subjects. Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 11756319-4 2002 Metformin treatment increased insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal rates by 20% (P < 0.05); the response to troglitazone was greater (44% increase, P < 0.01 vs. baseline, P < 0.05 vs. metformin). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 11756319-11 2002 Insulin-stimulated serine phosphorylation of Akt was augmented after troglitazone (170 +/- 34% of pre-Rx response, P < 0.05) treatment and unchanged by metformin. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11893229-8 2002 Some drugs frequently used in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease, such as the fibric acid derivatives used in certain dyslipidaemias and metformin in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, also raise plasma homocysteine levels. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 11874440-2 2002 Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, enhances insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 11874440-3 2002 Previous studies have shown that metformin improves insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed rats. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 11874440-4 2002 The aim of this study was to determine the effect of metformin treatment on overall lipid metabolism and lipid peroxidation in rats that were fed a fructose-enriched diet, which leads to insulin resistance. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 187-194 11874440-11 2002 Administration of metformin (50 mg/kg/day) was associated with significant normalization of plasma insulin level and lipid alterations. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 11874440-17 2002 Improved insulin action in metformin-treated rats could be responsible for the amelioration of these abnormalities induced by fructose feeding. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 12494026-7 2002 Treatment with metformin allows to decrease insulin resistance and thus severity of derangements of metabolism. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 11779598-8 2002 RESULT(S): Metformin therapy resulted in a significant decrease in total T, LH level, LH/FSH ratio, insulin resistance, and mean BMI. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 11779598-12 2002 CONCLUSION(S): Metformin therapy not only decreases hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance but also improves ovulation rates, cervical scores, and pregnancy rates in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with PCOS. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 11808829-0 2002 Insulin-metformin combination therapy in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11808829-1 2002 The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of insulin-metformin combination therapy compared to insulin monotherapyin obese, insulin-requiring patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 11808829-5 2002 Insulin-metformin combination therapy resulted in a significant decrease in glycated hemoglobin values with a final mean reduction of 1.5% +/- 1.2% (p = 0.001). Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11808829-6 2002 FPG decreased significantly (p < 0.005) by week 4 of insulin-metformin therapy, but the change was not statistically significant by week 12, and daily insulin requirements were significantly reduced during combination therapy (p < 0.05). Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 11808829-7 2002 These results suggest that in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving > or = 70 U of daily insulin, the addition of metformin leads to improved glycemic control with lower daily doses of insulin and without adverse effects. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 205-212 11822582-16 2002 Among the patients with DM, a higher glucagon-stimulated serum C-peptide response was associated with diet/metformin treatment, a shorter duration of DM and predicted improved glycemic control up to one year later. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 63-72 11701439-4 2001 In the presence of metformin, identical infusion rates of insulin yielded higher insulin concentrations, namely 283 +/- 19 vs. 202 +/- 31 pmol/l for VI and II, respectively (P < 0.05). Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 15765617-9 2002 Thiazolidinediones are commonly used as add-on therapy for those requiring large daily doses of insulin therapy, or in addition to sulfonylurea agents and metformin for those reluctant to start insulin therapy. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 194-201 15765620-7 2002 In most studies conducted to date, metformin and the thiazolidinedione agent troglitazone have resulted in improved insulin sensitivity, resumption of regular menses and decreased serum androgen levels. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 11701439-4 2001 In the presence of metformin, identical infusion rates of insulin yielded higher insulin concentrations, namely 283 +/- 19 vs. 202 +/- 31 pmol/l for VI and II, respectively (P < 0.05). Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 11701439-8 2001 The synergistic effects of metformin and insulin could thus be explained by a metformin-mediated decrease in the extraction of insulin by the hindquarter (4.8 +/- 0.4% vs. 8.6 +/- 0.9%, P < 0.05). Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 11701439-8 2001 The synergistic effects of metformin and insulin could thus be explained by a metformin-mediated decrease in the extraction of insulin by the hindquarter (4.8 +/- 0.4% vs. 8.6 +/- 0.9%, P < 0.05). Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 11701439-8 2001 The synergistic effects of metformin and insulin could thus be explained by a metformin-mediated decrease in the extraction of insulin by the hindquarter (4.8 +/- 0.4% vs. 8.6 +/- 0.9%, P < 0.05). Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 11515833-9 2001 While current management usually involves oral contraceptives, future treatment may include insulin-lowering medications, such as metformin, to improve symptoms. Metformin 130-139 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 11727406-13 2001 The use of metformin or glitazones in combination with insulin has been demonstrated to have insulin-sparing properties. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 11735093-2 2001 It has been demonstrated that metformin, an antihyperglycemic agent, decreases hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance leading to decreased adiposity in obese and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) adults. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 11735093-6 2001 Compared to the placebo group, the metformin group had greater weight loss (6.5% +/- 0.8% v 3.8 +/- 0.4%, P <.01), greater decrease in body fat (P <.001), greater increase in fat-free mass to body fat ratio (P <.005), and greater attenuation of area under the curve (AUC) insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test (P <.001). Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 281-288 11735093-7 2001 This was associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity, as determined by the fasting plasma glucose:insulin, 2-hour glucose:insulin, and AUC glucose:AUC insulin ratios, in the metformin group compared to controls (P <.01). Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 11789058-0 2001 [Effect of long-term treatment with metformin on steroid levels and parameters of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome]. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 11724081-8 2001 Sulfonylurea and metformin with insulin was rarely used. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 11783602-17 2001 Group B (a) was conversely treated with intensive insulin therapy to achieve a HbA1c value below 7.5% (3 daily injections of regular and 1 or 2 daily injections of intermediate acting insulin associated with metformin 500 mg twice daily in 64% of the patients). Metformin 208-217 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 11703421-1 2001 BACKGROUND: Since metformin improves insulin sensitivity, it has been indicated for patients with diabetes and hypertension, which are insulin-resistant conditions. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 11703421-1 2001 BACKGROUND: Since metformin improves insulin sensitivity, it has been indicated for patients with diabetes and hypertension, which are insulin-resistant conditions. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 11703421-9 2001 Metformin induced a reduction in both insulinaemia (71.0+/-62.4 to 38.0+/-23.0 pmol/l, p < 0.05) and the insulin resistance index (3.5+/-2.7 to 1.8+/-1.0, p < 0.05). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 11703421-12 2001 CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in both the insulin levels and the resistance index reinforced metformin capacity to improve peripheral sensitivity. Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 11727360-3 2001 Recent studies report that insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin, reduce hyperinsulinemia, reverse the endocrinopathy of PCOS and normalize endocrine, metabolic and reproductive functions, leading to the resumption of menstrual cyclicity and ovulation. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 11600523-4 2001 In this study we investigated endothelin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, and we evaluated the effect of an insulin sensitizer, metformin, on endothelin-1 levels. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 11600523-11 2001 Moreover, after metformin therapy, hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinemia were normalized, and glucose utilization improved [obese before: total T, 0.9 +/- 0.15 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 22.2 +/- 12.1 U/liter; glucose utilization, 2.15 +/- 0.5 mg/kg.min; obese after: total T, 0.5 +/- 0.2 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 11.6 +/- 6 U/liter; glucose utilization, 4.7 +/- 1.4 mg/kg.min 9P < 0.003, P < 0.006, and P < 0.002, respectively); nonobese before: total T, 1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 15.5 +/- 7.6 U/liter; glucose utilization, 3.4 +/- 0.7 mg/kg.min; nonobese after: total T, 0.8 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 9 +/- 3.8 U/liter; glucose utilization, 6 +/- 1.7 mg/kg.min (P < 0.04, P < 0.02, and P < 0.0008, respectively)]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 11600523-11 2001 Moreover, after metformin therapy, hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinemia were normalized, and glucose utilization improved [obese before: total T, 0.9 +/- 0.15 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 22.2 +/- 12.1 U/liter; glucose utilization, 2.15 +/- 0.5 mg/kg.min; obese after: total T, 0.5 +/- 0.2 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 11.6 +/- 6 U/liter; glucose utilization, 4.7 +/- 1.4 mg/kg.min 9P < 0.003, P < 0.006, and P < 0.002, respectively); nonobese before: total T, 1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 15.5 +/- 7.6 U/liter; glucose utilization, 3.4 +/- 0.7 mg/kg.min; nonobese after: total T, 0.8 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 9 +/- 3.8 U/liter; glucose utilization, 6 +/- 1.7 mg/kg.min (P < 0.04, P < 0.02, and P < 0.0008, respectively)]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 11600523-11 2001 Moreover, after metformin therapy, hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinemia were normalized, and glucose utilization improved [obese before: total T, 0.9 +/- 0.15 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 22.2 +/- 12.1 U/liter; glucose utilization, 2.15 +/- 0.5 mg/kg.min; obese after: total T, 0.5 +/- 0.2 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 11.6 +/- 6 U/liter; glucose utilization, 4.7 +/- 1.4 mg/kg.min 9P < 0.003, P < 0.006, and P < 0.002, respectively); nonobese before: total T, 1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 15.5 +/- 7.6 U/liter; glucose utilization, 3.4 +/- 0.7 mg/kg.min; nonobese after: total T, 0.8 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 9 +/- 3.8 U/liter; glucose utilization, 6 +/- 1.7 mg/kg.min (P < 0.04, P < 0.02, and P < 0.0008, respectively)]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 11600523-11 2001 Moreover, after metformin therapy, hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinemia were normalized, and glucose utilization improved [obese before: total T, 0.9 +/- 0.15 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 22.2 +/- 12.1 U/liter; glucose utilization, 2.15 +/- 0.5 mg/kg.min; obese after: total T, 0.5 +/- 0.2 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 11.6 +/- 6 U/liter; glucose utilization, 4.7 +/- 1.4 mg/kg.min 9P < 0.003, P < 0.006, and P < 0.002, respectively); nonobese before: total T, 1 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 15.5 +/- 7.6 U/liter; glucose utilization, 3.4 +/- 0.7 mg/kg.min; nonobese after: total T, 0.8 +/- 0.5 ng/ml; fasting insulin, 9 +/- 3.8 U/liter; glucose utilization, 6 +/- 1.7 mg/kg.min (P < 0.04, P < 0.02, and P < 0.0008, respectively)]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 11547215-3 2001 Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are a new class of insulin sensitizers recently approved in Europe, in combination therapy with sulfonylureas or/and metformin, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin 142-151 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 11566961-5 2001 Metformin therapy also improves insulin sensitivity and has been associated with decreases in cardiovascular events in obese diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 11473953-1 2001 BACKGROUND: Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, has been used successfully as the first-line drug to induce ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 11523631-3 2001 In past experiments, we used both labeled glucose uptake, lipogenesis, and stimulation of calmodulin gene expression to quantify the ability of the antidiabetic drugs (pioglitazone and metformin) to reverse tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced IR in these insulin-treated cells. Metformin 185-194 insulin Homo sapiens 267-274 11431640-0 2001 [Effects of metformin on insulin resistance and on ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome]. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 11431640-3 2001 Objective of this study was to verify if the reduction of the circulating insulin levels, obtained through therapy with metformin, caused the reduction of LH levels, LH:FSH ratio, of testosterone and androstenedione levels, but also of cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, BMI, and naturally of insulinemia, glycemia, as well as an increase in HDLC (high density lipoprotein cholesterol). Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 11431640-4 2001 METHODS: The presence of insulin-resistance and hyperinsulinemia, in 15 women aged between 20 and 30 with BMI >26 kg/m2, has been verified with test loaded with glucose; 500 mg of metformin have been given to these women three times a day before meals for 12 weeks. Metformin 183-192 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 11436194-0 2001 Metformin reduces weight, centripetal obesity, insulin, leptin, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in nondiabetic, morbidly obese subjects with body mass index greater than 30. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 11485138-10 2001 Metformin was added and six months following discharge the patient"s blood glucose was well controlled with 36 units of insulin per day. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 11485138-14 2001 Metformin increases the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin and appeared to be useful in this patient. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 11436194-22 2001 Metformin safely and effectively reduces CHD risk factors (weight, fasting insulin, leptin, LDL cholesterol, centripetal obesity) in morbidly obese, nondiabetic subjects with BMI > 30, probably by virtue of its insulin-sensitizing action. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 11436194-22 2001 Metformin safely and effectively reduces CHD risk factors (weight, fasting insulin, leptin, LDL cholesterol, centripetal obesity) in morbidly obese, nondiabetic subjects with BMI > 30, probably by virtue of its insulin-sensitizing action. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 11453331-7 2001 Metformin, an oral hypoglycaemic agent that increases insulin sensitivity, has been shown to reduce serum concentrations of insulin and androgens, to reduce hirsutism, and to improve ovulation rates. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 11453331-10 2001 The effects of metformin on lipid abnormalities, hypertension or premature vascular disease are unknown, but the relative safety, moderate cost, and efficacy in reducing insulin resistance suggest that metformin may prove to be of benefit in combating these components of the "metabolic" syndrome in PCOS. Metformin 202-211 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 11411059-3 2001 The aim of our open, prospective, placebo controlled study was to assess the effect of metformin in poorly controlled diabetic patients type 1 with high insulin requirements. Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 11411059-4 2001 METHODS AND RESULTS: In the group comprised of 19 type 1 diabetic patients the insulin resistance was assessed by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry at the beginning of the study (B), 3 months later when metformin in the dose of 2 x 850 mg was added to existing insulin therapy (M) and after 3 months of placebo therapy (P). Metformin 228-237 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 11411059-10 2001 CONCLUSIONS: The combination of metformin and the intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetic patients led, in contrast to placebo, to the significant reduction in weight (p < 0.001), to the reduction in insulin requirements (p < 0.05), to the improved control of glycaemia (p < 0.01) and to the decrease of FFA during clamp (p < 0.01). Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 208-215 11331217-1 2001 OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical, hormonal and biochemical effect of 4-5 months of insulin-sensitizing therapy (hypocaloric diet+metformin) in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 133-142 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 11300445-4 2001 The effects of metformin, an antidiabetic agent that improves insulin sensitivity, on endothelial function have not been reported. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 11300445-9 2001 There was a significant improvement in insulin resistance with metformin (32.5% reduction in HOMA-IR, p = 0.01), and by stepwise multivariate analysis insulin resistance was the sole predictor of endothelium-dependent blood flow following treatment (r = -0.659, p = 0.0012). Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 11300445-10 2001 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin treatment improved both insulin resistance and endothelial function, with a strong statistical link between these variables. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 11335776-17 2001 Metformin caused a progressive decline in fasting blood glucose (from a mean of 84.9 to 75.1 mg%) and a reduction in fasting insulin levels (from 31.3 to 19.3 microU/mL). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 11335776-19 2001 Insulin sensitivity, as assessed by the ratio of fasting insulin to glucose concentrations and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (1/[log fasting insulin + log fasting glucose]) and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (fasting insulin x fasting glucose/22.5) indices, increased slightly in the metformin-treated participants. Metformin 326-335 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11436194-14 2001 On metformin, there were linear trends in decrements in weight, girth, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, insulin, and leptin throughout the study period (P <.007). Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 11436194-20 2001 The greater the reduction in insulin on metformin, the greater the reduction in leptin (partial R(2) = 8%, P =.03). Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 11238496-0 2001 Insulin reduction with metformin increases luteal phase serum glycodelin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 concentrations and enhances uterine vascularity and blood flow in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11238496-6 2001 In the metformin group, the mean (+/-SE) area under the serum insulin curve after glucose administration decreased from 62 +/- 6 to 19 +/- 2 nmol/L.min (P < 0.001). Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 11158071-0 2001 Increased PAI-1 and tPA antigen levels are reduced with metformin therapy in HIV-infected patients with fat redistribution and insulin resistance. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 15635851-1 2001 UNLABELLED: The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of metformin added to the usual insulin treatment on insulin resistance, on the dose of substituted insulin and on the compensation of type 1 diabetes. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 15635851-1 2001 UNLABELLED: The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of metformin added to the usual insulin treatment on insulin resistance, on the dose of substituted insulin and on the compensation of type 1 diabetes. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 15635851-8 2001 Insulin resistance was assessed by means of a hyperinsular euglycaemic clamp (insulinaemia 100 mlU/l) at the onset of the study (B), after three months of metformin treatment which was added to the insulin regimen in a dose of 2 x 850 mg (M). Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 15635851-17 2001 CONCLUSION: After adding metformin to the insulin regimen of type 2 diabetics after three months a statistically significant drop of body weight and the daily insulin dose occurred. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 15635851-17 2001 CONCLUSION: After adding metformin to the insulin regimen of type 2 diabetics after three months a statistically significant drop of body weight and the daily insulin dose occurred. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 10946879-0 2000 Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution, and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 11460576-0 2001 Metformin, the rebirth of a biguanide: mechanism of action and place in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 11460577-5 2001 The category of insulin sensitizers includes metformin and thiazolidinediones. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 11129120-5 2000 Metformin and the recently introduced thiazolidinediones have beneficial effects on reducing insulin resistance as well as providing glycaemic control. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 11061495-3 2000 We tested the hypothesis by assessing the effects of an insulin-sensitizing agent, metformin, given at a daily dose of 1275 mg for 6 months to 10 nonobese adolescent girls (mean age, 16.8 yr; body mass index, 21.9 kg/m2; birth weight, 2.7 kg) with hirsutism, ovarian hyperandrogenism (diagnosis by GnRH agonist test), oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia after precocious pubarche. Metformin 83-92 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 11061495-5 2000 Metformin treatment was well tolerated and was accompanied by a marked drop in hirsutism score, insulin response to oral glucose tolerance test, free androgen index, and baseline testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels (all P < 0.01). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 12622887-6 2001 The association biguanides and S, in particular glibenclamide plus metformin, is now widely used by diabetologists in SF since glibenclamide improves insulin secretion while metformin exerts its antidiabetic. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 11257323-11 2000 Insulin resistance measured by the homeostasis model decreased more in the metformin group than in the glibenclamide group. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 11257323-13 2000 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin significantly decreased the urine albumin excretion rate with none of the expected changes in renal hemodynamics, probably due to its favorable effects on blood pressure, lipid profile, metabolic control, and insulin resistance. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 232-239 11087006-10 2000 The combination of insulin with metformin or a thiazolidinedione is more logical as insulin resistance is targeted directly. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 11965830-7 2000 Metformin, which reduces insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, is being assessed in this same trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 10946879-2 2000 Dietary-induced weight loss and the administration of insulin-lowering drugs, such as metformin, are usually followed by improved hyperandrogenism and related clinical abnormalities. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 10946879-18 2000 Fasting insulin significantly decreased in both PCOS women and controls, regardless of treatment, whereas glucose-stimulated insulin significantly decreased only in PCOS women and controls treated with metformin. Metformin 202-211 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 12132467-1 2000 Metformin for insulin and heart problems? Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 11789189-4 2000 RESULTS: After treatment for three months with metformin or TGF, fasting and the integrated insulin response to the glucose load decreased. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 10904511-13 2000 CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a relatively low dosage of metformin reduces insulin resistance and related cardiovascular risk parameters in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 11242605-0 2000 How long can insulin therapy be avoided in the patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus by use of a combination of metformin and a sulfonylurea? Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 11242605-7 2000 CONCLUSION: When oral monotherapy fails (that is, glycosylated hemoglobin values exceed 8.0%) in patients with type 2 diabetes, combination therapy with a sulfonylurea and metformin is potentially effective in maintaining glycemic control and avoiding the addition of insulin or a thiazolidinedione for a mean duration of 7.9 years. Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 268-275 10856473-7 2000 RESULT(S): Metformin therapy resulted in a significant decrease in fasting insulin and total T and an increase in SHBG, leading to a decrease in the free T index. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 10929918-3 2000 Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent that increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis, and decreases intestinal glucose absorption. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 10929918-13 2000 CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with metformin and insulin improves glycemic control and reduces insulin requirements. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 15251651-7 1999 This reassessment followed a 12-week period of therapy to determine whether treatment of insulin resistance with the combination of metformin and troglitazone could normalize the impaired glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes. Metformin 132-141 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 10900588-4 2000 Metformin, a medication that improves insulin sensitivity and decreases serum insulin levels, restores menstrual cyclicity and ovulatory function and may improve fertility rates in women with PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 10900588-4 2000 Metformin, a medication that improves insulin sensitivity and decreases serum insulin levels, restores menstrual cyclicity and ovulatory function and may improve fertility rates in women with PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 10900588-9 2000 CONCLUSION: These three patients reflect the heterogeneous nature of PCOS, and treating their underlying insulin resistance with metformin resulted in pregnancy. Metformin 129-138 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 10872292-7 2000 The group of insulin sensitizers includes the biguanide, metformin and the thiazolidinediones or glitazones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone). Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 11467307-6 2000 Among antidiabetic agents, sulfonylureas and insulin are associated with risk for severe hypoglycemia, metformin with risk for lactic acidosis, and troglitazone with risk for idiosyncratic hepatocellular injury. Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 10928231-1 2000 Unlike other pharmacological therapies used in obese type 2 diabetic patients, metformin has been shown to improve glycemic control with lower insulin levels and not to involve weight gain. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 10928231-6 2000 Total exogenous insulin requirements decreased from 53 +/- 10 to 35 +/- 7 units during metformin treatment (p = 0.02 vs. placebo). Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 10928231-9 2000 During the oral glucose tolerance test no differences were observed in the areas under the curve for glucose and insulin while that for C-peptide showed a tendency to increase during metformin administration. Metformin 183-192 insulin Homo sapiens 136-145 10928231-11 2000 With adjunct metformin, approximately 30% less exogenous insulin is required. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 10928231-12 2000 With respect to glycemia and lipids, adjunct metformin can be a reasonable treatment alternative in selected obese patients with type 2 diabetes already on intensive insulin therapy. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 10776038-0 2000 [Effectiveness of treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus poorly controlled with insulin treatment]. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 10776038-1 2000 Combined treatment with insulin plus metformin could be a good alternative to improve the glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus poorly controlled with insulin therapy. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 10776038-5 2000 Our results suggest that the addition of metformin to insulin treatment is a safe and effective strategy for the improvement of glycemic control among obese type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 11419922-8 2000 The dose of insulin was reduced from a baseline of 62 to 41 U per patient in the insulin-only treatment group, from 36 to 12 U per patient in the group treated with insulin and sulfonylurea, and from 28 to 11 U per patient in the group treated with insulin and metformin. Metformin 261-270 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 11419922-9 2000 In the group treated with insulin, sulfonylurea, and metformin, the dose of insulin was decreased from 36 to 13 U. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 11844361-7 2000 Strategies to lower serum insulin concentrations include diet, exercise and possibly, oral insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 11844364-6 2000 The recognition of an association between hyperinsulinaemia and PCOS has resulted in the use of insulin sensitizing agents, such as metformin, which appear to ameliorate the biochemical profile and improve reproductive function. Metformin 132-141 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 10611182-0 2000 Metformin treatment reduces ovarian cytochrome P-450c17alpha response to human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with insulin resistance-related polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 10611182-7 2000 The administration of metformin was associated with a decrease in area under the curve for insulin during a 2h, 75g oral glucose tolerance test, in plasma free testosterone concentrations and an increase in plasma sex hormone binding globulin concentration. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 10643226-3 1999 The rationale for adding metformin in these cases is that it can reduce insulin resistance. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 10643226-7 1999 A combination of insulin and metformin is recommended especially for obese type II diabetes patients on high insulin doses. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 10605995-3 1999 Acarbose, metformin, miglitol, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and troglitazone help the patient"s own insulin control glucose levels and allow early treatment with little risk of hypoglycemia. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 10535741-6 1999 At present, metformin and thiazolidinediones are the only therapies for T2DM that directly address aspects of insulin resistance. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 10630028-1 1999 OBJECTIVES: Principal: to show that the addition of metformin to insulin treatment in type-2 DM obese patients with poor metabolic control (HbA1c > 7.5%) causes a 50% increase after one year in the number of patients with acceptable (HbA1c < or = 7.5%) or good (HbA1c < 6.5%) control, and to determine how many patients reduced their HbA1c by a point. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 10630028-12 1999 CONCLUSIONS: Adding metformin to the treatment of obese type-2 DM patients with poor metabolic control and on insulin treatment improved their control. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 10770203-0 2000 Effect of metformin on insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and IGF-binding protein I in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 10770203-9 2000 In conclusion, it seems to be appropriate to intervene with an insulin-sensitizing agent such as metformin in an attempt to break the pathogenetic link between hyperinsulinemia and hormonal perturbations in PCOS. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 11225759-11 2000 When glucose targets are not met using repaglinide monotherapy, the combination of repaglinide with metformin can further improve glycaemic control by enhancing insulin secretion and improving insulin sensitivity. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 161-168 10789389-2 2000 A new class of insulin-sensitizing agents, the thiazolidinediones, reduce insulin resistance and improve glycaemia both as monotherapy and in combination with sulphonylureas or metformin. Metformin 177-186 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 10634377-0 2000 Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 10634377-7 2000 Women given metformin showed reduced plasma insulin (at fasting: P = 0.057; during the clamp studies: P<0.01) and increased insulin sensitivity (P<0.05). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 10634377-7 2000 Women given metformin showed reduced plasma insulin (at fasting: P = 0.057; during the clamp studies: P<0.01) and increased insulin sensitivity (P<0.05). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 10634377-16 2000 Higher plasma insulin, lower serum androstenedione, and less severe menstrual abnormalities are baseline predictors of clinical response to metformin. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 10580431-0 1999 A comparison of troglitazone and metformin on insulin requirements in euglycemic intensively insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 10580431-4 1999 Insulin sensitivity was assessed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp 1) at baseline, 2) after 4 weeks of CSII, and 3) after CSII plus either troglitazone or metformin. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 10580431-10 1999 Insulin sensitivity did not change significantly with CSII alone or with CSII plus metformin, but improved 29% with CSII plus troglitazone (P < 0.005 vs. CSII alone) and was then 45% higher than in the CSII plus metformin patients (P < 0.005). Metformin 215-224 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 10593368-1 1999 OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the administration of metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, is followed by changes in adrenal steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 10601079-2 1999 The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the insulin sensitizing drug, metformin, on ovarian function, follicular growth, and ovulation rate in obese women with oligomenorrhoea. Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 15251651-11 1999 Combination treatment with metformin and troglitazone for 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in the C-peptide response and glucose variables after the glucose load. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 110-119 10468995-4 1999 The aim of the present study was to determine whether reduction of insulin levels by metformin would attenuate FSH, LH, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione hyperresponsiveness to buserelin testing in PCOS women. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 10428734-4 1999 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of metformin in combination with insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled with insulin therapy alone. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 10428734-11 1999 For patients who received placebo, the insulin dose increased 22.8 units (CI, 11 to 44 units) or 29% more than did the dose for patients who received metformin (P = 0.002); for these patients, the insulin dose decreased slightly. Metformin 150-159 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 10468995-0 1999 The effects of metformin on insulin resistance and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 10468995-10 1999 Metformin therapy improved menstrual disturbances in 25% of the women with PCOS and also resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced basal and post glucose load insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 10477209-8 1999 CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that metformin administration to patients with IGT is associated with enhanced glucose disposal at baseline insulin concentrations and a fall in blood pressure. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 10468995-10 1999 Metformin therapy improved menstrual disturbances in 25% of the women with PCOS and also resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced basal and post glucose load insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 10468995-13 1999 These abnormalities explain the increased prevalence of glucose intolerance in women with PCOS and metformin has beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 10480188-4 1999 The treatment of insulin resistance was for a long time limited to dietary and exercise programmes, a biguanide, metformine, and benfluorex, a phenylethylamine derivative; the mechanisms of action of both drugs are now better understood and their indications more precisely targeted. Metformin 113-123 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 10352923-5 1999 The results of recent clinical studies of insulin-sensitizing agents such as metformin and the thiazoladinedione troglitazone in PCOS have provided encouragement that improvement of insulin sensitivity and consequent lowering of circulating insulin levels by these agents may be of therapeutic value in the management of both anovulation and hirsutism. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 10448935-3 1999 These cells possessed the specialized protein and, when treated with insulin (2 microM) plus metformin (20 microM), showed a markedly enhanced hexose transport activity (2.4-fold increase over basal) as compared to that of cells incubated in the presence of insulin alone (1.8-fold increase over basal). Metformin 93-102 insulin Homo sapiens 258-265 10448935-5 1999 When metformin was added together with insulin, we mainly recorded a significant decrease in apparent Km for the sugar transported, Vmax being only marginally modified. Metformin 5-14 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 11228758-6 1999 RESULTS: Lower proinsulin levels were found when therapy was initiated with metformin (M vs. G, p = 0.013 and M/G vs. G/M, p = 0.033). Metformin 76-85 insulin Homo sapiens 15-25 10392666-3 1999 Metformin counters insulin resistance and offers benefits against many features of the insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X) by preventing bodyweight gain, reducing hyperinsulinaemia and improving the lipid profile. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 10352923-5 1999 The results of recent clinical studies of insulin-sensitizing agents such as metformin and the thiazoladinedione troglitazone in PCOS have provided encouragement that improvement of insulin sensitivity and consequent lowering of circulating insulin levels by these agents may be of therapeutic value in the management of both anovulation and hirsutism. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 182-189 10443322-0 1999 Membrane physiology as a basis for the cellular effects of metformin in insulin resistance and diabetes. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 10352923-5 1999 The results of recent clinical studies of insulin-sensitizing agents such as metformin and the thiazoladinedione troglitazone in PCOS have provided encouragement that improvement of insulin sensitivity and consequent lowering of circulating insulin levels by these agents may be of therapeutic value in the management of both anovulation and hirsutism. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 182-189 10443322-3 1999 Metformin interferes with several processes linked to HGP (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and their regulatory mechanisms), lowering glucose production and resensitizing the liver to insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 10443322-9 1999 Exciting findings show that, conversely, priming cells with very low insulin concentrations also leads to full expression of metformin"s antidiabetic activity. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 9932725-6 1999 In the presence of metformin, the islets fully maintained the ability to significantly increase their insulin release in response to glucose, even when previously exposed to 22.2 mmol/l glucose. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 10337452-7 1999 With the respect to the trophic effect of amyloid deposits in the pancreatic islets and to a hypothetic effect of amylin increasing insulin resistance, the present results emphasize the particular usefulness of metformin in the pharmacological treatment of NIDDM. Metformin 211-220 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 10206447-10 1999 On Metformin, the median fasting serum insulin decreased from 26 microU/mL to 22 (P=.019), testosterone decreased from 61 ng/dL to 47 (P=.003), and estradiol increased from 41 pg/mL to 71 (P=.0001). Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 10477209-1 1999 AIMS: This study was initiated to test the hypothesis that metformin treatment leads to enhanced glucose disposal at ambient insulin concentrations. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 10477209-4 1999 RESULTS: The average benefit of metformin was 0.6 mmol/l for glucose (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.9 P = 0.002), 2.8 pmol/l for insulin (95% CI 0.2-5.4, P = 0.019). Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 10371188-0 1999 Effects of metformin on insulin resistance and central adiposity in patients receiving effective protease inhibitor therapy. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 10408737-7 1999 In addition to a variety of sulfonylureas, there is metformin, troglitazone, and/or alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, that are viable options to be used before turning to insulin. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 10230643-5 1999 The metformin group required 47 % less insulin than the group not using metformin (p < 0.001). Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 10069357-6 1999 Improved insulin sensitivity through lifestyle modifications or pharmacologic therapy (troglitazone and metformin) will lower both insulin and glucose levels as well as diminish dyslipidemia and hypertension. Metformin 104-113 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 10069357-6 1999 Improved insulin sensitivity through lifestyle modifications or pharmacologic therapy (troglitazone and metformin) will lower both insulin and glucose levels as well as diminish dyslipidemia and hypertension. Metformin 104-113 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 10037253-12 1999 Metformin therapy resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced the basal and post-glucose load insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 10333912-7 1999 Subjects receiving repaglinide either alone or in combination with metformin, had an increase in fasting levels of insulin between baseline and the end of the trial of 4.04 +/- 1.56 and 4.23 +/- 1.50 mU/l, respectively (P < 0.02). Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 10576521-0 1999 Clinical efficacy of metformin against insulin resistance parameters: sinking the iceberg. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 10576521-6 1999 Thus, the well established effect of metformin in reducing insulin resistance makes this drug an excellent candidate for the prevention of progression of impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes, and for the reduction of mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 10576523-1 1999 Metformin is regarded as an antihyperglycaemic agent because it lowers blood glucose concentrations in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes without causing overt hypoglycaemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 10576523-4 1999 Metformin acts on the liver to suppress gluconeogenesis mainly by potentiating the effect of insulin, reducing hepatic extraction of certain substrates (e.g. lactate) and opposing the effects of glucagon. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 10576523-6 1999 Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle is enhanced by metformin. Metformin 70-79 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 10576523-8 1999 Metformin also appears to increase the functional properties of insulin- and glucose-sensitive transporters. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 10576523-10 1999 Other effects involved in the blood glucose-lowering effect of metformin include an insulin-independent suppression of fatty acid oxidation and a reduction in hypertriglyceridaemia. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 10576523-13 1999 Metformin improves insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin-mediated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, which activates post-receptor insulin signalling pathways. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 10576523-13 1999 Metformin improves insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin-mediated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, which activates post-receptor insulin signalling pathways. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 10576523-13 1999 Metformin improves insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin-mediated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, which activates post-receptor insulin signalling pathways. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 10576523-13 1999 Metformin improves insulin sensitivity by increasing insulin-mediated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, which activates post-receptor insulin signalling pathways. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 10576523-15 1999 Metformin therefore improves hepatic and peripheral sensitivity to insulin, with both direct and indirect effects on liver and muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 10576524-6 1999 Controlled studies have shown that metformin administration, by promoting bodyweight loss, can decrease fasting and stimulated plasma insulin levels. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 10576524-9 1999 They also suggest that long term administration of metformin might be helpful in treating insulin resistance, thus reducing risks of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and cardiovascular disease in these patients. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 10576524-9 1999 They also suggest that long term administration of metformin might be helpful in treating insulin resistance, thus reducing risks of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and cardiovascular disease in these patients. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 10576526-0 1999 Metformin prevents weight gain by reducing dietary intake during insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 10037253-12 1999 Metformin therapy resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced the basal and post-glucose load insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 10554568-2 1999 Metformin plays a particularly important role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 by decreasing insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 9868971-6 1998 These data suggest that adding metformin to insulin in poorly controlled Type 2 DM patients offers an advantage in terms of glycaemic control and lipid plasma profile. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 9932820-6 1999 Metformin and troglitazone, approved for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), improve insulin sensitivity and lower plasma glucose concentrations. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 10806662-4 1998 RESULTS: After oral administration of metformin for 8-12 weeks, fasting insulin concentration in obese group and area under curve (AUC) after OGTT in lean group decreased significantly. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 9802752-3 1998 Metformin has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and fibrinolysis. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 9824974-4 1998 The biguanide metformin is especially useful in obese, insulin-resistant patients. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 15251708-11 1998 CONCLUSION: From this retrospective study of patients with type 2 diabetes, we conclude that conversion from insulin to combination oral therapy with sulfonylureas and metformin results in a significant weight loss for up to 21 months. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 15251717-6 1998 Metformin ameliorates insulin resistance, reduces hyperinsulinemia, and counteracts weight gain. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 15251721-1 1998 OBJECTIVE: To assess whether, in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), (1) metformin in conjunction with insulin can safely cause a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to 7% or less and (2) this combination therapy may result in weight loss and lower insulin dose in comparison with insulin treatment alone. Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 9727896-7 1998 Total glucose disposal at euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp increased significantly in the metformin group by 25% at high insulin level (259 +/- 31 vs. 207 +/- 21 mg x m(-2) x min(-1), P < 0.05). Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 9727896-13 1998 The added effect of metformin to that of a hypocaloric diet in improving insulin-stimulated glucose utilization is marginal when blood glucose reduction is obtained by weight loss. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 9597374-1 1998 Metformin effects on insulin resistance and insulin/glucose relationships during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were investigated in 60 non-diabetic male patients previously treated with coronary artery bypass surgery or angioplasty in an open, 12 week prospective study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 21-51 9702437-9 1998 Finally, the ability of insulin to inhibit isoproterenol-stimulated increases in plasma FFA concentration was enhanced in metformin-treated patients (P < 0.05). Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 9702437-11 1998 Although overnight HGP was unchanged after treatment with metformin, the overnight glucose MCR was significantly increased, and the antilipolytic activity of insulin was also enhanced. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 9637806-7 1998 Among the 21 women given metformin plus clomiphene, the mean (+/-SE) area under the serum insulin curve after oral glucose administration decreased from 6745+/-2021 to 3479+/-455 microU per milliliter per minute (40.5+/-12.1 to 20.9+/-2.7 nmol per liter per minute, P=0.03), but it did not change significantly in the 25 women given placebo plus clomiphene. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 9637806-11 1998 CONCLUSIONS: The ovulatory response to clomiphene can be increased in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome by decreasing insulin secretion with metformin. Metformin 154-163 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 9519921-6 1998 For persons whose glycemia can be adequately controlled with oral agents, the use of agents such as metformin and troglitazone--which do not raise, and may even lower, insulin concentrations--may offer an advantage. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 9589814-4 1998 Treatment of insulin resistance includes metformin and the thiazolidinedione troglitazone. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 15251750-13 1998 CONCLUSION: Improvement in glycosylated hemoglobin level in insulin-using patients with NIDDM can be obtained with combination oral therapy alone, combination oral therapy with once-daily evening insulin, or twice-daily mixed insulin with metformin in comparison with twice-daily insulin alone. Metformin 239-248 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 9505147-1 1998 Metformin reduces insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, as well as lipid levels and body weight. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 9505147-10 1998 Since metformin reduces insulin resistance both in obese and non-obese subjects but increases TNF-alpha levels only in the latter, it is concluded that the drug does not exert its effect on insulin resistance through regulation of circulating TNF-alpha levels. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 9737829-3 1998 The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to determine the effects of adding metformin in an uncontrolled fashion to existing therapy in obese patients with type 2 diabetes who had suboptimal glycemic control and insulin resistance. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 222-229 9737829-5 1998 Metformin was added to patients" existing therapy in conjunction with downward titration of the sulfonylurea and insulin doses. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 9737829-11 1998 The addition of metformin to treatment with insulin or sulfonylureas, either alone or in combination, significantly improved glycemic control and cholesterol levels and promoted weight loss in obese type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 9737829-11 1998 The addition of metformin to treatment with insulin or sulfonylureas, either alone or in combination, significantly improved glycemic control and cholesterol levels and promoted weight loss in obese type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 229-236 9661644-6 1998 These results indicate that insulin sensitizing therapy with metformin decreases the leptin concentrations in obese PCOS women. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 9637806-2 1998 We hypothesized that reducing insulin secretion by administering metformin would increase the ovulatory response to clomiphene. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 9589227-1 1998 OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that metformin therapy, given as an adjunct to insulin therapy, improves metabolic control in insulin-treated NIDDM patients with suboptimal glycemic control. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 9589227-15 1998 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin, when given as adjunctive therapy, was well tolerated and improved glycemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with insulin-treated NIDDM whose diabetes was poorly controlled. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 9539300-0 1998 Therapeutic effects of metformin on insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 9539300-2 1998 Sixteen obese women with PCOS on a weight-maintaining diet were studied before and after 6 months of therapy with the insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic agent metformin at a dose of 1700 mg per day. Metformin 157-166 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 9539300-8 1998 These results confirm that metformin treatment can lead to improvements in insulin resistance and ovarian hyperandrogenism. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 9559489-7 1998 When used alone or in combination with sulfonylureas, metformin tends to stabilize or decrease weight, maintains or reduces insulin levels, has beneficial effects on plasma lipid profiles, and may also have beneficial effects on blood pressure and the fibrinolytic system. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 9597374-9 1998 Hence, metformin effects on insulin resistance and body weight appear to be mediated, at least partly, by different mechanisms, while metformin effects on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism are associated in non-diabetic subjects. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 9597374-9 1998 Hence, metformin effects on insulin resistance and body weight appear to be mediated, at least partly, by different mechanisms, while metformin effects on insulin resistance and lipid metabolism are associated in non-diabetic subjects. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 10212839-4 1998 In this brief review we discuss how the known and potential insulin sensitizers: metformin, appetite suppressants, thiazolidinediones, and the new class of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs, I1-receptor agonists, may work. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 9143853-11 1997 The combination of a sulphonylurea and metformin can be effective in patients in whom insulin would otherwise be required. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 9609021-0 1997 [Effects of metformin on insulin resistance in obese and hyperandrogenic women]. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 9609021-1 1997 BACKGROUND: Metformin is a biguanide often used in obese diabetics that improves tissue sensitivity to insulin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 9609021-2 1997 AIM: To assess the effects of metformin on tissue insulin sensitivity in obese and hyperandrogenic women. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 9609021-6 1997 RESULTS: After metformin treatment, the insulin sensitivity index improved from 0.38 (0.05-0.5) to 0.43 (0.25-0.59) in obese women and from 0.2 (0-0.36) to 0.3 (0.06-0.4) in obese and hyperandrogenic women. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 9609021-9 1997 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin has a favorable effect on tissue sensitivity to insulin, SHBG and serum lipids in obese and hyperandrogenic women. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 9403324-5 1997 The central role of improved insulin concentrations and insulin-resistant state is emphasized by the fact that similar effects can be achieved by both short- and long-term administration of metformin, an insulin-lowering drug which ameliorates peripheral insulin action in non-diabetic insulin resistant states. Metformin 190-199 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 9403324-5 1997 The central role of improved insulin concentrations and insulin-resistant state is emphasized by the fact that similar effects can be achieved by both short- and long-term administration of metformin, an insulin-lowering drug which ameliorates peripheral insulin action in non-diabetic insulin resistant states. Metformin 190-199 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 9403324-5 1997 The central role of improved insulin concentrations and insulin-resistant state is emphasized by the fact that similar effects can be achieved by both short- and long-term administration of metformin, an insulin-lowering drug which ameliorates peripheral insulin action in non-diabetic insulin resistant states. Metformin 190-199 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 9403324-5 1997 The central role of improved insulin concentrations and insulin-resistant state is emphasized by the fact that similar effects can be achieved by both short- and long-term administration of metformin, an insulin-lowering drug which ameliorates peripheral insulin action in non-diabetic insulin resistant states. Metformin 190-199 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 9322807-7 1997 Preincubation with metformin also induced an attenuating (vasodilating-like) action of insulin on arterial tissue rings contracted by potassium. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 9322807-10 1997 Thus, metformin and thiazolidinediones may decrease arterial pressure partly by direct vasorelaxant mechanisms, with metformin having an additional effect of inducing vasorelaxation by insulin. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 9277650-10 1997 Fasting (P < .001) and the integrated insulin response to the glucose load decreased (P < .001) after 8 weeks of metformin treatment. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 9288574-0 1997 Pioglitazone and metformin reverse insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in liver cells. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 9284429-6 1997 Recent studies demonstrated that hypoglycemic agents improving insulin resistance such as metformin and troglitazone reduce blood pressure. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 9428831-10 1997 Relative postprandial insulin increase was 1.90 with placebo, 1.09 with acarbose, and 1.03 with metformin. Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 9405908-11 1997 Finally, plasma FFA concentrations in response to a low-dosage insulin infusion (5 mU.m-2.min-1) were significantly lower after metformin as compared with the placebo-treated group (P < 0.001). Metformin 128-137 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 9398716-4 1997 In the 19 women given metformin, the mean (+/- SE) area under the serum insulin curve after oral glucose administration decreased from 44 +/- 5 to 24 +/- 3 nmol/L.min (P = 0.003). Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 9398716-10 1997 They also indicate that decreasing serum insulin with metformin reduces ovarian cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity and ameliorates the hyperandrogenism of these women. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 9389387-8 1997 Since insulin appears to be required for the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin, the effect of insulin on membrane fluidity was also evaluated. Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 9315389-14 1997 Metformin has been the only available drug that has been used clinically to significantly improve insulin sensitivity, but the new "glitazones" (thiazolidinediones) have a more specific effect via altered lipid metabolism. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 9314013-3 1997 Metformin resurfaced in the 1980s and was shown to increase insulin sensitivity; this has led to its introduction to clinical practice in the United States for the first time. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 9340472-5 1997 FINDINGS: Metformin lowers fasting blood glucose levels by an average of 25% (17 to 37%), postprandial blood glucose by up to 44.5% and HbA1c bei 1.5% (0.8 to 3.1%) Metformin reduces raised plasma insulin levels in cases of metabolic syndrome by as much as 30% and reduces the "insulin requirement" of type 2 insulin-treated diabetics by 15 to 32%. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 197-204 9340472-5 1997 FINDINGS: Metformin lowers fasting blood glucose levels by an average of 25% (17 to 37%), postprandial blood glucose by up to 44.5% and HbA1c bei 1.5% (0.8 to 3.1%) Metformin reduces raised plasma insulin levels in cases of metabolic syndrome by as much as 30% and reduces the "insulin requirement" of type 2 insulin-treated diabetics by 15 to 32%. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 278-285 9278926-4 1997 Metformin"s clinical efficacy is primarily reflective of reduced hepatic glucose output; this action should complement the benefits of peripheral insulin sensitizers. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 9159660-6 1997 Metformin and sulfonylureas, however, had diverse effects on body weight and fasting plasma insulin levels; both weight and insulin levels remained unchanged or decreased with metformin and increased with sulfonylureas. Metformin 176-185 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 9137903-0 1997 Effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity of erythrocytes from obese women with normal glucose tolerance. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 9159660-1 1997 BACKGROUND: Metformin alleviates hyperglycemia of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by inhibiting hepatic glucose production and improving peripheral insulin sensitivity. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 9159660-6 1997 Metformin and sulfonylureas, however, had diverse effects on body weight and fasting plasma insulin levels; both weight and insulin levels remained unchanged or decreased with metformin and increased with sulfonylureas. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 9159660-6 1997 Metformin and sulfonylureas, however, had diverse effects on body weight and fasting plasma insulin levels; both weight and insulin levels remained unchanged or decreased with metformin and increased with sulfonylureas. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 9101010-3 1997 STUDY SELECTION: All human studies using metformin with insulin were included in the analysis. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 9101010-8 1997 Experience with combination metformin and insulin therapy has consistently demonstrated a reduction in insulin requirements. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 9101010-10 1997 CONCLUSIONS: When metformin is added to insulin therapy, insulin requirements are likely to decrease. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 9101010-10 1997 CONCLUSIONS: When metformin is added to insulin therapy, insulin requirements are likely to decrease. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 9101010-12 1997 Further studies of larger size and longer duration are needed before the use of metformin with insulin can be routinely recommended in patients with type 1 diabetes. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 9137903-4 1997 In addition, both the number of insulin receptors and the tyrosine kinase activity per receptor of solubilised erythrocytes were significantly greater following metformin administration. Metformin 161-170 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 9137903-6 1997 In summary, oral administration of metformin led to an increase in tyrosine kinase activity or erythrocyte insulin receptors, suggesting that such action occurs in the absence of any significant change in plasma glucose concentration. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 15251479-0 1997 Outcome of metformin-facilitated reinitiation of oral diabetic therapy in insulin-treated patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 9134058-0 1997 Effects of glibenclamide and metformin (alone or in combination) on insulin release from isolated human pancreatic islets. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 9134058-2 1997 At 3.3 mmol/l glucose level, the addition of 5.0 mumol/l glibenclamide or 5.0 mumol/l glibenclamide plus 200 mumol/l metformin caused a significant increase of insulin release, compared with glucose alone. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 9109854-0 1997 Metformin therapy is associated with a decrease in plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, lipoprotein(a), and immunoreactive insulin levels in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 9059766-13 1997 This study shows that CSII with moderate amounts of insulin associated with a low-calorie diet and metformin provided rapid glycaemic control, led to weight loss, maintained regulation of insulin secretion and seemed to improve insulin secretion and sensitivity. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 8973990-2 1996 The pharmacodynamic effects (on plasma glucose and insulin) of metformin in patients with NIDDM and in healthy subjects also were assessed. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 8973990-11 1996 In healthy subjects, single and multiple doses of metformin showed no effect on plasma glucose, but significantly attenuated the rise in immediate postprandial insulin levels. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 8914439-5 1996 Metformin, an antihyperglycemic drug of the biguanide class, may be effective in subjects with IGT by reducing hepatic glucose output, enhancing insulin sensitivity, or through other mechanisms such as weight loss. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 9024248-2 1997 We sought to determine whether metformin would reduce insulin levels in obese, nondiabetic women with PCOS during a period of weight maintenance and thus attenuate the ovarian steroidogenic response to the GnRH agonist leuprolide. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 9209206-3 1997 Metformin, an oral biguanide, ameliorates hyperglycemia by improving peripheral sensitivity to insulin, and reducing gastrointestinal glucose absorption and hepatic glucose production. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 9209206-9 1997 Limited data suggest that metformin-insulin therapy may improve glycemic control, possibly reducing insulin requirements, in type 2 diabetic patients uncontrolled by insulin alone following secondary sulfonylurea failure. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 9209206-9 1997 Limited data suggest that metformin-insulin therapy may improve glycemic control, possibly reducing insulin requirements, in type 2 diabetic patients uncontrolled by insulin alone following secondary sulfonylurea failure. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 9209206-9 1997 Limited data suggest that metformin-insulin therapy may improve glycemic control, possibly reducing insulin requirements, in type 2 diabetic patients uncontrolled by insulin alone following secondary sulfonylurea failure. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 9251926-2 1997 Oral metformin was used for 6 months with assessment of insulin status during an intravenous glucose tolerance test and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamping before and after treatment. Metformin 5-14 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 8908377-11 1996 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin is an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment that improves metabolic control and favorably modifies secondary clinical alterations due to insulin resistance, such as arterial hypertension, overweight, and hyperlipidemia, in obese patients with NIDDM suffering from secondary failure to sulfonylureas. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 9059770-1 1997 Insulin-requiring diabetes (IRD) is a condition of permanent blood glucose imbalance which occurs despite a regulated diet and treatment with maximum doses of oral anti-diabetic drugs (glibenclamide 15 mg/d + metformin 1,700 mg/d). Metformin 209-218 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 8875083-7 1996 RESULTS: Compared with placebo, metformin induced a significant weight loss, a better maintenance of fasting blood glucose, total and LDL cholesterol levels, and a greater decrease of fasting plasma insulin concentration. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 199-206 8687515-6 1996 RESULTS: In the 11 women given metformin, the mean (+/- SE) area under the serum insulin curve after oral glucose administration decreased from 9303 +/- 1603 to 4982 +/- 911 microU per milliliter per minute (56 +/- 10 to 30 +/- 6 nmol per liter per minute) (P = 0.004). Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 8894498-12 1996 Metformin is the only globally available drug for improving insulin action. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 8687515-11 1996 CONCLUSIONS: In obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, decreasing serum insulin concentrations with metformin reduces ovarian cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity and ameliorates hyperandrogenism. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 8884164-7 1996 Although antihyperglycaemic agents such as metformin and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors do not cause hypoglycaemia alone, they may enhance the hypoglycaemic effects of potent hypoglycaemic agents such as insulin and sulphonylureas. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 9072666-4 1996 Glibenclamide stimulates insulin release by pancreatic beta cells (pancreatic attachment point), while metformin acts at a peripheral level by increasing glucose absorption in muscular, fatty and hepatic tissues, thus considerably reducing insulin resistance (extra-pancreatic attachment point). Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 240-247 8862952-1 1996 We have investigated the effects of metformin treatment on concentrations of proinsulin-like molecules in subjects with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 77-87 8862952-1 1996 We have investigated the effects of metformin treatment on concentrations of proinsulin-like molecules in subjects with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 8862952-8 1996 Changes in concentrations of intact and des 31,32 proinsulin on metformin were not related to changes in body mass index or fasting glucose concentration or changes in concentrations of total triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 50-60 8879962-12 1996 The previously reported improvement of insulin mediated liver metabolism induced by metformin is likely to be a consequence of the direct effect of the drug at hepatocyte level which is independent of HBF modifications. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 8862952-9 1996 Therefore, metformin treatment in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly reduced concentrations of proinsulin-like molecules over a 12-week period. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 113-123 8862952-11 1996 We conclude that short-term effects of metformin treatment on proinsulin-like molecules are similar to those previously observed with dietary treatment in subjects with Type 2 diabetes but opposite to those of sulphonylurea treatment. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 62-72 8862952-12 1996 The effect of long-term treatment with metformin on proinsulin-like molecules needs to be assessed. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 52-62 8799647-0 1996 Metformin potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 8656173-1 1996 Metformin is a biguanide that can used alone or in combination with sulfonylureas or insulin in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 15251529-4 1996 The biguanide metformin has been shown to suppress hepatic glucose production, augment glucose uptake, and enhance insulin action in peripheral tissues. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 8877276-0 1996 Different effect of acute and chronic oral metformin administration on glucose and insulin response to bread and to pasta in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 8877276-1 1996 The aim of the study was to evaluate whether acute and chronic metformin administration may influence differently the glycaemic and insulin response to foods with high and low glycaemic index (bread and pasta) in twelve non-insulin dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 8877276-4 1996 Chronic metformin treatment significantly lowered glycaemic and insulin response to both bread and pasta. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 8829014-2 1996 Metformin is an important addition to the drug therapy options available for those patients because it reduces blood glucose levels predominantly by decreasing hepatic glucose production and release and also by increasing peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin; it does not stimulate insulin secretion from the beta cells in the pancreas. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 255-262 8612854-0 1996 Can metformin reduce insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome? Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 8612854-1 1996 OBJECTIVE: To examine whether metformin is able to reduce insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 8636369-0 1996 Improvement of insulin sensitivity by metformin treatment does not lower blood pressure of nonobese insulin-resistant hypertensive patients with normal glucose tolerance. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 8636369-6 1996 Nevertheless, after metformin treatment, the plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased (1.42 +/- 0.18 vs. 1.34 0.16 mmol/L), and the plasma insulin level dropped (62 +/- 10 vs. 88+/- 12 pmol/L; both P < 0.05). Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 8636369-7 1996 Insulin-mediated glucose disposal was higher after metformin treatment (26.1 +/- 2.4 vs. 19.3 +/- 2.3 micromol/min x kg; P < 0.01), whereas hepatic glucose production was completely suppressed. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 8882631-15 1996 These data indicate that in addition to its known effects on hexose metabolism in insulin responsive tissues, metformin also affects the hexose transport system in vascular cells. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 8636369-12 1996 In conclusion, 1 month of metformin administration to patients with essential hypertension and normal glucose tolerance 1) reduces the basal plasma insulin concentration, 2) improves whole body insulin-mediated glucose utilization, and 3) improves plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 8636369-12 1996 In conclusion, 1 month of metformin administration to patients with essential hypertension and normal glucose tolerance 1) reduces the basal plasma insulin concentration, 2) improves whole body insulin-mediated glucose utilization, and 3) improves plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 194-201 8628644-3 1996 Glucose toxicity (i.e., glucose-induced insulin resistance) explains why apparently unrelated therapeutic measures to improve glycaemic control (e.g., weight reduction, and sulphonylurea, metformin or insulin administration) all also increase insulin sensitivity. Metformin 188-197 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 8582131-0 1995 Short administration of metformin improves insulin sensitivity in android obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 7589820-9 1995 The study consists of a randomized controlled trial with two main comparisons: 1) 3,867 patients with 1,138 allocated to conventional therapy, primarily with diet, and 2,729 allocated to intensive therapy with additional sulfonylurea or insulin, which increase insulin supply, aiming for FPG < 6 mmol/l; and 2) 753 obese patients with 411 allocated to conventional therapy and 342 allocated to intensive therapy with metformin, which enhances insulin sensitivity. Metformin 420-429 insulin Homo sapiens 237-244 8582131-7 1995 Fasting plasma insulin levels were reduced after metformin (89.3 +/- 15.9 vs 112.4 +/- 24.3 pmol l-1; p = 0.04). Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 8582131-10 1995 The demonstration that metformin rapidly improves insulin sensitivity should encourage further research to evaluate the long-term effects of metformin in android obese subjects with impaired oral glucose tolerance. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 7821127-7 1994 In addition, postprandial concentrations of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and TG were lower (P < 0.001) following metformin treatment. Metformin 123-132 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 8529763-0 1995 Changes in insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity associated with metformin treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 8529763-5 1995 Fasting plasma glucose concentrations decreased from 8.9 to 6.4 mmol/L after 10 weeks of metformin treatment (p < 0.001), in association with significantly lower (p < 0.001) plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in response to an oral glucose load. Metformin 89-98 insulin Homo sapiens 199-206 8529763-7 1995 There was no change in erythrocyte insulin receptor binding associated with metformin treatment, but both basal and insulin-stimulated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activities of solubilized erythrocyte insulin receptors were significantly higher after 10 weeks of metformin treatment. Metformin 268-277 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 8529763-7 1995 There was no change in erythrocyte insulin receptor binding associated with metformin treatment, but both basal and insulin-stimulated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activities of solubilized erythrocyte insulin receptors were significantly higher after 10 weeks of metformin treatment. Metformin 268-277 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 8529763-8 1995 It is concluded that the increase in insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity contributed to the improvement in glucose insulin and lipoprotein metabolism associated with metformin treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Metformin 174-183 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 8529482-0 1995 Metformin-insulin interactions: from organ to cell. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 8529487-0 1995 The insulin-sparing effect of metformin in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 8529491-0 1995 Effect of metformin on various aspects of glucose, insulin and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with varying degrees of hyperglycemia. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 7833731-10 1995 In obese subjects metformin was as effective as the other drugs with no change in mean body weight and significant reduction in mean fasting plasma insulin concentration (-2.5 mU/l; P < 0.001). Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 7652727-8 1995 Insulin treatment should be considered only when combined treatment with metformin and sulfonylurea is contraindicated or leads to insufficient blood glucose control. Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 8549022-3 1995 Pharmacological means of improving insulin action include metformin, antiobesity serotoninergic agents and, possibly, benfluorex. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 8529509-9 1995 Metformin may improve insulin sensitivity but has no effect on the beta-cell. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 8557288-11 1995 In patients with insulin resistance, therapy with metformin or troglitazone may be helpful. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 7608255-0 1995 Effects of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 7608255-2 1995 The present study was conducted to assess the effect of administration of the biguanide metformin, a drug commonly used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, on androgen and insulin levels in 24 hirsute patients. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 7821127-9 1994 CONCLUSIONS: Addition of metformin to sulfonylurea-treated patients with NIDDM with less than optimal glycemic control was associated with improved glycemic control, lower postprandial insulin and TG concentrations, and a decrease in postprandial concentration of TG-rich lipoproteins of intestinal origin. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 7862618-3 1994 Interest in metformin has been revived by the recent observation of a specific activity of this agent on some of the major traits of the so called "polymetabolic syndrome" (or "syndrome X"), characterized by: insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and reduced fibrinolytic activity. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 209-216 7862618-4 1994 Metformin, in studies examining one or more of these, has been shown, possibly through its peripheral insulin sensitizing mechanism, to correct most of the major symptoms characterizing this insulin resistance syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 7862618-4 1994 Metformin, in studies examining one or more of these, has been shown, possibly through its peripheral insulin sensitizing mechanism, to correct most of the major symptoms characterizing this insulin resistance syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 191-198 8222336-12 1993 Our data demonstrate that a defect in glucose uptake exists in erythrocytes from NIDD patients, affecting both free and stored glucose, and that this defect is reversed by Metformin treatment, indicating that this drug can increase glycogen levels even in insulin-insensitive cells. Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 7988785-0 1994 Effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle obtained from patients with NIDDM. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 7988785-3 1994 We investigated the effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated 3-0-methylglucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle obtained from seven patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and from eight healthy subjects. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 7988785-6 1994 However, the two control subjects and three patients with NIDDM which displayed a low rate of insulin-mediated glucose utilization (< 20 mumol.kg-1.min-1), as well as in vitro insulin resistance, demonstrated increased insulin-stimulated glucose transport in the presence of metformin at 0.1 mmol/l (p < 0.05). Metformin 278-287 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 7988785-7 1994 In conclusion, the concentration of metformin resulting in a potentiating effect on insulin-stimulated glucose transport in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle is 10-fold higher than the therapeutic concentrations administered to patients with NIDDM. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 7988785-7 1994 In conclusion, the concentration of metformin resulting in a potentiating effect on insulin-stimulated glucose transport in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle is 10-fold higher than the therapeutic concentrations administered to patients with NIDDM. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 8151265-1 1994 OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of metformin and metoprolol CR on insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, fibrinolytic activity and blood pressure. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 8056129-7 1994 Insulin binding to circulating monocytes was higher after metformin (4.8 +/- 0.9 vs 3.2 +/- 0.6%, P = 0.020), while the lipaemic profile showed a reduction in triglycerides (1.2 +/- 0.1 vs 1.7 +/- 0.3 mmol.l-1, P = 0.039) and an increase in HDL-cholesterol (1.3 +/- 0.1 vs 1.0 +/- 0.1 mmol.l-1, P = 0.004) without variations in total cholesterol. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 7846898-0 1994 [The value of metformin in therapy of type 2 diabetes: effect on insulin resistance, diabetic control and cardiovascular risk factors]. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 7846898-2 1994 Several studies demonstrate that body weight decreases and insulin resistance improves--as evaluated by peripheral glucose utilisation--under metformin treatment. Metformin 142-151 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 8158383-0 1993 Short-term effects of metformin on insulin sensitivity and sodium homeostasis in essential hypertensives. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 8112499-4 1993 Metformin appears to facilitate steps in the postreceptor pathways of insulin action, and may exert effects that are independent of insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 7926420-10 1993 Biguanides like metformin have also been found to reduce insulin resistance. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 8412779-5 1993 Fasting hepatic glucose production (HGP) was also significantly decreased following metformin therapy (1.98 +/- 0.13 v 2.41 +/- 0.20 mg.kg-1 x min-1, P < .02), whereas fasting insulin and C-peptide concentrations remained unaltered. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 179-186 8412779-7 1993 Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was assessed using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique and was increased post-metformin (3.8 +/- 0.6 v 3.1 +/- 0.7 mg.kg-1 x min-1, P < .05). Metformin 124-133 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 8177055-0 1994 Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 8177055-4 1994 After covariance adjusting for changes in the QI and WHR, on Metformin the area under the insulin curve (IA) during oral glucose tolerance testing decreased 35% (P = .04), and the insulin area to glucose area ratio decreased 31% (P = .03). Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 8126125-0 1994 Effects of a reduction in circulating insulin by metformin on serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in nondiabetic men. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 8126125-2 1994 This study was conducted to assess the influence of physiological concentrations of insulin on serum adrenal steroid levels by lowering circulating insulin in nondiabetic men through the administration of the biguanide metformin. Metformin 219-228 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 8126125-2 1994 This study was conducted to assess the influence of physiological concentrations of insulin on serum adrenal steroid levels by lowering circulating insulin in nondiabetic men through the administration of the biguanide metformin. Metformin 219-228 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 8126125-6 1994 Metformin administration resulted in significant reductions in serum insulin levels and concurrent increases in serum DHEA sulfate levels in both groups of men. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 8387542-1 1993 Metformin inhibits the stimulating effect of insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 8387542-6 1993 The effect of metformin, a dimethyl-substituted biguanide, known to lower plasma insulin and PAI-1 levels in vivo was concomitantly evaluated. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 8462390-12 1993 CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that metformin treatment improves glycemic control, and lowers insulin resistance and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including PAI-1, and may therefore be useful in the long-term management of NIDDM subjects who have a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 8453955-1 1993 The efficacy and safety of metformin in the treatment of obese, non-insulin-dependent, diabetic subjects poorly controlled by insulin after secondary failure to respond to sulphonylureas has been investigated. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 8453955-1 1993 The efficacy and safety of metformin in the treatment of obese, non-insulin-dependent, diabetic subjects poorly controlled by insulin after secondary failure to respond to sulphonylureas has been investigated. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 8453955-4 1993 At six months, there was a relevant and significant improvement in glycaemic control in diabetics receiving the combined insulin-metformin treatment (decrease in glucose -4.1 mmol.l-1; glycosylated haemoglobin A1 decrease -1.84%). Metformin 129-138 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 8453955-8 1993 The fasting insulin level was significantly lower after six months of combined insulin-metformin treatment as shown by a 25% reduction in the daily dose of insulin (-21.6 U/day). Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 8453955-8 1993 The fasting insulin level was significantly lower after six months of combined insulin-metformin treatment as shown by a 25% reduction in the daily dose of insulin (-21.6 U/day). Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 8453955-8 1993 The fasting insulin level was significantly lower after six months of combined insulin-metformin treatment as shown by a 25% reduction in the daily dose of insulin (-21.6 U/day). Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 8339856-0 1993 Metformin effects on peripheral sensitivity to insulin in non diabetic obese subjects. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 8475636-5 1993 The biguanide metformin is suitable to diminish peripheral insulin resistance, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal glucose absorption on cellular mechanisms others than betacytotropic effects. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 1569149-5 1992 Mean hourly concentrations of plasma insulin (411 +/- 73 vs. 364 +/- 73 pmol/L) and FFA concentrations (440 +/- 31 vs. 390 +/- 40 mumol/L) were also lower after 3 months of metformin treatment. Metformin 173-182 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 1505458-5 1992 Exposure of muscle cells to insulin in the presence of metformin resulted in further activation of 2-deoxyglucose transport. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 1600835-7 1992 In peripheral tissues metformin increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake and oxidative metabolism. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 1600835-13 1992 Metformin offers a useful treatment for insulin-resistant overweight NIDDM patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 1583082-3 1992 In an attempt to treat the possible insulin resistance in hypertension, an antidiabetic agent, metformin, which enhances glucose uptake, was given to non-obese, non-diabetic, untreated hypertensives in a pilot study. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 1583082-4 1992 Metformin improved insulin sensitivity, decreased plasma insulin, serum cholesterol and triglycerides, increased fibrinolytic activity and markedly decreased blood pressure. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 1583082-4 1992 Metformin improved insulin sensitivity, decreased plasma insulin, serum cholesterol and triglycerides, increased fibrinolytic activity and markedly decreased blood pressure. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 1551495-0 1992 Metformin normalizes nonoxidative glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant normoglycemic first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 1551495-2 1992 Because metformin improves peripheral insulin sensitivity, we examined the acute effect of metformin and placebo on glucose and lipid metabolism in nine insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of NIDDM patients with the euglycemic insulin-clamp technique combined with indirect calorimetry and infusion of [3-3H]glucose. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 1551495-6 1992 Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was significantly increased by 25% after metformin compared with placebo (26.67 +/- 2.87 vs. 21.31 +/- 1.73 mumol.kg-1.min-1, P less than 0.05). Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 1551495-9 1992 We conclude that acutely administered metformin improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant normoglycemic individuals primarily by stimulating the nonoxidative pathway of glucose metabolism. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 1551495-9 1992 We conclude that acutely administered metformin improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant normoglycemic individuals primarily by stimulating the nonoxidative pathway of glucose metabolism. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 1543016-0 1992 Metformin ameliorates extreme insulin resistance in a patient with anti-insulin receptor antibodies: description of insulin receptor and postreceptor effects in vivo and in vitro. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 1543016-1 1992 The effect of metformin on insulin binding and insulin action in the presence of anti-insulin receptor antibodies was investigated in a case of type B extreme insulin resistance. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 1543016-2 1992 Oral administration of metformin (1500 mg/d) for 10 days significantly decreased plasma blood glucose and insulin levels and enhanced the hypoglycemic response to exogenous insulin. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 1543016-2 1992 Oral administration of metformin (1500 mg/d) for 10 days significantly decreased plasma blood glucose and insulin levels and enhanced the hypoglycemic response to exogenous insulin. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 1543016-9 1992 It is suggested that metformin increases, possibly through a change in the spatial conformation of insulin receptor within the plasma membrane, the availability of pre-existing receptors to insulin binding and/or decreases the availability of specific epitopes to antibody anchoring. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 1543016-10 1992 Further, in the model of insulin resistance described here, metformin enhanced the basal rate of glucose transport through a direct insulin-mimicking activity and/or a potentiation of the sensitivity of glucose transport to the antibody. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 1543016-10 1992 Further, in the model of insulin resistance described here, metformin enhanced the basal rate of glucose transport through a direct insulin-mimicking activity and/or a potentiation of the sensitivity of glucose transport to the antibody. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 1788832-7 1991 Networks developed in the presence of Metformin were found to lyse more quickly, followed by insulin and Gliclazide. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 1523352-19 1992 The very low insulin dose used in this study could be explained by complementary effects of metformin and bedtime insulin on hepatic glucose output and a putative decrease in peripheral resistance attributable both to sulfonylurea and metformin. Metformin 92-101 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 1523352-19 1992 The very low insulin dose used in this study could be explained by complementary effects of metformin and bedtime insulin on hepatic glucose output and a putative decrease in peripheral resistance attributable both to sulfonylurea and metformin. Metformin 235-244 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 1955512-9 1991 In conclusion, metformin lowers the fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, improves oral glucose tolerance, and decreases plasma lipid levels independent of changes in body weight. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 2191888-0 1990 Improvement with metformin in insulin internalization and processing in monocytes from NIDDM patients. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 1759920-0 1991 Metformin increases insulin sensitivity and basal glucose clearance in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 1759920-0 1991 Metformin increases insulin sensitivity and basal glucose clearance in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 1752350-7 1991 Thus, metformin administration to individuals with NIDDM, who did not have significant fasting hyperglycaemia, led to a decrease in plasma glucose, insulin, FFA, and TG concentration, and an increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 1834486-0 1991 The insulin sparing effect of metformin in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 1834486-3 1991 What has been established, however, since the beginning of its clinical use, is that metformin can act in the presence of insulin in "facilitating" its effects. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 1834486-9 1991 However, such a clarification of decrease insulin requirements can help in the understanding of the clinical significance of metformin"s actions in diabetes (impact on insulin resistance, receptor and post-receptor effects). Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 1936485-1 1991 A randomized trial of metformin versus placebo in the correction of the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 1936485-10 1991 If metformin proves to be effective in reducing the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance, it may be a possible candidate for a long term trial for primary prevention of cardiovascular accidents and diabetes. Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 1773025-4 1991 The main effect of metformin was limited to daily insulin requirement and insulin units/kg bw. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 1773025-5 1991 Bearing in mind the negative effects of high insulin levels, metformin could be useful in the prevention of atherogenesis in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 2086278-3 1990 In addition, the effect of circulating metformin on insulin binding to isolated monocytes has been evaluated. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 2086278-11 1990 The binding of insulin to isolated human monocytes was similar in metformin-treated diabetic patients (4.48 +/- 0.45) as in healthy volunteers (4.62 +/- 0.34); insulin binding was correlated (p less than 0.05) with plasma metformin levels. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 2086278-11 1990 The binding of insulin to isolated human monocytes was similar in metformin-treated diabetic patients (4.48 +/- 0.45) as in healthy volunteers (4.62 +/- 0.34); insulin binding was correlated (p less than 0.05) with plasma metformin levels. Metformin 222-231 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 1916049-4 1991 Attempts to decrease insulin resistance such as fasting, diet, or administration of an oral anti-diabetic drug such as Metformin induced a parallel decrease in plasma insulin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 1916049-4 1991 Attempts to decrease insulin resistance such as fasting, diet, or administration of an oral anti-diabetic drug such as Metformin induced a parallel decrease in plasma insulin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 1936473-10 1991 In conclusion, metformin treatment induces an improvement in glucose metabolism both in the basal and insulin-stimulated state. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 1936475-7 1991 Metformin may have a potential advantage in the management of NIDDM with hyperinsulinaemia in that it does not increase insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 1936475-8 1991 Where insulin levels have been compared in the same type II patients, metformin can achieve similar glycaemic control as a sulphonylurea (gliclazide) but with significantly lower plasma insulin levels. Metformin 70-79 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 1936475-8 1991 Where insulin levels have been compared in the same type II patients, metformin can achieve similar glycaemic control as a sulphonylurea (gliclazide) but with significantly lower plasma insulin levels. Metformin 70-79 insulin Homo sapiens 186-193 1936478-5 1991 The fasting serum insulin level decreased significantly in the group receiving metformin (26.2 +/- 3.2 mlU/L at entry versus 19.8 +/- 2.3 mlU/L after three months: less than 0.01), and increased in a non-significant way in the group receiving gliclazide (21.6 +/- 3 mlU/L versus 26.5 +/- 5 mlU/L after three months: NS). Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 1936478-10 1991 On the other hand, fasting serum insulin levels decreased significantly in patients receiving metformin compared to gliclazide. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 1936478-11 1991 The effect of metformin on serum insulin levels is probably due to its action on insulin resistance and its lack of effect on insulin secretion, in contrast to sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic agents like gliclazide. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 1936478-11 1991 The effect of metformin on serum insulin levels is probably due to its action on insulin resistance and its lack of effect on insulin secretion, in contrast to sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic agents like gliclazide. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 1936478-11 1991 The effect of metformin on serum insulin levels is probably due to its action on insulin resistance and its lack of effect on insulin secretion, in contrast to sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic agents like gliclazide. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 1936479-10 1991 The stimulated C-peptide was significantly reduced by metformin in comparison to diet only, which supports former findings of an insulin-lowering effect of the drug. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 15-24 1900072-0 1991 Treating insulin resistance in hypertension with metformin reduces both blood pressure and metabolic risk factors. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 1900072-4 1991 Metformin decreased total and LDL-cholesterol (P less than 0.01), triglyceride (P less than 0.01), fasting plasma insulin (P less than 0.01) and C-peptide levels (P less than 0.02). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 1900072-9 1991 In conclusion, metformin treatment increased insulin action, lowered blood pressure, improved the metabolic risk factor profile and tended to increase the fibrinolytic activity in these mildly hypertensive subjects. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 2258095-0 1990 [Bedtime administration of metformin may reduce insulin requirements]. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 25218668-2 2015 Metformin has been proposed to protect against obesity-associated cancers by decreasing serum insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 33972511-4 2021 Understanding these pathways might identify mechanisms underlying treatments for insulin resistance, such as metformin and bariatric surgery, or aid in developing new therapies and vaccination approaches. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 33820884-3 2021 Metformin, a conventional insulin sensitizer agent, has been widely prescribed in patients with diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 33774848-0 2021 Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin (INTIMET): study protocol of a double-blind placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 33774848-2 2021 Whether metformin improves hepatic, muscle or adipose tissue insulin sensitivity has not been studied in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 33774848-3 2021 We initiated the INTIMET study (INsulin resistance in Type 1 diabetes managed with METformin), a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled trial to measure the effect of metformin on tissue-specific insulin resistance in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Metformin 83-92 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 33774848-3 2021 We initiated the INTIMET study (INsulin resistance in Type 1 diabetes managed with METformin), a double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled trial to measure the effect of metformin on tissue-specific insulin resistance in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 33774848-8 2021 CONCLUSION: The INTIMET study is the first clinical trial to quantify the impact of metformin on liver, muscle and adipose insulin resistance in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 2198745-8 1990 These data suggest that the antidiabetic action of metformin is neither related to its lactate-increasing activity nor does it depend upon its inducing an increase in insulin binding values. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 2198745-10 1990 Moreover, our data are also consistent with the hypothesis that metformin might affect insulin action at a post-receptor level. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 25218668-9 2015 Metformin was associated with an almost significant reduction in serum levels of insulin (median -4.7% among subjects given metformin vs 23.6% increase among those given placebo, P = .08) as well as in homeostatic model assessments of insulin resistance (median -7.2% among subjects given metformin vs 38% increase among those given placebo, P = .06). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 25218668-9 2015 Metformin was associated with an almost significant reduction in serum levels of insulin (median -4.7% among subjects given metformin vs 23.6% increase among those given placebo, P = .08) as well as in homeostatic model assessments of insulin resistance (median -7.2% among subjects given metformin vs 38% increase among those given placebo, P = .06). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 25218668-12 2015 Although metformin reduced serum levels of insulin and insulin resistance, it did not discernibly alter epithelial proliferation or apoptosis in esophageal tissues. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 25218668-12 2015 Although metformin reduced serum levels of insulin and insulin resistance, it did not discernibly alter epithelial proliferation or apoptosis in esophageal tissues. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 25333776-1 2015 AIM: This study was undertaken to determine whether metformin would ameliorate insulin resistance, reduce weight and waist circumference and improve lipids in obese, but not morbidly obese, euglycemic women. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 25333776-9 2015 CONCLUSION: Treatment of euglycemic, obese, middle-aged women with metformin 1700 mg per day reduced insulin resistance and weight compared with placebo. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 25333776-10 2015 Further studies are needed to determine whether the use of metformin will prevent the progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese women. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 34787028-8 2022 Indeed, metformin has been involved in repair mitochondrial dysfunction, decrease of oxidative stress, reduction of androgens levels and the enhancing of insulin sensitivity. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 34897595-6 2022 RESULTS: Twelve-month metformin treatment reduced fat content, waist circumference, glycated hemoglobin, glucose and triglycerides, as well as improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 34779103-1 2022 OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D) inadequately controlled with metformin +- insulin. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 34953068-11 2022 CONCLUSION: The use of insulin-metformin combinations and other noninsulin antidiabetic drugs during pregnancy has increased. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 34907435-0 2022 Effect of acupuncture and metformin on insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance: a three-armed randomized controlled trial. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 34907435-19 2022 Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of acupuncture combined with metformin on insulin sensitivity in these women. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 34969688-12 2021 Metformin prevented calpain 2 release in exosomes and restored insulin signaling impaired by estrogen. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 34563556-6 2021 Moreover, some older antihyperglycemic drugs (metformin, thiazolidinediones), but also novel therapeutic concepts (new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, incretin mimetics, sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitors, modulators of energy metabolism) can directly or indirectly reduce insulin resistance. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 299-306 34856689-3 2021 Compared with those before, treatment with either orlistat or metformin significantly reduced body weight, body mass index (BMI), hip circumferences, and serum insulin levels of the PCOS patients both at the end of 3 months and 6 months (P<0.05). Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 34957859-0 2022 Metformin Improves Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 34957859-2 2022 Metformin improves metabolic insulin resistance in humans. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 34957859-7 2022 Metformin (not placebo) improved metabolic insulin sensitivity, (clamp glucose infusion rate, P<0.01). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 34957859-11 2022 CONCLUSIONS: Short-term metformin treatment improves both metabolic and muscle microvascular response to insulin. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 34957859-12 2022 Metformin"s effect on microvascular insulin responsiveness may contribute to its beneficial metabolic effects. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 34912022-1 2021 Metformin reduces insulin resistance, which constitutes a pathophysiological connection of diabetes with Alzheimer"s disease (AD), but the evidence of metformin on AD development was still insufficient and conflicting. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 34865016-3 2021 Our previous data in older adults without diabetes suggest a dichotomous change in insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations after metformin treatment when co-prescribed with exercise. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 34490645-12 2021 Moreover, discontinuation of testosterone therapy in metformin-naive men increased glycated haemoglobin, as well as worsened insulin sensitivity. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 34490645-14 2021 In metformin-naive subjects, the increase in gonadotropin levels correlated with the changes in testosterone levels and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 34779127-0 2022 Metformin induces insulin secretion by preserving pancreatic aquaporin 7 expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 34761355-1 2022 PURPOSE: Metformin induces GLUT-4 mRNA expression in insulin target tissues in PCOS. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 34331316-6 2021 The plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide was higher in the portal vein compared with arterialized blood (p<0.05, all) and was lowered at both sampling sites following metformin ingestion (p<0.01, all). Metformin 186-195 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 34132620-3 2021 Recently, the EMA approved the SGLT inhibitors dapagliflozin and sotagliflozin as adjuvant treatments to insulin for type 1 diabetes in adults.Areas covered: This article is a survey of adjuvant treatments used against type 1 diabetes, focusing on SGLT inhibitors.Expert opinion: While GLP-1R agonists and metformin may reduce weight gain associated with insulin therapy and possibly also confer non-glycemic benefits, only the SGLT inhibitors dapagliflozin and sotagliflozin have been approved in Europe as adjunctive to insulin for type 1 diabetes. Metformin 306-315 insulin Homo sapiens 355-362 34374879-8 2021 A significant interaction was found between the use of metformin and insulin in patients with T2DM (p = 0.018). Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 34736121-1 2021 Therapeutic potential of metformin in obese/diabetic patients has been associated to its ability to combat insulin resistance. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 34713480-9 2022 A significant reduction in homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was seen with exenatide versus metformin (MD: -0.34; 95% CI: -0.65, -0.03; I2 = 0%, low-grade evidence). Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 34670765-9 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Users of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors had fewer adverse outcomes from COVID-19 compared with non-users, whereas insulin and sulphonylurea might predict a worse prognosis. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 34736121-7 2021 In conclusion, the impact of metformin on macrophages by suppressing a HIF1alpha-dependent proinflammatory program is likely responsible for a secondary beneficial effect on insulin-mediated glucose uptake and beta-adrenergic responses in brown adipocytes. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 34804675-4 2021 As metformin passes through the placenta, it is essential to know its consequence of leading to insulin resistance in the fetus as well as the impact on postnatal development. Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 34745014-1 2021 Metformin is a drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and disorders associated with insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 34355850-0 2021 Metformin for pediatric obesity and insulin resistance: a retrospective study within an integrated health care system. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 34638615-2 2021 Even though the various therapeutic potential of metformin treatment has been reported, as well as the improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, the mechanisms underlying those benefits are still not fully understood. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 34076286-8 2021 Although metformin decreased glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity in all treatment groups, this effect was more pronounced in groups 2 and 3. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 34216041-11 2021 The impact of metformin on total and monomeric prolactin levels correlated with baseline prolactin levels and with the degree of improvement in insulin sensitivity. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 34548527-2 2021 In addition to its antigluconeogenic and insulin-sensitizing properties, metformin has emerged as a potent inhibitor of the chronic inflammatory response of macrophages. Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 34495393-2 2021 RECENT FINDINGS: A large, multicenter, double-blind randomized controlled trial found that women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy treated with metformin as an adjunct to insulin therapy had less gestational weight gain, insulin requirements, caesarian sections, macrosomia, and neonatal adiposity, but more neonates were small for gestational age (SGA) compared with insulin alone. Metformin 144-153 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 34646376-1 2021 As a first-line treatment for diabetes, the insulin-sensitizing biguanide, metformin, regulates glucose levels and positively affects cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 34323698-2 2021 In this background, metformin, an insulin sensitizer"s neuroprotective effectiveness, has been established in the prior findings. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 34355850-10 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin with lifestyle interventions significantly reduced weight, BMI, and BMI z score in pediatric patients with obesity and insulin resistance up to 24 months, compared with intensive and routine counseling alone. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 34502359-2 2021 Metformin, which is widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, regulates blood sugar by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and promoting insulin sensitivity to facilitate glucose uptake by cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 34343108-9 2021 CONCLUSION: Additional metformin therapy improved GV in adults with T1DM, as well as improving body composition and reducing insulin requirement. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 34427916-14 2022 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin improved delayed gingival wound healing in insulin-resistant prediabetes by accelerating HGFs proliferation and migration via Akt phosphorylation in insulin signaling pathway. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 34407851-1 2021 BACKGROUND: Multiple oral insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositols, and berberine, have been proven safe and efficacious in improving the endocrine, metabolic, and reproductive abnormalities seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), providing more options for healthcare providers and patients. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 34407851-11 2021 Thiazolidinediones, metformin + thiazolidinediones, and myo-inositol + D-chiro-inositol were associated with a lower insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared with that in metformin alone (mean differences: - 0.72 (95% CI (- 1.11)-(- 0.34)) to - 0.89 (95% CI (- 1.460)-(- 0.32))). Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 34407851-11 2021 Thiazolidinediones, metformin + thiazolidinediones, and myo-inositol + D-chiro-inositol were associated with a lower insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) compared with that in metformin alone (mean differences: - 0.72 (95% CI (- 1.11)-(- 0.34)) to - 0.89 (95% CI (- 1.460)-(- 0.32))). Metformin 174-183 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 34407851-13 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Ours is the first study to report that for women with PCOS, myo-inositol combined with D-chiro-inositol and metformin combined with thiazolidinediones appear superior to metformin alone in improving insulin resistance and decreasing total testosterone. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 212-219 34407851-13 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Ours is the first study to report that for women with PCOS, myo-inositol combined with D-chiro-inositol and metformin combined with thiazolidinediones appear superior to metformin alone in improving insulin resistance and decreasing total testosterone. Metformin 183-192 insulin Homo sapiens 212-219 34368369-1 2021 Objective: To investigate if PP2A plays a role in metformin-induced insulin sensitivity improvement in human skeletal muscle cells. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 34304438-0 2021 (Effect of metformin and rosiglitazone in non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome women with insulin resistance). Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 34304438-1 2021 Objective: To investigate effects of metformin and rosiglitazone in non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women with insulin resistance. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 34335036-0 2021 Metformin-Insulin versus Metformin-Sulfonylurea Combination Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comparative Study of Glycemic Control and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 34335036-1 2021 Objective: This study aimed to compare glycemic control and risk of cardiovascular outcomes of metformin-insulin versus metformin-sulfonylurea combination therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 34335036-6 2021 Results: Of the total participants enrolled, 50.5% (n = 162) were those who received metformin-insulin and 49.5% (n = 159) metformin-sulfonylurea combination therapies for a median of 48 months follow-up. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 34335036-7 2021 The reduction of Hb1Ac levels was comparable between the metformin-insulin (-1.04 +- 0.96%) and metformin-sulfonylurea (-1.02 +- 1.03%), p = 0.912. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 34335036-8 2021 Patients who received metformin-sulfonylurea had 4.3 times more likely to have achieved target HbA1c level compared to those who received metformin-insulin, p < 0.001, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI = 4.31(1.79-10.32). Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 34335036-9 2021 Risk of composite cardiovascular outcomes was higher in metformin-insulin group (40.5% versus 34.0%), p = 0.021. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 34335036-12 2021 Conclusion: High proportion of patients who received metformin-sulfonylurea achieved target HbA1c level and had less composite cardiovascular outcomes compared to those who received metformin-insulin. Metformin 182-191 insulin Homo sapiens 192-199 34293835-6 2021 Insulin resistance, followed by thiazolidinediones, is central to the pathophysiology of PCOS, with metformin having nearly similar efficacy. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 34137729-3 2021 Metformin is used to decrease insulin resistance, and at present it is assumed to influence the effect of triiodothyronine, as well. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 34326945-2 2021 Indeed, metformin is the most widely used oral insulin-sensitizing agent, being prescribed to more than 100 million people worldwide, including patients with prediabetes, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 34326945-2 2021 Indeed, metformin is the most widely used oral insulin-sensitizing agent, being prescribed to more than 100 million people worldwide, including patients with prediabetes, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 34285531-1 2021 Purpose: The study aimed to compare the metabolic effects of an intensive dose of metformin alone among non-adherence patients with type 2 diabetes versus in combination with insulin among adherence patients. Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 34335798-8 2021 Compared with the model group, the content of FBG decreased and the insulin level increased in the MSHC medium-dose (0.15 g/kg) and high-dose (0.45 g/kg) groups and metformin group after 4 weeks of drug administration (P < 0.05). Metformin 165-174 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 34094535-2 2021 Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing agent, with multiple potential pharmacodynamic profiles. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 34243629-2 2021 Metformin improves insulin resistance (IR) by modulating metabolic mechanisms and mitochondrial biogenesis. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 34157054-3 2021 Maintaining proper blood glucose levels using insulin and/or other oral antidiabetic drugs (such as Metformin) reduced the detrimental effects of COVID-19. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 34115034-2 2021 Metformin increases insulin sensitivity, but it is associated with unsatisfied benefits of weight loss. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 34103538-12 2021 Significant improvements were seen in all metabolic factors, with 6 month standardized ratios (metformin/placebo) of 0.85 (insulin), 0.83 (HOMA), 0.80 (leptin), and 0.84 (hsCRP), with no qualitative interactions with baseline BMI or insulin. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 34268040-9 2021 Conclusion Combined therapy with metformin and MI plus DCI in women with PCOS and insulin resistance seems promising with the need for further studies with a greater sample size to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 34113269-8 2021 We further hypothesize that (iv) reversing IR through lifestyle changes or the actions of insulin sensitizing medications such as metformin, or optimizing BBB function using vascular protective drugs, such as losartan, could provide novel strategies for the prevention or treatment of neuroprogressive BD. Metformin 130-139 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 34368369-9 2021 Conclusions: These results provided the first evidence that metformin can activate PP2A in human skeletal muscle cells derived from lean healthy insulin-sensitive participants and may help to understand metformin"s action in skeletal muscle in humans. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 34135572-0 2021 Metformin Decreases Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes Through Regulating P53 and RAP2A in vitro and in vivo (Retraction). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 34304438-8 2021 After treatment for 6 months, fasting insulin level (metformin group (13.5+-5.1) mU/L, rosiglitazone group (12.7+-5.6) mU/L) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (metformin group 3.0+-1.2, rosiglitazone group 2.8+-1.2) were decreased in both groups (all P<0.01). Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 34304438-10 2021 For PCOS with insulin resistance, lifestyle plus insulin sensitizers such as metformin could improve their clinical symptoms, correct the biochemical and metabolic dysfunction. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 34304438-10 2021 For PCOS with insulin resistance, lifestyle plus insulin sensitizers such as metformin could improve their clinical symptoms, correct the biochemical and metabolic dysfunction. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 34347981-6 2021 Metformin has been used traditionally as a pillar of PCOS treatment, but even effective insulin sensitization therapy can contribute to side effects that reduce patient adherence and limit treatment effectiveness. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 34074108-5 2021 LADA is treated early with insulin and combined with metformin in patients with a higher level of insulin resistance. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 34875861-4 2021 As a biguanide metformin improves glycemic control by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and increasing insulin-mediated glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 35462933-5 2022 For example, metformin promotes thermogenesis and alleviates obesity by activating the AMPK/alphaKG/PRDM16 signaling pathway; rosiglitazone alleviates obesity under the synergistic effect of PRDM16; resveratrol plays an antiobesity role by inducing the expression of PRDM16; liraglupeptide improves insulin resistance by inducing the expression of PRDM16; and mulberry leaves play an anti-inflammatory and antidiabetes role by activating the expression of brown fat cell marker genes (including PRDM16). Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 299-306 34514769-3 2021 Some studies have shown that metformin causes weight loss in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant overweight and obese patients. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 34514769-3 2021 Some studies have shown that metformin causes weight loss in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant overweight and obese patients. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 35367225-9 2022 Metformin is a pleiotropic drug, modulating different targets such as AMPK, insulin signalling and many others. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 35497918-7 2022 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors plus metformin for primary T2DM can effectively manage blood glucose and reduce insulin resistance in patients, but the prediction of osteoporosis development remains to be further explored in large sample studies. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 35454163-1 2022 Metformin is a synthetic biguanide that improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 35454163-8 2022 This suggests that metformin might be useful for patients with differentiated or poorly differentiated thyroid cancer and metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance or diabetes. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 35142713-1 2022 PURPOSE: To determine the separated and combined effects of metformin and resistance exercise on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in overweight/obese individuals with pre-and-T2DM. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 35217034-11 2022 In PCOS mice, Cap overexpression, Cap transactivation by metformin, or enhancing Cbl-CrkII binding improved insulin sensitivity and ovarian dysfunction (i.e., estrous cycle disruption, cyst-like follicle formation, and sex hormone dysregulation). Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 35578807-1 2022 OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether chronic metformin use interferes with the improvements in insulin resistance (IR) and cardiorespiratory fitness with aerobic training in people with hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 35138021-7 2022 In the subgroup on metformin monotherapy (N=140), 45% subsequently required restart of insulin. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 35525318-4 2022 Available data suggest that metformin inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, crucial gluconeogenic enzymes, and fatty acid synthesis that leads to a significant improvement in glucose tolerance and maintenance of insulin sensitivity during glucocorticoid treatment. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 240-247 35558742-13 2022 The results of this study showed that metformin and acarbose mainly exerted different interactive effects with dietary energy, carbohydrate, and protein intakes on GLP-1 secretion, insulin release, and SBP. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 35498407-2 2022 Patients with this condition will eventually develop diabetes, presenting a variable response to insulin-sensitizers, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, and high doses of insulin. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 35450869-8 2022 After adjusting for HbA1c, time <3 mmol/L was 2.1 (95% CI 0.9 to 4.7) and 5.5 (95% CI 2.4 to 12.6) times greater with sulphonylurea and insulin, respectively, than metformin alone. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 35351535-2 2022 Metformin sensitizes body cells to insulin, which may cause a reduction of atherogenic lipid fractions. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 35149444-6 2022 Of these, metformin, an insulin sensitizer used as oral hypoglycemic agent, is gaining popularity. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 35503642-9 2022 Recent literature highlights the positive effects of metformin, an insulin sensitizing drug that reduces the insulin proliferative stimulus on the endometrium. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 35503642-9 2022 Recent literature highlights the positive effects of metformin, an insulin sensitizing drug that reduces the insulin proliferative stimulus on the endometrium. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 35409282-0 2022 Metformin Treatment Regulates the Expression of Molecules Involved in Adiponectin and Insulin Signaling Pathways in Endometria from Women with Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance and PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 35409282-0 2022 Metformin Treatment Regulates the Expression of Molecules Involved in Adiponectin and Insulin Signaling Pathways in Endometria from Women with Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance and PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 35409282-3 2022 Metformin (MTF) treatment improves insulin signaling in endometrial tissues, but its mechanism is not fully understood. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 35409282-3 2022 Metformin (MTF) treatment improves insulin signaling in endometrial tissues, but its mechanism is not fully understood. Metformin 11-14 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 35067907-6 2022 The exact action mechanism behind the glucose-lowering effect of metformin is not clear, but, presumably, metformin utilizes a broad spectrum of molecular mechanisms to control blood glucose including decreasing intestinal glucose absorption, inhibition of the hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreasing insulin resistance, etc. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 297-304 35067907-6 2022 The exact action mechanism behind the glucose-lowering effect of metformin is not clear, but, presumably, metformin utilizes a broad spectrum of molecular mechanisms to control blood glucose including decreasing intestinal glucose absorption, inhibition of the hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreasing insulin resistance, etc. Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 297-304 35345424-0 2022 Effects of Low-Dose Spironolactone Combined with Metformin or Either Drug Alone on Insulin Resistance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 35345424-2 2022 To compare the effects and safety of low-dose spironolactone combined with metformin or either drug alone on insulin resistance (IR) and functional improvement in patients with PCOS, this was a single-center, randomized, open-label, pilot study of patients with PCOS at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between 01/2014 and 01/2016. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 35153733-5 2021 Previous mechanistic studies have gradually unveiled the effects of metformin on AD pathology and pathophysiology, including neuronal loss, neural dysfunction, amyloid-beta (Abeta) depositions, tau phosphorylation, chronic neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 242-249 35249270-2 2022 Metformin is one of the oral medications typically used in type 2 diabetes mellitus to reduce insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 35249270-3 2022 We aimed to examine the effect of metformin on glycemic indices and insulin daily dosage in adolescents with T1DM. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 35249270-9 2022 RESULTS: The HbA1c level (p<0.001) and insulin dosage (p=0.04) were lower in the metformin group than in the placebo group after nine months. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 35249270-13 2022 CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive metformin therapy reduces insulin dosage by inhibiting insulin resistance and weight gain. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 35249270-13 2022 CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive metformin therapy reduces insulin dosage by inhibiting insulin resistance and weight gain. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 35038311-2 2022 Although metformin promotes weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity, its effect on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) remains unclear. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 35038311-6 2022 RESULTS: Twelve weeks treatment with metformin resulted in a significant reduction in body weight and improved insulin sensitivity, but IHTG content and FA oxidation remained unchanged. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 35038311-9 2022 CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the mechanisms of action of metformin whereby it improves insulin sensitivity and promotes weight loss, without improvement in IHTG; these observations are partly, explained through increased hepatic DNL and a lack of change in fatty acid oxidation. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 35044756-4 2022 In the mouse model, combined treatment (50 and 100 mg/kg metformin + anthocyanin groups) demonstrated synergistic restorative effects on the blood glucose level, insulin resistance, and organ damage in the liver, pancreas, and ileum. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 35269852-3 2022 The insulin sensitizer metformin, one of the most prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs, has been suggested to function as an antitumoral agent, based on epidemiological and retrospective clinical data as well as preclinical studies showing an antiproliferative effect in cultured breast cancer cells and animal models. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 35252207-6 2022 Currently, taking glucose sensitizing agents, including metformin, SGLT-2 inhibitor, and GLP-1 agonist, is an effective way of lowering insulin levels and controlling PDA development at the same time. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 35144596-1 2022 BACKGROUND: The current study was to evaluate the effects of canagliflozin and metformin on insulin resistance and visceral adipose tissue in people with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 35282660-11 2022 Conclusions: Metformin use was associated with a lower prevalence of vulnerable plaque features in type 2 diabetic patients with CAD, especially insulin non-user. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 35120288-3 2022 We investigated metformin, an insulin sensitizer, to reverse IR and improve clinical outcomes in TRBD. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 35179472-7 2022 For overweight patients with cardiometabolic risk factors, including insulin resistance or dysglycemia, metformin may also be combined with contraception. Metformin 104-113 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 35163187-1 2022 Metformin is the most commonly used treatment to increase insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant (IR) conditions such as diabetes, prediabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and obesity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 35163187-1 2022 Metformin is the most commonly used treatment to increase insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant (IR) conditions such as diabetes, prediabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and obesity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 35163187-6 2022 Our aim is to provide a comprehensive review of the studies in this field in order to shed some light on the complex interactions between metformin action, GLUT4 expression, GLUT4 translocation, and the observed increase in peripheral insulin sensitivity. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 35045841-0 2022 Effectiveness and safety of basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without metformin observed in a national cohort in China. Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 35045841-1 2022 BACKGROUND: Though many randomized control trials had examined the effectiveness and safety of taking insulin therapy with or without metformin, there are limited real-world data, especially among Chinese type 2 diabetes patients initiating basal insulin (BI) with uncontrolled hyperglycemia by oral agents. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 35045841-9 2022 After propensity score adjustment, multivariate regression analysis controlled with number of OADs, total insulin dose, physical activity and diet consumption showed that BI with metformin group had a slightly higher control rate of HbA1c <7.0 % (39.9 % vs. 36.4 %, P = 0.0011) at 6-month follow-up, and lower dose increment from baseline to 6-month (0.0064 vs. 0.0068 U/day/kg, P = 0.0035). Metformin 179-188 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 35046683-5 2022 Efforts to improve insulin sensitivity by using pharmacological agents such as metformin are insufficient in resolving this problem. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 34983571-1 2022 BACKGROUND: Moving from the correlation between insulin-resistance and PCOS, metformin has been administered in some PCOS women improving ovulatory and metabolic functions and decreasing androgen levels. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 34919671-0 2022 Hypothalamic miR-1983 Targets Insulin Receptor beta and the Insulin-mediated miR-1983 Increase Is Blocked by Metformin. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 34983210-4 2022 As a biguanide metformin improves glycemic control by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and increasing insulin-mediated glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 35139776-1 2022 As one of the most frequently prescribed antidiabetic drugs, metformin can lower glucose levels, improve insulin resistance manage body weight. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 35370738-6 2022 Conclusion: The pleiotropic actions of metformin associated with lower background cardiovascular risk may mediate some of these effects, for example reductions of insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170