PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 7487926-0 1995 The activation of distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades is required for the stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by interleukin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 in KB cells. Deoxyglucose 104-118 interleukin 1 alpha Homo sapiens 129-175 7487926-1 1995 The uptake of 2-deoxyglucose into KB cells was stimulated about 2-fold by interleukin-1 (IL1), anisomycin or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1). Deoxyglucose 14-28 interleukin 1 alpha Homo sapiens 74-87 7487926-1 1995 The uptake of 2-deoxyglucose into KB cells was stimulated about 2-fold by interleukin-1 (IL1), anisomycin or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1). Deoxyglucose 14-28 interleukin 1 alpha Homo sapiens 89-92 7487926-1 1995 The uptake of 2-deoxyglucose into KB cells was stimulated about 2-fold by interleukin-1 (IL1), anisomycin or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1). Deoxyglucose 14-28 insulin like growth factor 1 Homo sapiens 109-137 7487926-1 1995 The uptake of 2-deoxyglucose into KB cells was stimulated about 2-fold by interleukin-1 (IL1), anisomycin or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1). Deoxyglucose 14-28 insulin like growth factor 1 Homo sapiens 139-143 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. Anisomycin 23-33 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 Homo sapiens 188-191 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. Anisomycin 23-33 interleukin 9 Homo sapiens 193-196 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. Anisomycin 23-33 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 Homo sapiens 201-205 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. Anisomycin 23-33 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 Homo sapiens 207-264 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. SB 203580 51-60 interleukin 1 alpha Homo sapiens 15-18 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. SB 203580 51-60 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 Homo sapiens 188-191 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. SB 203580 51-60 interleukin 9 Homo sapiens 193-196 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. SB 203580 51-60 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 Homo sapiens 201-205 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. SB 203580 51-60 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 Homo sapiens 207-264 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 290-298 interleukin 1 alpha Homo sapiens 15-18 7487926-2 1995 Stimulation by IL1 and anisomycin was prevented by SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue termed "re-activating kinase" [RK; also known as p38, p40 and CSBP (cytokine synthesis anti-inflammatory-drug-binding protein)], but was unaffected by PD 98059, a specific inhibitor of the activation of the classical MAP kinase pathway. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 290-298 interleukin 9 Homo sapiens 193-196 7487926-3 1995 In contrast, the stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by IGF1 was blocked by PD 98059 and unaffected by SB 203580. Deoxyglucose 32-46 insulin like growth factor 1 Homo sapiens 57-61 7487926-3 1995 In contrast, the stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by IGF1 was blocked by PD 98059 and unaffected by SB 203580. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 77-85 insulin like growth factor 1 Homo sapiens 57-61 7487926-4 1995 Consistent with these observations, IL1 and anisomycin were potent activators of MAP kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase-2, a physiological substrate of RK, whereas IGF1 was only a very weak activator of MAPKAP kinase-2. Anisomycin 44-54 MAPK activated protein kinase 2 Homo sapiens 209-224 7487926-6 1995 These results imply that the activation of distinct MAP kinase pathways is required for the stimulation of glucose transport by IL1/anisomycin and IGF1 in KB cells, and suggest that the combined use of SB 203580 and PD 98059 is a powerful new approach to explore the roles of different MAP kinase cascades in cell regulation. Glucose 107-114 interleukin 1 alpha Homo sapiens 128-131 7487926-6 1995 These results imply that the activation of distinct MAP kinase pathways is required for the stimulation of glucose transport by IL1/anisomycin and IGF1 in KB cells, and suggest that the combined use of SB 203580 and PD 98059 is a powerful new approach to explore the roles of different MAP kinase cascades in cell regulation. Glucose 107-114 insulin like growth factor 1 Homo sapiens 147-151 7487926-6 1995 These results imply that the activation of distinct MAP kinase pathways is required for the stimulation of glucose transport by IL1/anisomycin and IGF1 in KB cells, and suggest that the combined use of SB 203580 and PD 98059 is a powerful new approach to explore the roles of different MAP kinase cascades in cell regulation. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 216-224 interleukin 1 alpha Homo sapiens 128-131 3552772-0 1987 Metformin enhances insulin binding to "in vitro" down regulated human fat cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 3552772-1 1987 Insulin binding to human adipose tissue from surgical patients was determined after three different preincubation conditions: a) 24 hrs in the presence or absence of 80 ng/ml insulin; b) 24 hrs in the presence of 80 ng/ml insulin or insulin plus 4 micrograms/ml metformin; c) 48 hrs pre-incubation as in b). Metformin 262-271 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 312-321 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 312-321 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 312-321 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 3552772-2 1987 We found that insulin down regulated its own receptor after 24 hours pre-incubation; when metformin was present in the pre-incubation medium together with insulin, insulin binding to adipose tissue was significantly higher than in tissue exposed to insulin alone after 48 hrs pre-incubation; a similar effect of metformin was already seen after 24 hrs, but was not statistically significant. Metformin 312-321 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 3552772-4 1987 This finding could explain discrepant results among studies dealing with the influence of metformin on insulin binding. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 3552772-5 1987 Moreover, these results could be useful in understanding the mechanism of action of metformin in insulin-resistant states, e.g. type II diabetes. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 3552509-2 1987 The mechanism of action of metformin and other biguanides is not completely understood, but recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that metformin may act in part by both increasing the binding of insulin to its receptor and potentiating insulin action. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 201-208 3552509-2 1987 The mechanism of action of metformin and other biguanides is not completely understood, but recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that metformin may act in part by both increasing the binding of insulin to its receptor and potentiating insulin action. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 242-249 3552515-0 1987 Effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated glucose turnover and insulin binding to receptors in type II diabetes. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 3552515-4 1987 With the same insulin infusion rates, glucose disposal was 4.94 +/- 0.55 (P less than .01) and 8.99 +/- 0.66 (P less than .01), respectively, after metformin treatment. Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 3552515-6 1987 Insulin maximum binding to erythrocytes in diabetics was 9.6 +/- 4.2 and 5.8 +/- 2.6 X 10(9) cells (means +/- SD) before and after metformin treatment, respectively (NS). Metformin 131-140 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 3552515-7 1987 Insulin maximum binding to monocytes in diabetics was 6.2 +/- 2.3 X 10(7) cells before and 5.0 +/- 1.6% after metformin. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 3552515-9 1987 Basal glucose and insulin concentrations decreased with metformin. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 3533670-0 1986 Effects of metformin treatment on erythrocyte insulin binding in normal weight subjects, in obese non diabetic subjects, in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 3533670-4 1986 Maximum specific insulin binding to erythrocytes increased after metformin in the normals (p less than 0.01), in the obese non diabetics (p less than 0.01) and in the obese Type 2 diabetics (p less than 0.005), but not in Type I diabetics. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 3817257-0 1986 Effect of metformin on peripheral insulin sensitivity in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 3817257-1 1986 To test whether metformin treatment might improve peripheral insulin sensitivity in non insulin dependent diabetes, we measured peripheral glucose uptake in 12 non insulin dependent diabetics before (A) and after 4 weeks (B) of metformin therapy (2 X 850 mg/day) by the hyperinsulinemic clamp technique (80 mU/m2/min). Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 3817257-2 1986 In addition, insulin binding to monocytes was compared between A and B. Diabetic control, evaluated by measurement of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, was significantly improved by metformin treatment (P less than 0.01). Metformin 199-208 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 3745404-3 1986 In vitro exposure of rat adipose tissue to metformin for 20 h resulted in a significant increase in insulin binding (mean +/- SEM percent specific [125I]insulin bound per 10(5) adipocytes: control, 1.35 +/- 0.13; Met, 1.69 +/- 0.18; P less than 0.02). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 3745404-3 1986 In vitro exposure of rat adipose tissue to metformin for 20 h resulted in a significant increase in insulin binding (mean +/- SEM percent specific [125I]insulin bound per 10(5) adipocytes: control, 1.35 +/- 0.13; Met, 1.69 +/- 0.18; P less than 0.02). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 3533670-1 1986 We have evaluated the effects of metformin administration on erythrocyte insulin receptors in 21 subjects: 5 normal weight subjects, 5 obese non diabetics, 5 insulin-dependent diabetics (Type I) and 6 obese non insulin-dependent (Type II) diabetics. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 3908277-0 1985 Improvement of insulin action is an important part of the antidiabetic effect of metformin. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 4046836-0 1985 Metformin improved insulin resistance in type I, insulin-dependent, diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 4046836-0 1985 Metformin improved insulin resistance in type I, insulin-dependent, diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 4046836-2 1985 The aim of this was to measure the effect of metformin (850 mg/twice daily) on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 4046836-6 1985 Metformin was therefore effective in improving the insulin action in type I diabetic patients, although its use in such circumstances requires consideration of several other factors. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 3910491-0 1985 [Value of metformin-insulin association in the treatment of insulin- dependent diabetes]. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 3908277-4 1985 Recent studies indicate that metformin treatment improves peripheral insulin action, which might occur both at the receptor level and/or at the postreceptor site. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 3908277-6 1985 Findings indicating that metformin might influence postreceptor sites of insulin action seem, therefore, to be more relevant than possible effects on insulin receptor binding. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 2577974-0 1985 [Action of metformin in insulin resistance]. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 6376023-1 1984 We evaluated the effect of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide), a biguanide known to be less toxic than phenformin, on insulin binding to its receptors, both in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 2578686-1 1985 We describe insulin binding and insulin-mediated RNA synthesis on seven human fibroblasts strains in culture initiated from skin biopsies in the presence of three oral antidiabetic agents, Metformin, Gliquidone, and a non-sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug (B X DF 591 ZW), which belong to different chemical classes. Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 6734405-3 1984 In contrast the two biguanides tested, phenformin and metformin, increased insulin binding in all cell types by 44 to 101%. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 6397366-0 1984 Influence of metformin on metabolic effect of insulin in human adipose tissue in vitro. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 6397366-3 1984 When insulin was present, however, metformin stimulated glucose conversion into both triglycerides and CO2. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 5-12 6397366-6 1984 In conclusion, metformin seems to exert its effect on glucose metabolism by potentiating the action of insulin at a post-receptor level, possibly on the rate of glucose transport. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 6376023-5 1984 Metformin significantly increased insulin binding in vitro to both IM-9 lymphocytes and MCF-7 cells; the maximum increment was 47.1% and 38.0%, respectively. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 6376023-6 1984 Metformin treatment significantly increased insulin binding in vivo to monocytes of obese subjects (+ 31%, P less than 0.05) and diabetic patients (+ 63%, P less than 0.01). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 6376023-9 1984 These data indicate that metformin increases insulin binding to its receptors in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 6376023-1 1984 We evaluated the effect of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide), a biguanide known to be less toxic than phenformin, on insulin binding to its receptors, both in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 38-59 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 6376023-2 1984 Specific 125I-insulin binding to cultured IM-9 human lymphocytes and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was determined after preincubation with metformin. Metformin 141-150 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 6347782-0 1983 Metformin reduces insulin requirement in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 6390140-0 1984 [Effect of metformin on the metabolic action of insulin in human adipose tissue "in vitro" and "in vivo"]. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 6373159-1 1984 A study was carried out to evaluate the acute effect of an intravenous injection of metformin on the fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and growth hormone in 15 non-diabetic subjects. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 6373159-1 1984 A study was carried out to evaluate the acute effect of an intravenous injection of metformin on the fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon and growth hormone in 15 non-diabetic subjects. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 152-161 6360756-5 1983 Insulin binding to monocytes was nearly identical at all insulin concentrations tested in the placebo or metformin therapy phase. Metformin 105-114 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 6360756-6 1983 These data indicate that the glucose-lowering potency of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetics cannot be associated with changes in receptor number or affinity. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 6350337-0 1983 Metformin normalizes insulin binding to monocytes from obese nondiabetic subjects and obese type II diabetic patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 6350337-3 1983 After metformin administration, an increase in insulin binding to peripheral monocytes was observed in seven of eight obese nondiabetic subjects (3.57 +/- 0.43 to 4.69 +/- 0.59% bound at 10(7) monocytes, mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.01) and in all diabetic patients (3.21 +/- 0.21 to 5.22 +/- 0.34, P less than 0.01). Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 6350337-6 1983 These studies indicate that metformin normalizes the binding of insulin to its receptor in obese subjects and diabetic patients. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 6347782-5 1983 There was a 25.8% reduction in insulin requirement during metformin management despite slightly lower blood glucose levels (5.25 +/- 0.20 versus 5.98 +/- 0.18 mmol/l, p less than 0.01). Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 6347782-12 1983 It follows that metformin could be usefully administered to Type 1 diabetic patients with unimpaired liver and renal function to reduce their insulin requirement. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 6345193-0 1983 Effect of metformin on blood glucose, insulin and C-peptide responses to glucagon in non-insulin dependent diabetics. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 50-59 6345193-8 1983 After treatment with metformin the hyperglycemia induced by glucagon was not influenced; nevertheless insulin and C-peptide plasma levels showed an evident reduction while CPR/IRI molar ratio was unchanged. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 6345193-8 1983 After treatment with metformin the hyperglycemia induced by glucagon was not influenced; nevertheless insulin and C-peptide plasma levels showed an evident reduction while CPR/IRI molar ratio was unchanged. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 114-123 6751898-1 1982 The effect of the biguanide metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) on insulin binding in vitro to IM-9 lymphocytes and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was studied. Metformin 39-57 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 6751898-0 1982 Effect of metformin on insulin binding to receptors in cultured human lymphocytes and cancer cells. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 6751898-2 1982 Metformin significantly increased insulin binding to both cell types: maximum increment was 47.1 +/- 7.0% greater than control in IM-9 and 38.0 +/- 6.1% in MCF-7 cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 6751898-1 1982 The effect of the biguanide metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) on insulin binding in vitro to IM-9 lymphocytes and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was studied. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 6751898-4 1982 When compared with phenformin, metformin was less active in increasing insulin binding to cultured cells, the ratio between the two drug responses being similar to that of their therapeutic dosage in patients. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 6751898-5 1982 Insulin binding increment due to metformin was reversible, was not dependent on new protein synthesis and was evident also in IM-9 lymphocytes that had been down-regulated by pre-incubation with insulin (10(-7) mol/l). Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 6751898-5 1982 Insulin binding increment due to metformin was reversible, was not dependent on new protein synthesis and was evident also in IM-9 lymphocytes that had been down-regulated by pre-incubation with insulin (10(-7) mol/l). Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 195-202 6751898-6 1982 This effect of metformin on insulin binding to receptors may contribute to the hypoglycaemic effect of this agent in patients. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 7033271-6 1982 Metformin was also effective in significantly enhancing insulin binding in both IM-9 and MCF-7 cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 6749582-0 1982 Metformin reduces post-prandial insulin needs in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: assessment by the artificial pancreas. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 6749582-3 1982 We have studied the effect of metformin (850 mg) given at 08.00 h in diminishing insulin needs after a 60 g carbohydrate mixed meal taken at 12.00 h, using an artificial pancreas and a sequential analysis of the results. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 6749582-5 1982 After the eighth patient a 26% saving of insulin need was demonstrated in the metformin-treated group (p less than 0.01). Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 6749582-6 1982 Metformin is thus effective in reducing post-prandial insulin needs in Type 1 diabetic patients, although its use in such circumstances requires consideration of several other issues. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 428695-0 1979 Metformin in management of pregnant insulin-independent diabetics. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 455913-0 1979 [Effects of dimethylbiguanide (metformin) on peripheral insulin clearance and lipid biosynthesis in obese dyslipidemic subjects with and without diabetes mellitus]. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 1174086-9 1975 Even those test persons who did not lose weight under metformin showed lower proinsulin and insulin levels. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 77-87 188698-6 1976 Basal plasma insulin was significantly reduced in all the patients following metformin treatment. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 1174086-9 1975 Even those test persons who did not lose weight under metformin showed lower proinsulin and insulin levels. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 5791574-0 1969 [Effect of dimethylbiguanide on sensitivity to exogenous insulin in nondiabetic subjects treated by hydrochlorothiazide]. Metformin 11-28 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 4469884-0 1974 [Effects of treatment with glipizide-metformin on the behavior of blood sugar, insulin and lipids after intravenous administration of glucose in diabetic subjects]. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 4995366-0 1971 [Experimental demonstration of the simulating action of biguanides (phenformin, metformin) on insulin secretion]. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 33713207-5 2021 On the other hand, metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic drug that decreases serum levels of insulin and IGF-1, could have a protective role in the treatment of endocrine tumors. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 33745895-11 2021 SIGNIFICANCE: Our study indicated that pre-admitted metformin usage may have beneficial effects on COVID-19 with pre-existed type 2 diabetes, insulin should be used sparingly in the hospital stay. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 32770520-0 2021 Metformin Lowers Body Weight But Fails to Increase Insulin Sensitivity in Chronic Heart Failure Patients without Diabetes: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 32770520-2 2021 However, it remains to be established whether these beneficial myocardial effects are associated with metformin-induced alterations in whole-body insulin sensitivity and substrate metabolism. Metformin 102-111 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 34057870-0 2021 Repurposing metformin for covid-19 complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 34057870-9 2021 In this article, we argue that metformin has beneficial effects on Covid-19 infection in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 33459895-12 2021 Women treated with metformin plus insulin had 201 (52.1%) obstetric complications versus 184 (47.7%) in insulin-only group, p = 0.22; and 112 (29.0%) neonatal complications versus 96 (24.9%), p = 0.19. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 33444083-2 2021 Metformin is the recommended first choice of drug for the management of T2DM and is known to improve insulin sensitivity and prevents hyperglycemia by reducing chronic inflammation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 33990102-6 2021 The alteration of insulin signaling pathways, involved in gastrointestinal manifestations, carcinogenesis, muscle function, cognitive and endocrinological aspects, gain further relevance in the light of recent evidence of metformin efficacy in DM1. Metformin 222-231 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 34007128-2 2021 The pleiotropic insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects of metformin might inhibit pathways that are frequently amplified in neoplastic tissue. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 34007128-2 2021 The pleiotropic insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects of metformin might inhibit pathways that are frequently amplified in neoplastic tissue. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 33830463-14 2021 The broad scope of the review includes the use of progesterone, metformin to reverse insulin resistance, and bariatric surgery or operative hysteroscopy. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 33459895-13 2021 Patients treated with metformin plus insulin had similar GWG, excessive weight gain and insulin dose compared to the insulin-only group. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 33459895-13 2021 Patients treated with metformin plus insulin had similar GWG, excessive weight gain and insulin dose compared to the insulin-only group. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 33459895-14 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Women with GDM treated with insulin plus metformin had similar obstetric and neonatal complications, weight gained and insulin dose compared to those only treated with insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 33459895-14 2021 CONCLUSIONS: Women with GDM treated with insulin plus metformin had similar obstetric and neonatal complications, weight gained and insulin dose compared to those only treated with insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 32533543-1 2021 Metformin is widely used as a firstline therapy to improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 33609419-8 2021 RESULTS: Treatment with metformin/rosiglitazone in MMTV-ErbB2/Leprdb/db mouse model reduced serum insulin levels, prolonged overall survival, decreased cumulative tumor incidence, and inhibited tumor progression. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 33884414-0 2021 Effects of Behavioral Weight Loss and Metformin on Insulin-like Growth Factors in Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Trial. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 33650273-1 2021 PURPOSE: Metformin is widely used as an insulin sensitizer in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 33899646-1 2021 OBJECTIVE: To improve insulin action, most clinicians prescribe Metformin in patients with insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 33899646-1 2021 OBJECTIVE: To improve insulin action, most clinicians prescribe Metformin in patients with insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 33899646-4 2021 Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine if Metformin provides a benefit in conjunction with hypocaloric diets to improve insulin sensitivity in PCOS women. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 33887146-10 2021 Conclusions: Metformin treatment was associated with significant decreases in BMI, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 33917520-9 2021 Systematic findings on the nine publications indicated metformin decreased insulin levels in four studies, FBS in one, BMI in two, Ki-67 in three studies, and HOMA-IR in two study. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 33302299-13 2021 Although currently no intervention can be universally recommended to reverse endometrial dysfunction in PCOS women, lifestyle modifications and metformin may improve underlying endometrial dysfunction and pregnancy outcomes in obese and/or insulin resistant patients. Metformin 144-153 insulin Homo sapiens 240-247 33887240-13 2021 Hypoglycemic episodes were significantly more common in the insulin-treated group (55.9% vs 17.7% on metformin, OR 6.118, 95% CI 3.134-11.944, p 0.000). Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 33854039-9 2021 Our results show that metformin improved dysglycemia and insulin sensitivity, independent of weight loss, in a young population with prediabetes/diabetes and psychosis spectrum illness, that is at extremely high risk of early cardiovascular mortality. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 33915682-2 2021 Pharmacological treatments for EMS include metformin, a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent also administered to people to help improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 33927970-6 2021 Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs including metformin, thiazolidinediones, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue could modulate IRS-1 phosphorylation, brain IR, PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway, and other pathologic processes of AD. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 33728428-2 2021 OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact of metformin treatment during puberty, a critical window of cardiometabolic change, on insulin sensitivity (Si) and compensatory beta-cell response in youth with obesity. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 33854349-11 2021 The wound healing process in rats treated with insulin was more effective than in the metformin and control groups. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 33109447-0 2021 Glycemic Impact of Metformin in Diabetes Caused by Heterozygous Insulin Gene Mutation R46Q. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 33759685-11 2021 In patients with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, Metformin should also be considered as part of treatment. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 33608415-9 2021 Metformin resulted in a modest decrease in BMI (range of mean values: -2.70 to 1.30 vs -1.12 to 1.90), BMI z score (range of mean values: -0.37 to -0.03 vs -0.22 to 0.15), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (range of mean values: -3.74 to 1.00 vs -1.40 to 2.66). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 208-215 33719959-10 2021 Compared with controls, metformin can effectively reduce serum fasting glucose and insulin levels and the HOMA-IR index in NAFLD patients at the 6-month follow-up. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 33719959-14 2021 CONCLUSION: Compared to the controls, metformin can effectively reduce the serum fasting glucose and insulin levels and the HOMA-IR index in NAFLD patients at the 6-month follow-up and ALT and the HOMA-IR index at the 12-month follow-up. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 33690729-5 2021 Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing biguanide drug, commonly used in the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus, especially in obese patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 33608415-12 2021 CONCLUSIONS: With this systematic review of RCTs, we suggest that metformin has modest but favorable effects on weight and insulin resistance and a tolerable safety profile among children and adolescents with obesity. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 33594488-3 2021 Metformin treatment had a small but positive effect on bone quality in the peripheral skeleton, reduced weight gain, and resulted in a more beneficial body composition compared with placebo in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 32951988-1 2021 PURPOSE: Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, is the most common first-line antidiabetic therapy. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 33671767-6 2021 The insulin-induced accumulation of MG and S-d-lactoylglutathione were efficiently removed by the treatment of metformin, possibly via affecting the glyoxalase system. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 33594488-6 2021 METHODS: This was a sub-study of the Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy trial, which was a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing 18-month treatment with metformin compared with placebo, in combination with different insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin 182-191 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 33594488-14 2021 CONCLUSION: Metformin treatment had a small positive effect on BMC and BMD in the peripheral skeleton and reduced weight gain compared with placebo in insulin-treated patients with T2DM. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 33337344-9 2021 Treatment with either empagliflozin or metformin lowered expression of the dysfunction marker genes ex vivo, which correlated with improved glycemic control, and increased insulin release in vivo. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 33270043-13 2021 Additional analyses showed a null association for other antidiabetic drugs, but significant interactions between metformin and insulin, sulfonylurea and pioglitazone, respectively, were noted. Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 33273042-1 2021 OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term efficacy of initiating therapy with metformin/pioglitazone/exenatide in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) versus sequential addition of metformin followed by glipizide and insulin. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 230-237 33337344-11 2021 Improving islet endothelial function through strategies such as empagliflozin/metformin treatment may provide an effective approach for improving insulin release in human type 2 diabetes. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 33430738-12 2022 CONCLUSION: Collectively, this study has demonstrated a decrease in blood glucose levels and a rise in insulin-levels and thus a consequent prophylactic effects in metformin-given STZ-induced diabetic rats. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 33665047-10 2021 In one-third of the patients, down-titration of the insulin dose was done, indicating the insulin-sparing effect with the addition of the glimepiride and metformin combination. Metformin 154-163 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 33352227-3 2021 Metformin, a first-line oral antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), not only reduces blood glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity and exerts cardioprotective effects but also shows benefits against cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and other diverse diseases and regulates angiogenesis. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 33477996-5 2021 The potential anti-cancer activity of metformin is based on two principal effects: first, its capacity for lowering circulating insulin levels with indirect endocrine effects that may impact on tumor cell proliferation; second, its direct influence on many pro-cancer signaling pathways that are key drivers of BC aggressiveness. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 33413067-4 2021 In patients with T2DM, metformin lowers mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels by 1.1-1.2% as monotherapy, by 0.6-0.83 % as an add-on therapy to insulin, and by 0.9- 0.95 % as add-on therapy to other oral agents. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 33861440-3 2021 Given that metformin acts as an ovulation inducing agent and both curcumin and metformin can reduce insulin resistance, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of metformin with and without curcumin nanomicelles in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 32548833-7 2021 Recently, metformin has been used more commonly in diabetic pregnant women in cases when insulin cannot be prescribed, after its safety has been proven. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 33861440-1 2021 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility, for which the insulin sensitizer metformin has been used therapeutically. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 33861440-3 2021 Given that metformin acts as an ovulation inducing agent and both curcumin and metformin can reduce insulin resistance, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of metformin with and without curcumin nanomicelles in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 33861440-13 2021 This study showed that curcumin has a synergistic effect with metformin in the improvement of insulin resistance and lipid profile in patients with PCOS. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 32940848-2 2021 Metformin has been shown to have antitumor effects by lowering serum levels of the mitogen insulin and having pleiotropic effects on cancer cell signaling pathways. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 33576490-1 2021 The main mechanism of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is insulin resistance, therefore using metformin as a medicine reducing insulin resistance appears to be promising. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 33970481-5 2021 Results from available studies have shown that metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure was associated with improved clinical outcomes when compared with other oral antidiabetic agents, insulin, or lifestyle management. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 223-230 31234219-8 2021 Metformin reduced plasma glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity but the latter effect was stronger in women receiving oral contraceptive pills than in women not using any contraception. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 31234219-11 2021 The changes in plasma prolactin correlated with their baseline insulin sensitivity and the effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 33576490-1 2021 The main mechanism of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is insulin resistance, therefore using metformin as a medicine reducing insulin resistance appears to be promising. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 33017649-8 2021 Cumulative evidence from these RCTs supported the blood glucose lowering effects of metformin, in addition to promoting weight loss, ameliorating insulin resistance, and reducing pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with metabolic syndrome. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 34017786-3 2021 Therefore, he escaped from insulin injection and was able to treat with metformin. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 33334002-6 2020 Because increased insulin secretion enhances ovarian androgen production, short-term treatment with metformin and other hypoglycemic agents results in significant weight loss, favorable metabolic changes, and testosterone reduction. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 33347618-1 2020 BACKGROUND: The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 32970287-2 2020 This study set up to determine the effect of metformin on miR223 expression and content of AKT/GLUT4 proteins in insulin resistant signaling in 3T3L1 cells and adipocyte of human diabetic patients. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 33297431-12 2020 For patients with DM and COVID-19 who require hospitalization, insulin-based treatment is recommended with cessation of metformin and SGLT2i. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 32970287-0 2020 Metformin downregulates miR223 expression in insulin-resistant 3T3L1 cells and human diabetic adipose tissue. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 32970287-9 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin reduced insulin resistance in adipocytes by reduction of miR223 expression and improving of IRS/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathways. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 33197121-7 2022 Of the non-insulin agents, metformin was consistently the most frequently dispensed agent, with a rapid growth in metformin combination tablets. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 32544018-6 2020 Results: After six months, the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and homeostatic model assessment estimates for insulin resistance were significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 32544018-6 2020 Results: After six months, the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and homeostatic model assessment estimates for insulin resistance were significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 32544018-6 2020 Results: After six months, the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, and homeostatic model assessment estimates for insulin resistance were significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 32544018-9 2020 Conclusion: Metformin, associated with vaginal ring, improves the insulin and carbohydrate metabolism. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 32822526-9 2020 Metformin reduced glucose levels and glycated haemoglobin, improved insulin sensitivity and decreased thyrotrophin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 32822526-13 2020 The thyrotrophin-lowering effect of metformin correlated with the improvement in insulin sensitivity and in levothyroxine-treated women with the changes in prolactin levels. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 33243251-8 2020 Insulin and the insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone and metformin prevent in part the RD-induced cone loss in vivo, despite the persistence of inflammation CONCLUSION: Our results describe a new mechanism by which inflammation induces cone death in RD, likely through cone starvation due to the downregulation of RdCVF that could be reversed by insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 32706919-9 2020 In both study arms, metformin reduced plasma glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity but this effect was stronger in subjects receiving vitamin D. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 33520876-8 2020 In the present study, metabolic rate and hepatic clearance changed to 0.0112 +- 0.0008 and 6.2 +- 0.1 ml/min in the type-1 diabetic group treated with insulin plus metformin, and 0.0149 +- 0.0012 and 6.03 +- 0.06 ml/min in the insulin-receiving type-2 diabetic rats. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 227-234 33153458-10 2020 Our initial attempt to reduce insulin resistance with metformin and pioglitazone was not effective, possibly because of inadequate insulinemia. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 32428991-4 2020 The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) demonstrated that metformin not only had hypoglycemic action equivalent to sulfonylureas (SU) and insulin but also significantly lowered mortality and incidence of cardiovascular disease compared with SU or insulin treatment (1) while exerting a cardioprotective effect that lasted 10 years after the study ended (2). Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 261-268 32601731-7 2020 Metformin was able to stabilise insulin sensitivity in every stratified sub-cohort except one. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 32601731-11 2020 Metformin was able to stabilise insulin sensitivity and was more effective in persons with more pronounced IFG. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 33271428-1 2020 Metformin remains the first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in most guidelines not only because it achieves significant reduction in HbA1c but also because of a wealth of clinical experience regarding its safety and observational data that has shown that metformin use is associated with lower mortality rates when compared to sulphonylureas or insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 359-366 32934724-3 2020 As a traditional insulin sensitizer and newly discovered anticancer agent, metformin directly and indirectly inhibits the development of EC. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 32934724-5 2020 In the indirect mechanism, metformin increases the insulin sensitivity of body tissues and decreases circulating insulin levels. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 32934724-5 2020 In the indirect mechanism, metformin increases the insulin sensitivity of body tissues and decreases circulating insulin levels. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 32994049-5 2020 These metformin effects result in the improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization in extrahepatic tissues. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 33194937-8 2020 Metformin"s mechanisms of actions are complex but clearly involve secondary lowering of circulating insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 32713411-0 2020 Effects of metformin on epicardial adipose tissue and atrial electromechanical delay of obese children with insulin resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 32713411-3 2020 AIM: This study aims to demonstrate the effects of metformin on epicardial adipose tissue and electromechanical delay in patients using metformin for insulin resistance. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 32713411-3 2020 AIM: This study aims to demonstrate the effects of metformin on epicardial adipose tissue and electromechanical delay in patients using metformin for insulin resistance. Metformin 136-145 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 32713411-4 2020 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 patients using metformin for insulin resistance were included in the study. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 33271428-1 2020 Metformin remains the first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in most guidelines not only because it achieves significant reduction in HbA1c but also because of a wealth of clinical experience regarding its safety and observational data that has shown that metformin use is associated with lower mortality rates when compared to sulphonylureas or insulin. Metformin 269-278 insulin Homo sapiens 359-366 31903641-8 2020 In both groups, metformin reduced glucose levels, homeostasis model assessment 1 of insulin resistance index (HOMA1-IR), thyrotropin levels and Jostel"s thyrotropin index, as well as increased SPINA-GT. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 32741222-8 2020 In addition, metformin also reduced the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in patients with HT and SH (HT: p TSH = .000 and p HOMA-IR = .000; SH: p TSH = .000 and p HOMA-IR = .000, respectively). Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 32979921-0 2020 Metformin may adversely affect orthostatic blood pressure recovery in patients with type 2 diabetes: substudy from the placebo-controlled Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy (CIMT) trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 32979921-10 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Eighteen months of metformin treatment in combination with insulin compared with insulin alone increased early drop in OBP indicating an adverse effect of metformin on CAN independent of vitamin B12, MMA HbA1c. Metformin 168-177 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 32917052-5 2020 The change in plasma vaspin level in response to metformin therapy was parallel with the improving of insulin resistance/sensitivity parameters. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 32887578-8 2020 The metformin group had a lower risk of primary cesarean section (aOR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82) and congenital malformations (aOR, 0.51; 95% CI; 0.27-0.94) and similar risk for the other outcomes as compared with the insulin group. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 218-225 33001414-10 2021 Metformin was associated with increased OR (CI) for AKI, 1.07 (1.02-1.12), equally to sulfonylurea, 1.10 (1.03-1.18) and DPP-4i, 1.11 (1.02-1.20), but not insulin, 0.99 (0.93-1.05). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 32921782-4 2020 The insulin sensitizing actions of metformin encouraged many investigators and physician to use it as the key drug in these conditions for both prevention and treatment. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 33376686-5 2020 Results: Metformin therapy led to significant reduction of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (IR) with an increment in the insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01). Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 32390336-9 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin with insulin has the potential to retard the progression of atherosclerosis and provides better metabolic control in patients with T1DM, and thus, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with T1DM on reducing CVD risks. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 31863557-0 2020 A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin on myocardial efficiency in insulin-resistant chronic heart failure patients without diabetes. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 31863557-1 2020 AIMS: The present study tested the hypothesis that metformin treatment may increase myocardial efficiency (stroke work/myocardial oxygen consumption) in insulin-resistant patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) without diabetes. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 33376686-5 2020 Results: Metformin therapy led to significant reduction of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (IR) with an increment in the insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01). Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 33376686-7 2020 Metformin plus TA therapy reduced fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and IR and showed increment in the insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01) with insignificant effect on fasting insulin (P = 0.09) compared with metformin monotherapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 32409919-5 2020 Therefore, we analyzed the induction of insulin resistance (IR) in the Huh7 cell line using an overdosage of insulin and treatment with metformin for its reversal, with the purpose of establishing an insulin resistance model useful for metabolic and pharmacological studies. Metformin 136-145 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 33277829-7 2020 Insulin-raising drugs, including exogenous insulin, increased cancer risks, while drugs potentiating insulin sensitivity like metformin reduced cancer risks. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 32974359-6 2020 The objective of this review article is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of PH related to left heart disease (PH-LHD), outline the proposed pathophysiologic mechanism of insulin resistance in heart failure and PH-LHD, and evaluate the role metformin may have in heart failure and PH-LHD. Metformin 253-262 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 32606000-6 2020 The anti-diabetic drug metformin suppressed insulin-induced hepatic Cyclin D1 expression and protected against obese/diabetic hepatocarcinogenesis. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 32758236-11 2020 Metformin treatment with insulin, ACEi and beta-blocker therapy were also shown to have a reduction in mortality (insulin p = 0.002; ACEi p < 0.001; beta-blocker p = 0.017), whereas female gender was associated with worse outcomes (p < 0.001). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 32758236-11 2020 Metformin treatment with insulin, ACEi and beta-blocker therapy were also shown to have a reduction in mortality (insulin p = 0.002; ACEi p < 0.001; beta-blocker p = 0.017), whereas female gender was associated with worse outcomes (p < 0.001). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 32755965-5 2020 Treatment with corticosteroids, metformin and hydroxychloroquine allowed withdrawal of insulin therapy, with stabilisation of glycaemia and diminished signs of insulin resistance; however, morning fasting hypoglycaemic episodes persisted. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 32755965-5 2020 Treatment with corticosteroids, metformin and hydroxychloroquine allowed withdrawal of insulin therapy, with stabilisation of glycaemia and diminished signs of insulin resistance; however, morning fasting hypoglycaemic episodes persisted. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 160-167 32755965-10 2020 Treatment with metformin, hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate ameliorated extreme insulin resistance. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 32409919-8 2020 Moreover, treatment of Huh7-IR with 0.5, 1 or 2 mM of metformin by 24 h decreased the biomarkers associated with an insulin-resistant state. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 32418411-9 2020 Insulin resistance is becoming an increasingly studied target for therapy, most evidence stemming from the time-honoured metformin use. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 32767342-3 2020 While the efficacy of metformin in reducing insulin resistance and decreasing androgen level has been widely validated, there is no agreement on the dose of metformin to be used. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 32274915-5 2020 Metformin seems to be safe and presents evident positive effects on insulin sensitivity, but long-term and consistent data are still missing to establish its role in the paediatric population and the possible effectiveness of other emergent treatments such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, dual inhibitors of SGLT1 and SGLT2 and weight loss drugs. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 32660025-11 2020 An analysis of a subgroup of participants taking metformin showed a decrease in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, insulin resistance, and zonulin; an increase in plasma butyrate concentrations; and an enrichment of microbial butyrate-producing pathways in the probiotic group but not in the placebo group. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 32758336-12 2020 As the diabetic MODY-5 patient (mutation of HNF1B, Val2Leu) was on low dose Riomet while eliminating insulin gradually, a simple analytical method for metformin assay was recommended to ensure its concentration before use as it is not approved yet by the Egyptian QC labs. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 32801686-1 2020 Introduction: Metformin is an ideal candidate to treat the liver tumor with insulin resistance because of its good performance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and the advantage in cancer therapy. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 32652973-2 2020 We studied whether metformin treatment has favorable or unfavorable effects on inflammatory markers and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) in GDM patients compared with insulin, and whether these markers associate with major maternal or fetal clinical outcomes. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 32447330-12 2020 Off GH, insulin requirements reduced to zero, allowing Metformin monotherapy. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 32556103-6 2020 Moreover, lowering UA using benzbromarone (a uricosuric agent) or metformin-induced activation of AMPK expression significantly attenuated UA-induced FFA metabolism impairment and adipose beiging suppression, which subsequently alleviated serum FFA elevation and insulin resistance in HUA mice. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 263-270 32629460-7 2020 Patients using metformin and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have a higher probability of success than do patients using metformin and a sulfonylurea, and patients using insulin and metformin have a higher probability of success than do patients using insulin alone. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 32080865-0 2020 Combination of metformin and berberine represses the apoptosis of sebocytes in high-fat diet-induced diabetic hamsters and an insulin-treated human cell line. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 32080865-8 2020 Sebocytes isolated from high-fat diet-induced diabetic hamsters and insulin-treated human sebocytes displayed elevated cell death rates, which were attenuated by berberine and metformin treatments. Metformin 176-185 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 32670541-4 2020 Although insulin sensitising agents such as metformin have been traditionally used for managing metabolic aspects of PCOS, their efficacy is low in terms of weight reduction and cardiovascular risk reduction compared with newer agents such as incretin mimetics and SGLT2 inhibitors. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 32556103-0 2020 Metformin alleviates hyperuricaemia-induced serum FFA elevation and insulin resistance by inhibiting adipocyte hypertrophy and reversing suppressed white adipose tissue beiging. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 32556103-7 2020 Taken together, these observations confirm that UA is involved in the aetiology of metabolic abnormalities in adipose tissue by regulating leptin-AMPK pathway,and metformin could lessen HUA-induced serum FFA elevation and insulin resistance by improving adipose tissue function via AMPK activation. Metformin 163-172 insulin Homo sapiens 222-229 32606605-0 2020 Metformin Decreases Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes Through Regulating p53 and RAP2A in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 32606605-2 2020 This study was set out to explore the molecular mechanism of metformin in the treatment of T1D insulin resistance. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 32606605-4 2020 Insulin resistance model rats and cells were constructed and treated with metformin respectively. Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 32606605-8 2020 Metformin could effectively improve insulin resistance and inflammatory response while down-regulating p53 and up-regulating RAP2A. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 32625081-2 2020 Metformin is an oral drug that is being evaluated to treat GDM, obesity-associated insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during pregnancy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 32625081-4 2020 In this line of thought, improving the metabolic status of the pregnant mother by using metformin should avoid the consequences of insulin resistance on the offspring"s fetal and postnatal development. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 32606605-10 2020 Conclusion: Metformin improves T1D insulin resistance and inflammatory response through p53/RAP2A pathway, and the regulation of p53/RAP2A pathway is conducive to improving the efficacy of metformin in the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 32606605-10 2020 Conclusion: Metformin improves T1D insulin resistance and inflammatory response through p53/RAP2A pathway, and the regulation of p53/RAP2A pathway is conducive to improving the efficacy of metformin in the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 32606605-10 2020 Conclusion: Metformin improves T1D insulin resistance and inflammatory response through p53/RAP2A pathway, and the regulation of p53/RAP2A pathway is conducive to improving the efficacy of metformin in the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 219-226 32587614-15 2020 Conclusions: The use of insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and inositols, along with lifestyle interventions may improve the metabolic profile in PCOS women. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 31961463-8 2020 This effect of metformin was also significant in non-obese (51.4 versus 24.3%, OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.22-8.84, P = 0.02) and insulin-sensitive (54.8 versus 28.6%, OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.03-8.97, P = 0.04) subgroups of AEH women. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 32020414-1 2020 PURPOSE: To determine the separated and combined effects of metformin and exercise on insulin sensitivity and free-living glycemic control in overweight individuals with prediabetes/type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 31802616-0 2020 Effects of Treatment With Metformin and/or Sitagliptin on Beta-cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Prediabetic Women With Previous Gestational Diabetes. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 32247208-8 2020 Additionally, compared to women prescribed metformin, all-cause mortality hazard was elevated among women prescribed sulfonylurea (HR = 1.44; 95 %CI 1.06, 1.94) or insulin (HR = 1.54; 95 %CI 1.12, 2.11). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 32442232-17 2020 Metformin-exposed neonates were born lighter (-73.92 g, 95% CI -114.79 to -33.06 g, p < 0.001) with reduced risk of macrosomia (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.45-0.79, p < 0.001) than insulin-exposed neonates. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 32442232-20 2020 Metformin-exposed neonates had decreased ponderal index (-0.13 kg/m3, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.00, p = 0.04) and reduced head (-0.21, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.03, p = 0.03) and chest circumferences (-0.34 cm, 95% CI -0.62 to -0.05, p = 0.02) versus the insulin-treated group. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 241-248 32327628-8 2020 Metformin was significantly superior to placebo with regards to decrease in body weight, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.002-0.01), but not regarding changes in waist circumference, waist-to-hip rate, leptin, fasting glucose, and blood pressure (P = 0.07-0.33). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 32327628-8 2020 Metformin was significantly superior to placebo with regards to decrease in body weight, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (P = 0.002-0.01), but not regarding changes in waist circumference, waist-to-hip rate, leptin, fasting glucose, and blood pressure (P = 0.07-0.33). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 32017937-4 2020 Metformin is the most often used oral glucose-lowering agent; its beneficial properties include lowering insulin resistance, weight reduction and cardioprotection. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 32022731-5 2020 Also, the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance has been independently associated with disease-free survival, suggesting that improving the glycemic control may improve the prognosis in this group of patients.Epidemiological studies revealed that cancer patients with diabetes mellitus have less cancer-related mortality after antiglycemic treatment, opening the option to include antiglycolytic agents, such as metformin, in the therapeutic plan. Metformin 422-431 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 32248666-0 2020 Metformin revert insulin-induced oxaliplatin resistance by activating mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 32248666-3 2020 This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which metformin reverts insulin-induced oxaliplatin resistance in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 32248666-13 2020 The AMPK/Erk signaling pathway experiments revealed that the upregulation of Bcl-2 induced by insulin through Erk phosphorylation was inhibited by metformin and that such inhibition could be mitigated by the inhibition of AMPK. Metformin 147-156 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 32248666-14 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Insulin-induced oxaliplatin resistance was reversed by metformin-mediated AMPK activation. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 32456272-1 2020 Insulin resistance is a central mediating factor of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), with exercise training and metformin proven antidotes to insulin resistance. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 32454819-0 2020 SLC22A1 rs622342 Polymorphism Predicts Insulin Resistance Improvement in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Metformin: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 32454819-1 2020 Background: Metformin is the most widely used oral antidiabetic agent and can reduce insulin resistance (IR) effectively. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 32454819-12 2020 Conclusions: The variant of rs622342 could be a predictor of insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM treated with metformin. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 31802616-6 2020 MET+SITA gave a greater increase of first phase(2-10 min) insulin secretion and arginine-stimulated response (720.3+-299.0 to 995.5+-370.3 pmol/l and 3.2+-0.6 to 4.8+-1.0 pmol/min, respectively, both p<0.05) compared to MET and SITA. Metformin 0-3 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 31802616-7 2020 Similarly, MET+SITA was more effective in increasing OGTT-based glucose sensitivity (55.7+-11.3 to 108+-56.2 pmol x min-1 m-2 x mM-1 ; p=0.04) and insulin sensitivity (M/I: 2.2+-0.5 to 4.6+-1.3 mg/kg/min/muIU/min/ml; p=0.04; Matsuda Index (SI): 3.1+-0.4 to 5.7+-1.1; p=0.03) as compared to either MET or SITA. Metformin 11-14 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 31802616-10 2020 CONCLUSION: This study shows that MET+SITA is superior to SITA and MET monotherapy on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity improvement in IGR women with previous GDM and it may offer a potential pharmacologic intervention to reduce risk of T2D in this high-risk population. Metformin 34-37 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 31742716-6 2020 Metformin significantly increased insulin sensitivity (51%) as well as disposition index (97%) and decreased mixed-meal tolerance test peak glucose concentrations (8%) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus after adjustment for gestational age-dependent effects; however, in women with T2DM metformin only significantly affected peak glucose concentrations (22%) and had no significant effect on any other parameters. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 32243405-2 2020 Studies have demonstrated that metformin can reduce liver glucose in PCOS, lower testosterone levels and increase peripheral insulin sensitivity. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 31420971-6 2020 Although metformin reduced plasma glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity in both groups, this effect was stronger in participants with low testosterone levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 32157481-8 2021 Effective modulation of some heart failure-related outcomes with metformin treatment was related to its beneficial effects in ameliorating insulin resistance and blocking pro-inflammatory markers such as the aging-associated cytokine CCL11 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 11). Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 32156062-4 2020 A multivariate analysis showed that exposure to either metformin or to insulin was associated with a lower risk of LC-specific mortality, and this approached statistical significance (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-92 for metformin and HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44-95 for insulin). Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 254-261 32156062-4 2020 A multivariate analysis showed that exposure to either metformin or to insulin was associated with a lower risk of LC-specific mortality, and this approached statistical significance (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-92 for metformin and HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44-95 for insulin). Metformin 212-221 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 31654523-12 2020 CONCLUSIONS: In an increasing but changing population of gestational diabetes women in our region, with more heredity and non-Scandinavian origin, but with fewer smokers, metabolic control has improved with maintained favorable pregnancy outcomes, with more frequent use of Metformin and substantially less use of insulin treatment. Metformin 274-283 insulin Homo sapiens 314-321 31593243-7 2020 Among the T2DM patients, insulin usage increased the risk of CRC (aHR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.58-0-2.19) after adjustment for age, sex, urbanization level, comorbidities, metformin usage and examinations; nevertheless, metformin decreased the risk of CRC (aHR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.54-0.77) after adjustment for age, sex, urbanization level, comorbidities, insulin usage and examinations. Metformin 166-175 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 31593243-7 2020 Among the T2DM patients, insulin usage increased the risk of CRC (aHR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.58-0-2.19) after adjustment for age, sex, urbanization level, comorbidities, metformin usage and examinations; nevertheless, metformin decreased the risk of CRC (aHR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.54-0.77) after adjustment for age, sex, urbanization level, comorbidities, insulin usage and examinations. Metformin 214-223 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 32067218-12 2020 Metformin treatment elevates serum MANF levels and alleviates insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in PCOS women. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 31595635-5 2020 CONCLUSION: A single event of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia led to an increase in markers of platelet activation and coagulation in people with early stages of type 2 diabetes on metformin therapy. Metformin 179-188 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 31936857-2 2020 We study in jejunum the relation between insulin signalling and insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects with low (MO-low-IR) or with high insulin resistance (MO-high-IR), and with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin (MO-metf-T2DM)), and the effect of insulin/leptin on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Metformin 215-224 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 31389032-9 2020 Metformin-induced changes in thyrotropin and Jostel"s index correlated with their baseline values, baseline levels of testosterone, and with the effect of treatment on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 31389032-7 2020 In both study groups, metformin decreased plasma glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 31662305-0 2020 Insulin Sensitivity and Renal Hemodynamic Function in Metformin-Treated Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Preserved Renal Function. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 31006835-7 2020 Results of the subgroup analyses showed that insulin, glucose, and BMI decreased more significantly when the duration of administering metformin intervention was above 4 weeks. Metformin 135-144 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 31006835-9 2020 CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer patients receiving metformin as treatment for diabetes showed significant reduction in levels of insulin, fasting glucose, CRP, HOMA, leptin, BMI, and Ki-67. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 30663560-4 2020 Regarding antidiabetic medication, metformin, gliclazide, pioglitazone, exenatide and dapagliflozin exert a beneficial effect on Endothelial Function (EF); glimepiride and glibenclamide, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and liraglutide have a neutral effect, while studies examining the effect of insulin analogues, empagliflozin and canagliflozin on EF are limited. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 298-305 31969093-0 2020 Pharmacological strategies for insulin sensitivity: thiazolidinediones and metformin. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 31969093-7 2020 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review TZD and metformin as pharmacological treatments for insulin resistance associated with obesity and cancer. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 32769032-3 2020 Metformin regulates insulin responsive gene and helps to achieve glycemic control however, no extensive study reported about its role against glycation induced oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 31662305-13 2020 CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we demonstrate that impaired insulin sensitivity is associated with intrarenal hemodynamic dysfunction by gold standard techniques in adults with T2D treated with metformin monotherapy. Metformin 196-205 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 31853319-10 2020 In conclusion, insulin combined with metformin is more effective than insulin alone in reducing serum Cys C and Hcy levels, with significant effect on the improvement of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 32396212-5 2020 Metformin is taken by many patients before pregnancy due to both previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes and in the treatment of prediabetes, obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as part of therapy for insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 207-214 31462593-0 2019 Glucose-responsive Insulinoma with Insulin Hypersecretion Suppressed by Metformin. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 31718828-1 2020 OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of metformin, rosiglitazone, and their combination in obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 31718828-13 2020 CONCLUSION(S): Considering the benefits of metformin on weight loss, high-dose metformin (1,500 mg/day) along with lifestyle modification should be recommended for obese, insulin-resistant women with PCOS. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 31711841-5 2020 The most frequently prescribed medications added to metformin were sulfonylurea and basal insulin accounting for 51% (1724/3413) and 37% (1268/3413) respectively. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 31711841-8 2020 CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Type 2 diabetes patients treated with sulfonylurea, basal insulin and GLP-1 agonist as an add on to metformin had significant reductions in HbA1c. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 30888034-3 2020 Metformin is a widely used, well-tolerated drug that improves insulin sensitivity and displays anti-inflammatory properties. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 31667980-1 2020 Previous randomized and observational studies on the efficacy of metformin in pregnancy to reduce incident gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women at high risk (obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], or pregestational insulin resistance) have been conflicting and several groups are planning further randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to answer this question conclusively. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 227-234 31462593-1 2019 In type 2 diabetes mellitus, metformin suppresses excessive insulin secretion in relation to the intake of glucose. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 31811400-2 2019 RECENT FINDINGS: There has been increasing interest in the use of non-insulin agents, primarily metformin and glyburide (which both cross the placenta). Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 31821361-1 2019 BACKGROUND: Metformin treatment (1000-2000 mg/day) over 6 months in pubertal children and/or adolescents with obesity and hyperinsulinism is associated with a reduction in body mass index (BMI) and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 31415212-3 2019 Metformin improves insulin resistance and metabolic function. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 31833226-8 2019 Also whole-body insulin sensitivity was enhanced by 4 days metformin treatment, that is reduced fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 31693269-11 2019 After adjustment, metformin was associated with reduced absolute risk of planned elective c-section (RD = -2.3, 95% CI, -4.3 to -0.3), large for gestational age (RD = -3.7, 95% CI, -5.5 to -1.8), and neonatal hypoglycemia (RD = -5.0, 95% CI, -6.9 to -3.2) compared with insulin. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 270-277 31127593-7 2019 Fasting plasma glucose, serum high-density lipoprotein and indices of insulin sensitivity significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 31833226-8 2019 Also whole-body insulin sensitivity was enhanced by 4 days metformin treatment, that is reduced fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 111-118 31856288-0 2019 Factors Associated with the Need for Insulin as a Complementary Treatment to Metformin in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 32694673-7 2019 In wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet, oral administration of metformin increases serum GDF15 and reduces food intake, body mass, fasting insulin and glucose intolerance; these effects are eliminated in GDF15 null mice. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 32090192-11 2020 Conclusions: The combination of exercise and metformin statistically significantly improved insulin and associated metabolic markers, as compared to the control arm, with potential greater effect than either exercise or metformin alone though power limited formal synergy testing. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 31849810-6 2019 Clinically, evidence for involvement of insulin signaling pathways in DM1 is based on the increased incidence of insulin resistance seen in clinical practice and recent trial evidence of beneficial effects of metformin on muscle function. Metformin 209-218 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 31070566-8 2019 After 12 months of metformin treatment, the T allele was associated with 25.9% lower fasting insulin levels (95% CI 10.9-38.3%, p = 0.002) and 29.1% lower HOMA-IR index (95% CI 10.1-44.1%, p = 0.005), after adjustment for baseline values. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 31828167-2 2019 It remains to be fully elucidated whether the use of metformin, an insulin sensitizer, and/or sulfonylureas, insulin secretagogues, affects cancer incidence in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 31070566-11 2019 Our results suggest that the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant affects markers of insulin resistance and glycemic response to metformin in newly diagnosed patients with T2D within the first year of metformin treatment. Metformin 189-198 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 31693892-2 2019 Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug, functions mainly by improving patients" hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 31647106-18 2019 Meta-analyses of effect modifications showed a positive interaction between baseline insulin levels and treatment effects on live birth in the comparison between CC plus metformin and CC (interaction RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06). Metformin 170-179 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 31647106-21 2019 Treatment effects of letrozole are influenced by baseline serum levels of total testosterone, while those of CC plus metformin are affected by baseline serum levels of insulin. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 31683341-14 2019 Combination of metformin and pioglitazone therapy was more effective as compared to metformin alone in reducing the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 as well as insulin resistance in PCOS. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 31857506-9 2019 : Conclusion: The metformin treatment is effective in improving antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and the effect to reduce the antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance appears earlier than the effect to improve dyslipidemia. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 31857506-9 2019 : Conclusion: The metformin treatment is effective in improving antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and the effect to reduce the antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance appears earlier than the effect to improve dyslipidemia. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 31583022-0 2019 Metformin paradoxically worsens insulin resistance in SHORT syndrome. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 31408647-3 2019 Indeed, lowering glucose and/or insulin levels pharmacologically appears to reduce cancer risk and progression, as has been demonstrated for the biguanide metformin in observational studies. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 31814932-7 2019 D supplementation with metformin improved menstrual regularity and follicular maturation and significant decreases in serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and also significant rises on quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) at two studies. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 31814932-7 2019 D supplementation with metformin improved menstrual regularity and follicular maturation and significant decreases in serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and also significant rises on quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) at two studies. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 31814932-7 2019 D supplementation with metformin improved menstrual regularity and follicular maturation and significant decreases in serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and also significant rises on quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) at two studies. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 31405334-0 2019 Metformin and sitagliptin combination therapy ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance through upregulation of lncRNA H19. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 31405334-6 2019 Our results showed that co-treatment with TECOS and DMBG attenuated the induced apoptosis and insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS model cells, and improved reproductive hormone disorders, ovarian polycystic changes, and IR of PCOS rats. Metformin 52-56 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 31087796-13 2019 In low-quality evidence in adults, meta-analyses demonstrated that metformin was better than placebo for BMI (MD -0.48 [-0.94, -0.02], P = 0.04); metformin was better than COCP for fasting insulin (MD 4.00 [2.59, 5.41], P = 0.00001), whereas COCP was better than metformin for irregular cycles (MD 12.49 [1.34, 116.62], P = 0.03). Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 189-196 31021474-5 2019 Clinical cardiovascular protection with metformin is supported by three randomized outcomes trials (in newly diagnosed and late stage insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients) and a wealth of observational data. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 31583022-2 2019 Methods: We attempted to test the efficacy metformin in a female patient with SHORT syndrome by measuring glucose and insulin during an extended Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in a 21-year old patient (BMI 17.5 kg/m2), who presented for endocrine assessment with a history of amenorrhoea. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 31583022-8 2019 Insulin concentrations remained above upper assay detection limit also at 180 min of OGTT on metformin treatment (> 1000 microIU/ml versus 100.6 microIU/ml without metformin). Metformin 93-102 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 31583022-8 2019 Insulin concentrations remained above upper assay detection limit also at 180 min of OGTT on metformin treatment (> 1000 microIU/ml versus 100.6 microIU/ml without metformin). Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 31386659-10 2019 Neonates born to metformin-treated mothers had lower birth weights (mean difference -107.7 g, 95% CI -182.3 to -32.7, I2 = 83%, p = 0.005) and lower ponderal indices (mean difference -0.13 kg/m3, 95% CI -0.26 to 0.00, I2 = 0%, p = 0.04) than neonates of insulin-treated mothers. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 254-261 31081406-6 2019 The fasting glucose, insulin, and glucose/insulin ratio, HOMA-IR, glucose, and insulin AUC 120 were significantly improved in metformin group. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 21-94 31081406-10 2019 In conclusion, metformin, associated with vaginal ring, improves the insulin and carbohydrate metabolism, reduces the body weight and android fat distribution. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 31742116-7 2019 Metformin but not glyburide reduced prolactin levels due to the improvement of insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 31686756-0 2019 Irisin as a Novel Marker for Insulin Resistance in Iraqi Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Before and After Metformin Therapy. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 31326458-1 2019 AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy, insulin sensitivity and safety in the event of administering sulfonylurea-based drugs and metformin in combination with basal insulin. Metformin 146-155 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 31121610-0 2019 Effect of Metformin Treatment on Insulin Resistance Markers, and Circulating Irisin in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 31548957-12 2019 About 44% patients in Group 1 (metformin) had increased insulin levels initially (>20 muU/ml), which were decreased to 16% after three months of metformin therapy. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 31548957-14 2019 Conclusion: It has been concluded from this study that metformin significantly lowers insulin levels in patients with PCOS; in both obese and nonobese; which points towards its potential usefulness in treatment of PCOS patients, though it had no significant effect on body mass index in 12 weeks. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 31386659-17 2019 Limited evidence (1 study with data treated as 2 cohorts) suggested that adiposity indices (abdominal [p = 0.02] and visceral [p = 0.03] fat volumes) may be higher in children born to metformin-treated compared to insulin-treated mothers. Metformin 184-193 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 31386659-19 2019 CONCLUSIONS: Following intrauterine exposure to metformin for treatment of maternal GDM, neonates are significantly smaller than neonates whose mothers were treated with insulin during pregnancy. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 31270521-2 2019 We report here on heat active hydrogel formation by mixing graphene oxide (GO) or carboxyl enriched reduced graphene oxide (rGO-COOH) with metformin hydrochloride, an insulin sensitizer drug currently used as the first line therapy to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 139-162 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 31346998-12 2019 (3) After treatment with metformin for 6 months, serum insulin levels decreased, and sOB-R levels increased significantly (P<0.01). Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 30973968-1 2019 AIMS: Metformin is first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and reduces cardiovascular events in patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 31155146-9 2019 Metformin monotherapy (29.5%) was most commonly prescribed in patients with an HbA1c level of <7%; metformin combination (31.7%), in patients with an HbA1c level of 7%-<8%; and insulin-containing treatment, in patients with HbA1c levels of 8%-<9% (28.1%) and >=9% (38.4%). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 31176103-0 2019 Alpha lipoic acid and metformin alleviates experimentally induced insulin resistance and cognitive deficit by modulation of TLR2 signalling. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 31237133-0 2019 Effectiveness and Safety of Adding Basal Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Exhibiting Inadequate Response to Metformin and DPP-4 Inhibitors with or without Sulfonylurea. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 31237133-1 2019 BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of adding basal insulin to initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and metformin and/or sulfonylurea (SU) in achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 31237133-12 2019 CONCLUSION: The combination add-on therapy of insulin glargine, on metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors with or without SU was safe and efficient in reducing HbA1c levels and thus, is a preferable option in managing T2DM patients exhibiting dysglycemia despite the use of OADs. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 30806102-9 2019 l-Carnitine may act synergistically with metformin for improvement of reproductive performance, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in clomiphene-resistant obese PCOS women. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 30938764-0 2019 Metformin Improves Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 30938764-2 2019 We previously demonstrated that adolescents with type 1 diabetes have adipose, hepatic, and muscle IR, and that metformin lowers daily insulin dose, suggesting improved IR. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 31176103-10 2019 Combination of ALA (100 mg/kg, ip) with metformin (100 mg/kg, ip) exhibited a potentiating effect in improving cognitive performance and insulin signalling. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 31160539-0 2019 Metformin Promotes Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-Like Responses in Insulin-Resistant Mice by Decreasing Circulating Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 30959417-8 2019 Treatment of insulin resistant cells with SF or metformin alone decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6); whereas antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, as well as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) ability increased. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 30959417-10 2019 Data indicated that the protective effect of SF or metformin in insulin resistant HepG2 cells involves inhibition of oxidant processes and that the combination of agents may prove more effective therapeutically. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 30981189-12 2019 The combination of mangiferin with metformin was insulin dependent (Akt pathway) whereas the combination of mangiferin and gliclazide was insulin independent (AMPK pathway). Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 31298351-7 2019 CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the addition of the low-dose slow-release metformin in insulin-resistant patients with normogonadotropic infertility improves the efficacy of FSH therapy. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 30761687-9 2019 In the adjusted Cox proportional regression analysis, metformin was associated with a decreased risk of CLRD mortality in the overall population (HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-0.99) and among participants with baseline CLRD (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10-0.93), after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, body mass index, current asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), insulin and other diabetic medications, and glycohaemoglobin level. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 398-405 31164926-11 2019 Post-prandial insulin and glucose was reduced by metformin in combination with liraglutide and differed, but not significantly different from placebo, moreover, glucagon concentration was unaffected. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 30629889-1 2019 BACKGROUND: Metformin improves insulin action, but feasibility in treating low milk supply is unknown. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 30911997-11 2019 The surface cumulative rank curve revealed that metformin + lifestyle might be the best intervention with respect to the improvement of the homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance and EE/DRSP + lifestyle appeared to be the best intervention for the reduction of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 30911997-14 2019 Conventional PCOS treatments, such as metformin, EE/CA, and EE/DRSP, combined with lifestyle control can be particularly effective in improving the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 30316907-5 2019 RESULTS: OCP resulted in a higher reduction in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and androgens whereas metformin resulted in significant reduction in BMI, waist circumference, and insulin resistance. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 30316907-7 2019 There was a significant negative correlation between changes in LH and testosterone levels with changes in PI and RI in OCP group whereas changes in serum fasting insulin levels negatively correlated with changes in PI and RI values in the Metformin group. Metformin 240-249 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 30592549-0 2019 Impact of Insulin Tregopil and Its Permeation Enhancer on Pharmacokinetics of Metformin in Healthy Volunteers: Randomized, Open-Label, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 30608001-0 2019 Comparison of myo-inositol and metformin on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and gene expression related to insulin and lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 30629889-2 2019 RESEARCH AIM: To determine the feasibility of a metformin- versus-placebo definitive randomized clinical trial in women with low milk production and signs of insulin resistance. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 158-165 30079640-6 2019 Although metformin was originally developed as an insulin sensitizer six decades ago, it has also been shown to improve leptin resistance. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 30079640-8 2019 Moreover, administration of a combination of metformin and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors improves erectile function in patients with ED who have a poor response to sildenafil and are insulin resistant. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 31035702-1 2019 Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic drug widely used for the treatment of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and is currently considered for preventing large-for-gestational-age (LGA) offspring in pregnant women affected by obesity or diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 30563932-2 2019 Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, reduces endometrial tumor growth in vitro. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 30995433-1 2019 Objective: Characterize the effectiveness of insulin glargine alone, exenatide alone, or combined in subjects taking stable doses of metformin and evaluate their impact on hemoglobin A1C, hypoglycemia, weight, and glucose variability. Metformin 133-142 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 30959948-1 2019 Insulin-sensitizer treatment with metformin is widely used in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 30959948-8 2019 However, PCOS patients with the G allele of OCT1 rs683369 and/or with the A allele of OCT1 rs628031 had increased insulin sensitivity compared to those with wild-type genotype after receiving metformin treatment. Metformin 192-201 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 30575815-6 2019 In vitro, glucose, insulin, VEGFA and hypoxia upregulated endothelial FABP4, which was reversed by metformin through mTOR pathway inhibition. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 31014100-4 2019 Among glucose-lowering agents, metformin and thiazolidinediones provide cellular actions that counter some effects of insulin resistance: reduced glucotoxicity and weight-lowering with antidiabetic therapies also improve insulin action, except that endogenously- or exogenously-created hyperinsulinaemia may partially compromise these benefits. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 30851950-13 2019 Because metformin targets insulin resistance and inflammation, it is a plausible pharmacologic agent to prevent frailty. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 31014100-4 2019 Among glucose-lowering agents, metformin and thiazolidinediones provide cellular actions that counter some effects of insulin resistance: reduced glucotoxicity and weight-lowering with antidiabetic therapies also improve insulin action, except that endogenously- or exogenously-created hyperinsulinaemia may partially compromise these benefits. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 30540558-10 2019 Insulin concentration decreased in the metformin+LCD group (P=0.046). Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 30912338-2 2019 On the 1-year anniversary of his death in 2018, we challenge three myths associated with insulin resistance: metformin improves insulin resistance; measurement of waist circumference predicts insulin resistance better than body mass index; and insulin resistance causes weight gain. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 30912338-2 2019 On the 1-year anniversary of his death in 2018, we challenge three myths associated with insulin resistance: metformin improves insulin resistance; measurement of waist circumference predicts insulin resistance better than body mass index; and insulin resistance causes weight gain. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 30912338-2 2019 On the 1-year anniversary of his death in 2018, we challenge three myths associated with insulin resistance: metformin improves insulin resistance; measurement of waist circumference predicts insulin resistance better than body mass index; and insulin resistance causes weight gain. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 30912338-2 2019 On the 1-year anniversary of his death in 2018, we challenge three myths associated with insulin resistance: metformin improves insulin resistance; measurement of waist circumference predicts insulin resistance better than body mass index; and insulin resistance causes weight gain. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 30913008-9 2019 A pre-emptive insulin dose reduction at discharge should be considered for patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, ketosis-prone diabetes, metformin prescription, and those with HbA1c <10% at presentation. Metformin 139-148 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 30983607-2 2019 Metformin and alpha-lipoic acid, two types of insulin-sensitizing agents, have been demonstrated to reduce insulin levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 30983607-2 2019 Metformin and alpha-lipoic acid, two types of insulin-sensitizing agents, have been demonstrated to reduce insulin levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 30983607-2 2019 Metformin and alpha-lipoic acid, two types of insulin-sensitizing agents, have been demonstrated to reduce insulin levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 30983607-4 2019 Aims: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness, safety, and improvement of the insulin resistance profile of Canthex and metformin in acanthosis nigricans. Metformin 127-136 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 30664988-4 2019 Metformin therapy reduced the levels of insulin and HOMA-IR, sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin, Ki67, caspase-3, p-Akt, obesity, hs-CRP, blood glucose and lipid profile. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 30709546-0 2019 Direct toxicity of insulin on the human placenta and protection by metformin. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 30709546-10 2019 Pretreatment of trophoblasts with therapeutic doses of metformin prevented the detrimental effects of insulin. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 30145806-10 2019 Our findings indicated that exenatide + metformin and vildagliptin + metformin have better efficacy in T2DM since they can improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 30145806-10 2019 Our findings indicated that exenatide + metformin and vildagliptin + metformin have better efficacy in T2DM since they can improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 30729133-0 2019 High Glucose with Insulin Induces Cell Cycle Progression and Activation of Oncogenic Signaling of Bladder Epithelial Cells Cotreated with Metformin and Pioglitazone. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 30595105-0 2019 Role of Metformin in the Treatment of Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 30595105-15 2019 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin induces reductions in thyroid nodule size and TSH and HOMA-IR levels in patients with thyroid nodules and insulin resistance. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 30548390-1 2019 Metformin and exercise independently improve insulin sensitivity and decrease the risk of diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 30548390-3 2019 However, recent evidence indicates that adding metformin to exercise antagonizes the exercise-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 30548390-4 2019 The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that metformin diminishes the improvement in insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness after aerobic exercise training (AET) by inhibiting skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and protein synthesis in older adults (62 +- 1 years). Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 30548390-7 2019 However, metformin attenuated the increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity and VO2 max after AET. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 30729133-6 2019 Metformin or pioglitazone suppressed cell viability concentration and time dependently, which was reversed by exposure to high glucose with or without insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 30729133-7 2019 Prolonged exposure to high glucose and insulin enhanced cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), and Cdk2 expression and suppressed cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p15/16 in HBlEpC cotreated with pioglitazone and metformin. Metformin 227-236 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 30759121-6 2019 RESULTS: Metformin was the most common non-insulin medication used prior to insulin initiation (N = 53,017, 72.7%), followed by sulfonylureas (N = 25,439, 34.9%) and DPP4 inhibitors (N = 8,540, 11.7%). Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 30759121-11 2019 CONCLUSION: While metformin was commonly continued among commercially insured adults starting insulin, rates of continuation of other non-insulin diabetes medications were also high. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 31336505-4 2019 In contrast, intensive control with metformin (leading to insulin resistance improvement) reduces diabetes complications, including cardiovascular events, suggesting that enhancement of insulin sensitivity rather than plasma glucose level has a major role improving diabetes outcomes. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 31281219-0 2019 Metformin poisoning treated with high dose insulin dextrose therapy: a case series. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 31281219-1 2019 Purpose: We describe the compassionate use of high dose insulin dextrose (HID) for life threatening metformin associated lactic acidosis (MALA) in four patients admitted to intensive care. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 31336483-1 2019 OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to study the effects of metformin therapy on serum chemerin levels in some phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome cases, and to correlate chemerin levels with insulin resistance parameters and with hormonal profile. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 31336483-9 2019 After three months of metformin therapy, the serum chemerin, insulin, and HOMA-IR concentrations were significantly decreased in polycystic ovarian syndrome cases as compared with the levels before therapy. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 30612112-0 2019 Acupuncture or metformin to improve insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol of a combined multinational cross sectional case-control study and a randomised controlled trial. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 30612112-3 2019 Therefore, we here aim to investigate if acupuncture treatment or metformin together with lifestyle or lifestyle management alone improves insulin sensitivity and related symptoms in overweight/obese women with PCOS. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 30153063-2 2019 Metformin is commonly used to treat insulin resistance-glucose intolerance, and flutamide, an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, is used to target hyperandrogenemia and dyslipidemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 30153063-6 2019 Metformin was shown to improve fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, whereas flutamide and combination treatment were shown to reduce plasma triglycerides, ApoB48, and ApoB100, and this was associated with decreased intestinal secretion of ApoB48/triglyceride. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 30153063-9 2019 Metformin-flutamide treatment upregulated hepatic and intestinal insulin signaling, including insulin receptor, MAPK1, and AKT2. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 30153063-9 2019 Metformin-flutamide treatment upregulated hepatic and intestinal insulin signaling, including insulin receptor, MAPK1, and AKT2. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 30306875-2 2019 INTRODUCTION: Metformin enhances insulin sensitivity, being used to prevent and treat diabetes, although its mechanism of action remains elusive. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 30306875-10 2019 In addition, metformin reduces plasma insulin concentration in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes and decreases the amount of insulin required for metabolic control in patients with diabetes, reflecting improvement of insulin activity. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 30306875-10 2019 In addition, metformin reduces plasma insulin concentration in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes and decreases the amount of insulin required for metabolic control in patients with diabetes, reflecting improvement of insulin activity. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 30306875-10 2019 In addition, metformin reduces plasma insulin concentration in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes and decreases the amount of insulin required for metabolic control in patients with diabetes, reflecting improvement of insulin activity. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 31336505-4 2019 In contrast, intensive control with metformin (leading to insulin resistance improvement) reduces diabetes complications, including cardiovascular events, suggesting that enhancement of insulin sensitivity rather than plasma glucose level has a major role improving diabetes outcomes. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 186-193 30524372-1 2018 Initially produced in Europe in 1958, metformin is still one of the most widely prescribed drugs to treat type II diabetes and other comorbidities associated with insulin resistance. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 30182764-0 2019 A pilot trial of metformin for insulin resistance and mood disturbances in adolescent and adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 30182764-1 2019 We examine the effects of metformin on insulin resistance (IR) and mood including in adolescent and adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 30681616-0 2019 The effects of metformin on insulin resistance in overweight or obese children and adolescents: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 30681616-2 2019 OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess whether metformin could effectively and safely improve homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and other related laboratory indicators including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 30681616-2 2019 OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess whether metformin could effectively and safely improve homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and other related laboratory indicators including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 233-240 30797286-9 2019 Metformin enhances the effects of anti-TB and insulin therapy in increasing the smear reversion by increasing autophagy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 30566007-0 2018 Metformin Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Vascular Health in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 30511324-3 2018 OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of the efficacy of >= 6 months of metformin treatment in children and adults with respect to weight, insulin resistance, and progression toward type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metformin 104-113 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 30511324-12 2018 Three studies showed a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in the metformin versus the control group. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 30056057-3 2018 Current evidence suggests that the anti-diabetic drug metformin improves insulin resistance and protects against endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 30115526-7 2018 Patients with 9-years duration of diabetes or with combination therapy of insulin-metformin-sulfonylureas differed in mean BMI for adequate or inadequate glycaemic control (29.5 versus 31.2kg/m2; P<0.001 and 29.8 versus 33.2; P<0.01, respectively). Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 30542300-3 2018 In this study, we pooled the data from two clinical trials, which were originally examining the efficacy of betahistine and the efficacy of metformin in treating antipsychotic-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 30542300-6 2018 After treatment, metformin group had a mean decrease in BMI of 1.46 +- 0.14 (p < 0.001) and insulin resistance index (IRI) of 4.30 +- 2.02 (p < 0.001). Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 30542300-9 2018 Between the two treatment groups, metformin significantly decreased weight, BMI, fasting glucose, insulin level, and IRI but not waist circumference when compared with betahistine. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 30542300-10 2018 Moreover, metformin significantly decreased weight, BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin level, and IRI when compared with placebo, whereas betahistine significantly decreased body weight, waist circumference, BMI, insulin level, and IRI but not fasting glucose when compared with placebo. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 30542300-11 2018 In this study, we found that both metformin treatment and betahistine treatment were efficacious in improving antipsychotic-induced weight gain and insulin resistance, and metformin was more efficacious in preventing and revising the weight gain induced by antipsychotics. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 30524372-2 2018 Metformin has been shown to improve fertility outcomes in females with insulin resistance associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in obese males with reduced fertility. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 29529690-7 2018 High-dose metformin treatment reduced circulating levels of FSH and tended to reduce serum levels of LH, and these effects correlated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 157-164 29529690-10 2018 CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the effect of metformin on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis activity in postmenopausal women depends on its dose and the magnitude of insulin resistance. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 171-178 29788487-10 2018 Statistically significant group differences (ie, percent change in metformin group minus placebo group) were -7.9% (95% CI = -15.0% to -0.8%) for insulin, -10.0% (95% CI = -18.5% to -1.5%) for estradiol, -9.5% (95% CI = -15.2% to -3.8%) for testosterone, and 7.5% (95% CI = 2.4% to 12.6%) for SHBG. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 30378162-11 2018 Western blot analysis showed increased protein levels of pTie-2/Tie2 and Pakt/AKT in cEPCs harvested from T2DM, treated with insulin metformin plus. Metformin 133-142 insulin Homo sapiens 125-132 29943489-10 2018 CONCLUSION: Among all types of ADT and insulin therapies, metformin is the only agent with a decreased risk of active TB in the T2DM population. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 30800266-2 2019 After the advent of long-acting insulin, the first oral agents, sulfonylureas became available in the mid-1950s, quickly followed (outside of the United States) by metformin. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 30119191-2 2018 Metformin is a first-line antihyperglycemic agent that works mainly by regulating hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 30259865-3 2018 In breast cancer cell lines, metformin has been shown to induce phosphorylation at specific serine sites in insulin regulated substrate of mTOR pathway that results in apoptosis over cell proliferation. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 30209797-3 2018 Current data suggest that adding metformin to insulin therapy in T1DM temporarily lowers HbA1c and reduces weight and insulin requirements, but this treatment fails to show a longer-term glycaemic benefit. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 30058059-13 2018 CONCLUSION: DPP-4 inhibitors, followed by metformin, were the most frequently prescribed OADGs in combination with insulin in a real-world setting in Japan. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 30058059-14 2018 The diabetologists considered more drug characteristics for DPP-4 inhibitor or metformin-insulin combinations. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 30224835-4 2018 So various trials have tried to compare metformin (an insulin-sensitizing agent) and orlistat (an anti-obesity drug) aiming to achieve weight loss and hence higher ovulation rate for the group of obese PCOS patients. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 30787519-15 2018 There was a reduction in AMH in all groups of insulin sensitizers with significant fall in the metformin only group. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 30307162-4 2018 Inclusion of metformin during palmitate exposure normalized insulin secretion both after 2 and 7 days. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 30307162-9 2018 Our study demonstrates that metformin prevents early insulin hypersecretion and later decrease in insulin secretion from palmitate-treated human islets by utilizing different mechanisms. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 30197416-0 2018 Long-term metformin treatment in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance, results of an open label extension study. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 30178023-9 2018 Recommendation 2: Introduce human insulin treatment to patients with type 2 diabetes who do not achieve glycemic control with metformin and/or a sulfonylurea (strong recommendation, very-low-quality evidence). Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 30197416-3 2018 Therefore, an 18 month open label extension study following an 18 months randomized placebo-controlled trial (RCT) on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of metformin in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance was performed. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 30197416-4 2018 SUBJECTS/METHODS: After completion of the RCT, metformin was offered to all participants with a body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-sds) > 2.3 and Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) >= 3.4. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 30208162-2 2018 Many antidiabetes treatments, particularly metformin, enhance insulin signaling, but this pathway can be inhibited by specific cancer treatments. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 30116997-3 2018 RECENT FINDINGS: Metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have been associated with weight reduction and decrease in daily insulin requirements without sustainable improvement in glycemic control. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 30286566-7 2018 Metformin is the drug of choice for young T2DM patients; if marked hyperglycemia is present, basal insulin is given with metformin. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 30142908-7 2018 In the metformin group, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels reached a nadir at 8 months, at which time insulin secretion, glucose and insulin sensitivity were significantly better than at baseline and higher than in the insulin group. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 30142908-7 2018 In the metformin group, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels reached a nadir at 8 months, at which time insulin secretion, glucose and insulin sensitivity were significantly better than at baseline and higher than in the insulin group. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 30233494-0 2018 Efficacy of Metformin for Benign Thyroid Nodules in Subjects With Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 30233494-1 2018 Background: To evaluate the effect of metformin therapy on decreasing benign thyroid nodule volume in subjects with insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 29844095-7 2018 Following an oral glucose tolerance test in the presence of metformin, carriers of the p.E508K variant with diabetes had a lower maximum insulin peak and total and incremental insulin AUC value as compared with noncarriers with diabetes (P < 0.05). Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 30147674-4 2018 In type 2 diabetes patients, metformin reduces hyperglycemia and increases insulin sensitivity by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscles, liver, and adipose tissue and by reducing glucose output by the liver. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 30147674-5 2018 Lowering insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels that stimulate cancer growth could be important features of metformin"s mode of action. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 30187872-3 2018 Women with insulin resistance also received metformin. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 30075530-4 2018 For the effect of metformin, women who used traditional Chinese medicine including Di Huang series have a lower risk of breast cancer HR: 0.35 (95%CI: 0.23-0.51) in women younger than 55 and HR: 0.54 (95%CI: 0.37-0.79) in women older than 55.The protective effect of the Di Huang Wan series may be due to the synergetic effect of reducing blood glucose or increasing insulin sensitivity and delaying the insulin resistance of cells. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 367-374 30075530-4 2018 For the effect of metformin, women who used traditional Chinese medicine including Di Huang series have a lower risk of breast cancer HR: 0.35 (95%CI: 0.23-0.51) in women younger than 55 and HR: 0.54 (95%CI: 0.37-0.79) in women older than 55.The protective effect of the Di Huang Wan series may be due to the synergetic effect of reducing blood glucose or increasing insulin sensitivity and delaying the insulin resistance of cells. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 404-411 30187872-9 2018 BMI and WHR decreased in all the patients with insulin resistance aftercombination treatment with metformin (P < 0.05), but increased significantly in patients without insulin resistance (P < 0.05). Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 30250766-4 2018 Considering the fact that androgen excess could be caused by either insulin resistance or hyperprolactinemia, we decided to treat one sister with insulin sensitizer metformin and other with dopamine agonist cabergoline. Metformin 165-174 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 30100873-9 2018 We also observed a significant decrease in the level of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (IR) index in the metformin-donepezil group, with a lower CCA-IMT value than that in the acarbose-donepezil group after a year of treatment (P < 0.05). Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 30100873-9 2018 We also observed a significant decrease in the level of fasting insulin and insulin resistance (IR) index in the metformin-donepezil group, with a lower CCA-IMT value than that in the acarbose-donepezil group after a year of treatment (P < 0.05). Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 29970197-10 2018 There was a significant difference in the birth weight of babies in the metformin with insulin group of 207 g (p value 0.04) in favour of metformin. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 29728363-6 2018 Importantly, hepatocyte insulin sensitivity can be restored by PDGF-AA-blocking antibodies, PDGF receptor inhibitors, and by metformin, opening therapeutic avenues. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 29581079-1 2018 BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether insulin-sensitizing therapy (thiazolidinediones or metformin) decreased the risk of developing atrial fibrillation compared with insulin-providing therapy (insulin, sulfonylurea, or a meglitinide). Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 29487223-2 2018 Metformin has been shown to have antitumor effects via a variety of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms and to be potentially synergistic with chemotherapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 30008442-2 2018 Although not licensed for use in type 1 diabetes, metformin is included in some clinical guidelines as adjuvant therapy for people with type 1 diabetes who are overweight and wish to improve glycaemic control while minimising the dose of insulin.1,2 The REMOVAL study is the largest trial to date that has investigated the longer-term effects of metformin in people with type 1 diabetes.3 Here, we consider the role of metformin in individuals with type 1 diabetes in light of these results and other study findings. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 238-245 30063424-3 2018 Insulin, the only other drug approved for use in youth with T2D, is also used as add-on therapy when patients fail metformin mono-therapy. Metformin 115-124 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29487223-2 2018 Metformin has been shown to have antitumor effects via a variety of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms and to be potentially synergistic with chemotherapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 29946148-0 2018 Metformin add-on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on precise insulin doses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 29946148-0 2018 Metformin add-on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on precise insulin doses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 29946148-1 2018 To investigate whether metformin add-on to the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (Met + CSII) therapy leads to a significant reduction in insulin doses required by type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients to maintain glycemic control, and an improvement in glycemic variation (GV) compared to CSII only therapy. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 29946148-10 2018 Our data suggest that metformin add-on to CSII therapy leads to a significant reduction in insulin doses required by T2D patients to control glycemic variations. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 30800563-9 2019 The improvement of blood glucose, fasting insulin and serum lipid levels proved the effectiveness of metformin without increasing body weight. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 29264933-5 2018 RESULTS: Among the 74,334 individuals aged >=18 years with T2DM who initiated basal insulin from 2006-2015, 30% were taking metformin (MET) and SU when initiating insulin. Metformin 127-136 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 30062227-3 2018 In both randomized clinical trials and observational studies, antihyperglycemic drugs that act through insulin signaling (i.e., sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and incretins) increase the risk or worsen the clinical course of heart failure, whereas drugs that ameliorate hyperinsulinemia and do not signal through insulin (i.e., metformin and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors) reduce the risk of heart failure. Metformin 332-341 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 29884917-6 2018 Potential treatments currently available for CKD-induced insulin resistance include lifestyle modification and metformin. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 29754323-9 2018 The levels of body mass index, glucose, HbA1c, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, and homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function were improved significantly by both exenatide and metformin treatment. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 29779196-2 2018 The efficacy of an insulin-to-liraglutide switch in an obese population with concurrent use of sulfonylurea and metformin is unknown. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 29870029-0 2018 Metformin added to intensive insulin therapy improves metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes and excess body fat. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 29460218-6 2018 Insulin-treated patients (insulin alone or insulin plus SU/metformin) also reported experiencing more hypoglycemia (all p-values <0.012). Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29854390-9 2018 The potential advantages of metformin in pregnant women with T2DM are then discussed, including oral dosing and improved acceptability, lower resource utilization and cost, decreased insulin requirements, less maternal weight gain and less risk of maternal and neonatal hypoglycaemia. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 29870029-10 2018 CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 1 diabetes and excess body fat, treated with intensive functional insulin therapy, the addition of metformin improves metabolic control of diabetes at 6 months. Metformin 133-142 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 29759071-10 2018 RESULTS: Metformin decreased TG accumulation to normal level in HepG2 cells exposed to high glucose and high insulin. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 29759071-14 2018 Additionally, the phosphorylation of AMPK after metformin treatment was 2-fold higher, and the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) after metformin treatment was about 2-fold lower compared to high glucose and high insulin group in HepG2 cells. Metformin 171-180 insulin Homo sapiens 248-255 29576523-13 2018 CONCLUSION: As women with higher fasting glucose levels have higher chance of necessitating insulin in later pregnancies, appropriate addition of insulin at metformin initiation for these women could help better glycaemic control throughout pregnancy. Metformin 157-166 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 29576523-2 2018 However, almost half of metformin-treated women required additional insulin. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 29576523-9 2018 Of the included 138 metformin-treated women, 77 (55.8%) required supplementary insulin (metformin failure). Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 29576523-13 2018 CONCLUSION: As women with higher fasting glucose levels have higher chance of necessitating insulin in later pregnancies, appropriate addition of insulin at metformin initiation for these women could help better glycaemic control throughout pregnancy. Metformin 157-166 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 29576523-9 2018 Of the included 138 metformin-treated women, 77 (55.8%) required supplementary insulin (metformin failure). Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 29172796-0 2018 Effect of orlistat or metformin in overweight and obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 29524481-7 2018 Metformin continuation was inversely associated with age (fully adjusted (a) OR 0.60 per 10 years [0.42-0.86]), serum creatinine above safety thresholds (aOR 0.09 [0.02-0.36]), lower income (P = 0.025 for trend), taking more medications (aOR 0.92 per medication [0.86-0.98]), and initiating rapid, short, or premixed insulin (aOR 0.59 [0.39-0.89]). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 317-324 30008760-5 2018 Considering the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of insulin with older hypoglycemic agents, in general metformin and pioglitazone have the best and worst profiles, respectively. Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 29808777-11 2018 Considering the increasing prevalence of obesity and the role of insulin resistance in the development of cancer, metformin might be the preferred treatment for its dual anti-diabetic and antitumor effects. Metformin 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 30008760-10 2018 Conclusions: Considering the quality and longevity of evidence, compared to insulin monotherapy, insulin combined with metformin and pioglitazone has the best and worst profiles, respectively. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 29508275-16 2018 Metformin combined with insulin is associated with decreased weight gain, lower insulin dose, and less hypoglycemia when compared with insulin alone (C). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 30104075-1 2018 BACKGROUND: Insulin sensitizers like metformin and pioglitazone are clinically used since last decades for the treatment of PCOS, but their efficacy and possible role in PCOS patients remains questionable. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 29508275-16 2018 Metformin combined with insulin is associated with decreased weight gain, lower insulin dose, and less hypoglycemia when compared with insulin alone (C). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 28954218-13 2018 Insulin therapy associated to metformin is able to improve fasting microvascular endothelial function even before complete metabolic control. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29138876-6 2018 RESULTS: Individuals aged >=65 years on metformin + pioglitazone had a significantly lower risk of dementia compared with those on metformin + sulfonylurea (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34, 0.93), and a lower, but insignificant, risk of dementia compared with those on other metformin-based dual regimens (i.e. metformin + acarbose, metformin + meglitinide, metformin + insulin or metformin + dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 362-369 29293982-20 2018 The MD in homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also in favour of metformin therapy compared to COC and/or AA. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 28967181-0 2018 Metformin and beta-cell function in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized placebo-controlled 4.3-year trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 29482528-9 2018 Saxagliptin, metformin, and the combination treatment significantly reduced the homeostasis model assessment- insulin resistance index and increased the deposition index (P < 0.01 for all). Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 29363663-0 2018 Metformin Might Inhibit Virus through Increasing Insulin Sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 29541641-0 2018 Exenatide with Metformin Ameliorated Visceral Adiposity and Insulin Resistance. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 29541641-7 2018 The whole 12-month sequential treatment with exenatide and glargine added to metformin basically improved the insulin sensitivity and glucolipid control though VAT rebounded at the end, however without deteriorating the other parameters. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 29444159-1 2018 OBJECTIVE: Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, inhibits the endometrial cancer cell growth in vivo by improving the insulin resistance; however, its mechanism of action is not completely understood. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 29139080-5 2018 Metformin reduces the insulin dose requirement, insulin-induced weight gain, and total and LDL cholesterol, but results in an increased risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects and a minor increase in the risk of hypoglycemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 29044702-1 2018 AIMS: To perform meta-analyses of studies evaluating the risk of pre-eclampsia in high-risk insulin-resistant women taking metformin prior to, or during pregnancy. Metformin 123-132 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 29139080-5 2018 Metformin reduces the insulin dose requirement, insulin-induced weight gain, and total and LDL cholesterol, but results in an increased risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects and a minor increase in the risk of hypoglycemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 29044702-7 2018 A meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials comparing metformin (n = 838) with insulin (n = 836), however, showed a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia with metformin [RR, 0.68 (95% CI 0.48-0.95); P = 0.02; I2 = 0%]. Metformin 161-170 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 29044702-10 2018 The mean weight gain from time of enrolment to delivery was lower in the metformin group (P = 0.05, metformin vs. placebo; P = 0.004, metformin vs. insulin). Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 29303184-8 2018 The transcytosis efficiencies of insulin could be further increased by the addition of metformin or HA2 (3.6-fold or 4.1-fold higher than that of free insulin). Metformin 87-96 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 33385166-6 2018 In addition, metformin reduces cellular proliferation by decreasing the amount of available insulin or by directly affecting the mammalian target of rapamycin complex involved with regulating protein synthesis. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 29338714-1 2018 BACKGROUND: This retrospective study investigated the effect of adding metformin to pharmacologic insulin dosing in type 1 diabetics on insulin therapy 1 year after treatment compared with patients on insulin therapy alone. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 29338714-1 2018 BACKGROUND: This retrospective study investigated the effect of adding metformin to pharmacologic insulin dosing in type 1 diabetics on insulin therapy 1 year after treatment compared with patients on insulin therapy alone. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 29338714-6 2018 Metabolic syndrome was more decreased in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group after treatment (-8.9 +- 1.3 vs. 2.5 +- 0.6%, p = 0.028). Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 29338714-7 2018 Insulin dose requirement was lower in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group (-0.03 vs. 0.11 IU/kg/d, p = 0.006). Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29338714-7 2018 Insulin dose requirement was lower in the metformin-insulin group than in the insulin alone group (-0.03 vs. 0.11 IU/kg/d, p = 0.006). Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 29338714-11 2018 These results were independent of blood lipid improvement or weight loss, although on average weight remained decreased with metformin-insulin therapy, whereas the average weight increased with insulin therapy alone. Metformin 125-134 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 29094444-0 2018 Metformin as a prophylactic treatment of gestational diabetes in pregnant patients with pregestational insulin resistance: A randomized study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 28081696-0 2018 Effect of Metformin Therapy on Serum Fetuin Levels in Insulin Resistant Type 1 Diabetics. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 28681986-0 2018 Metformin-associated prevention of weight gain in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients cannot be explained by decreased energy intake: A post hoc analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled 4.3-year trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 29461234-7 2018 It was established that metformin therapy among patients with acute myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus type 2 leads to the faster decreasing of sCD40-ligand in comparison with insulin therapy, which can contribute to the improvemenet of the prognosis in this cohort. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 29094444-1 2018 AIM: We aimed to assess the use of metformin (MTF) in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in patients with pregestational insulin resistance (PIR). Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 29094444-1 2018 AIM: We aimed to assess the use of metformin (MTF) in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in patients with pregestational insulin resistance (PIR). Metformin 46-49 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 29180640-6 2017 YOD patients who received metformin combined with CSII therapy required significantly lower insulin doses to maintain euglycemic control compared to patients with LOD. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 29256528-0 2017 Comparison of metformin and pioglitazone in achieving sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients with insulin resistance: A quasi-experimental study. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 28990055-10 2017 In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the reduced expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling may contribute to the development of the clinical features of PCOS, and DMBG reverses reduced expression of insulin signaling components, by a mechanism that is yet to be determined, to attenuate certain symptoms of PCOS, such as obesity. Metformin 199-203 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 29344202-1 2017 Metformin protects against insulin resistance by restoring insulin sensitivity and may also possess anticancer activity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 29344202-1 2017 Metformin protects against insulin resistance by restoring insulin sensitivity and may also possess anticancer activity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 29786570-2 2018 The aim: The purpose of the paper is to determine the dynamics of the insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus concomitant with coronary heart disease in the combination therapy with metformin and pioglitazone during 3 and 6 months. Metformin 211-220 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 29786570-5 2018 RESULTS: Results: The resulting data proved the statistically significant lowering of the markers and level of the insulin resistance under the effect of combination treatment with metformin and pioglitazone. Metformin 181-190 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 29276231-12 2017 The insulin requirements of patients with GDM differed significantly depending on their metformin intake. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 29276231-13 2017 24.6% of GDM patients receiving metformin treatment developed GDM requiring insulin treatment compared to 53.8% who did not receive metformin medication. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 29040598-15 2017 Conclusions: Metformin improved vascular smooth muscle function and HbA1c, and lowered insulin dose in type 1 diabetes children. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 28990055-4 2017 The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of DMBG on the expression of the insulin signaling pathway in the ovaries of rats with PCOS, and to identify the potential underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects in PCOS. Metformin 69-73 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 29225676-0 2017 Association between insulin resistance and preeclampsia in obese non-diabetic women receiving metformin. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 29225676-1 2017 Objectives: To examine whether the reduced incidence of preeclampsia in non-diabetic obese pregnant women treated with metformin is mediated by changes in insulin resistance. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 29292625-2 2017 Metformin an insulin sensitizer has been widely used in adult PCOS with benefits but the studies in adolescents are few. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 29183107-0 2017 Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29183107-3 2017 Insulin-sensitising agents such as metformin may be effective in treating PCOS-related anovulation. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 29188065-8 2017 Conclusion: Non-obese Asian Indian patients with T2DM and on metformin therapy have significantly higher circulating plasma DPP4 levels as compared to non-obese non-diabetic controls, and these levels correlate with fasting insulin and LDL-C levels, upper limb subcutaneous adipose tissue, intra-abdominal adiposity and presence of diabetes. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 28318105-6 2017 In the first years of metformin therapy, small but non-significant decreases were seen in BMI and insulin dose in patients in the MET cohort, while after 10 years no persistent effect on HbA1c, insulin dose or BMI was seen. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 28802803-1 2017 This systematic review investigated whether the insulin sensitiser metformin has a geroprotective effect in humans. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 28802803-6 2017 Metformin users also had reduced cancer compared to non-diabetics (rate ratio=0.94, 95%CI 0.92-0.97) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to diabetics receiving non-metformin therapies (HR=0.76, 95%CI 0.66-0.87) or insulin (HR=0.78, 95%CI 0.73-0.83). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 28903978-11 2017 Patients were more likely to be given an additional second-line antihyperglycemic medication or insulin if they were given their initial second-line medication without evidence of recommended use of metformin (P < 0.001). Metformin 199-208 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 28318105-0 2017 Metformin as add-on to intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 29637133-12 2017 Metformin was initiated for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (70%), insulin resistance (25%) and impaired glucose control (9%). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 29228555-13 2017 Metformin or rosiglitazone led to a reduction of betatrophin expression in insulin-stimulated hepatocytes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 29228555-16 2017 Serum from metformin-treated women with IR decreased betatrophin expression and reinforced insulin signals. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 28884449-3 2017 The discussion focuses upon the potential clinical use of metformin in managing young patients with obesity and insulin resistance. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 28318105-7 2017 In conclusion, although metformin may have short-term effects on BMI and insulin dose when used as adjunct therapy in patients with T1DM, no long-term beneficial effects were observed when patients were followed for 10 years. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 28586507-8 2017 The number of pregnancies treated with insulin only increased (from 23.6% to 28.3%; P<0.0001), as did the number treated with metformin, +/- insulin (from 1.4% to 3.2%; P<0.0001). Metformin 129-138 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 28589542-25 2017 Insulin is an important part of our armamentarium for T2D, and is certainly needed for many patients, but with current therapeutic approaches including metformin, incretin-based treatments, SGLT2 inhibitors, and, possibly, thiazolidinediones, we can reconsider its use in many instances. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28915960-0 2017 Pleiotropic effects of metformin to rescue statin-induced muscle injury and insulin resistance: A proposed mechanism and potential clinical implications. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 28698075-6 2017 The BMI- and insulin-lowering effects of metformin were significantly higher than NAC after long-term treatment. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 28915960-5 2017 Metformin has outstanding utility in reducing insulin resistance and preventing type-2-diabetes mellitus, but has not been studied for statin-associated muscle symptom rescue or prevention. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 28827839-10 2017 In comparison to patients of the other weight groups they are treated with insulin more often and considerably less with metformin. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 28930827-14 2017 Ranking results showed that glyburide might be the optimum treatment regarding average glucose control, and metformin is the fastest in glucose control for GDM patients; glyburide have the highest incidence of macrosomia, preeclampsia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypoglycemia, shortest gestational age at delivery, and lowest mean birth weight; metformin (plus insulin when required) have the lowest incidence of macrosomia, PIH, LGA, RDS, low gestational age at delivery, and low birth weight. Metformin 108-117 insulin Homo sapiens 363-370 28858080-6 2017 Insulin consumption was higher in the metformin group in terms of total daily amount and units/kg body weight. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28646699-9 2017 Metformin is the primary insulin-sensitising drug to be used as an adjuvant therapy to lifestyle modification in patients with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as in those referred to infertility treatment. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 27702625-3 2017 As an insulin sensitizer, metformin takes pleiotropic actions and exerts protective effects on multiple organs mainly in insulin-targeted tissues such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 27702625-3 2017 As an insulin sensitizer, metformin takes pleiotropic actions and exerts protective effects on multiple organs mainly in insulin-targeted tissues such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 27702625-5 2017 Metformin not only protects T2DM patients from cardiovascular diseases and heart failure, but also restores insulin secretion activities and protects pancreatic beta cells from lipotoxicity or glucotoxicity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 28646699-9 2017 Metformin is the primary insulin-sensitising drug to be used as an adjuvant therapy to lifestyle modification in patients with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as in those referred to infertility treatment. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 27549367-5 2017 Maternal weight gain since enrollment to gestational week 36-37 was also lower in metformin group, making metformin worth using even when metformin is insufficient and supplementary insulin is needed. Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 182-189 27549367-6 2017 Data also showed that metformin significantly reduced the gestational hypertension complications in GDM patients, probably by reducing the endothelial activation and maternal inflammatory response of insulin resistance. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 28334683-8 2017 Within the T2DM group, preadipocytes from combined metformin and insulin treated subset showed better in vitro adipogenesis compared to metformin alone, which was associated with less presence of macrophages and 4-HNE in the adipose tissues. Metformin 136-145 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 28615149-1 2017 BACKGROUND: Metformin might reduce insulin requirement and improve glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes, but whether it has cardiovascular benefits is unknown. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 28146143-12 2017 Combined treatment with Metformin and Insulin reduced blood sugar (control, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (22/24), AAA size (P<0.001); metformin, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (14/24), AAA size (P<0.0001); insulin, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (11/24), AAA size (P<0.0001). Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 206-213 28146143-12 2017 Combined treatment with Metformin and Insulin reduced blood sugar (control, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (22/24), AAA size (P<0.001); metformin, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (14/24), AAA size (P<0.0001); insulin, blood sugar >7.8 mmol/L (11/24), AAA size (P<0.0001). Metformin 135-144 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 28717133-7 2017 Consistently, the treatment of insulin in mice dose-dependently upregulated betatrophin levels, and the administration of metformin in IR mice also stimulated betatrophin production since published study showed metformin improved PI3K/Akt pathway and IR. Metformin 211-220 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 29189867-4 2017 We report a 56 years old non-insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic female who developed a severe metabolic acidosis associated with metformin in relation to an acute renal failure secondary to infectious diarrhea. Metformin 128-137 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 28337819-8 2017 Moreover, insulin-sensitizing drugs (metformin, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone) suppress LPS-induced TGF-beta and TNF-alpha mRNA expression in PFMC. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 28539171-2 2017 In this systematic review and meta-analysis we evaluated the effect of metformin on clinical outcomes in patients with EC and insulin resistance or T2DM. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 126-133 28611274-11 2017 Insulin resistance also improves with both TZDs and metformin. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28330386-9 2017 CONCLUSION: In routine clinical practice, intensification of metformin + sulfonylurea therapy by adding insulin is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and death compared with adding a dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitor. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 104-111 28473613-8 2017 In this study, metformin combined with exercise training reduced circulating proinsulin, and both groups taking metformin increased insulin clearance. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 77-87 28473613-8 2017 In this study, metformin combined with exercise training reduced circulating proinsulin, and both groups taking metformin increased insulin clearance. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 28473613-11 2017 In this study, however, metformin combined with exercise training, but not exercise alone, lowered proinsulin concentrations and increased insulin clearance in adults with prediabetes. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 99-109 28473613-11 2017 In this study, however, metformin combined with exercise training, but not exercise alone, lowered proinsulin concentrations and increased insulin clearance in adults with prediabetes. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 31149195-0 2017 PATIENTS TREATED WITH INSULIN AND SULPHONYLUREA ARE AT INCREASED MORTALITY RISK AS COMPARED WITH THOSE TREATED WITH INSULIN PLUS METFORMIN. Metformin 129-138 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 28647726-9 2017 Network meta-analyses suggest that metformin had the highest probability of being the most effective treatment in reducing the risk of most outcomes compared with insulin or glibenclamide. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 29145540-9 2017 Three-month treatment with metformin and pioglitazone significantly improved insulin sensitivity and increased orexin concentrations by 26% (p = 0.025) and 14% (p = 0.076), respectively. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 29145540-12 2017 Three-month anti-hyperglycemic treatment with proportionate doses of metformin or pioglitazone increased orexin concentrations via amelioration of insulin resistance and improvement of glycemic control. Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 28092404-8 2017 RESULTS: Both metformin and MYO significantly reduced the insulin response to OGTT and improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 28724173-0 2017 A comparative study between myo-inositol and metformin in the treatment of insulin-resistant women. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 28977950-2 2017 We carried out a systematic search of Pubmed and Embase databases for studies published before August 2016, which assessed the associations between anti-diabetic medications (metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones and insulin) intake and pancreatic cancer prognosis. Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 224-231 28478038-0 2017 Successful metformin treatment of insulin resistance is associated with down-regulation of the kynurenine pathway. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 28725599-5 2017 In this review, we summarize the evidence regarding the impact of metformin-an insulin sensitizer-on the three mechanisms of arteriogenic ED. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 28092404-8 2017 RESULTS: Both metformin and MYO significantly reduced the insulin response to OGTT and improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 29222856-6 2017 RESULTS: The serum homocysteine levels in patients treated with insulin in monotherapy were significantly higher than what was observed in the metformin treated subjects and in the patients receiving insulin combined with metformin. Metformin 143-152 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 28375706-10 2017 Conclusion Metformin may improve the worse prognosis that is associated with diabetes and insulin treatment, mainly in patients with primary HER2-positive and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 28039583-1 2017 AIMS: To improve insulin sensitivity, insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin are commonly used in overweight and obese T1D patients. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 28039583-1 2017 AIMS: To improve insulin sensitivity, insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin are commonly used in overweight and obese T1D patients. Metformin 72-81 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 28538088-0 2017 Effects of the Insulin Sensitizer Metformin in Alzheimer Disease: Pilot Data From a Randomized Placebo-controlled Crossover Study. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 28538088-2 2017 Given this association, we hypothesized that the central nervous system-penetrant insulin-sensitizing medication metformin would be beneficial as a disease-modifying and/or symptomatic therapy for AD, and conducted a placebo-controlled crossover study of its effects on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), neuroimaging, and cognitive biomarkers. Metformin 113-122 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 28196954-4 2017 Multiple studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that metformin can inhibit the growth of thyroid cells and different types of thyroid cancer cells by affecting the insulin/IGF1 and mTOR pathways. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 27817155-12 2017 Insulin was required in six comparator women vs none in the study group (eight vs two required metformin). Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27407018-0 2017 Effects of SLC22A1 Polymorphisms on Metformin-Induced Reductions in Adiposity and Metformin Pharmacokinetics in Obese Children With Insulin Resistance. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 27642000-9 2017 Patients prescribed insulin second-line after metformin had a mean HbA1c of 10.11% (95%CI 9.83, 10.38) prior to first prescription of insulin and 9.98% (95%CI 9.73, 10.23) at baseline. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 28529619-5 2017 By inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing glucose uptake by muscles, metformin decreases blood glucose and circulating Insulin levels. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 29259467-8 2017 Conclusion: Clomiphene-metformin combination treatment appears to be useful, at least for clomiphene-resistant patients, and a BMI of >30 kg/m2 and a fasting insulin of >=15 muU/mL appear to be predictors of a good result with this treatment. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 161-168 27935183-3 2017 Adjunct metformin reduces insulin dose requirement and stabilizes weight but there are no data on its cardiovascular effects. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 27935183-7 2017 MATERIALS AND METHODS: After 12 weeks of single-blind placebo-controlled run-in, participants with >= 70% adherence are randomized to metformin or matching placebo for 3 years with insulin titrated towards HbA1c 7.0% (53 mmol/mol). Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 184-191 28060743-5 2017 Although evidence is limited, insulin use has been associated with increased and metformin with decreased incidence of colorectal cancer. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 27131512-0 2017 Effect of metformin by employing 2-hour postload insulin for measuring insulin resistance in Taiwanese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 26680745-3 2017 Of importance is that the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 20-year study of type 2 diabetics, completed in 1998, compared patients treated with insulin, sulfonylureas and metformin and concluded that metformin provided vascular protective actions. Metformin 209-218 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 26680745-5 2017 The vascular protective actions of metformin are thought to be secondary to the antihyperglycaemic effects of metformin that are mediated via activation of AMP kinase and subsequent inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation as well as an insulin sensitizing action in striated muscle and adipose tissue. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 26680745-5 2017 The vascular protective actions of metformin are thought to be secondary to the antihyperglycaemic effects of metformin that are mediated via activation of AMP kinase and subsequent inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation as well as an insulin sensitizing action in striated muscle and adipose tissue. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 29222856-6 2017 RESULTS: The serum homocysteine levels in patients treated with insulin in monotherapy were significantly higher than what was observed in the metformin treated subjects and in the patients receiving insulin combined with metformin. Metformin 222-231 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 28116648-8 2017 Metformin is noted for its beneficial effects on lifespan extension and on disorders due to increased insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 27711958-10 2017 Metformin treatment not only normalized sexual desire and sexual satisfaction in both studied groups, but also normalized or improved the remaining domains of FSFI in patients with diabetes, and these effects correlated with an improvement in insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 243-250 28056431-0 2017 Second line initiation of insulin compared with DPP-4 inhibitors after metformin monotherapy is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and severe hypoglycemia. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 28056431-1 2017 AIMS: The objective of this nationwide study was to compare the risk of all-cause mortality, fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD), and severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on metformin monotherapy treatment starting second-line treatment with either insulin or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i). Metformin 208-217 insulin Homo sapiens 283-290 27711958-11 2017 Conclusions: Metformin treatment provides a beneficial effect on female sexual function and the strength of this effect depends on the degree of insulin resistance. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 29156452-8 2017 Insulin sensitizers like metformin and oral contraceptive pills provide short-term benefits on PCOS symptoms. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27808588-2 2017 Insulin-sensitizer agents such as metformin and inositols have been shown to improve the endocrine and metabolic aspects of PCOS. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27808588-12 2017 The two insulin-sensitizers, metformin and myo-inositol, show to be useful in PCOS women in lowering BMI and ameliorating insulin sensitivity, and improving menstrual cycle without significant differences between the two treatments. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 8-15 27808588-12 2017 The two insulin-sensitizers, metformin and myo-inositol, show to be useful in PCOS women in lowering BMI and ameliorating insulin sensitivity, and improving menstrual cycle without significant differences between the two treatments. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 27898267-3 2017 Insulin-sensitizing drugs, such as Metformin, are effective in treating hyper-insulinemic PCOS patients. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 28161303-9 2017 CONCLUSION: Combined exenatide/metformin reduced intra-abdominal fat content, and enhanced insulin resistance and inflammatory status in patients with obesity and type-2 diabetes, representing a novel treatment regimen. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 28606576-9 2017 The insulin sensitizers, metformin and pioglitazone, improved insulin resistance and the concentration of circulating GLP-1, increased the relative number of intestinal L cells to a certain degree. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 27778642-0 2017 Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Children: Randomized Clinical Trial. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 27778642-3 2017 Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on insulin sensitivity, measured via euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique and insulin pathway expression molecules in muscle biopsies of children with obesity. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 27802445-0 2017 Comment on "Metformin Decreases Thyroid Volume and Nodule Size in Subjects with Insulin Resistance: A Preliminary Study". Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 28606576-9 2017 The insulin sensitizers, metformin and pioglitazone, improved insulin resistance and the concentration of circulating GLP-1, increased the relative number of intestinal L cells to a certain degree. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 27684440-1 2017 PURPOSE: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin on insulin, C-peptide and body weight in Chinese men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 29308837-7 2017 Metformin remains the cure for the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 28334539-2 2017 Current national and international guidelines list insulin treatment as a possible second choice therapy in patient with unsatisfactory glucose control on monotherapy with metformin. Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 27695899-8 2016 Furthermore, the glucose-lowering drug, metformin, prevented IR cleavage accompanied by inhibition of calpain 2 release in exosomes, and re-established insulin signalling. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 27827311-16 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Among patients who intensified metformin monotherapy, the addition of insulin compared with a sulfonylurea was not associated with a higher rate of kidney outcomes but was associated with a higher rate of the composite outcome that included death. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 27695899-10 2016 CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Sequential cleavage of IR by calpain 2 and gamma-secretase may contribute to insulin signalling in cells and its inhibition may be partly responsible for the glucose-lowering effects of metformin. Metformin 214-223 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 27588386-6 2016 Metformin treatment reduced plasma glucose and insulin resistance, irrespective of the gender. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 27745917-11 2016 After metformin, there were significant decreases in serum IGF-1 (p=0.046), omentin (p=0.007), insulin (p=0.012), C-peptide (p=0.018), and leptin (p=0.0035). Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 28331909-0 2016 Evaluating the effect of insulin sensitizers metformin and pioglitazone alone and in combination on women with polycystic ovary syndrome: An RCT. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 28331909-2 2016 One of the common therapeutic methods is using insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 28331909-6 2016 RESULTS: Metformin and pioglitazone and combination therapy induced favorable changes in fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR index, QUICKI, fasting glucose to insulin ratio in women with PCOS. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 28331909-6 2016 RESULTS: Metformin and pioglitazone and combination therapy induced favorable changes in fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR index, QUICKI, fasting glucose to insulin ratio in women with PCOS. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 27717596-3 2016 The use of insulin sensitizers (i.e. metformin), reduces such metabolic, and most hormonal, impairments. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 27717596-4 2016 As metformin often induces side effects, new integrative strategies have been proposed to treat insulin resistance, such as the use of inositols. Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 27118251-4 2016 Notably, cellular steroidogenesis models have facilitated the understanding of the mechanistic effects of pharmacotherapies, including insulin sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone and metformin) used for the treatment of insulin resistance in PCOS, on androgen production. Metformin 179-188 insulin Homo sapiens 216-223 26809842-7 2016 Compared with the placebo, metformin treatment also have a significant effect on reducing weight, body mass index, insulin, insulin resistance index, total cholesterol and triglyceride, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 26887663-2 2016 METHODS: In the Carotid Atherosclerosis: Metformin for Insulin Resistance (CAMERA) study (NCT00723307), 173 individuals without Type 2 diabetes, but with coronary disease, were randomized to metformin (n=86) or placebo (n=87) for 18 months. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 27882107-13 2016 Sitagliptin phosphate combined with metformin effectively and safely improves glycemic excursion and carbohydrate metabolism in NEDM patients by promoting the first phase of insulin and incretin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion of. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 26809842-7 2016 Compared with the placebo, metformin treatment also have a significant effect on reducing weight, body mass index, insulin, insulin resistance index, total cholesterol and triglyceride, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 26809842-9 2016 We found that metformin treatment was effective in improving antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and the effects improving antipsychotic-induced insulin resistance appeared earlier than the reducing dyslipidemia. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 27900046-4 2016 Metformin at a low dose potently inhibited the insulin action, decreasing the ability of the endometrial cancer (EC) cell line to migrate and invade in a high and normal glucose environment, and decreasing the migration ability of the primary eEPs. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 27900046-5 2016 In the EC cell line, the insulin treatment increased the proliferation, without any subsequent reduction of proliferation by the addition of 0.1 mM metformin; however, relative cell proliferation sensitivity to metformin was observed in the range between 1 and 5 mM regardless of the glucose concentration present. Metformin 211-220 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 27900046-7 2016 However, at this concentration, metformin can inhibit the insulin action in endometrial epithelial cancer cells, demonstrating an anti-metastatic effect in high and normal glucose environments. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 27724912-9 2016 HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c) level >=8.5 %, obesity and insulin treatment in dose-dependent and time-varying manner demonstrated significant association with increased risk of malignancy, while metformin use was associated with a lower risk of cancer. Metformin 191-200 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 27409676-7 2016 Older age, longer diabetes duration, male sex, and use of insulin, sulfonylurea, calcium channel blockers, aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel and dipyridamole were significantly associated with a higher risk in sitagliptin users, but dyslipidemia and use of metformin and statin were protective. Metformin 257-266 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 27716110-8 2016 Metformin compared to placebo resulted in significant reduction in BMI [-1.13 kg/m2 (95 % CI -1.61 to -0.66)] and insulin resistance index [-1.49 (95 % CI -2.40 to -0.59)] but not fasting blood sugar [-2.48 mg/dl (95 % CI -5.54 to 0.57]. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 27018756-15 2016 Metformin significantly (P < .05) reduced insulin, BP, CRP, and PAI-1 levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 27755516-7 2016 Life style modification with BMI reduction was recommended and metformin, a drug improving sensitivity to insulin, was administered. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 27640062-15 2016 Insulin-metformin CT compared with IM showed a MD in HbA1c of -0.9% (95% CI -1.2 to -0.5); P < 0.01; 698 participants; 9 trials; low-quality evidence. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27378194-6 2016 Moreover, metformin decreases the production of insulin, insulin-like growth factor, inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor, and therefore it exerts anti-mitotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenetic effects. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 48-83 27355267-12 2016 Oral glucose tolerance tests at discharge revealed that metformin significantly improved insulin sensitivity, P < 0.05. Metformin 56-65 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 27355267-14 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin decreases glucose equally as effective as insulin without causing hypoglycemia, with additional benefits including improved insulin resistance and decreased endogenous insulin synthesis when compared with insulin controls. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 27355267-14 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin decreases glucose equally as effective as insulin without causing hypoglycemia, with additional benefits including improved insulin resistance and decreased endogenous insulin synthesis when compared with insulin controls. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 27355267-14 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin decreases glucose equally as effective as insulin without causing hypoglycemia, with additional benefits including improved insulin resistance and decreased endogenous insulin synthesis when compared with insulin controls. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 27355267-15 2016 These results indicate that metformin is safe in burn patients and further supports the use of metformin in severely burned patients for postburn control of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Metformin 95-104 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 27904616-0 2016 Effect of folic acid and metformin on insulin resistance and inflammatory factors of obese children and adolescents. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 27571249-0 2016 Long-term treatment with metformin in obese, insulin-resistant adolescents: results of a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 27571249-2 2016 In this study, the long-term efficacy and safety of metformin versus placebo in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance is studied. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 27571249-12 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Long-term treatment with metformin in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance results in stabilization of BMI and improved body composition compared with placebo. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 27571249-13 2016 Therefore, metformin may be useful as an additional therapy in combination with lifestyle intervention in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 27531132-0 2016 Randomized placebo control study of insulin sensitizers (Metformin and Pioglitazone) in psoriasis patients with metabolic syndrome (Topical Treatment Cohort). Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 27531132-3 2016 Study objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Insulin sensitizers (metformin and pioglitazone) in psoriasis patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 26864078-3 2016 The anticancer mechanisms of metformin involve both indirect or insulin-dependent pathways and direct or insulin-independent pathways. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 27491324-5 2016 Metformin, a biguanide, reduces insulin resistance and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, and has an excellent safety profile. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 27491324-6 2016 The combination of metformin and sitagliptin, targeting both characteristics of prediabetes (insulin resistance and progressive beta cell degeneration), may potentially slow or halt the progression from prediabetes to type 2 DM. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 27059816-8 2016 Insulin sensitivity increased more with metformin versus dulaglutide. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 27059816-9 2016 In conclusion, dulaglutide improves postprandial glycaemic control after a standardized test meal by enhancing beta-cell function, while metformin exerts a greater effect on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 27606384-2 2016 We present the results of a trial designed to test the hypothesis that metformin will improve insulin sensitivity in obese pregnant women, thereby reducing the incidence of high-birthweight babies. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 27606384-10 2016 Embedded substudies were included to assess the effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity using the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp; endothelial function; maternal and fetal fat distribution using magnetic resonance imaging; placental expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 and glucocorticoid receptor; and myometrial contractility and glycogen storage. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 27606384-16 2016 Subjects taking metformin demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity [glucose disposal per unit plasma insulin difference between means during high-dose insulin 0.02 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.03 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute/microIU/l; p = 0.04] compared with those taking placebo and enhanced endogenous glucose production [difference between means 0.54 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.00 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute; p = 0.02]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 27606384-16 2016 Subjects taking metformin demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity [glucose disposal per unit plasma insulin difference between means during high-dose insulin 0.02 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.03 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute/microIU/l; p = 0.04] compared with those taking placebo and enhanced endogenous glucose production [difference between means 0.54 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.00 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute; p = 0.02]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 27606384-16 2016 Subjects taking metformin demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity [glucose disposal per unit plasma insulin difference between means during high-dose insulin 0.02 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.03 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute/microIU/l; p = 0.04] compared with those taking placebo and enhanced endogenous glucose production [difference between means 0.54 mg/kg, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.00 mg/kg (fat-free mass)/minute; p = 0.02]. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 26864078-3 2016 The anticancer mechanisms of metformin involve both indirect or insulin-dependent pathways and direct or insulin-independent pathways. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 27152598-1 2016 AIMS: To determine if concomitant metformin reduced the risk of death, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), and cancer in people with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 27435163-3 2016 We hypothesize that metformin use in pregnancy, as an adjunct to insulin, will decrease adverse outcomes by reducing maternal hyperglycemia, maternal insulin doses, maternal weight gain and gestational hypertension/pre-eclampsia. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 27234585-9 2016 Finally the action of the insulin-sensitizing drugs metformin and the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone on follicular cells is reviewed. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 27321322-0 2016 Use of metformin earlier in pregnancy predicts supplemental insulin therapy in women with gestational diabetes. Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 27321322-2 2016 We found a significant association between earlier gestational age at initiation of metformin therapy and the necessity for supplemental insulin in women treated with metformin during pregnancy. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 27321322-2 2016 We found a significant association between earlier gestational age at initiation of metformin therapy and the necessity for supplemental insulin in women treated with metformin during pregnancy. Metformin 167-176 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 27228266-12 2016 Orlistat and metformin had similar positive effects on BMI (-0.65%, 95% CI: -2.03 to 0.73), HOMA (-3.60%, 95% CI: -16.99 to 9.78), testosterone (-2.08%, 95% CI: -13.08 to 8.93) and insulin (-5.51%, 95% CI: -22.27 to 11.26). Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 27228266-14 2016 In addition, the available evidence indicates that orlistat and metformin have similar effects in reducing BMI, HOMA, testosterone and insulin in overweight/obese PCOS women. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 27439433-0 2016 Improving treatment and liver fibrosis outcomes with metformin in HCV-HIV co-infected and HCV mono-infected patients with insulin resistance: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 27439433-4 2016 Metformin, an insulin sensitizer is known to improve HCV treatment response and has been associated with a reduced risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 27118574-3 2016 In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer effects of metformin, which included insulin- and AMPK-dependent effects, selectively targeting cancer stem cells, reversing multidrug resistance, inhibition of the tumor metastasis and described the antineoplastic effects of metformin combined with chemotherapeutic agents in digestive system cancers (colorectal, gastric, hepatic and pancreatic cancer), reproductive system cancers (ovarian and endometrial cancer), prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 114-131 27233831-1 2016 Metformin is the basic drug of antihyperglycemic therapy in type 2 diabetes: according to actual therapeutic guidelines, it should be given in the absence of contraindications or intolerance during the whole course of the disease even after the initiation of insulin therapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 259-266 26831122-0 2016 Effects of Metformin and Exercise Training, Alone or in Combination, on Cardiac Function in Individuals with Insulin Resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 26831122-1 2016 INTRODUCTION: In patients affected by insulin resistance (IR), metformin (MET) therapy has been shown to exert its positive effects by improving glucose tolerance and preventing the evolution to diabetes. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 26861811-7 2016 The decision to introduce basal insulin to metformin must, however be individualized based on a risk-benefit analysis. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 26992090-0 2016 Identification of metformin poor responders, requiring supplemental insulin, during randomization of metformin versus insulin for the control of gestational diabetes mellitus. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 26992090-0 2016 Identification of metformin poor responders, requiring supplemental insulin, during randomization of metformin versus insulin for the control of gestational diabetes mellitus. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 26992090-5 2016 RESULTS: Women using metformin (23.4% needing supplemental insulin) gained less weight (P < 0.001), and had lower fasting glucose during the first and last 2 weeks of treatment (P = 0.014 and 0.008, respectively) when compared with insulin monotherapy. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 26992090-5 2016 RESULTS: Women using metformin (23.4% needing supplemental insulin) gained less weight (P < 0.001), and had lower fasting glucose during the first and last 2 weeks of treatment (P = 0.014 and 0.008, respectively) when compared with insulin monotherapy. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 235-242 26992090-6 2016 Insulin supplementation in the metformin group was related to initial body mass index, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test (GTT), and first week mean glucose level. Metformin 31-40 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26992090-10 2016 Women using metformin (+- supplemental insulin) had similar glycemic control, less weight gain, and similar rates of side-effects as those on insulin monotherapy. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 27293994-8 2016 Treating EC with siYAP/TAZ, YAP inhibitor Verteporfin or metformin alone only partially inhibited the function of insulin and IGF1. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 27136447-0 2016 Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic effect of metformin monotherapy with metformin and acupuncture combined therapy on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 27136447-7 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Consequently, Metformin and acupuncture combined therapy is more effective than Metformin only, proving that acupuncture is an insulin sensitizer and is able to improve insulin sensitivity possibly by reducing body weight and inflammation, while improving lipid metabolism and adipokines. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 182-189 27293994-9 2016 However, combination of siYAP/TAZ with metformin could completely inhibit the effects of insulin. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 26868993-8 2016 After metformin treatment, PDCD4 expression was distinctly down-regulated for the obese women with PCOS with insulin resistance. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 26902691-7 2016 Metformin resulted in a significant reduction of IGF-1, IGF-1: IGFBP-3 molar ratio, insulin, FBG and HOMA-IR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 26811361-4 2016 Metformin initiators who intensified treatment with insulin or sulfonylurea were followed to either their first or recurrent hypoglycemia event using Cox proportional hazard models. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 26811361-13 2016 INTERPRETATION: Among patients using metformin who could use either insulin or sulfonylurea, the addition of insulin was associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia than the addition of sulfonylurea. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 26811361-13 2016 INTERPRETATION: Among patients using metformin who could use either insulin or sulfonylurea, the addition of insulin was associated with a higher risk of hypoglycemia than the addition of sulfonylurea. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 27182828-1 2016 IMPORTANCE: Metformin, an oral antihyperglycemic drug, acts as an insulin sensitizer in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 26387747-11 2016 Metformin treatment reduces VEGF-B levels and ameliorates insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 26922558-6 2016 RESULTS: In all groups of patients, metformin reduced plasma glucose and triglycerides, serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin as well as HOMA1-IR. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 27226182-9 2016 Longitudinally, there was a small but significant increase in BMI and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the Insulin Group and a significant increase in the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and a trend towards higher triglycerides in the Metformin Group. Metformin 270-279 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 26922558-8 2016 In patients with untreated amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism, but not in the other groups of patients, metformin reduced serum levels of thyrotropin and this effect correlated weakly with its action on insulin sensitivity. Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 26894572-2 2016 Metformin is likely beneficial in obese and/or insulin-resistant children/adolescents, but its role in this setting is still unclear. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 26835874-0 2016 Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed Extract, 4-Hydroxyisoleucine, and Metformin Stimulate Proximal Insulin Signaling and Increase Expression of Glycogenic Enzymes and GLUT2 in HepG2 Cells. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 26835874-12 2016 CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings provide a mechanism by which FSE exerts antihyperglycemic effects similar to metformin and insulin that occurs via enhanced insulin signaling, gene expression, and increasing glucose uptake. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 27180669-2 2016 This article deals with the combination therapy comprising metformin and dapagliflozin in a single preparation, molecules affecting different pathophysiological mechanisms of type 2 diabetes, particularly insulin resistance and increased glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 205-212 26743209-3 2016 Metformin improves hyperglycemia mainly through the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis along with the improvement of insulin signaling. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 27038867-20 2016 Insulin sensitizers like metformin, thiazolidines have also resulted in improvements in cognitive functions, mainly in animal experiments. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26792047-5 2016 The proposed mechanism of weight lowering effect of metformin includes changes in hypothalamic physiology, including leptin and insulin sensitivity, as well as circadian rhythm changes affecting food intake, regulation of fat oxidation and storage in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 26916684-0 2016 Metformin versus placebo in combination with insulin analogues in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-the randomised, blinded Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy (CIMT) trial. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 26916684-7 2016 HbA1c was more reduced in the metformin group (between-group difference -0.42% (95% CI -0.62% to -0.23%), p<0.001)), despite the significantly lower insulin dose at end of trial in the metformin group (1.04 IU/kg (95% CI 0.94 to 1.15)) compared with placebo (1.36 IU/kg (95% CI 1.23 to 1.51), p<0.001). Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 26894572-9 2016 Metformin had greater effectiveness over lifestyle intervention alone in reducing fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment for insulin-resistance index (HOMA-IR) at both 12 and 24 months. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 26894572-9 2016 Metformin had greater effectiveness over lifestyle intervention alone in reducing fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment for insulin-resistance index (HOMA-IR) at both 12 and 24 months. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 26894572-11 2016 CONCLUSION: Metformin for nondiabetic obese/overweight children and adolescents resulted in a noteworthy insulin resistance improvement, without significant BMI advantage when compared to lifestyle intervention. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 26878387-5 2016 Although lowering of insulin levels with diet or drugs such as metformin and diazoxide seems generally beneficial, some practitioners also utilize strategic elevations of insulin levels in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 26740120-5 2016 Metformin influences various cellular pathways, including activation of the LKB1/AMPK pathway, inhibition of cell division, promotion of apoptosis and autophagy, down-regulation of circulating insulin, and activation of the immune system. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 193-200 26547662-2 2016 Among users of long-acting insulin, we conducted a population-based case-control study to evaluate the incident myocardial infarction (MI) and incident stroke risks associated with the use of sulfonylureas and the use of metformin. Metformin 221-230 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 26636185-0 2016 Metformin Protects Kidney Cells From Insulin-Mediated Genotoxicity In Vitro and in Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 26636185-2 2016 A possible mechanism is induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage by insulin, Here, the effect of a combination of metformin with insulin was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Metformin 118-127 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 26636185-3 2016 The rationales for this were the reported antioxidative properties of metformin and the aim to gain further insights into the mechanisms responsible for protecting the genome from insulin-mediated oxidative stress and damage. Metformin 70-79 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 26636185-9 2016 Metformin did not show intrinsic antioxidant activity in the cell-free assay, but protected cultured cells from insulin-mediated oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mutation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 26636185-11 2016 Metformin may protect patients from genomic damage induced by elevated insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 26588235-2 2016 Metformin is used in type II diabetes to lower circulating insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 26983336-1 2016 For several years there is an evidence for a relationship between the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and of insulin resistance; therefore metformin, an insulin sensitizer, is used for the treatment for more than 10 years. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 26983336-1 2016 For several years there is an evidence for a relationship between the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and of insulin resistance; therefore metformin, an insulin sensitizer, is used for the treatment for more than 10 years. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 26525880-0 2016 Lifestyle and Metformin Ameliorate Insulin Sensitivity Independently of the Genetic Burden of Established Insulin Resistance Variants in Diabetes Prevention Program Participants. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 26547662-12 2016 Metformin may be an important cardiovascular disease prevention therapy for patients on insulin therapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 27514712-9 2016 Oral administration of metformin (insulin sensitizer) to PCOS-patients increases GLUT4 endometrial levels, improving fertility of those patients. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 26895247-8 2016 It is postulated that an insulin-sensitizing agent, metformin, has cancer-preventing effects on diabetic patients. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 27633039-3 2016 Metformin also increases the affinity of the insulin receptor, reduces high insulin levels and improves insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 27633039-3 2016 Metformin also increases the affinity of the insulin receptor, reduces high insulin levels and improves insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 28017142-5 2016 Switching antidiabetic therapy from gliclazide to acarbose and metformin, the patient"s serum insulin level and IAA decreased gradually. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 26824829-6 2016 Drugs that reduce circulating insulin levels, such as metformin, may reduce cancer risk, and drugs that increase circulating insulin levels, including exogenous insulin and insulin secretagogues, may increase cancer risk. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 27478438-6 2016 Metformin plus insulin was associated with reduced hemoglobin A1C levels, total daily insulin dosage, body mass index (BMI), and body weight. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 26834850-17 2016 For children and obese adolescents, metformin is used in the case of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 26566714-9 2016 Patients on concomitant metformin alone had higher insulin doses at Week 24, but achieved greater reductions in A1C, less weight gain and lower hypoglycaemia rates than patients on a concomitant sulfonylurea or metformin plus a sulfonylurea, regardless of whether cut-offs were exceeded. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 26765270-1 2016 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common in obese women with insulin resistant type 2 diabetes for which metformin treatment is getting established in addition to clomiphene. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 27478438-11 2016 Among adolescents with T1DM, administering adjunctive metformin therapy in addition to insulin was associated with improved HbA1c levels, total daily insulin dosage, BMI, and body weight. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 26618447-12 2016 CONCLUSION: In subjects with insulin resistance, metformin therapy significantly decreased thyroid volume and nodule size. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 26624824-14 2015 Of multiple secondary end points, findings favored metformin only for insulin dose and measures of adiposity; conversely, use of metformin resulted in an increased risk for gastrointestinal adverse events. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 26618447-0 2016 Metformin Decreases Thyroid Volume and Nodule Size in Subjects with Insulin Resistance: A Preliminary Study. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 26618447-10 2016 Insulin resistance also decreased after metformin therapy (4.5 +- 1.9 vs. 2.9 +- 1.7, p < 0.0001). Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26656973-1 2016 The potential reproductive benefits of metformin, a drug endowed with the capacity to ameliorate insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), has garnered much interest over the past 2 decades. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 26575601-9 2015 Among the anti-diabetic medications in diabetes patients, the OR for insulin users was 25.57 (95% CI 11.55-56.60), sulphonylureas 2.22 (95% CI 1.13, 4.40), and metformin users 1.46 (95% CI 0.85-2.52), compared with no use of any anti-diabetic medications. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 26350101-11 2015 Basal insulin therapy in combination with oral drugs, most often metformin - is the most convenient initial regimen. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 6-13 26455399-7 2015 Furthermore, humans with type 1 diabetes respond to lifestyle modifications or metformin by 20%-60% increased whole-body insulin sensitivity, likely through improvement in both glycemic control and oxidative phosphorylation. Metformin 79-88 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 26344902-11 2015 Finally, metformin modestly attenuated palmitate-induced insulin resistance and cytotoxicity, as did oleate. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 26537234-10 2015 Additional analyses suggested that the breast cancer risk associated with human insulin use might be beneficially modified by concomitant use of metformin, statin and ACEI/ARB. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 26537234-12 2015 The increased risk of breast cancer associated with human insulin use may be modified by medications such as metformin, statin and ACEI/ARB. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 26514337-13 2015 Her serum insulin-like growth factor-1 level, measured after glycemic control was achieved with metformin and insulin, was elevated, which is characteristic of acromegaly. Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 25131985-10 2015 In a subgroup of 285 patients followed-up longitudinally (average treatment period 1.42 yr), addition of metformin resulted in a slight reduction of BMI-SDS [-0.01 (-2.01 to +1.40)], but did not improve HbA1c or insulin requirement. Metformin 105-114 insulin Homo sapiens 212-219 25332100-7 2015 Longitudinal analyses showed that metformin had a significant effect on anthropometric (weight, BMI, and waist) and biochemical variables [glucose, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and triglycerides] (all p <= 0.05); and in total and abdominal fat (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02). Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 25332100-8 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Prepubertal intervention with metformin reduces central adiposity and improves insulin sensitivity in non-obese catch-up SGA children. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 92-99 26320144-0 2015 Effects of metformin on mitochondrial function of leukocytes from polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 26579078-5 2015 Furthermore, anti-diabetic treatments such as metformin and sulfonylurea have been observed to modulate the gut microbiota or at least their metabolic profiles, thereby potentially affecting insulin resistance through indirect mechanisms still unknown. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 191-198 26280837-4 2015 Metformin was significantly superior to placebo (standard mean differences, -0.69 to -0.51; P = 0.01-0.0001) in the primary outcome measures (body weight, body mass index, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 197-204 26386799-9 2015 Patients taking versus not taking insulin had 0.83 more episodes of angina and used 1.40 more NTG doses per week, increases evident only in those taking insulin without concomitant metformin (Pinteraction < .05 for both). Metformin 181-190 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 25555492-1 2015 OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficiency of the combined therapy with metformin and dapagliflozin, a new oral anti-diabetic drug with an insulin-independent mechanism of action, in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to DPP4 inhibitors, sulphonylureas and thiazolidindiones, also combined with metformin. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 132-139 25962401-0 2015 Progression to insulin therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sitagliptin or sulphonylurea plus metformin dual therapy. Metformin 114-123 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 26165398-3 2015 We aimed to establish whether the insulin sensitising drug metformin improves maternal and fetal outcomes in obese pregnant women without diabetes. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 26263223-7 2015 In the metformin group, TMEM18 minor allele carriers had a greater reduction in insulin levels (P = 0.04). Metformin 7-16 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 26491824-6 2015 The use of insulin-sensitizing drugs such as metformin often normalises the menstrual cycle, improving hyperandrogenism and, subsequently, the response to ovulation induction therapies. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 26117686-7 2015 The pooled estimates of metformin-insulin differences were very small and statistically non-significant in fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose and HbA1c, measured at 36-37 weeks of gestation. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 34-41 26084759-3 2015 Unless contraindicated or not tolerated, metformin can be initiated and continued concurrently with other anti-diabetic agents or insulin. Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 26142890-7 2015 RESULTS: The predictive parameters (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV) for improvements in HbA1c at week 24 for metformin were 0.83, 0.81, 0.44, and 0.96; for sulfonylurea, 0.79, 0.94, 0.71, and 0.96; and for insulin glargine, 0.67, 0.89, 0.65, and 0.90. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 26117686-8 2015 Notably, 14-46% of those receiving metformin required additional insulin. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 26117686-9 2015 Compared with the insulin group, metformin treatment was associated with a lower incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia (relative risk, RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.58-0.93; P=0.01) and of neonatal intensive care admission (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.59-0.97; P=0.03). Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 18-25 25993908-9 2015 In insulin-resistant PCOS patients (HOMA-IR> 2) metformin treatment (1.7 g per day for 4 weeks to 6 months) improved insulin sensitivity, restored mitochondrial integrity and function and normalised platelet aggregation. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 26216367-7 2015 In male subjects consuming only metformin, a positive association between HOMA-IR and insulin (p<0.05) was seen. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 74-93 26216367-9 2015 Interestingly, the female subjects on metformin displayed a positive association between HOMA-IR and insulin (p<0.05) only. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 89-108 26216367-10 2015 A positive association of HOMA-IR with glucose (p<0.01) and insulin (p<0.05) was seen in females on metformin in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs. Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 26366087-11 2015 In addition, there are still uncertainties surrounding the effects of metformin or oral contraceptives in the management of insulin level, although they improved total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels. Metformin 70-79 insulin Homo sapiens 124-131 25993908-9 2015 In insulin-resistant PCOS patients (HOMA-IR> 2) metformin treatment (1.7 g per day for 4 weeks to 6 months) improved insulin sensitivity, restored mitochondrial integrity and function and normalised platelet aggregation. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 25904026-3 2015 METHODS: A literature review was completed aiming to compare the glycaemic control, maternal and fetal out comes of metformin therapy with insulin. Metformin 116-125 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 26314870-0 2015 Evaluation of Apelin and Insulin Resistance in Patients with PCOS and Therapeutic Effect of Drospirenone-Ethinylestradiol Plus Metformin. Metformin 127-136 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 26087341-7 2015 Insulin resistance may be improved among obese individuals with T1DM by biguanides (metformin) and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (exenatide). Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 26111812-3 2015 In a window of opportunity trial of metformin in non-diabetic breast cancer patients, Dowling and colleagues examined both the direct actions of the drug on cancer cells (as mediated by AMP kinase), as well as its indirect actions (as mediated by circulating insulin). Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 259-266 26066530-7 2015 INTERVENTIONS: Insulin resistance was treated with lifestyle intervention and metformin, and diabetes with the addition of glitazones, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and/or insulin. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 26013675-4 2015 RESULTS: Increased risks of HCC were found for use of insulin (odds ratio [OR] = 3.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.52-5.51), sulfonylureas (OR = 1.39, 95%CI 0.98-1.99), and repaglinide (OR = 2.12, 95%CI 1.38-3.26), while a reduced risk was found for use of metformin (OR = 0.57, 95%CI 0.41-0.79). Metformin 260-269 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 26013675-5 2015 The risk of HCC increased with increasing duration of insulin use (OR = 2.52 for <1 year, 5.41 for 1-2 years, and 6.01 for >=2 years; p for trend < 0.001), while no clear pattern with duration was observed for sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and metformin. Metformin 251-260 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 26013675-6 2015 CONCLUSION: Our study supports the evidence that patients with diabetes using metformin, and possibly other antidiabetic drugs that increase insulin sensibility, have a reduced risk of HCC, while those using insulin or drugs that increase circulating insulin, such as insulin secretagogues, have an increased risk. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 141-148 26140084-6 2015 Metformin has a number of biochemical effects that would suggest a benefit in treating chronic liver diseases, particularly in the context of insulin resistance and inflammation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 25962562-9 2015 Following treatment with bisperoxopicolinatooxovanadate (BPV) or metformin in the insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells, there was an increase in the rate of glucose uptake, an increase in GLUT4 expression and its translocation, a reduction in the expression of PTEN and p-PTEN, and a decrease in cell apoptosis compared with untreated insulin-resistant cells. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 25962562-9 2015 Following treatment with bisperoxopicolinatooxovanadate (BPV) or metformin in the insulin-resistant skeletal muscle cells, there was an increase in the rate of glucose uptake, an increase in GLUT4 expression and its translocation, a reduction in the expression of PTEN and p-PTEN, and a decrease in cell apoptosis compared with untreated insulin-resistant cells. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 338-345 26236179-3 2015 One of these detectors is AMPK (5" AMP-activated protein kinase), a protein kinase activated by ATP deficiency but also by several natural substances such as polyphenols or synthetic molecules like metformin, used in the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 234-241 25547060-7 2015 Regarding neonatal outcomes, when compared with insulin group, metformin presented significantly lower average birth weights (MD = -44.35, 95 % CI -85.79 to -2.90, P = 0.04), incidence of hypoglycemia (RR = 0.69, 95 % CI 0.55-0.87, P = 0.001) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (RR = 0.82, 95 % CI 0.67-0.99, P = 0.04). Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 25547060-8 2015 CONCLUSION: Metformin can significantly reduce several adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes including PIH rate, incidence of hypoglycemia and NICU, thus it may be an effective and safe alternative or additional treatment to insulin for GDM women. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 226-233 26059289-8 2015 Metformin enhances the action of insulin in liver and skeletal muscle, and its efficacy for delaying or preventing the onset of diabetes has been proven in large, well-designed, randomised trials, such as the Diabetes Prevention Program and other studies. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 26111812-4 2015 The data suggest that short-term administration of metformin in this setting has anti-tumor effects significantly involving the indirect, insulin-dependent pathway. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 25676019-5 2015 While generating beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, metformin also improves insulin resistance and corrects dyslipidemia in patients with T2D. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 25945500-5 2015 Insulin was added if targets could not be reached on metformin alone at maximum doses. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 25891779-3 2015 In this study, we investigated whether AMPK activation and SREBP-1c inhibition contribute to the beneficial effects of metformin on IRS-1-associated insulin signaling in L6 myotubes. Metformin 119-128 insulin Homo sapiens 149-156 25891779-9 2015 The results from this study demonstrate that metformin ameliorates PA-induced insulin resistance through the activation of AMPK and the suppression of SREBP-1c in skeletal muscle cells. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 25742316-0 2015 Metformin and salicylate synergistically activate liver AMPK, inhibit lipogenesis and improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 25742316-4 2015 We find doses of metformin and salicylate used clinically synergistically activate AMPK in vitro and in vivo, resulting in reduced liver lipogenesis, lower liver lipid levels and improved insulin sensitivity in mice. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 25742316-6 2015 These effects are also observed in primary human hepatocytes and patients with dysglycaemia exhibit additional improvements in a marker of insulin resistance (proinsulin) when treated with ASA and metformin compared with either drug alone. Metformin 197-206 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 25472847-11 2015 CONCLUSION: Adding metformin to the conventional insulin regimen effectively achieved tight glycaemic control with a lower dose of insulin. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 25472847-11 2015 CONCLUSION: Adding metformin to the conventional insulin regimen effectively achieved tight glycaemic control with a lower dose of insulin. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 25891779-0 2015 Metformin attenuates palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance in L6 cells through the AMP-activated protein kinase/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c pathway. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 25891779-2 2015 We recently reported that metformin improved insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated insulin signaling by downregulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 25667085-0 2015 Metformin increases APP expression and processing via oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and NF-kappaB activation: Use of insulin to attenuate metformin"s effect. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 25304269-1 2015 OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effects of metformin (Met) and laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) in clomiphene and insulin-resistant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (CIRPCOS). Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 123-130 25667085-3 2015 Furthermore, the protective role of insulin against metformin is also demonstrated. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 25667085-8 2015 These effects of metformin were found to be antagonized by the addition of insulin, which reduced Abeta levels, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 25658660-6 2015 As expected, metformin reduced plasma glucose, insulin resistance and glycated hemoglobin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 24698216-2 2015 Metformin, typically used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a possible adjunct therapy in T1DM to help improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 24698216-7 2015 RESULTS: Total daily insulin dose, BMI z-score and waist circumference significantly decreased at 3 and 6 months compared to baseline within the metformin group, even among normal-weight participants. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 24698216-10 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose metformin likely improves BMI as well as insulin sensitivity in T1DM adolescents, as indicated by a decrease in total daily insulin dose. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24698216-10 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose metformin likely improves BMI as well as insulin sensitivity in T1DM adolescents, as indicated by a decrease in total daily insulin dose. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 146-153 25808987-4 2015 Although drugs such as metformin that lower insulin resistance can contribute to weight loss, a better understanding of the links between obesity, weight loss and changes in insulin resistance might lead to new approaches to patient management. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 25791462-2 2015 Metformin has beneficial effects on insulin resistance and endothelial functions. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 26445623-8 2015 RESULTS: Adding sulphonylurea to metformin targeted both insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 25899185-12 2015 Mean fasting insulin levels at beginning of study entry were 17.22 +- 2.3 mIU/L and 16.93 +- 2.28 mIU/L in metformin and no metformin group respectively (p=0.589). Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 25866577-2 2015 Metformin is the oldest insulin sensitizer used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 25866577-3 2015 In PCOs, metformin decreases the serum lipids, androgen and insulin; induces ovulation and regular menstrual cycle; increases the pregnancy rate. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 60-67 25662675-0 2015 The variant organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2)-T201M contribute to changes in insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Metformin 144-153 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 25662675-11 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the loss-of-function variant OCT2-T201M (rs145450955) contribute to changes in insulin resistance and beta cell activity in patients with T2D treated with metformin. Metformin 194-203 insulin Homo sapiens 118-125 30603248-4 2016 On the other hand, MCT showed that administration of metformin reduced plasma glucose levels accompanied by the decrease of plasma insulin levels and the increase of plasma glucagon levels, whereas administration of sitagliptin had little effects on these parameters. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 131-138 25825634-6 2015 In particular, the interferences exerted by metformin on AMP-activated protein kinase pathway (the cellular energy sensor), on insulin levels and on Hexokinase could potentially have repercussion on glucose handling and thus on FDG distribution. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 127-134 25812009-10 2015 Following metformin administration, fasting glucose and insulin were reduced. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 25834454-9 2015 Self-monitoring is essential to achieve good metabolic control, and endocrinologists should first administer metformin if insulin resistance is evident and then add dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors/glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists or insulin. Metformin 109-118 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 25740979-1 2015 BACKGROUND: Metformin may improve metabolic factors (insulin, glucose, leptin, highly sensitive C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) associated with poor breast cancer outcomes. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 25740979-10 2015 At six months, decreases in weight and blood variables were statistically significantly greater in the metformin arm (vs placebo) in univariate analyses: weight -3.0%, glucose -3.8%, insulin -11.1%, homeostasis model assessment -17.1%, leptin -20.2%, hs-CRP -6.7%; all P values were less than or equal to .03. Metformin 103-112 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 25740979-12 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin statistically significantly improved weight, insulin, glucose, leptin, and CRP at six months. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 25178647-1 2015 Metformin has a potential role for insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) and has demonstrated efficacy in diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 35-42 25425451-7 2015 CONCLUSION: The results of this exploratory study show that combination therapy with metformin/pioglitazone/exenatide in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM is more effective and results in fewer hypoglycaemic events than sequential add-on therapy with metformin, sulfonylurea and then basal insulin. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 291-298 24913417-1 2015 Metformin is an old insulin sensitizer that has been widely used in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to treat metabolic comorbidities and may also improve ovarian dysfunction in women with PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 24913417-2 2015 In fact, metformin may improve insulin resistance, a common finding of PCOS, and reduce insulin blood levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 24913417-2 2015 In fact, metformin may improve insulin resistance, a common finding of PCOS, and reduce insulin blood levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 25634039-5 2015 Indications for metformin use in IVF cycles included polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients who were habitual abortions (67%), had prior poor egg quality (61%), had high serum insulin levels (56%). Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 179-186 25729685-8 2015 Metformin is effective insulin sensitizing agent and an established first line drug in type 2 diabetes currently. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 25658116-13 2015 Metformin upregulated insulin gene expression and suppressed DNA methylation and ectopic triacylglycerol accumulation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 25663871-0 2015 Effect of metformin on insulin-resistant endothelial cell function. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 25663871-1 2015 The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metformin on the function of insulin-resistant (IR) endothelial cells. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 25682077-10 2015 These biomarker data suggest mechanisms for metformin action in vivo in breast cancer patients via up-regulation of tumor pAMPK, down-regulation of pAkt, and suppression of insulin responses reflecting cytostatic rather than cytotoxic mechanisms. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 24534012-2 2015 This study aimed to explore the association between the estimated insulin demand of the diet, as measured by glycemic and insulin load, weight loss, percentage body fat and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in obese adolescents with clinical features of insulin resistance and/or prediabetes after a 3 month lifestyle and metformin intervention. Metformin 320-329 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 25545400-6 2015 The MET-REMODEL trial is a single-center, phase IV, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of Metformin in regression of the independent cardiac risk factor of LVH in patients with CAD who are insulin resistant. Metformin 134-143 insulin Homo sapiens 233-240 25467617-8 2015 RESULTS: Less maternal weight gain was found in the metformin treated groups (9.8 +- 1.5 kg [metformin alone] vs. 9.8 +- 1.4 kg [metformin plus insulin] vs. 12.5 +- 1.1 kg [insulin alone] P < 0.000). Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 25467617-8 2015 RESULTS: Less maternal weight gain was found in the metformin treated groups (9.8 +- 1.5 kg [metformin alone] vs. 9.8 +- 1.4 kg [metformin plus insulin] vs. 12.5 +- 1.1 kg [insulin alone] P < 0.000). Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 25369141-3 2015 Studies have shown that metformin may benefit those insulin-resistant individuals with T1DM. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 25467617-13 2015 42.7% of patients required supplemental insulin (mean dose of 13.6 +- 2 units) in the metformin group. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 25369141-9 2015 Metformin was associated with a reduction in daily insulin dosage, body weight, total cholesterol level, low-density lipoprotein level, and high-density lipoprotein level but an increase in risk of gastrointestinal AEs compared with placebo treatment in T1DM patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 25369141-12 2015 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin may decrease the daily insulin dosage, body weight, and lipid levels in T1DM. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 25467617-15 2015 CONCLUSION: Metformin is an effective and cheap treatment option for women with gestational diabetes with or without supplemental insulin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 25701261-8 2015 Finally, we found that anti-diabetic drug metformin and AMPK ligand AICAR, but not thiazolidinediones (TZDs), specifically suppress the estradiol-induced cellular growth in the insulin-primed cells. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 25609400-10 2015 Four secondary outcomes were better for metformin in metformin v insulin, and one was worse for metformin in metformin v glibenclamide. Metformin 40-49 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 25588785-5 2015 We present a protocol for a study to test the hypothesis that metformin will improve insulin sensitivity in obese pregnant women, thereby reducing the incidence of high birthweight babies and other pregnancy complications. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 85-92 25905051-7 2015 Metformin lowers circulating insulin and it may be important for treatment of hyperinsulinemia-associated cancers, such as colon and breast cancer. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 25328079-11 2015 Our data indicate that sitagliptin and metformin exert different effects on islet hormone secretion in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients on insulin monotherapy. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 25205223-9 2015 In adjusted analyses, SU + insulin was associated with increased all-cause mortality (RR 1.81 [1.63, 2.01]), cardiovascular death (RR 1.35 [1.14, 1.60]) and the composite endpoint (RR 1.25 [1.09, 1.42]) compared with metformin + insulin. Metformin 217-226 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 25772174-4 2015 Recent preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that metformin not only improves chronic inflammation through the improvement of metabolic parameters such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia, but also has a direct anti-inflammatory action. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 180-187 25328079-0 2015 Addition of sitagliptin or metformin to insulin monotherapy improves blood glucose control via different effects on insulin and glucagon secretion in hyperglycemic Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 25162967-5 2015 In the high-dose metformin group, BMI, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index, and 2-h plasma glucose were significantly decreased. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 25328079-1 2015 This study aimed to explore the effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin and the biguanide metformin on the secretion of insulin and glucagon, as well as incretin levels, in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus poorly controlled with insulin monotherapy. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 25162967-8 2015 Metformin suppressed ACF formation in IGT patients in a dose-dependent manner, possibly through direct and indirect (attenuating insulin resistance) mechanisms. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 129-136 25053577-7 2015 RESULTS: Among all Vanderbilt cancer patients, metformin was associated with a 22% decrease in overall mortality compared to other oral hypoglycemic medications (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.88) and with a 39% decrease compared to type 2 diabetes patients on insulin only (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.73). Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 256-263 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 25874236-7 2015 84.9% patients in metformin group required add-on insulin therapy at mean gestational age of 26.58 +- 3.85 weeks. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 26106623-4 2015 Treatment with insulin sensitizing medications such as thiazolidinediones and metformin was more effective in improving glycemic control, particularly in the more insulin resistant patient, when compared to the insulin provision strategy using insulin and or sulfonylureas. Metformin 78-87 insulin Homo sapiens 163-170 25510597-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Metformin, an insulin-sensitizer, may correct several physiologic abnormalities owing to insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 25510597-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Metformin, an insulin-sensitizer, may correct several physiologic abnormalities owing to insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 24824502-6 2014 AMPK-activating drugs reverse many of the metabolic defects associated with insulin resistance, and recent findings suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effects of the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin are mediated by AMPK. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 25293340-7 2014 Metformin can be used in conjunction with a lifestyle intervention program in obese adolescents with clinical insulin resistance to achieve weight loss and to improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 25293340-7 2014 Metformin can be used in conjunction with a lifestyle intervention program in obese adolescents with clinical insulin resistance to achieve weight loss and to improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 24903160-5 2014 Metformin may ameliorate LYRM1-induced insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in part via a direct antioxidant effect and in part by activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-PGC1/NRFs pathway. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 24903160-0 2014 Metformin prevents LYRM1-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a mitochondrial-dependent mechanism. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 24903160-4 2014 Metformin enhanced basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation, reduced IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylation and ROS levels, and affected the expression of regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in LYRM1-over-expressing adipocytes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 24824502-6 2014 AMPK-activating drugs reverse many of the metabolic defects associated with insulin resistance, and recent findings suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effects of the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin are mediated by AMPK. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 25256878-6 2014 RESULTS: Metformin administration resulted in significant decrease in the body weight, body mass index, hirsutism score, fasting and postprandial blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, HOMA index, sleep disturbances scale, and Epworth sleepiness scale compared to the untreated PCOS group. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 25315294-1 2014 Oral hypoglycemic agents such as glyburide (second-generation sulfonylurea) and metformin (biguanide) are attractive alternatives to insulin due to lower cost, ease of administration, and better patient adherence. Metformin 80-89 insulin Homo sapiens 133-140 25472042-13 2014 Culturing TallyHO morulae with the AMPK activator metformin led to a reversal of all the abnormal findings, including increased AMPK phosphorylation, improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and normalisation of lipid accumulation. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 25347323-9 2014 In unadjusted analyses, use of medications other than metformin was significantly associated with an increased risk of adding a second oral agent only, insulin only, and a second agent or insulin (P < .001 for all). Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 152-159 25347323-9 2014 In unadjusted analyses, use of medications other than metformin was significantly associated with an increased risk of adding a second oral agent only, insulin only, and a second agent or insulin (P < .001 for all). Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 25406011-1 2014 BACKGROUND: The use of insulin-sensitising agents, such as metformin, in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who are undergoing ovulation induction or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles has been widely studied. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 25151573-1 2014 PURPOSE: In the EASIE (Evaluation of Insulin Glargine Versus Sitagliptin in Insulin-Naive Patients) trial, insulin glargine found a significant reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin compared with sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled with metformin. Metformin 277-286 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 25426078-5 2014 Metformin appears to reduce risk for pancreatic cancer and improve survival in diabetics with pancreatic cancer primarily by decreasing insulin/IGF signaling, disrupting mitochondrial respiration, and inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 25361177-6 2014 Combined metformin and erlotinib led to partial regression of PTEN-null and EGFR-amplified xenografted MDA-MB-468 BBC tumors with evidence of significant apoptosis, reduction of EGFR and AKT signaling, and lack of altered plasma insulin levels. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 229-236 25151573-10 2014 IMPLICATIONS: Insulin glargine is a clinically superior and cost-effective alternative to sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled with metformin. Metformin 172-181 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 25013215-7 2014 RESULTS: Metformin is used clinically off-label in the management of hirsutism, acne and insulin resistance in PCOS, although the evidence for anti-androgenic effects is inconsistent. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 25253174-2 2014 In a recent presurgical trial, we found a heterogeneous effect of metformin on breast cancer proliferation (ki-67) depending upon insulin resistance (HOMA index). Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 25253174-3 2014 Here, we determined the associations of additional serum biomarkers of insulin resistance, tumor subtype, and drug concentration with ki-67 response to metformin. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 25253174-5 2014 The ki-67 response to metformin was assessed comparing data obtained from baseline biopsy (ki-67 and tumor subtype) and serum markers (HOMA index, C-peptide, IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, free IGF-I, hs-CRP, adiponectin) with the same measurements at definitive surgery. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 147-156 25013215-12 2014 One study with a 2-year follow-up demonstrated that babies born to women treated with metformin also developed less visceral fat, making them less prone to insulin resistance in later life. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 24936555-12 2014 CONCLUSIONS: U-500 regular insulin + metformin is effective for the treatment of T2DM patients with severe insulin resistance. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 25054311-4 2014 In both groups of patients, metformin reduced fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance, triglycerides and glycated hemoglobin. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 25289085-0 2014 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor signaling by metformin in endometrial cancer cells. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 24636967-13 2014 Furthermore, metformin and rosiglitazone improved insulin resistance, while aripiprazole, metformin, and sibutramine decreased blood lipids. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 25954799-7 2014 In the Ukpds trial, involving about 1700 overweight diabetic patients, metformin monotherapy for about 10 years was more effective in reducing mortality than glycaemic control based mainly on dietary measures, and also more effective than treatment with a sulphonylurea such as chlorpropamide or glibenclamide, or with insulin. Metformin 71-80 insulin Homo sapiens 319-326 25303400-9 2014 The protective effect of metformin on thyroid cancer incidence was also supported by sensitivity analyses, disregarding age (< 50 or >= 50 years) and sex; and was not affected by excluding users of insulin, sulfonylurea, and insulin and/or sulfonylurea respectively, by previous diagnosis of other cancers or by potential detection examinations that might lead to differential diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 231-238 27200644-0 2014 Economic Assessment of Delaying Insulin Treatment Through The Use of Newer Anti-Diabetic Agents, Dapagliflozin (Forxiga ) And Exenatide (Bydureon ), Both As Add-On To Metformin; A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis From A Uk Nhs Perspective. Metformin 167-176 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 25349635-9 2014 Compared with treatment with only diet or metformin, the hazard ratio [HR] for non-response was 5.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-24.6, P = 0.03) for insulin therapy and 5.0 (95% CI: 1.13-22.16, P = 0.03) for sulfonylurea therapy. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 156-163 24682492-1 2014 Combining metformin and exercise is recommended for the treatment of insulin resistance. Metformin 10-19 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 24682492-2 2014 However, it has been suggested that metformin blunts the insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 24682492-3 2014 We evaluated in a group of insulin-resistant patients the interactions between exercise and their daily dose of metformin. Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 24793923-9 2014 Ten out of 32 metformin patients required additional insulin. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 24917306-10 2014 Preoperative metformin use caused significant decreases in circulating factors, including insulin, glucose, insulin-like growth factor 1, and leptin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 24917306-10 2014 Preoperative metformin use caused significant decreases in circulating factors, including insulin, glucose, insulin-like growth factor 1, and leptin. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 24844968-2 2014 Insulin, metformin and thiazolidinediones (TDZs) are among the major diabetes therapies that improve glycaemic control by acting via molecular targets including the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 25473629-10 2014 In addition, the fasting insulin was significantly greater in metformin group and flutamide group in comparison to metformin+flutamide and placebo groups after treatment (p<0.05). Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 25473629-11 2014 Within groups, insulin level showed significant changes (before and after treatment) in metformin+flutamide group and LDL reduction was significant in flutamide group before and after treatment. Metformin 88-97 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 25580176-12 2014 Women taking metformin may require supplemental insulin more frequently than those taking glyburide. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 25580176-13 2014 CONCLUSION: Glyburide and metformin appear to be safe and effective to manage blood glucose in patients with gestational diabetes who prefer to not utilize insulin or who cannot afford insulin therapy. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 185-192 24844968-2 2014 Insulin, metformin and thiazolidinediones (TDZs) are among the major diabetes therapies that improve glycaemic control by acting via molecular targets including the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor pathways, adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 186-193 25166296-3 2014 Eventually this progression leads to the use of basal insulin typically with concomitant treatments (e.g., metformin, a GLP-1 RA [glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist], a TZD [thiazolidinedione] or a DPP-4i [dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor]) and, ultimately, to basal-bolus insulin in some forms. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 25147257-6 2014 Those about which we know the most-metformin, SUs, insulin, and perhaps now also TZDs-are efficacious in most patients and can be placed into a basic initial algorithm. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 24876433-4 2014 Insulin treatment was started in 394 (4.3%) metformin and in 162 (14.5%) sulfonylurea users within 6 years (P < .001). Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 24876433-6 2014 A substantial eGFR decline (category: 15-<30 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) was significantly associated with a higher likelihood to have insulin initiated (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.09-5.23) in metformin but not in sulfonylurea (HR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.16-1.30) users. Metformin 203-212 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 25518129-1 2014 Type 2 diabetes is characterised by insulin resistance and deficiencywhich explains the multitude of molecules developed for its treatment.The beneficial effects of metformin and sulfamides have been demonstrated. Metformin 165-174 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 24972190-10 2014 Mean plasma insulin (p=0.0005), IGF-1 (p=0.001), and IGFBP-7 (p=0.0098) were significantly reduced after metformin treatment. Metformin 105-114 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 24627035-0 2014 Are growth factor receptors modulated by metformin in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin? Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 24627035-1 2014 OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of metformin on gene and protein expression of insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 (IGF-1R) receptor in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 25247153-1 2014 BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to measure the body composition in adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus and to explore the effect of metformin therapy on the various components of body composition, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis. Metformin 155-164 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 25247153-13 2014 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin therapy results in significant improvement in body composition and insulin sensitivity of adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 25144611-13 2014 The association between obesity, insulin resistance, as well as increased risk and poor outcomes in endometrial and ovarian cancer patients makes metformin an attractive agent for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Metformin 146-155 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 24627035-3 2014 RESULTS: IR gene expression was increased after treatment with insulin (2.9-fold change, p = 0.027) and further after metformin treatment (4.7-fold change, p < 0.001), and in IGF-1R, the group treated with insulin (1.83-fold change) and metformin (1.78-fold change) showed more expression, than control group (p < 0.001). Metformin 240-249 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24921909-9 2014 Among the diabetics, multivariate regression showed that insulin/analogues were associated with increased, but metformin with decreased death with progressive MM. Metformin 111-120 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 24915260-0 2014 Association between intensification of metformin treatment with insulin vs sulfonylureas and cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among patients with diabetes. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 64-71 26674650-3 2014 Recently, we have reported that the combined treatment with metformin and progesterone-based oral contraceptives has successfully reversed the early-stage EC into normal endometria in addition to improvement of insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Metformin 60-69 insulin Homo sapiens 211-218 25118505-1 2014 Metformin is an oral insulin-sensitizing anti-diabetic drug. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 21-28 25083175-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of metformin (MTF ) in reducing insulin resistance and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in inhibiting oxidative stress which are involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 25083175-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of metformin (MTF ) in reducing insulin resistance and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in inhibiting oxidative stress which are involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 65-68 insulin Homo sapiens 83-90 25083175-12 2014 The serum levels of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), insulin and leptin reduced significantly after treatment in the MTF+NAC group compared to the placebo (p<0.05). Metformin 109-112 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 24874591-6 2014 Fasting plasma insulin increased with glimepiride + metformin, while it did not change with vildagliptin + metformin. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 24874591-8 2014 Regarding insulin sensitivity, vildagliptin + metformin increased M value. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 10-17 24915260-15 2014 CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with diabetes who were receiving metformin, the addition of insulin vs a sulfonylurea was associated with an increased risk of a composite of nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 102-109 24915260-2 2014 OBJECTIVE: To compare time to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, or death in a cohort of metformin initiators who added insulin or a sulfonylurea. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 128-135 24682417-5 2014 Confirmation of insulin-mediated effects, independent of body mass index, also supports the potential benefit of adjuvant metformin therapy. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 24735537-0 2014 Differential AMPK phosphorylation by glucagon and metformin regulates insulin signaling in human hepatic cells. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 70-77 24899137-7 2014 The primary objective of the METFORMIN study is to determine the effect of adding metformin treatment to lifestyle intervention in reducing BMI in obese adolescents with insulin resistance. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 24899137-7 2014 The primary objective of the METFORMIN study is to determine the effect of adding metformin treatment to lifestyle intervention in reducing BMI in obese adolescents with insulin resistance. Metformin 82-91 insulin Homo sapiens 170-177 25333031-2 2014 Metformin is one of the longest established oral insulin sensitising agents. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 24837407-3 2014 The combination of vildagliptin with the biguanide metformin is of particular interest because of its complementary mode of action, addressing insulin resistance, alpha- and beta cell function in the islet of the pancreas. Metformin 51-60 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 24236897-1 2014 AIMS: Given that sleep disorders are known to be related to insulin resistance, and metformin has favourable effects on insulin resistance and on ventilatory drive, we sought to determine whether metformin therapy was related to sleep variables in a group of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 24217938-1 2014 PURPOSE: The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of adding oral metformin to insulin therapy in pregnant women with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. Metformin 77-86 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 26327840-3 2014 The aim of this study was to verify indications for metformin use in obese women based on metabolic and anthropometric parameters assessed by dual-X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), to establish the degree of insulin resistance and its correlations. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 24580044-5 2014 Several studies have indicated that metformin, as an insulin sensitizer, effectively improves NAFLD and its related metabolic status. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 24940437-8 2014 Therefore, the administration of metformin and pioglitazone in patients with T2DM may improve insulin function, reduce the role of IR and improve endothelial function. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 24517721-9 2014 Metformin seemed to decrease oxidative stress and improve insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction in PCOS patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 24671665-11 2014 Early basal insulin treatment in patients insufficiently controlled with metformin is efficient, safe and convenient. Metformin 73-82 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 23999197-8 2014 Accordingly, the improvement of insulin sensitivity with surgery-induced weight loss (+51%, P=0.01) and metformin (+42%, P=0.02) led to increased adipose p53. Metformin 104-113 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 24606093-1 2014 CONTEXT: Although metformin is widely used to improve insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), its mechanism of action is complex, with inconsistent effects on insulin sensitivity and variability in treatment response. Metformin 18-27 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 24606093-2 2014 OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to delineate the effect of metformin on glucose and insulin parameters, determine additional treatment outcomes, and predict patients with PCOS who will respond to treatment. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 88-95 24799988-5 2014 Metformin improves insulin sensitivity and serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (ALT/AST) levels in the majority of subjects; however, it has no significant effect on liver histology. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 23848509-0 2014 Respiratory effects of insulin sensitisation with metformin: a prospective observational study. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 24595965-3 2014 Whether metformin treatment in pregnant PCOS women affects maternal and fetal insulin concentrations at birth is not clarified. Metformin 8-17 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 24595965-4 2014 OBJECTIVES: To investigate the possible effect of metformin on insulin concentrations in umbilical cord blood and the possible association between maternal and fetal insulin concentrations. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24595965-9 2014 RESULTS: At delivery women randomized to metformin had lower insulin concentrations than those randomized to placebo (259+-209 vs 361+-261 pmol/l; P=0.020). Metformin 41-50 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 24595965-13 2014 CONCLUSIONS: In PCOS, metformin treatment during pregnancy resulted in lower maternal insulin concentrations at delivery. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 24612291-5 2014 RESULTS: Patients who used metformin showed a lower incidence of gastric cancer than those who did not use metformin, in insulin non-users (P = 0.047, log-rank test). Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 121-128 24612291-7 2014 In insulin non-users, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) for metformin use was 0.73 (95% confidential interval [CI], 0.53-1.01) with borderline statistical significance (P = 0.059). Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 3-10 24462282-9 2014 CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the functional, biochemical and ultrastructural abnormalities observed in human islet cells exposed to glucotoxic condition can be significantly prevented by metformin, further highlighting a direct beneficial effect of this drug on the insulin secreting human pancreatic beta cells. Metformin 193-202 insulin Homo sapiens 272-279 23848509-2 2014 We aimed to assess whether treatment with metformin, an oral insulin-sensitising agent, improved lung function or symptoms in individuals with COPD and glucose intolerance. Metformin 42-51 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 24480115-0 2014 Metformin modulates PI3K and GLUT4 expression and Akt/PKB phosphorylation in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 24480115-4 2014 RESULTS: PI3K and GLUT4 expression were increased in the insulin-treated group and further attenuated when metformin was added. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 24480115-6 2014 CONCLUSION: Metformin affects human endometrial stromal cells by acting on proteins related to growth factors, usually increasing their expression when combined with insulin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 166-173 24684803-2 2014 Though basal insulin with metformin or sulfonylurea is an effective therapy, it cannot reduce postprandial glycemia without the risk of hypoglycemia. Metformin 26-35 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 24329524-1 2014 WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: There are acknowledged benefits to continuing metformin when initiating insulin, but there appears to be growing concern over the role of sulphonylureas and thiazolidinediones when used in combination with insulin. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 24106875-1 2014 BACKGROUND: Insulin and incretin agents (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors [DPP4is] and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists [GLP1 RAs]) are second-line treatment options in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) not achieving glycemic targets with metformin. Metformin 251-260 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 23668534-2 2014 Metformin, which attenuates insulin resistance, has been recommended as the first-line antidiabetic medication. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 24461109-10 2014 On day 7, compared with pasireotide alone, the decrease in serum insulin was attenuated with nateglinide, metformin, liraglutide and vildagliptin co-administration (levels were 3%, 6%, 34% and 71% higher, respectively). Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 24393785-8 2014 Metformin might influence tumourigenesis, both indirectly, through the systemic reduction of insulin levels, and directly, via the induction of energetic stress; however, these effects require further investigation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 24186866-0 2014 Effects of sitagliptin and metformin treatment on incretin hormone and insulin secretory responses to oral and "isoglycemic" intravenous glucose. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 29872460-2 2014 The objective of this study was to analyse efficacy and hypoglycaemia outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin glargine (IG) with metformin (MET), sulphonylurea (SU) or MET+SU. Metformin 147-156 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 24485398-12 2014 CONCLUSIONS: Even after long duration of diabetes, addition of glimepiride to insulin and metformin can be effective in lowering HbA1c and/or reducing the need for exogenous insulin. Metformin 90-99 insulin Homo sapiens 174-181 29872461-2 2014 More recently, several clinical trials have confirmed resveratrol"s potential to substantially enhance the therapeutic effects of the pharmaceutical metformin hydrochloride, particularly related to glucose management, insulin sensitivity and cardioprotection. Metformin 149-172 insulin Homo sapiens 218-225 24563672-0 2014 Combination of Diane-35 and Metformin to Treat Early Endometrial Carcinoma in PCOS Women with Insulin Resistance. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 24622715-15 2014 Patients taking metformin had lower HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, and tissue plasminogen activator compared with those taking placebo, but there were no significant differences for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, or fasting glucose. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 24569407-1 2014 AIM: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMG) reduction in women with hyperinsulinemia in therapy with metformin suggests that metformin affects the level of AMH and ovulatory dysfunction through insulin-mediated mechanisms. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24569407-1 2014 AIM: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMG) reduction in women with hyperinsulinemia in therapy with metformin suggests that metformin affects the level of AMH and ovulatory dysfunction through insulin-mediated mechanisms. Metformin 115-124 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 24563672-3 2014 The aim of the study was to describe and discuss cases of PCOS and insulin resistance (IR) women with early endometrial carcinoma while being co-treated with Diane-35 and metformin. Metformin 171-180 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 24302004-7 2014 Activation of AMPK by metformin inhibited mTORC1-STAT3 signaling, thereby preventing excess amino acid-impaired insulin signaling. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 24577463-3 2014 No study has yet reported a protective cognitive effect of metformin, an insulin-sensitizing biguanide widely used in diabetic patients. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 24385405-6 2014 Previous studies have supported the beneficial effects of metformin in reduction of body weight, improvement of insulin resistance, prevention of complications related to diabetes and chemo-preventive benefits in reducing hepatocellular carcinoma. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119 24857149-2 2014 Metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug, improves insulin resistance and has been associated with reduced cancer incidence and cancer mortality. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 24992778-1 2014 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to observe clinical curative effects of combination application of dimethylbiguanide and pioglitazone and single application of pioglitazone in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) complicated with insulin resistance (IR). Metformin 104-121 insulin Homo sapiens 247-254 24992778-9 2014 CONCLUSION: The combination of dimethylbiguanide and pioglitazone was more effective for the treatment of PCOS complicated with IR than simple pioglitazone; chronic inflammation occurrence was possibly one of reasons for insulin sensitivity reduction of patients with PCOS. Metformin 31-48 insulin Homo sapiens 221-228 25069836-3 2014 Metformin is a first-line drug in the treatment of overweight and obese type 2 diabetic patients, offering a selective pathophysiological approach by its effect on insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 25069836-9 2014 Because of the suggested benefits for the treatment of insulin resistance in many clinical conditions, besides type 2 diabetes, the prospective exists that more indications for metformin treatment are becoming a reality. Metformin 177-186 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 24549596-9 2014 Plasma proinsulin and androstenedione levels decreased after metformin treatment only in obese PCOS women. Metformin 61-70 insulin Homo sapiens 7-17 24549596-11 2014 Proinsulin level decreases due to metformin treatment. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 0-10 24603137-3 2014 The aim of this study was to evaluate gene and protein expression of an insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor (IGF1R) and aromatase in granulosa cells treated with metformin and insulin. Metformin 194-203 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 24603137-7 2014 Aromatase mRNA expression was significantly reduced in metformin-incubated cells following stimulation with insulin for 30 min. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 24289822-8 2014 Patients with pronounced insulin resistance might need Metformin, and Glitazones need more studies. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 24183733-5 2014 Metformin is an insulin sensitising agent which is safe, widely available and currently licensed for type-2 diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 25763406-3 2014 Insulin resistance (IR) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both PCOS and GDM, representing an important therapeutic target, with metformin being the most widely prescribed insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drug. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 25763406-3 2014 Insulin resistance (IR) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both PCOS and GDM, representing an important therapeutic target, with metformin being the most widely prescribed insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drug. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 25308229-0 2014 [Sulphonylurea derivatives or insulin with metformin?]. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 30-37 24296614-3 2014 Hyperglycemia was determined without any clinical sign and metformin was started for steroid-induced insulin resistance. Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 23893676-9 2014 Within the PWS group, responders to metformin had higher 2-h glucose levels on OGTT (7.48 mmol/L vs. 4.235 mmol/L; p=0.003) and higher fasting insulin levels (116 pmol/L vs. 53.5 pmol/L; p=0.04). Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 24829699-2 2014 Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent which improves insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 55-62 25726246-6 2014 Peripheral insulin resistance was also enhanced and the GP in charge decided to discontinue the dosing of metformin as a result. Metformin 106-115 insulin Homo sapiens 11-18 23875783-10 2013 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin treatment enhances both adiponectin activity and insulin sensitivity, resulting in a less hyperandrogenic state in patients with PCOS. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 24267731-2 2013 Metformin might reduce cancer growth through direct antiproliferative effects or through indirect mechanisms, particularly the reduction of insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 24466358-2 2013 The initial reluctance to use metformin in these patients has given way to a broader acceptance after clinical trials and meta-analyses have revealed that some of the insulin-sensitizing agents lead to adverse cardiovascular events. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 23657947-7 2013 Glipizide plus metformin significantly increased fasting insulin [2.33, 95 % CI (1.94, 2.73)]. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 24309653-0 2013 Metformin trims fats to restore insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 24094981-0 2013 Resistin, an adipokine, may affect the improvement of insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome patient treated with metformin. Metformin 121-130 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 24094981-2 2013 As the first-line medication, metformin is commonly used for MS to reduce insulin resistance. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 24094981-8 2013 Here, we hypothesized that resistin, an adipokine, may affect the improvement of insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome patient treated with metformin. Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 81-88 24094981-9 2013 This hypothesis could explain why rosiglitazone is superior to metformin in enhancement of insulin sensitivity. Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 91-98 24189526-4 2013 Antidiabetic biguanides such as metformin, which reduce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia by decreasing insulin resistance, extend lifespan, and inhibit carcinogenesis in rodents. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 24157825-2 2013 We determined whether metformin induced a modulation of apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) overall and by insulin resistance status in a presurgical trial. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 24157825-7 2013 In the 59 women without insulin resistance (HOMA index<2.8) ,there was a higher level of TUNEL at surgery on metformin vs placebo (median difference on metformin +4%, IQR: 2-14 vs +2%, IQR: 0-7 on placebo), whereas an opposite trend was found in the 28 women with insulin resistance (median difference on metformin +2%, IQR: 0-6, vs +5%, IQR: 0-15 on placebo, P-interaction=0.1). Metformin 112-121 insulin Homo sapiens 267-274 24157825-10 2013 Our findings provide additional evidence for a dual effect of metformin on BC growth according to insulin resistance status. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 23786328-1 2013 Metformin is not only a widely used oral antidiabetic drug, which acts as an insulin sensitizer and suppressor of hepatic gluconeogenesis, but it also exhibits antitumor properties. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 23933835-9 2013 In addition, whereas aPKC inhibition diminished gluconeogenic enzyme levels in the absence and presence of insulin in hepatocytes from both non-diabetic and diabetic donors, metformin and AICAR increased gluconeogenic enzyme levels in hepatocytes from non-diabetic individuals, but nevertheless diminished gluconeogenic enzyme levels in insulin-treated hepatocytes from diabetic donors. Metformin 174-183 insulin Homo sapiens 337-344 24089540-9 2013 Metformin monotherapy also was associated with lower mortality (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.99; P < 0.05), whereas no other monotherapies or combination therapies were significantly associated with POE or all-cause mortality compared with insulin as monotherapy. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 239-246 24089540-10 2013 CONCLUSIONS: In obese patients with type 2 diabetes and high risk of cardiovascular disease, monotherapy with metformin or diet-only treatment was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events than treatment with insulin. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 219-226 23979954-12 2013 CONCLUSION: ILS and metformin treatment have favorable effects on lipoprotein subfractions that are primarily mediated by intervention-related changes in insulin resistance, BMI, and adiponectin. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 24269881-7 2013 Metformin limited (p<0.05) ceramide"s effects on insulin signaling, senescence, and cell cycle regulation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 52-59 23991629-0 2013 Short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with insulin sensitizers rosiglitazone, metformin, or antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 23991629-7 2013 The metformin group achieved euglycemia in a shorter time (2.6 +- 1.3 vs. 3.7 +- 1.8 days, P=0.020) with less daily insulin dosage and was more powerful in lowering total cholesterol, increasing AIR and HOMA beta-cell function, whereas reduction of IMCL in the soleus was more obvious in the rosiglitazone group but not in the metformin group. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 24219188-6 2013 A prescription medication inventory was used to determine use of insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinedione). Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 23809765-5 2013 Recent studies seem to indicate that drugs commonly used in diabetes patients such as metformin, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, insulin, statins and ACE inhibitors may increase EPC number and improve EPC function. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 23794020-3 2013 These results have drawn attention to the mechanisms underlying metformin"s anti-cancer effects, which may include triggering of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in vulnerability to an energy crisis (leading to cell death under conditions of nutrient deprivation) and a reduction in circulating insulin/IGF-1 levels. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 321-328 23999444-5 2013 With respect to indirect mechanisms, it will be important to determine whether recently demonstrated metformin-induced changes in levels of candidate systemic mediators such as insulin or inflammatory cytokines are of sufficient magnitude to achieve therapeutic benefit. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 177-184 23660512-7 2013 RESULTS: Compared to placebo, both ILS and metformin significantly reduced LDL-C and raised HDL-C among HT users, changes partially explained by change in estradiol and testosterone but independent of changes in waist circumference and 1/fasting insulin. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 246-253 23988170-4 2013 Metformin treatment after 6 and 12 months significantly reduced weight, BMI, waist circumference, insulin and HOMA-IR (p=0.000) with high differences of variances within repeated measurements. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 23986086-3 2013 The anti-diabetic drug metformin is a stereotypical DR mimetic that exerts its anti-cancer activity through a dual mechanism involving insulin-related (systemic) and mTOR-related (cell-autonomous) effects. Metformin 23-32 insulin Homo sapiens 135-142 23986086-12 2013 Thus, metformin can no longer be considered as a bona fide DR mimetic, at least in terms of anti-cancer activity, because tumors harboring the insulin-unresponsive, DR-resistant, PIK3CA-activating mutation H1047R remain sensitive to the anti-tumoral effects of the drug. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 143-150 23988170-15 2013 The metformin therapy significantly improved insulin resistance, imbalance of endocrine hormones, hirsutism and menstrual cyclicity in women with PCOS. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 23961326-11 2013 CONCLUSION: In Asian patients inadequately controlled with insulin (with or without concomitant metformin), insulin-vildagliptin combination treatment significantly reduced HbA1c compared with placebo, without an increase in risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain. Metformin 96-105 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 23438101-3 2013 OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of metformin (Met) or omega-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, lipid profile, and body mass index (BMI) of obese children. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 153-160 23595973-0 2013 Metformin augments the levels of molecules that regulate the expression of the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT4 in the endometria of hyperinsulinemic PCOS patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 23595973-1 2013 STUDY QUESTION: Does treatment with the insulin sensitizer metformin modify the levels and activation of proteins related to the expression of the insulin-dependent glucose transporter (GLUT4), such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), in endometria from hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS h-Ins) patients? Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 23595973-1 2013 STUDY QUESTION: Does treatment with the insulin sensitizer metformin modify the levels and activation of proteins related to the expression of the insulin-dependent glucose transporter (GLUT4), such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), in endometria from hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS h-Ins) patients? Metformin 59-68 insulin Homo sapiens 147-154 23595973-18 2013 WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Since the insulin sensitizer metformin increases the expression of the GLUT4, it may improve endometrial physiology in PCOS patients and, therefore, promote better reproductive outcomes. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 23595973-19 2013 These results suggest that in PCOS patients, metformin may act directly at the endometrial level and decrease insulin resistance condition by increasing the expression of GLUT4 and, in this way, indirectly restore endometrial function. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 24051942-4 2013 It has been demonstrated that by reducing hyperinsulinemia, in particular with the administration of metformin, insulin-lowering agents might improve endocrine and reproductive abnormalities in PCOS patients. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 23865839-5 2013 Metformin is an insulin sensitising agent which is known to improve vascular health outcomes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other individuals with insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 23744726-12 2013 We observed a significant correlation between M value increase, an index of insulin sensitivity, and a decrease in inflammatory parameters in the exenatide plus metformin group. Metformin 161-170 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 23624033-8 2013 Metformin is the most commonly prescribed insulin sensitizer in PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 23624033-9 2013 Available randomized controlled trials suggest that metformin improves insulin resistance without any effect on body mass index, fasting glucose or lipid levels. Metformin 52-61 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 23865839-5 2013 Metformin is an insulin sensitising agent which is known to improve vascular health outcomes in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other individuals with insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 23350795-9 2013 CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm low rates of clinically important hypoglycaemia using this method, and suggest that higher risk of hypoglycaemia may be suspected when patients needing insulin are younger, less obese and taking metformin and a sulphonylurea, and especially when A1c levels <=7.0% are attained with glargine dosage <=0.4 units/kg. Metformin 231-240 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 23849162-14 2013 Insulin-resistance linked ovarian hyperandrogenism could also contribute to decreased fertility, and the two patients became pregnant after initiation of insulin-sensitizers (metformin). Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23849162-14 2013 Insulin-resistance linked ovarian hyperandrogenism could also contribute to decreased fertility, and the two patients became pregnant after initiation of insulin-sensitizers (metformin). Metformin 175-184 insulin Homo sapiens 154-161 23524173-1 2013 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glycemic control in women receiving metformin or insulin for gestational diabetes, and to identify factors predicting the need for supplemental insulin in women initially treated with metformin. Metformin 207-216 insulin Homo sapiens 167-174 23524173-8 2013 Twelve women in the metformin group (26.08%) required supplemental insulin for glycemic control. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 67-74 23524173-11 2013 Logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age at diagnosis and mean pretreatment glucose level were predictors of the need for supplemental insulin therapy in women initially treated with metformin. Metformin 199-208 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 24121378-2 2013 Metformin is an insulin sensitizer acting in the liver and the peripheral tissues that ameliorates the metabolic and reproductive defects in PCOS. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 16-23 23381014-7 2013 Meta-analysis of observational studies showed a 50% reduction in HCC incidence with metformin use (n=8 studies; OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.73), 62% and 161% increase in HCC incidence with sulfonylurea (n=8 studies; OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.16-2.24) or insulin use (n=7; OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.46-4.65), respectively. Metformin 84-93 insulin Homo sapiens 241-248 23557757-7 2013 RESULT(S): We found that insulin-resistant PCOS patients [1] had greater limbic activation during an emotion task than controls (n = 5); [2] trended toward decreased positive affect and increased trait anxiety; [3] after metformin treatment, had limbic activation that no longer differed from controls; and [4] had positive correlations between fMRI limbic activation during emotional processing and mu-opioid binding potential. Metformin 221-230 insulin Homo sapiens 25-32 23624419-5 2013 Vildagliptin+metformin were more effective than placebo+metformin in reducing body weight and BMI, glycemic control, HOMA-IR, glucagon and insulin resistance measurements. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 139-146 21945710-7 2013 Insulin resistance was confirmed by HOMA-IR index and metformin-treated group presented reduction of insulin levels at week 22. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23315599-0 2013 How metformin acts in PCOS pregnant women: insights into insulin secretion and peripheral action at each trimester of gestation. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 23315599-9 2013 Insulin secretion was significantly higher during the first trimester in patients with an early failure of metformin treatment. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23808735-6 2013 Insulin therapy with respect to the positive outcomes of study with insulin analogs moved up to the second line in algorithm therapy, immediately after metformin therapy and change of life style. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23808735-6 2013 Insulin therapy with respect to the positive outcomes of study with insulin analogs moved up to the second line in algorithm therapy, immediately after metformin therapy and change of life style. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 23679951-2 2013 It improves peripheral and liver sensitivity to insulin, reduces basal hepatic glucose production, increases insulin-stimulated uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, decreases hunger and causes weight reduction.Recently, much attention has been made toward the possible kidney protective efficacy of metformin. Metformin 319-328 insulin Homo sapiens 109-116 23384119-8 2013 Addition of Vildagliptin to ongoing Metformin treatment reconstitutes the disproportionality of the proinsulin to insulin secretion from the beta cell. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 100-110 23384119-8 2013 Addition of Vildagliptin to ongoing Metformin treatment reconstitutes the disproportionality of the proinsulin to insulin secretion from the beta cell. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 21945710-7 2013 Insulin resistance was confirmed by HOMA-IR index and metformin-treated group presented reduction of insulin levels at week 22. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 21945710-11 2013 Metformin treatment was able to reduce insulin resistance and attenuated this adverse cardiac and vascular remodeling. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 23663483-12 2013 CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that metformin has direct anti-tumour activities in pancreatic cancer cells involving AMPKThr172 activation and suppression of the insulin/IGF signalling pathways. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 164-171 23171036-4 2013 We also followed up a subset of male patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection (n = 47) who were not receiving antiviral treatment and for whom metformin was prescribed for insulin resistance, which tends to have a higher incidence and severity in coinfected patients. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 189-196 24843658-5 2013 For instance, metformin, an insulin sensitizer, reportedly has a potential anticancer effect. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 23748512-8 2013 When necessary, drug intervention, described in this article as the MGI (metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and insulin) approach, should begin with metformin and progress to the early addition of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists because of their weight loss potential and ability to target multiple pathophysiologic defects in patients with T2DM. Metformin 167-176 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 23748512-10 2013 Long-acting insulin should be initiated if glycemic control is not achieved with metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist combination therapy, focusing on long-acting insulin analogs that induce the least weight gain and have the lowest hypoglycemic risk. Metformin 81-90 insulin Homo sapiens 12-19 23205962-2 2013 The Metformin in Gestational Diabetes (MiG) trial reported similar pregnancy outcomes for metformin versus insulin; however, supplemental insulin was required in 46% of women on metformin. Metformin 178-187 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 23680741-3 2013 While the rationale to keep metformin with insulin is strong (mostly as an insulin-sparing agent to limit weight gain), the evidence is less clear for other OADs. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 23680741-3 2013 While the rationale to keep metformin with insulin is strong (mostly as an insulin-sparing agent to limit weight gain), the evidence is less clear for other OADs. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 23566618-2 2013 Numerous epidemiological cohort and case-control studies showed that type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for cancer and that metformin therapy is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of cancer and cancer-related death when compared to other glucose-lowering agents (sulfonylureas, insulin). Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 298-305 23620761-0 2013 Metformin downregulates the insulin/IGF-I signaling pathway and inhibits different uterine serous carcinoma (USC) cells proliferation and migration in p53-dependent or -independent manners. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 28-35 23620761-7 2013 Given the cross-talk between the insulin and IGF signaling pathways, the aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the anti-proliferative actions of metformin in uterine serous carcinoma (USC) are potentially mediated via suppression of the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) pathway. Metformin 160-169 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 23713537-1 2013 Metformin attenuates the higher insulin sensitivity that occurs with exercise training. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 23171036-7 2013 Treatment with metformin in HIV and HCV coinfected patients was well tolerated and significantly increased the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 148-155 23171036-8 2013 The minor allele (C) of the rs11212617 variant was associated with treatment success and may affect the course of insulin resistance in response to metformin (odds ratio 1.21; 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.39; P = 0.005). Metformin 148-157 insulin Homo sapiens 114-121 23171036-10 2013 CONCLUSIONS: We provide novel data suggesting that identification of the ATM rs11212617 variant may be important in assessing the glycaemic response to metformin treatment for insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients. Metformin 152-161 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 23608322-9 2013 Metformin and weight reduction therapy resulted in a significant decrease in the fasting insulin, glucose/insulin ratio and HOMA-IR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 89-96 23279603-1 2013 AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of Metformin compared with a hypocaloric diet on C-reactive protein (CRP) level and markers of insulin resistance in obese and overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 69-78 insulin Homo sapiens 161-168 23608322-14 2013 Metformin and weight reduction therapy decreased also hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 23160726-5 2013 Metformin-imeglimin also significantly improved FPG and the proinsulin/insulin ratio from baseline (-0.91 mg/dL and -7.5, respectively) compared with metformin-placebo (0.36 mg/dL and 11.81). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 60-70 23160726-5 2013 Metformin-imeglimin also significantly improved FPG and the proinsulin/insulin ratio from baseline (-0.91 mg/dL and -7.5, respectively) compared with metformin-placebo (0.36 mg/dL and 11.81). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 23020608-1 2013 A randomized study characterizing metformin patients needing additional insulin. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 23020608-3 2013 Furthermore, we aimed to characterize metformin-treated patients needing additional insulin to achieve prespecified glucose targets. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 23194004-6 2013 Metformin treatment, lead to a significant decrease in serum insulin (p = 0.0132) and testosterone (p = 0.0017) levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 23020608-7 2013 Only 23 (20.9%) of the 110 patients in the metformin group needed additional insulin. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 23714455-5 2013 Further, the use of metformin, a diabetes medication that reduces insulin levels, has been epidemiologically associated with reduced breast cancer risk among patients with diabetes, and a recent observational study found a higher rate of pathologic complete responses among patients with diabetes and breast cancer who were using metformin. Metformin 20-29 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 23631252-2 2013 Insulin sensitizers such as metformin and pioglitazone reduce peripheral insulin resistance, whereas dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4) inhibitors augment postprandial insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 23631252-2 2013 Insulin sensitizers such as metformin and pioglitazone reduce peripheral insulin resistance, whereas dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4) inhibitors augment postprandial insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 23022130-6 2013 Furthermore, the incretin therapies can be combined with metformin, which is usually continued when basal insulin is introduced in type 2 diabetes. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 23415113-2 2013 In this setting, metformin, an old and widely accepted first line agent, stands out not only for its antihyperglycemic properties but also for its effects beyond glycemic control such as improvements in endothelial dysfunction, hemostasis and oxidative stress, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and fat redistribution. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 261-268 28609031-6 2013 In addition, the company cited the combination therapy of metformin plus other DPP-4 inhibitors as an alternative comparator therapy, namely for patients who cannot be treated with sulfonylurea or for whom sulfonylurea is unsuitable, but insulin therapy is not yet indicated. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 238-245 22946682-8 2013 Metformin reduces the metabolic syndrome, lowers insulin and testosterone levels in postmenopausal women, and it is a potent inhibitor of endometrial cancer cell proliferation. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 23412023-4 2013 It has been demonstrated that by reducing hyperinsulinemia, in particular with the administration of metformin, insulin-lowering agents might improve endocrine and reproductive abnormalities in PCOS patients. Metformin 101-110 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 24186599-2 2013 While this paper briefly summarises the current state of knowledge on PCOS, its main aim is to remind the reader about the effectiveness of metformin in women with PCOS in controlling glycaemia, increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin and affecting endothelial function, vascular inflammation, lipid profile and other risk factors of atherosclerosis, which suggests its cardioprotective effects. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 228-235 24069859-0 2013 Insulin resistance assessment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome using different diagnostic criteria--impact of metformin treatment. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 24069859-10 2013 Metformin therapy was associated with improvement in insulin sensitivity in HOMA-IR and G120/I120 defined insulin resistant patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 24069859-10 2013 Metformin therapy was associated with improvement in insulin sensitivity in HOMA-IR and G120/I120 defined insulin resistant patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 106-113 24069859-13 2013 Metformin treatment significantly improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 43-50 24069859-13 2013 Metformin treatment significantly improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant patients. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 23147210-3 2013 In this study we aimed to examine the effectiveness of metformin as a weight reducing drug in obese and overweight patients with regard to their degree of insulin resistance. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 155-162 23394085-9 2013 Strategies considering the system in its complex are encouraged and, in this context, drugs aimed at reducing circulating insulin levels, such as metformin, should receive attention as potential anti-cancer agents. Metformin 146-155 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 23147210-12 2013 CONCLUSION: Metformin is an effective drug to reduce weight in a naturalistic outpatient setting in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant overweight and obese patients. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 100-107 23147210-12 2013 CONCLUSION: Metformin is an effective drug to reduce weight in a naturalistic outpatient setting in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant overweight and obese patients. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 122-129 23899569-3 2013 A systematic review was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of metformin in reducing weight and ameliorating insulin resistance in obese nondiabetic children. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 113-120 23296512-7 2013 After the addition of metformin to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in the therapy of DM, an improvement in metabolic control was observed. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 59-66 23899569-7 2013 Concomitantly, fasting insulin resistance improved after metformin therapy. Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 23899569-9 2013 CONCLUSIONS: Short-term metformin treatment appears to moderately affect weight reduction in severely obese children and adolescents, with a concomitant improvement in fasting insulin sensitivity. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 176-183 23296512-8 2013 Due to the possible mechanism of insulin resistance which is associated with impaired insulin receptors after HSCT procedure, metformin with insulin appears to be effective in the treatment of this type of diabetes. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 23296512-8 2013 Due to the possible mechanism of insulin resistance which is associated with impaired insulin receptors after HSCT procedure, metformin with insulin appears to be effective in the treatment of this type of diabetes. Metformin 126-135 insulin Homo sapiens 86-93 24292754-6 2013 Although one case is insufficient to draw firm conclusions, this report suggests that metformin is a therapeutic choice for SPIDDM when the insulin secretion capacity is maintained. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 140-147 23928867-11 2013 CONCLUSIONS: Addition of metformin to intensive insulin therapy in young obese patients with type 1 diabetes results in a significant reduction of glycated LDL levels. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 25098041-10 2013 RESULTS: After 3 and 6 months of Metformin therapy, significant reduction in biochemical parameters was observed such as fasting glucose, insulin and leptin. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 138-145 24448252-5 2013 Drugs that directly reduce insulin resistance (pioglitazone and metformin) are also associated with lesser but still significant decreases in MACE. Metformin 64-73 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 23184570-8 2012 As a result, a linagliptin/metformin fixed-dose combination offers the potential to address multiple defects of type 2 diabetes pathophysiology (pancreatic islet dysfunction, insulin resistance, increased hepatic glucose output), and most importantly, in the context of a safe, efficacious, flexible, and convenient therapeutic regimen. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 24259985-15 2013 CONCLUSION: The results of this observational study show that insulin glargine, when added to a fixed-dose combination of metformin and a DPP-4 inhibitor, resulted in a significant and clinically relevant improvement of glycemic control. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 23141431-0 2012 Metformin enhances the action of insulin on porcine granulosa-lutein cells in vitro. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 23141431-9 2012 In conclusion, we examined the activity of metformin and insulin on pGLS in vitro and metformin enhanced the action of insulin on the intracellular signaling pathways. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 23141431-2 2012 Metformin increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and has direct effects on ovarian steroidogenesis in humans. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 23141431-9 2012 In conclusion, we examined the activity of metformin and insulin on pGLS in vitro and metformin enhanced the action of insulin on the intracellular signaling pathways. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 119-126 23141431-6 2012 Metformin with insulin significantly increased mRNA expressions of INSR, IGF-1R, and IRS-1, while metformin alone had no significant effect. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 23141431-7 2012 And metformin with insulin had the significant effect on the protein activity (activation and phosphorylation) of downstream targets of INSR signaling pathway. Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 23141431-8 2012 Metformin with insulin significantly elicited an induction of luciferase activity in the transfection of AP-1 and NF-kappaBreporter, while metformin alone did not. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 23185203-3 2012 If metformin use during pregnancy and the lactation period is supported by few data, it could be indicated for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, since it could diminish circulating androgens and insulin resistance, thus ameliorating the ovulation rate. Metformin 3-12 insulin Homo sapiens 199-206 22563947-3 2012 Metformin has beneficial effects on insulin resistance and endothelial functions. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 22540883-5 2012 RESULTS: Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index (HOMA-beta) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 105-115 22540883-5 2012 RESULTS: Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index (HOMA-beta) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 108-115 22540883-5 2012 RESULTS: Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index (HOMA-beta) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 120-127 22540883-5 2012 RESULTS: Exenatide + metformin gave a greater decrease in body weight, glycaemic control, fasting plasma proinsulin and insulin and their ratio, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glucagon values and a greater increase in C-peptide levels, homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function index (HOMA-beta) and adiponectin compared with placebo + metformin. Metformin 21-30 insulin Homo sapiens 254-263 22540883-7 2012 Exenatide + metformin gave a greater increase in M value (+34%), and disposition index (+55%) compared with placebo + metformin; first (+21%) and second phase (+34%) C-peptide response to glucose and C-peptide response to arginine (+25%) were also improved by exenatide + metformin treatment, but not by placebo + metformin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 166-175 22540883-7 2012 Exenatide + metformin gave a greater increase in M value (+34%), and disposition index (+55%) compared with placebo + metformin; first (+21%) and second phase (+34%) C-peptide response to glucose and C-peptide response to arginine (+25%) were also improved by exenatide + metformin treatment, but not by placebo + metformin. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 200-209 23068960-7 2012 The neonates of metformin group had less rate of birth weight centile >90 than insulin group (RR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9, P=0.012). Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 22968630-3 2012 Our data showed that the metformin pretreatment strikingly enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake through increasing GLUT4 translocation to the PM in NYGGF4 overexpression adipocytes. Metformin 25-34 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 23076984-13 2012 The likelihood of initiating insulin was higher in subjects initiated with sulfonylurea than with metformin (adjusted odds ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-2.38; P < 0.001). Metformin 98-107 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 23078974-2 2012 Currently available oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) attempt to correct the underlying pathophysiological dysfunctions leading to T2DM: insulin resistance for the insulin sensitizers (metformin and thiazolidinediones), and impaired insulin secretion for the insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas, glinides and more recently incretin mimetics). Metformin 182-191 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 22811314-1 2012 BACKGROUND: Metformin is a drug used in the treatment of diabetes and of some disorders related to insulin resistance, such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 22740509-0 2012 The effect of metformin on insulin resistance and exercise parameters in patients with heart failure. Metformin 14-23 insulin Homo sapiens 27-34 22933030-1 2012 Metformin may exert anti-cancer effects through indirect (insulin-mediated) or direct (insulin-independent) mechanisms. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 58-65 22933030-1 2012 Metformin may exert anti-cancer effects through indirect (insulin-mediated) or direct (insulin-independent) mechanisms. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 22682949-1 2012 AIMS: To evaluate the impact on glycemic control, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion of sitagliptin+metformin compared to metformin in type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 74-81 22658895-9 2012 Secondary analysis revealed that molar insulin-to-C-peptide ratio (I/C) > 0.175 (a surrogate measure of exogenous insulin usage) was associated with decreased overall survival, complete remission duration and progression-free survival (PFS), whereas metformin and/or thiazolidinedione usage were associated with increased PFS. Metformin 253-262 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 22658895-9 2012 Secondary analysis revealed that molar insulin-to-C-peptide ratio (I/C) > 0.175 (a surrogate measure of exogenous insulin usage) was associated with decreased overall survival, complete remission duration and progression-free survival (PFS), whereas metformin and/or thiazolidinedione usage were associated with increased PFS. Metformin 253-262 insulin Homo sapiens 117-124 22682949-6 2012 Sitagliptin+metformin, but not placebo+metformin, decreased FPPr, FPPR/FPI ratio, and increased C-peptide values, even if no differences between the groups were recorded. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 96-105 22682949-7 2012 Sitaglitin+metformin gave also a greater increase of HOMA-beta, M value, C-peptide response to arginine and disposition index compared to placebo+metformin group. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 73-82 22926251-4 2012 Ongoing translational research should be useful in guiding design of clinical trials, not only to evaluate metformin at conventional antidiabetic doses, where reduction of elevated insulin levels may contribute to antineoplastic activity for certain subsets of patients, but also to explore more aggressive dosing of biguanides, which may lead to reprogramming of energy metabolism in a manner that could provide important opportunities for synthetic lethality through rational drug combinations or in the context of genetic lesions associated with hypersensitivity to energetic stress. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 22786777-4 2012 WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Since the insulin-sensitizing agents came into use in the management of PCOS, metformin has shown a positive benefits-risks ratio. Metformin 118-127 insulin Homo sapiens 50-57 22786777-19 2012 GENERALIZABILITY TO OTHER POPULATIONS: The paradigm of using the minimum effective dose of metformin could be pursued in other pathological conditions characterized by insulin resistance. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 168-175 24082557-1 2012 OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of metformin and pioglitazone on insulin resistance, ovulation and hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS. Metformin 38-47 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 22475072-1 2012 BACKGROUND: Metformin (an insulin sensitizer) and spironolactone (an antiandrogen) are both used for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 26-33 22475072-7 2012 There was a significant reduction in the 1 and 2 h glucose and insulin levels with metformin therapy in those with AGT. Metformin 83-92 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 25246913-12 2012 Metformin caused a significant decrease in weight (p=0.027), insulin level (p=0.043), and insulin resistance (p=0.048). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 22582808-8 2012 Up-regulation of Sfrp5 expression and secretion in adipocytes may be one crucial mechanism by which rosiglitazone and metformin improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin 118-127 insulin Homo sapiens 136-143 25246913-12 2012 Metformin caused a significant decrease in weight (p=0.027), insulin level (p=0.043), and insulin resistance (p=0.048). Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22711171-9 2012 Among patients treated with metformin, BMI decreased by a mean of 0.93 and the insulin resistance index by 2.04. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 79-86 22424822-1 2012 The objective was to determine the effect of metformin on the concentrations of resistin and other markers of insulin resistance or inflammation (C-reactive protein, cytokines, body weight, HbA1c, among others) in minors with glucose intolerance. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 22711171-12 2012 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin was effective in reversing antipsychotic-induced adverse events, including restoration of menstruation, promotion of weight loss, and improvement in insulin resistance in female patients with schizophrenia. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 22892913-8 2012 Metformin caused lower insulin and pro-insulin levels and higher glucagon levels and increased systolic carotid diameter and blood flow. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 23-30 22622058-0 2012 Cardiopulmonary and endothelial effects of metformin treatment in an insulin resistant population. Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 23019799-1 2012 The aim of this multicentre and observational study was to evaluate in a real life setting glycated haemoglobin A1(c), (HbA1c) as well as body weight outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes in whom insulin was initiated after unsatisfactory response to exenatide, combined with maximal dosages of metformin and a sulfonylurea. Metformin 299-308 insulin Homo sapiens 200-207 22564993-9 2012 CONCLUSION: Metformin before surgery did not significantly affect Ki-67 overall, but showed significantly different effects according to insulin resistance, particularly in luminal B tumors. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 137-144 22892913-8 2012 Metformin caused lower insulin and pro-insulin levels and higher glucagon levels and increased systolic carotid diameter and blood flow. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 22892913-11 2012 Metformin afforded more protection against macrovascular diabetes complications, increased systolic carotid artery diameter and total and systolic blood flow, and decreased insulin levels. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 22498320-11 2012 The use of metformin first, in those without insulin, provided an HR of 0.40 (0.17-0.94). Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 45-52 23071876-7 2012 No cure has yet been found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications, treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, is still the recommended first line medication especially for obese patients. Metformin 184-193 insulin Homo sapiens 159-166 23071876-7 2012 No cure has yet been found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications, treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, is still the recommended first line medication especially for obese patients. Metformin 184-193 insulin Homo sapiens 220-227 22016348-0 2012 Addition of metformin to sildenafil treatment for erectile dysfunction in eugonadal nondiabetic men with insulin resistance. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 22512264-7 2012 CONCLUSION: The addition of vildagliptin to metformin gave a better improvement of glycemic control, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function compared with metformin alone. Metformin 44-53 insulin Homo sapiens 101-108 22399368-7 2012 The combination of diet and exercise followed by metformin in the early phase of "insulin resistance" may reduce or delay both atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis complications associated with diabetes. Metformin 49-58 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 22449736-9 2012 Additionally, a small number of studies suggested that metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, has therapeutic potential for endometrial cancer. Metformin 55-64 insulin Homo sapiens 69-76 21301998-2 2012 Several potential mechanisms have been suggested for the ability of metformin to suppress cancer growth in vitro and vivo: (1) activation of LKB1/AMPK pathway, (2) induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis, (3) inhibition of protein synthesis, (4) reduction in circulating insulin levels, (5) inhibition of the unfolded protein response (UPR), (6) activation of the immune system, and (7) eradication of cancer stem cells. Metformin 68-77 insulin Homo sapiens 279-286 22486858-11 2012 CONCLUSIONS: A combination of metformin, peginterferon alfa-2a, and ribavirin improved insulin sensitivity and increased the SVR rate of patients with hepatitis C genotype 1 and IR, with a good safety profile. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 87-94 22493491-8 2012 Metformin inhibits PTP and improves IFNalpha response in insulin-resistant cells. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 22607767-0 2012 Effect of different doses of metformin on serum testosterone and insulin in non-diabetic women with breast cancer: a randomized study. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 22607767-4 2012 Metformin reduces hyperglycemia and insulin levels in patients with diabetes. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 22607767-5 2012 In women without diabetes and with polycystic ovary syndrome, metformin lowers both insulin and testosterone levels. Metformin 62-71 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 22607767-8 2012 The aim of the present study was to test the effect of different doses of metformin on serum levels of insulin and testosterone in those postmenopausal patients with breast cancer and without diabetes who have basal testosterone levels >=0.28 ng/mL (median value). Metformin 74-83 insulin Homo sapiens 103-110 22559241-9 2012 Metformin is recommended to be prescribed with insulin as compared to oral hypoglycemic agents which should be discontinued while starting insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 22398127-6 2012 The body weight, body mass index, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the metformin group, but increased in the placebo group during the 12-week follow-up period. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 42-49 22398127-6 2012 The body weight, body mass index, fasting insulin and insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the metformin group, but increased in the placebo group during the 12-week follow-up period. Metformin 110-119 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 22398127-9 2012 CONCLUSION: Metformin was effective and safe in attenuating antipsychotic-induced weight gain and insulin resistance in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Metformin 12-21 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 21933330-5 2012 The benefits of the insulin sensitizer metformin and lifestyle intervention for reducing the incidence of metabolic syndrome have been shown in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 39-48 insulin Homo sapiens 20-27 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 35-45 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 38-45 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 22059736-9 2012 A greater reduction in the fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) were observed with sitagliptin/metformin than with pioglitazone, while greater decreases in fasting insulin and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and a greater increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were observed with pioglitazone than with sitagliptin/metformin. Metformin 180-189 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 22494745-0 2012 Re: addition of metformin to sildenafil treatment for erectile dysfunction in eugonadal non-diabetic men with insulin resistance. Metformin 16-25 insulin Homo sapiens 110-117 22592687-0 2012 Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 22592687-3 2012 Insulin-sensitising agents such as metformin may be effective in treating the features of PCOS, including anovulation. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 22462531-1 2012 OBJECTIVE: Evidence indicates that metformin and pioglitazone both improve insulin resistance and hirsutism among patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 75-82 22462531-6 2012 Pioglitazone was found to be significantly more effective than metformin at reducing fasting insulin level (P = 0.002, standardized mean differences [SMD] = -0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.61, -0.13]). Metformin 63-72 insulin Homo sapiens 93-100 22068250-6 2012 In the pioglitazone + metformin group (24 hours off medication), fasting plasma glucose fell from 109 to 102 mg/dL; plasma glucose area under the curve decreased by 12.0%; insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function improved by 42% and 50%, respectively (all P<.001); 14.3% converted to normal glucose tolerance; and no patient developed diabetes. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 22068250-7 2012 In the pioglitazone + metformin + exenatide group (24 hours off medication), fasting plasma glucose fell from 109 to 98 mg/dL; plasma glucose area under the curve decreased by 21.2%; insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function improved by 52% and 109%, respectively (all P<.001); 59.1% of patients with IGT reverted to normal glucose tolerance; and no patient developed diabetes. Metformin 22-31 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 22442275-9 2012 Adverse effects of insulin, including weight gain and hypoglycemia, can be minimized by initial use of basal insulins in combination with metformin, incretin mimetics, or dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV inhibitors. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 22517929-13 2012 In a random effects model, metformin and insulin resulted in reduced HbA(1c), weight gain, and insulin dose, compared with insulin alone; trial sequential analyses showed sufficient evidence for a HbA(1c) reduction of 0.5%, lower weight gain of 1 kg, and lower insulin dose of 5 U/day. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 22517929-13 2012 In a random effects model, metformin and insulin resulted in reduced HbA(1c), weight gain, and insulin dose, compared with insulin alone; trial sequential analyses showed sufficient evidence for a HbA(1c) reduction of 0.5%, lower weight gain of 1 kg, and lower insulin dose of 5 U/day. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 22517929-13 2012 In a random effects model, metformin and insulin resulted in reduced HbA(1c), weight gain, and insulin dose, compared with insulin alone; trial sequential analyses showed sufficient evidence for a HbA(1c) reduction of 0.5%, lower weight gain of 1 kg, and lower insulin dose of 5 U/day. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 95-102 22009336-0 2012 Metformin and placebo therapy in adjunct with lifestyle intervention both improve weight loss and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 22564101-9 2012 Insulin efficacy may be enhanced by continuing metformin and/or incretin therapies, while discontinuing other drugs as appropriate. Metformin 47-56 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 22262811-2 2012 Experimental models show that metformin inhibits the growth of certain neoplasms by cell autonomous mechanisms such as activation of AMP kinase with secondary inhibition of protein synthesis or by an indirect mechanism involving reduction in gluconeogenesis leading to a decline in insulin levels and reduced proliferation of insulin-responsive cancers. Metformin 30-39 insulin Homo sapiens 282-289 25505509-3 2012 Some studies have assessed the effects of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in relationship with insulin sensitizing agents such as Metformin (Met). Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 47-54 25505509-3 2012 Some studies have assessed the effects of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in relationship with insulin sensitizing agents such as Metformin (Met). Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 63-70 22355097-2 2012 Metformin, effective in treating type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndromes, improves insulin resistance by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis and by enhancing glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 22278418-5 2012 Furthermore, the influence of pretreatment with insulin or with chemotherapeutic agents on metformin-induced growth inhibition was investigated in thyroid carcinoma cells, in a doxorubicin-resistant thyroid carcinoma cell line, and in derived carcinoma stem cells. Metformin 91-100 insulin Homo sapiens 48-55 22278418-7 2012 In addition, metformin antagonized the growth-stimulatory effect of insulin, inhibited clonal cell growth, reduced thyroid cancer sphere formation, and potentiated the antimitogenic effect of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin and cisplatin on undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma cells. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 68-75 22278418-10 2012 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin markedly diminished growth stimulation by insulin and showed an additive antimitogenic effect to chemotherapeutics agents. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 65-72 22355097-2 2012 Metformin, effective in treating type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndromes, improves insulin resistance by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis and by enhancing glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 22355097-5 2012 The effects of metformin on circulating insulin levels indicate a potential efficacy towards cancers associated with hyperinsulinaemia; however, metformin may also directly inhibit tumour growth. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 40-47 22701828-10 2012 CONCLUSION: Addition of vildagliptin and FDC of vildagliptin and metformin is an effective strategy in glycemic control, reduction in dose of insulin and weight of patients suffering with T2DM. Metformin 65-74 insulin Homo sapiens 142-149 22182833-5 2012 Early studies in PCOS suggested that metformin indirectly reduces insulin level, dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation; however, recent placebo-controlled trials failed to demonstrate significant metabolic benefit. Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 66-73 21835833-6 2012 In the majority of cases, no specific treatment is recommended, but where there is a history of low birth weight, with associated insulin resistance, intervention with the insulin sensitising agent metformin may be considered on a case by case basis. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 21835833-6 2012 In the majority of cases, no specific treatment is recommended, but where there is a history of low birth weight, with associated insulin resistance, intervention with the insulin sensitising agent metformin may be considered on a case by case basis. Metformin 198-207 insulin Homo sapiens 172-179 22451180-1 2012 AIM: to compare the effectiveness of metformin and pioglitazone in ameliorating insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Metformin 37-46 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 22154980-1 2012 AIMS: Metformin is an insulin sensitizing agent with beneficial effects in diabetic patients on glycemic levels and in the cardiovascular system. Metformin 6-15 insulin Homo sapiens 22-29 22214489-1 2012 INTRODUCTION: Although traditionally used as a final treatment option, early use of insulin is a therapeutic option after metformin failure in type 2 diabetes. Metformin 122-131 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 22490993-5 2012 RESULTS: Metformin could block the mitogenic effects of insulin, but this effect does not entirely explain the reduction in cancer incidence. Metformin 9-18 insulin Homo sapiens 56-63 23390858-14 2012 The insulin resistance was improved in 80% of the PCOS patients after six months therapy with Metformin 2 x 850 mg/p.d. Metformin 94-103 insulin Homo sapiens 4-11 22049096-1 2012 Pioglitazone and metformin are insulin sensitisers used for the treatment of T2DM. Metformin 17-26 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 22040838-0 2012 Independent and combined effects of exercise training and metformin on insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 22040838-1 2012 OBJECTIVE: Physical activity or metformin enhances insulin sensitivity and opposes the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 51-58 22194737-4 2012 This concept has stimulated several clinical studies where antidiabetic drugs, such as insulin sensitizers including metformin, have been evaluated in insulin-resistant, NAFLD patients. Metformin 117-126 insulin Homo sapiens 151-158 22040838-9 2012 CONCLUSIONS: Insulin sensitivity was considerably higher after 12 weeks of exercise training and/or metformin in men and women with prediabetes. Metformin 100-109 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 22826635-3 2012 Common and effective treatment options added to metformin therapy (basal insulin, sulfonylureas, and pioglitazone) contribute to weight gain, which makes the addition of GLP-1RAs advantageous. Metformin 48-57 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 22088206-1 2012 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ovarian function during early infancy in daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treated with metformin throughout pregnancy (PCOSd+M), as a means to reduce androgen and insulin levels, compared with daughters of nontreated PCOS women (PCOSd-M) and daughters of women who belong to a healthy comparison group (HCd). Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 214-221 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 37-44 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22481889-1 2012 Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it"s wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 11-29 insulin Homo sapiens 90-97 22715547-8 2012 Only insulin sensitizing drugs like metformin and pioglitazone have been consistently shown to reduce cardiovascular risk. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 5-12 22451839-9 2012 The results of several clinical trials that have used insulin sensitizers (metformin and PPAR-gamma agonists) have been inconclusive. Metformin 75-84 insulin Homo sapiens 54-61 24829630-4 2012 Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent known to improve insulin resistance. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 57-64 22570949-0 2012 The effects of metformin on inflammatory mediators in obese adolescents with insulin resistance: controlled randomized clinical trial. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 77-84 22570949-5 2012 Serum fasting insulin concentrations (pmol/L) increased in the placebo group (189.45 +/- 112.64-266.06 +/- 167.79; p=0.01) and showed a slight decrease in the metformin group (256.82 +/- 113.89-229.25 +/- 86.53; p=0.64). Metformin 159-168 insulin Homo sapiens 14-21 23094143-0 2012 Effects of metformin on the regulation of free Fatty acids in insulin resistance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 62-69 23094143-3 2012 Our aim was to evaluate plasma FFA changes in insulin resistance in a physiological situation after improvement of insulin sensitivity by metformin. Metformin 138-147 insulin Homo sapiens 115-122 23094143-5 2012 A double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention with metformin was carried out in patients with insulin resistance. Metformin 53-62 insulin Homo sapiens 96-103 23094143-10 2012 Fasting plasma glucose, FFA, and HOMA-IR tended to decrease after metformin, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 66-75 insulin Homo sapiens 97-104 23094143-15 2012 Metformin in insulin resistance did not lead to improved FFA dynamics despite a trend of improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 13-20 23094143-15 2012 Metformin in insulin resistance did not lead to improved FFA dynamics despite a trend of improved insulin sensitivity. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 98-105 22158450-6 2011 The positive effects of metformin are correlated with the reduction in insulin resistance, which is responsible for both the onset and development of heart failure in diabetic patients. Metformin 24-33 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 23196582-5 2012 Metformin treatment is useful to improve insulin resistance in DM1. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 22196251-18 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Carbohydrate restriction in conjunction with metformin and liraglutide is an effective treatment option for patients with advanced diabetes who are candidates for instituting insulin or who are in need of intensified insulin treatment. Metformin 58-67 insulin Homo sapiens 188-195 21349749-0 2012 The effect of oral metformin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant ponies. Metformin 19-28 insulin Homo sapiens 32-39 21349749-1 2012 Metformin may be an effective therapeutic option for insulin-resistant (I-R) horses/ponies because, in humans, it reportedly enhances insulin sensitivity (SI) of peripheral tissues without stimulating insulin secretion. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 53-60 21349749-1 2012 Metformin may be an effective therapeutic option for insulin-resistant (I-R) horses/ponies because, in humans, it reportedly enhances insulin sensitivity (SI) of peripheral tissues without stimulating insulin secretion. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 134-141 21950959-11 2011 Further study of lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions that reduce insulin resistance, such as metformin, are needed to demonstrate that they are effective in reducing the risk of diabetes, endometrial abnormalities and cardiovascular disease events in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 99-108 insulin Homo sapiens 71-78 21631893-5 2011 Metformin achieves glycemic control by reducing hepatic glucose production and increasing the muscle intake of glucose, thus lowering levels of circulating glucose and, consequently, insulin. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 183-190 22590838-9 2011 Mean blood glucose level was not significantly different in the two groups at the beginning of the ICU admission; however, mean glucose level in insulin-metformin group, twelve hours after the initiation of the study, was significantly lower than insulin group (p < 0.05). Metformin 153-162 insulin Homo sapiens 145-152 19771523-3 2011 This patient demonstrated a poor response to GH therapy and developed physical and biochemical findings of insulin resistance responsive to metformin therapy. Metformin 140-149 insulin Homo sapiens 107-114 22590838-10 2011 In addition, mean doses of potassium and insulin demand as well as mean number of episodes of hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and glucose levels out of the accepted range were significantly lower in insulin-metformin group (p < 0.05). Metformin 203-212 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 21831508-10 2011 The effects of metformin and NAC on insulin sensitivity are not associated with TNF-alpha. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 36-43 21946410-5 2011 Metformin, which lowers insulin levels only in settings of hyperinsulinemia, had minimal activity in this normoinsulinemic model. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 24-31 21926282-4 2011 Insulin sensitizer medication use (metformin and/or thiazolidinediones) was assessed by prescription medication inventory. Metformin 35-44 insulin Homo sapiens 0-7 22673924-1 2011 OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether metformin or vitamin E treatment for six months is effective in reducing body weight, blood pressure, and also ameliorating insulin resistance, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in obese adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metformin 57-66 insulin Homo sapiens 181-188 22059955-20 2011 Most studies suggested that metformin led to a significant reduction in insulin resistance. Metformin 28-37 insulin Homo sapiens 72-79 22673924-5 2011 Moreover, in comparingson of changes in HOMA among the groups, the metformin- treated group showed significantly improved metabolic control and insulin sensitivity (HOMA) at the end of the study. Metformin 67-76 insulin Homo sapiens 144-151 22673924-7 2011 CONCLUSION: These data suggest that metformin treatment is more effective than dietary advice and vitamin E treatment in reducing insulin resistance, and also in ameliorating metabolic parameters such as fasting insulin and lipid levels, in obese adolescents having NAFLD. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 22673924-7 2011 CONCLUSION: These data suggest that metformin treatment is more effective than dietary advice and vitamin E treatment in reducing insulin resistance, and also in ameliorating metabolic parameters such as fasting insulin and lipid levels, in obese adolescents having NAFLD. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 212-219 21949222-9 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Children exposed to metformin had larger measures of subcutaneous fat, but overall body fat was the same as in children whose mothers were treated with insulin alone. Metformin 33-42 insulin Homo sapiens 165-172 21970867-5 2011 Orlistat can be useful as an adjunct to lifestyle changes in severely obese adolescents and metformin can be used in older children and adolescents with clinical insulin resistance. Metformin 92-101 insulin Homo sapiens 162-169 21779873-2 2011 In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), increased proinsulin levels predicted type 2 diabetes and proinsulin levels were significantly reduced following treatment with metformin, lifestyle modification or troglitazone compared with placebo. Metformin 170-179 insulin Homo sapiens 52-62 21779873-2 2011 In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), increased proinsulin levels predicted type 2 diabetes and proinsulin levels were significantly reduced following treatment with metformin, lifestyle modification or troglitazone compared with placebo. Metformin 170-179 insulin Homo sapiens 100-110 22015290-3 2011 Metformin, a commonly used diabetes drug, lowers insulin in non-breast diabetic cancer patients, likely by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis; it also appears to have potential insulin independent direct effects on tumor cells which are mediated by activation of AMPK with downstream inhibition of mTOR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 22015290-3 2011 Metformin, a commonly used diabetes drug, lowers insulin in non-breast diabetic cancer patients, likely by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis; it also appears to have potential insulin independent direct effects on tumor cells which are mediated by activation of AMPK with downstream inhibition of mTOR. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 175-182 21949222-10 2011 Further follow-up is required to examine whether these findings persist into later life and whether children exposed to metformin will develop less visceral fat and be more insulin sensitive. Metformin 120-129 insulin Homo sapiens 173-180 24250430-3 2011 Metformin, an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent, may introduce a new treatment protocol in critically ill patients with insulin-resistance hyperglycemia. Metformin 0-9 insulin Homo sapiens 116-123 21664031-0 2011 Does metformin influence the insulin-, IGF I- and IGF II-receptor gene expression and Akt phosphorylation in human decidualized endometrial stromal cells? Metformin 5-14 insulin Homo sapiens 29-36 21664031-1 2011 OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of metformin on insulin-, IGF I-, and IGF II-receptor gene expression and Akt phosphorylation in decidualized human endometrial stromal cells (ESC) after stimulation with insulin, IGF I and II. Metformin 36-45 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 21411114-0 2011 Treatment with insulin sensitizer metformin improves arterial properties, metabolic parameters, and liver function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Metformin 34-43 insulin Homo sapiens 15-22 21764223-5 2011 Measures which enhance adipocyte insulin sensitivity--such as pioglitazone, astaxanthin, and spirulina--may also be helpful in this regard, as may agents that boost hepatocyte capacity for fatty acid oxidation, such as metformin, carnitine, hydroxycitrate, long-chain omega-3 fats, and glycine. Metformin 219-228 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 21926952-7 2011 CONCLUSION: This collateral diagnosis that accompanies the diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome seems important since this type of patients could be treated with metformin or with thiazoles to reduce insulin-resistance and steatosis as well. Metformin 164-173 insulin Homo sapiens 202-209 21679232-6 2011 Women treated with insulin had higher rates of Caesarean delivery (45.6% insulin, 37% metformin, 34% diet, P = 0.02) than women treated with metformin or diet. Metformin 86-95 insulin Homo sapiens 19-26 21752887-1 2011 CONTEXT: Insulin resistance plays a role in hepatocarcinogenesis and is decreased by metformin treatment. Metformin 85-94 insulin Homo sapiens 9-16 21572014-13 2011 Molecular analyses suggested that altered AMP kinase phosphorylation status and low insulin levels mediate the salutary effects of metformin. Metformin 131-140 insulin Homo sapiens 84-91 21455728-8 2011 In parallel, the effect of metformin on AMPK and insulin-signalling pathways was investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Metformin 27-36 insulin Homo sapiens 49-56 21774820-5 2011 Modulation of LPS-induced adipokine production by metformin and AMPK activation might represent an alternative way to treat both, insulin resistance and breast cancer. Metformin 50-59 insulin Homo sapiens 130-137 21410627-6 2011 Homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) and fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio were significantly improved with sitagliptin/metformin FDC versus metformin monotherapy. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 75-85 21410627-6 2011 Homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) and fasting proinsulin/insulin ratio were significantly improved with sitagliptin/metformin FDC versus metformin monotherapy. Metformin 145-154 insulin Homo sapiens 78-85 21550959-3 2011 RESULTS: In both insulin treatment groups, metformin/thiazolidinedione-treated patients had significantly greater improvement in A1C levels (-2.19% to -2.36%), lower end point A1C values, and lower rates of occurrence of hypoglycemia in comparison with metformin/sulfonylurea-treated patients (all P<.05). Metformin 43-52 insulin Homo sapiens 17-24 21709296-0 2011 Changes over time in glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in response to low-dose metformin and thiazolidinedione combination therapy in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Metformin 107-116 insulin Homo sapiens 39-46 21709296-4 2011 RESULTS: Glycemic parameters and insulin sensitivity improved in the rosiglitazone/metformin arm in year 1, but deteriorated in the years thereafter as in the placebo arm. Metformin 83-92 insulin Homo sapiens 33-40 21550959-5 2011 CONCLUSION: In these post hoc analyses, patients with type 2 diabetes initiating premixed or basal insulin therapy and treated concomitantly with the OHA combination of metformin/thiazolidinedione at baseline demonstrated significantly greater A1C improvement with less hypoglycemia in comparison with patients treated with metformin/sulfonylurea. Metformin 324-333 insulin Homo sapiens 99-106 21415383-4 2011 RESULTS: Measures of beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity from an OGTT showed more favorable changes over time with rosiglitazone versus metformin or glyburide. Metformin 143-152 insulin Homo sapiens 44-51 21083860-8 2011 Fifteen (31.9%) of the 47 women randomised to metformin needed supplemental insulin. Metformin 46-55 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 21605417-2 2011 Because of the significant prevalence of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in PCOS patients, and their putative role in ovulatory dysfunction, the use of metformin was touted as a means to improve ovulatory function and reproductive outcomes in PCOS patients. Metformin 163-172 insulin Homo sapiens 41-48 21194687-2 2011 The use of metformin was associated with a statistically significant reduction in insulin resistance and sex hormone-binding globulin levels, a statistically significant increase in serum androgen levels, and a consequent improvement in semen characteristics. Metformin 11-20 insulin Homo sapiens 82-89 21277073-0 2011 Effect of dose escalation of metformin on clinical features, insulin sensitivity and androgen profile in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 29-38 insulin Homo sapiens 61-68 21277873-8 2011 The results thus demonstrate possible therapeutic efficacy of peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin in AD by its ability to sensitize neuronal insulin resistance. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 73-80 21307134-0 2011 The metabolic status modulates the effect of metformin on the antimullerian hormone-androgens-insulin interplay in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metformin 45-54 insulin Homo sapiens 94-101 21307134-12 2011 Data were further analyzed after dividing patients on the basis of pretreatment insulinemic response to the oral glucose tolerance test; metformin was effective in reducing insulin secretion, AMH levels, and, interestingly, ovarian volume exclusively in PCOS patients with hyperinsulinism; none of these changes occurred in the normoinsulinemic group. Metformin 137-146 insulin Homo sapiens 80-87 21277873-5 2011 In the present study we have determined the effect of metformin on neuronal insulin resistance and AD-associated characteristics in an in vitro model of "type 3 diabetes" by differentiating neuronal cell line Neuro-2a under prolonged presence of insulin. Metformin 54-63 insulin Homo sapiens 76-83 21277873-8 2011 The results thus demonstrate possible therapeutic efficacy of peripheral insulin-sensitizer drug metformin in AD by its ability to sensitize neuronal insulin resistance. Metformin 97-106 insulin Homo sapiens 150-157 21635988-16 2011 An aggressive regimen including metformin, a thiazolidinedione, and a GLP-1 receptor agonist may improve insulin sensitivity and enhance beta-cell function. Metformin 32-41 insulin Homo sapiens 105-112 21470407-4 2011 The ability of metformin to lower circulating insulin may be particularly important for the treatment of cancers known to be associated with hyperinsulinemia, such as those of the breast and colon. Metformin 15-24 insulin Homo sapiens 46-53 21735693-12 2011 The metformin therapy improved insulin sensitivity as evidenced by an increase in ISI by 41.5% (p = 0.0005). Metformin 4-13 insulin Homo sapiens 31-38 21735693-15 2011 CONCLUSIONS: Metformin administration decreases the circulating PAI-1 concentration and simultaneously improves insulin sensitivity and BMI in PCOS women with hyperinsulinemia. Metformin 13-22 insulin Homo sapiens 112-119