PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 2594213-3 1989 Here we show that interneurons in gerbil hippocampus are parvalbumin-immunoreactive, that they contain the GABA-synthetizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and that they are resistant to the effects of ischemia, being present up to 28 days after the insult. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 132-159 2594213-3 1989 Here we show that interneurons in gerbil hippocampus are parvalbumin-immunoreactive, that they contain the GABA-synthetizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and that they are resistant to the effects of ischemia, being present up to 28 days after the insult. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 161-164 2808751-4 1989 In the present study, we have employed in situ hybridization to examine whether cat retinal horizontal cells contain L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA and hence might use GABA as their transmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 178-182 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 117-146 2585061-5 1989 Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for GABA, labeled neurons which produce bicuculline-sensitive, inhibitory postsynaptic currents. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 14-41 2585061-5 1989 Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for GABA, labeled neurons which produce bicuculline-sensitive, inhibitory postsynaptic currents. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 43-46 3209750-4 1988 These GAD-IR (putative GABA) neurons in dendritic regions may be involved in feedforward dendritic inhibition or may directly inhibit nearby neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 23-27 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 6-9 3209750-6 1988 Computerized image analysis of GAD-IR puncta indicated that putative GABA terminals were numerous on apical and basilar dendrites of all pyramidal cells but unexpectedly highest in the monkey presubiculum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 69-73 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 3069969-6 1988 Studies employing GAD immunohistochemistry indicate that GABA-ergic neurons and axon terminals are present in the BPN and thus support the suggestion that a local inhibitory interneuron is present within the BPN. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 57-61 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-21 3409039-1 1988 The distribution of neurons immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was examined in the first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory cortex of monkeys. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-132 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-74 3409039-1 1988 The distribution of neurons immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was examined in the first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory cortex of monkeys. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-132 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-79 3409039-1 1988 The distribution of neurons immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was examined in the first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory cortex of monkeys. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 134-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-74 3409039-1 1988 The distribution of neurons immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was examined in the first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory cortex of monkeys. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 134-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-79 2431243-1 1986 Many neurons cultured from the embryonic mammalian central nervous system (CNS) express benzodiazepine receptors while some neurons differentiate specific transmitter phenotypes like glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 243-266 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 183-210 2952765-3 1987 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was later assayed in these explants as an indicator of the health of GABAergic striatal neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-87 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 2952765-3 1987 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was later assayed in these explants as an indicator of the health of GABAergic striatal neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-87 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 2952765-3 1987 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was later assayed in these explants as an indicator of the health of GABAergic striatal neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 89-93 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 2952765-3 1987 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was later assayed in these explants as an indicator of the health of GABAergic striatal neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 89-93 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 2431243-1 1986 Many neurons cultured from the embryonic mammalian central nervous system (CNS) express benzodiazepine receptors while some neurons differentiate specific transmitter phenotypes like glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 268-272 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 183-210 2431243-1 1986 Many neurons cultured from the embryonic mammalian central nervous system (CNS) express benzodiazepine receptors while some neurons differentiate specific transmitter phenotypes like glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 268-272 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 212-215 3542121-1 1986 GABAergic striatonigral neurons were demonstrated in the adult cat by the specific double peroxidase labeling of a transmitter marker with an agranular appearance (GAD, the synthetic enzyme of GABA) and a connectivity marker with a granular appearance (WGA-HRP). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 164-167 3453123-4 1987 Interestingly, the beta-galactosidase-GAD fusion protein encoded by lambda GAD is enzymatically active, catalyzing the conversion of glutamate to CO2 and GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 154-158 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 3453123-4 1987 Interestingly, the beta-galactosidase-GAD fusion protein encoded by lambda GAD is enzymatically active, catalyzing the conversion of glutamate to CO2 and GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 154-158 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 75-78 2431243-1 1986 Many neurons cultured from the embryonic mammalian central nervous system (CNS) express benzodiazepine receptors while some neurons differentiate specific transmitter phenotypes like glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 243-266 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 212-215 3094829-0 1986 Time course of the reduction of GABA terminals in a model of focal epilepsy: a glutamic acid decarboxylase immunocytochemical study. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 79-106 3094829-1 1986 Immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been used to study the time course of the decrease in putative GABAergic synaptic terminals that occurs in an alumina gel-induced model of focal epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 35-62 3094829-1 1986 Immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been used to study the time course of the decrease in putative GABAergic synaptic terminals that occurs in an alumina gel-induced model of focal epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 64-67 3094829-1 1986 Immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been used to study the time course of the decrease in putative GABAergic synaptic terminals that occurs in an alumina gel-induced model of focal epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-148 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 35-62 3094829-1 1986 Immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been used to study the time course of the decrease in putative GABAergic synaptic terminals that occurs in an alumina gel-induced model of focal epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-148 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 64-67 3785548-2 1986 In this paper, the formation of GABA from ABAL was studied with striatum that had suffered a lesion to GABA synthesis via glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 122-149 3785548-2 1986 In this paper, the formation of GABA from ABAL was studied with striatum that had suffered a lesion to GABA synthesis via glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 151-154 3785548-2 1986 In this paper, the formation of GABA from ABAL was studied with striatum that had suffered a lesion to GABA synthesis via glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 103-107 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 122-149 3785548-2 1986 In this paper, the formation of GABA from ABAL was studied with striatum that had suffered a lesion to GABA synthesis via glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 103-107 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 151-154 3785548-3 1986 The GABA formation from ABAL was invariably observed in striatum in which GAD was severely inhibited by semicarbazide or kainic acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 3896406-1 1985 Inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons were identified in the dentate gyrus of seizure-sensitive (SS) and seizure-resistant (SR) gerbils by immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 41-45 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 196-223 3703001-4 1986 The staining for GABA and GAD in neuronal somata and terminals was markedly reduced within ocular dominance columns associated with a removed or a visually deprived eye, suggesting that the GABA concentration in cortical neurones may depend on their levels of activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 190-194 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-29 3010675-2 1986 This chapter presents the results of an in-depth study of the activity of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in brain tissue removed during neurosurgical resection for intractable epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 78-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 103-132 3010675-2 1986 This chapter presents the results of an in-depth study of the activity of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in brain tissue removed during neurosurgical resection for intractable epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 78-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 134-137 3010678-9 1986 GABA and its synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), are both at normal levels prior to the development of seizures, are significantly decreased during the period of seizures, and return toward control values at a time when seizures are no longer apparent. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-58 3010678-9 1986 GABA and its synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), are both at normal levels prior to the development of seizures, are significantly decreased during the period of seizures, and return toward control values at a time when seizures are no longer apparent. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-63 20493058-1 1986 The regulation of glutamic decarboxylase (GAD) activity is undoubtedly the key to the control of the steady-state concentrations of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 132-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-40 20493058-1 1986 The regulation of glutamic decarboxylase (GAD) activity is undoubtedly the key to the control of the steady-state concentrations of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 132-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 42-45 20493058-1 1986 The regulation of glutamic decarboxylase (GAD) activity is undoubtedly the key to the control of the steady-state concentrations of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-40 20493058-1 1986 The regulation of glutamic decarboxylase (GAD) activity is undoubtedly the key to the control of the steady-state concentrations of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 42-45 20493058-5 1986 Experiments are suggested that would help clarify (1) the role of GABA in GAD repression; (2) the possible phosphorylation of GAD; and (3) the existence of multiple forms of the enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 66-70 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 20493058-8 1986 However, a possible mechanism relying on the direct feedback action of GABA on GAD activity has many attractive features. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 79-82 3541116-1 1986 This study used antisera directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to examine the light- and electron-microscopic distribution of presumed GABA-ergic synapses in the medullary homologue of the cat spinal dorsal horn, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 105-128 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 42-69 3541116-1 1986 This study used antisera directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to examine the light- and electron-microscopic distribution of presumed GABA-ergic synapses in the medullary homologue of the cat spinal dorsal horn, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 105-128 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 71-74 3541116-1 1986 This study used antisera directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to examine the light- and electron-microscopic distribution of presumed GABA-ergic synapses in the medullary homologue of the cat spinal dorsal horn, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 42-69 3541116-1 1986 This study used antisera directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to examine the light- and electron-microscopic distribution of presumed GABA-ergic synapses in the medullary homologue of the cat spinal dorsal horn, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 71-74 3541116-1 1986 This study used antisera directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to examine the light- and electron-microscopic distribution of presumed GABA-ergic synapses in the medullary homologue of the cat spinal dorsal horn, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 209-213 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 71-74 6100321-1 1984 The presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was investigated in the red nucleus by an immunocytochemical method. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-98 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 16-43 2987436-5 1985 This change correlates with an increase in the cortical activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 128-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 97-100 2987436-5 1985 This change correlates with an increase in the cortical activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 68-95 2987436-5 1985 This change correlates with an increase in the cortical activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 97-100 2981907-9 1985 In immunocytochemical material stained for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA, GAD-positive boutons were found to form symmetric synaptic contacts with a variety of postsynaptic elements including the axon hillocks and axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 118-122 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 43-70 2981907-9 1985 In immunocytochemical material stained for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA, GAD-positive boutons were found to form symmetric synaptic contacts with a variety of postsynaptic elements including the axon hillocks and axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 118-122 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 72-75 2981907-9 1985 In immunocytochemical material stained for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA, GAD-positive boutons were found to form symmetric synaptic contacts with a variety of postsynaptic elements including the axon hillocks and axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 118-122 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 124-127 2861971-1 1985 Crayfish glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is inhibited by some aliphatic carboxylic acid analogs of glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 143-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 6504230-6 1984 The effect of GABA occurs at physiological concentrations and may contribute to the regulation of GAD activity in vivo. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-18 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 98-101 2992694-1 1985 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was localized immunocytochemically within cells and processes distributed throughout the ventrolateral medulla. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 91-114 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 2992694-1 1985 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was localized immunocytochemically within cells and processes distributed throughout the ventrolateral medulla. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 91-114 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 2992694-1 1985 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was localized immunocytochemically within cells and processes distributed throughout the ventrolateral medulla. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 116-120 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 2992694-1 1985 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which synthesizes the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was localized immunocytochemically within cells and processes distributed throughout the ventrolateral medulla. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 116-120 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 2992933-1 1985 Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) stimulates in quail embryo neuro-retina (NR) cultures the specific activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in NR and in central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 183-206 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 133-136 2987436-5 1985 This change correlates with an increase in the cortical activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 128-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 68-95 2861587-1 1985 We report a method which combines retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye, diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY), with peroxidase immunocytochemical staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme essential for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 242-265 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 166-193 2861587-1 1985 We report a method which combines retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye, diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY), with peroxidase immunocytochemical staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme essential for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 242-265 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 195-198 2861587-1 1985 We report a method which combines retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye, diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY), with peroxidase immunocytochemical staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme essential for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 267-271 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 166-193 2861587-1 1985 We report a method which combines retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye, diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY), with peroxidase immunocytochemical staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme essential for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 267-271 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 195-198 2861971-1 1985 Crayfish glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is inhibited by some aliphatic carboxylic acid analogs of glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-141 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 9-36 2861971-1 1985 Crayfish glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is inhibited by some aliphatic carboxylic acid analogs of glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-141 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 38-41 2861971-1 1985 Crayfish glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is inhibited by some aliphatic carboxylic acid analogs of glutamate and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 143-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 9-36 6376726-1 1984 We have examined the distribution of neurons and terminals that are immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid within the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 182-205 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 87-114 6376726-1 1984 We have examined the distribution of neurons and terminals that are immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid within the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 182-205 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 116-119 6100321-1 1984 The presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was investigated in the red nucleus by an immunocytochemical method. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-98 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 6100321-1 1984 The presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was investigated in the red nucleus by an immunocytochemical method. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 16-43 6100321-1 1984 The presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was investigated in the red nucleus by an immunocytochemical method. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 6694727-2 1984 These include the co-localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, the biosynthetic enzyme of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid) with the mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome oxidase (CO) in functionally distinct subcompartments of ocular dominance columns. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 131-154 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 37-64 6417147-4 1983 Also discussed have been some of the commonly associated problems and their resolution with sample collection, postmortem changes and alternative pathways of CO2 and GABA production which can lead to errors in accurate determination of GAD activity in biological samples. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 166-170 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 236-239 6619922-2 1983 The present investigation tests this possibility by identifying gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons and their synaptic relationships with an immunocytochemical localization of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and by comparing these synaptic relationships in normal superior colliculus with those present 6 and 16 weeks after unilateral eye removal. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-87 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 238-241 6352867-1 1983 GABAergic neurons have been identified in monkey sensory-motor cerebral cortex by light microscopic, immunocytochemical localization of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 166-193 6352867-1 1983 GABAergic neurons have been identified in monkey sensory-motor cerebral cortex by light microscopic, immunocytochemical localization of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 195-198 6975381-5 1981 On the other hand, the retinal activity of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 1.1.1.15), the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA biosynthesis, was not altered in dark- as well as light-adapted state. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 117-121 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 43-68 7094872-2 1982 have investigated the effects of acute or chronic injection of typical and atypical antidepressants on the activity of the GABA--synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) in discrete brain regions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 123-127 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 149-176 7094872-2 1982 have investigated the effects of acute or chronic injection of typical and atypical antidepressants on the activity of the GABA--synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) in discrete brain regions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 123-127 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 178-181 7163498-0 1982 Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways in the cerebellum studied by retrograde and anterograde transport of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody after in vivo injections. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-129 7163498-0 1982 Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways in the cerebellum studied by retrograde and anterograde transport of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody after in vivo injections. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 131-134 6312771-2 1983 Purkinje neurons show immunoreactivity to antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for GABA, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSADC ase), the synthetic enzyme for taurine and motilin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 121-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 61-88 6312771-2 1983 Purkinje neurons show immunoreactivity to antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for GABA, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSADC ase), the synthetic enzyme for taurine and motilin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 121-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 90-93 6292818-5 1982 Furthermore, studies on brains of deceased Parkinson and Huntington"s chorea patients have demonstrated a low level of GABA and its synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the basal ganglia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-123 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 152-179 6292818-5 1982 Furthermore, studies on brains of deceased Parkinson and Huntington"s chorea patients have demonstrated a low level of GABA and its synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the basal ganglia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-123 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 181-184 6975381-5 1981 On the other hand, the retinal activity of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 1.1.1.15), the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA biosynthesis, was not altered in dark- as well as light-adapted state. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 117-121 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 70-73 7448651-1 1980 Nuclei of the extrapyramidal system contain among the highest levels of GABA and its synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-76 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-132 7448651-1 1980 Nuclei of the extrapyramidal system contain among the highest levels of GABA and its synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-76 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 134-137 235345-5 1975 A comparison of properties of the crude cockroach enzyme with GAD from crustacean and mammalian origin revealed both similarities and differences: whereas crude cockroach GAD has cofactor requirements and an affinity for Glu substrate (Km 2.8 X 10-2) which are similar to GAD from lobster and mouse, it is uniquely inhibited by both Cl-and by GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 343-347 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 171-174 205622-1 1978 Specific inhibition of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15; the main enzyme involved in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid) by mercaptopropionic acid interferes with the effect of dexamethasone on both the resting and stress-induced secretion of ACTH. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 52-55 205622-2 1978 It is postulated that dexamethasone may, at least in part, inhibit the secretion of ACTH via the induction of GAD, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-167 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 110-113 574337-4 1978 The content of GABA increases following enhancement of GAD activity and inhibition of GABA-T. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 15-19 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 55-58 7926-6 1976 Unidirectional GABA-flux from the synaptosomal to glial compartment is supported by high GAD in nerve endings compared to high GABA-T in glia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 15-19 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 89-92 1089460-1 1975 The immunocytochemical localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which which forms gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been studied in developing rodent cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 101-124 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 39-64 1089460-1 1975 The immunocytochemical localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which which forms gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been studied in developing rodent cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 101-124 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 66-69 1089460-1 1975 The immunocytochemical localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which which forms gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been studied in developing rodent cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 126-130 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 39-64 1089460-1 1975 The immunocytochemical localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme which which forms gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been studied in developing rodent cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 126-130 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 66-69 830081-12 1975 The author has, however, developed an equation on an empirical basis which provides an excellent relationship between the excitable state of the brain and a function of GABA metabolism which incorporates both changes in GABA level and changes in GAD activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 169-173 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 246-249 390996-3 1979 With the increased understanding of the enzymology of GAD and the distribution of central GABA-ergic neurones, it is becoming feasible to study the regulatory biochemistry of GAD in terms of control and adaptive mechanisms at the cellular level. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 90-94 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 175-178 92901-0 1979 Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways in the cerebellum studied by retrograde and anterograde transport of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody after in vivo injections. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-129 92901-1 1979 Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-72 92901-1 1979 Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 92901-1 1979 Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-153 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-72 92901-1 1979 Injections of characterized antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were made into the cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-153 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 24086-0 1978 Studies on the regulation of GABA synthesis: substrate-promoted dissociation of pyridoxal-5"-phosphate from GAD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 29-33 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 108-111 235345-5 1975 A comparison of properties of the crude cockroach enzyme with GAD from crustacean and mammalian origin revealed both similarities and differences: whereas crude cockroach GAD has cofactor requirements and an affinity for Glu substrate (Km 2.8 X 10-2) which are similar to GAD from lobster and mouse, it is uniquely inhibited by both Cl-and by GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 343-347 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 171-174 1078986-3 1975 There was a good correlation between the activity of l-glutamate-1-carboxylase (GAD) and the level of GABA in all regions examined and both were concentrated in the midbrain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 102-106 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 80-83 33325157-2 2021 For example, the expression of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), a GABA-producing enzyme, is downregulated in the postmortem brains of patients with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-92 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 78-83 33977497-10 2022 We speculated a unifying framework where the anti-GAD antibody inhibited (GAD mediated) conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 50-53 33977497-10 2022 We speculated a unifying framework where the anti-GAD antibody inhibited (GAD mediated) conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 33977497-10 2022 We speculated a unifying framework where the anti-GAD antibody inhibited (GAD mediated) conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 50-53 33977497-10 2022 We speculated a unifying framework where the anti-GAD antibody inhibited (GAD mediated) conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 34006698-4 2021 Most patients with SPS have high titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that limits the rate of the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and up to 15% have antibodies against the glycine receptor alpha-subunit. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-172 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 62-89 34006698-4 2021 Most patients with SPS have high titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that limits the rate of the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and up to 15% have antibodies against the glycine receptor alpha-subunit. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-172 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 34006698-4 2021 Most patients with SPS have high titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that limits the rate of the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and up to 15% have antibodies against the glycine receptor alpha-subunit. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 174-178 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 31993746-3 2021 The enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1) catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate (Glu) to GABA, and its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might influence Glu/GABA ratio. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 98-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 40-44 31993746-3 2021 The enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1) catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate (Glu) to GABA, and its single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might influence Glu/GABA ratio. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 171-175 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 40-44 31993746-7 2021 The presence of GAD1 rs1978340 allele A was associated with higher Glu/GABA ratio in BD, while patients without this allele taking mood stabilizers had a lower Glu/GABA ratio. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 16-20 31993746-7 2021 The presence of GAD1 rs1978340 allele A was associated with higher Glu/GABA ratio in BD, while patients without this allele taking mood stabilizers had a lower Glu/GABA ratio. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 164-168 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 16-20 33293518-2 2020 The GABA synthetic enzyme glutamate decarboxylase 67-kDa isoform (GAD67) encoded by the GAD1 gene is downregulated in the brains of patients with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-71 33604090-4 2021 These symptoms most commonly occur in the setting of antibodies against Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), which is the primary inhibitory enzyme in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-176 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 72-99 33604090-4 2021 These symptoms most commonly occur in the setting of antibodies against Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), which is the primary inhibitory enzyme in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-176 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-104 33604090-4 2021 These symptoms most commonly occur in the setting of antibodies against Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), which is the primary inhibitory enzyme in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 178-182 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 72-99 33604090-4 2021 These symptoms most commonly occur in the setting of antibodies against Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), which is the primary inhibitory enzyme in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 178-182 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-104 33318193-6 2020 Electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal slices and activity measurements of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a PLP-dependent enzyme synthesizing the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), define how artemisinins also interfere presynaptically with GABAergic signaling. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 177-200 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 85-112 33318193-6 2020 Electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal slices and activity measurements of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a PLP-dependent enzyme synthesizing the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), define how artemisinins also interfere presynaptically with GABAergic signaling. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 177-200 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 114-117 33318193-6 2020 Electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal slices and activity measurements of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a PLP-dependent enzyme synthesizing the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), define how artemisinins also interfere presynaptically with GABAergic signaling. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 202-206 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 85-112 33318193-6 2020 Electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal slices and activity measurements of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a PLP-dependent enzyme synthesizing the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), define how artemisinins also interfere presynaptically with GABAergic signaling. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 202-206 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 114-117 33287375-1 2020 Glutamate decarboxylase (l-glutamate-1-carboxylase, GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is a pyridoxal-5"-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible alpha-decarboxylation of l-glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and CO2. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 191-214 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 52-55 33287375-1 2020 Glutamate decarboxylase (l-glutamate-1-carboxylase, GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is a pyridoxal-5"-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible alpha-decarboxylation of l-glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and CO2. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 216-220 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 52-55 33287375-6 2020 GABA-producing LAB, the biochemical properties of their GAD enzymes, and possible applications are reviewed here. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 56-59 32681171-6 2020 Moreover, in SZ, deficits in PVIs, PNNs, and the GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (Gad67), have been extensively documented in cortical regions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 49-53 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 104-109 32705143-2 2020 GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 56-83 32705143-2 2020 GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 85-88 32705143-3 2020 Its predominant isoform GAD67, contributes up to ~90% of base-level GABA in the CNS, and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 68-72 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 24-29 32705143-3 2020 Its predominant isoform GAD67, contributes up to ~90% of base-level GABA in the CNS, and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 68-72 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 107-111 32098388-1 2020 Background: The conversion of glutamic acid into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 49-72 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 100-127 32456344-1 2020 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme whose physiologic function is the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 127-150 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 32456344-1 2020 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme whose physiologic function is the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 127-150 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 32456344-1 2020 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme whose physiologic function is the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 152-156 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 32456344-1 2020 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an intracellular enzyme whose physiologic function is the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 152-156 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 32171821-6 2020 Immunofluorescence showed that half of the astrocytes express GAD67, suggesting that glial cells synthesize GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 108-112 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 62-67 32041431-5 2020 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme, a key enzyme in biosynthesis of GABA, plays an important role in analgesic mechanism. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 32041431-5 2020 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme, a key enzyme in biosynthesis of GABA, plays an important role in analgesic mechanism. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 32098388-1 2020 Background: The conversion of glutamic acid into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 49-72 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 129-132 32098388-1 2020 Background: The conversion of glutamic acid into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 100-127 32098388-1 2020 Background: The conversion of glutamic acid into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 129-132 32098388-3 2020 We hypothesized that anti-GAD autoantibodies could diminish the GABA content in the slice and facilitate epileptic activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-68 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-29 32089910-1 2020 Anti-GAD antibody syndrome is a result of the production of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the main enzyme responsible for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 164-187 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 5-8 32089910-1 2020 Anti-GAD antibody syndrome is a result of the production of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the main enzyme responsible for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 164-187 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 79-106 32089910-1 2020 Anti-GAD antibody syndrome is a result of the production of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the main enzyme responsible for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 164-187 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 108-111 32089910-1 2020 Anti-GAD antibody syndrome is a result of the production of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the main enzyme responsible for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 189-193 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 5-8 32089910-1 2020 Anti-GAD antibody syndrome is a result of the production of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the main enzyme responsible for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 189-193 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 79-106 32089910-1 2020 Anti-GAD antibody syndrome is a result of the production of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the main enzyme responsible for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 189-193 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 108-111 31526832-0 2019 Induction of hypothalamic GABA synthetic enzymes mRNA (Gad 1 and Gad 2) expression by negative energy balance in broiler and layer chicks. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 26-30 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 55-60 31526832-2 2019 It has recently been reported that glutamate decarboxylase (Gad1) mRNA, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme gene, is a reliable proxy for GABA release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-97 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-64 31526832-2 2019 It has recently been reported that glutamate decarboxylase (Gad1) mRNA, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme gene, is a reliable proxy for GABA release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 99-103 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-64 31526832-2 2019 It has recently been reported that glutamate decarboxylase (Gad1) mRNA, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme gene, is a reliable proxy for GABA release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 152-156 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-64 31758712-6 2020 Methylation of the GAD1/GAD67 gene, which encodes the key glutamate-to-GABA synthesizing enzyme Glutamate Decarboxylase 1, resulting in increased levels of glutamate is one epigenetic mechanism that may account for a tendency towards excitation in disorders such as ADHD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 19-23 31758712-6 2020 Methylation of the GAD1/GAD67 gene, which encodes the key glutamate-to-GABA synthesizing enzyme Glutamate Decarboxylase 1, resulting in increased levels of glutamate is one epigenetic mechanism that may account for a tendency towards excitation in disorders such as ADHD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 24-29 31758712-6 2020 Methylation of the GAD1/GAD67 gene, which encodes the key glutamate-to-GABA synthesizing enzyme Glutamate Decarboxylase 1, resulting in increased levels of glutamate is one epigenetic mechanism that may account for a tendency towards excitation in disorders such as ADHD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 96-121 31229619-0 2019 Effect of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) or GABA with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) on the progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children: Trial design and methodology. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 44-48 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-86 31624742-2 2019 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that catalyzes the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 81-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 31624742-2 2019 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that catalyzes the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 81-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 31624742-2 2019 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that catalyzes the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 106-110 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 31624742-2 2019 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that catalyzes the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 106-110 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 31525611-3 2019 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes GABA formation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 44-48 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 31525611-3 2019 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes GABA formation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 44-48 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 31525611-4 2019 GABA-secreting neurons and pancreatic beta cells are the major cells expressing GAD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 80-83 31229619-3 2019 We hypothesized that treatment of children with recent onset T1DM with GABA or combination GABA with GAD will preserve beta-cell function and ameliorate autoimmune dysregulation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 91-95 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-104 31000408-1 2019 A number of neurological syndromes have been described in patients with positive serum antibodies (Abs) against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate limiting step in the synthesis of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 201-205 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 123-150 31000408-1 2019 A number of neurological syndromes have been described in patients with positive serum antibodies (Abs) against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate limiting step in the synthesis of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 201-205 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 152-155 31000408-1 2019 A number of neurological syndromes have been described in patients with positive serum antibodies (Abs) against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate limiting step in the synthesis of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 207-230 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 123-150 31000408-1 2019 A number of neurological syndromes have been described in patients with positive serum antibodies (Abs) against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate limiting step in the synthesis of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 207-230 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 152-155 29107683-2 2018 GABA is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes in the inhibitory neuron and, thus, the deregulation of GAD enzymes and subsequent change of GABAergic activity are involved in various neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 23-50 30633779-5 2019 We identified interactive effects between the polymorphisms of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene for GABA synthesis (GAD1) on envy aversion (i.e., disadvantageous inequity aversion) and on envy-induced activity in the dorsal ACC (dACC). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 136-140 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-126 30633779-5 2019 We identified interactive effects between the polymorphisms of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and glutamate decarboxylase 1 gene for GABA synthesis (GAD1) on envy aversion (i.e., disadvantageous inequity aversion) and on envy-induced activity in the dorsal ACC (dACC). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 136-140 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 152-156 30642393-2 2019 Previous studies have shown fluctuations in expression levels of GABA signaling components-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GABA receptor (GABAR) subunit, and GABA transporter (GAT)-with increasing age and between sexes; however, this limited knowledge is highly based on animal models that produce inconsistent findings. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 65-69 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 120-123 30788386-2 2019 Considering the potential of focal GABAergic neuromodulation in regulating epileptogenesis, the GABA-producing enzyme, gamma-aminobutyric acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), is highly suitable for epilepsy therapy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 35-39 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 161-166 30788386-4 2019 In the present study, we examined focal gene transduction in epileptic EL mice using recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (rAAV8) expressing human GAD67 to enhance GABA-mediated neural inhibition. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 173-177 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 156-161 30488987-3 2019 This study examined the moderating effects of a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs7557793) in the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD1) gene, which is implicated in the conversion of glutamate to GABA, on P300-indices of auditory attentional processing; the influence of nicotine administration was also assessed. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 196-200 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 130-134 30341396-2 2018 GAD1 encodes for GAD67 enzyme, catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from L-glutamic acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 60-83 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 17-22 30341396-2 2018 GAD1 encodes for GAD67 enzyme, catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from L-glutamic acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 85-89 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 17-22 29782905-3 2018 Here, we report that transgenic mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein Swedish-Dutch-Iowa mutant (APPSweDI) exhibit early loss of neurons expressing GAD67, a GABA-synthesizing enzyme, in advance of the loss of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA1 region. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 167-171 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 158-163 28485403-3 2018 GABA synthesis is controlled by enzymes derived from two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) genes, GAD1 and GAD2, both of which produce transcript isoforms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 98-102 28485403-9 2018 Alternative splicing of GAD1 and epigenetic state appear to play roles in the developmental profile of GAD1 expression and may contribute to GABA dysfunction in the PFC and hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 141-145 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 24-28 29632283-4 2018 Most patients with SPS have a high-titer of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and up to 15% have antibodies to the glycine receptor alpha-subunit. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-167 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 63-90 29632283-4 2018 Most patients with SPS have a high-titer of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and up to 15% have antibodies to the glycine receptor alpha-subunit. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-167 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 92-95 29632283-4 2018 Most patients with SPS have a high-titer of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and up to 15% have antibodies to the glycine receptor alpha-subunit. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 169-173 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 63-90 29514603-4 2018 The GABAergic system, which is composed of GABA, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and GABA receptors, has an important function in nerve growth and development of neural crest. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 78-105 29514603-4 2018 The GABAergic system, which is composed of GABA, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and GABA receptors, has an important function in nerve growth and development of neural crest. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 28767521-1 2018 An immune attack by anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies is believed to cause a deficiency in gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated neurotransmission in the cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-130 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 20-52 28767521-1 2018 An immune attack by anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies is believed to cause a deficiency in gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated neurotransmission in the cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-130 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 54-57 29352131-4 2018 In addition, we assessed in the visual cortex levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and myelin maturation, together with the expression of the GABA biosynthetic enzyme GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 152-156 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 177-182 29107683-2 2018 GABA is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes in the inhibitory neuron and, thus, the deregulation of GAD enzymes and subsequent change of GABAergic activity are involved in various neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 52-55 29107683-2 2018 GABA is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes in the inhibitory neuron and, thus, the deregulation of GAD enzymes and subsequent change of GABAergic activity are involved in various neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 121-124 28710909-1 2017 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid dehydrogenase 1 (GAD1) serves as the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesizing GABA, and is reported to be associated with several psychiatric disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 101-105 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-41 28710909-1 2017 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid dehydrogenase 1 (GAD1) serves as the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesizing GABA, and is reported to be associated with several psychiatric disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 101-105 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 43-47 28400476-3 2017 Here, we report a powerful impact in this setting caused by epigenetic upregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), a regulator of the GABA neurotransmitter metabolic pathway. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 87-112 28980929-1 2017 Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) converts L-glutamate to g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a non-protein amino acid present in all organisms with some activities including improvement of neurve and cytoskeltal functions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 54-73 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 25-28 28980929-1 2017 Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) converts L-glutamate to g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a non-protein amino acid present in all organisms with some activities including improvement of neurve and cytoskeltal functions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-79 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 25-28 28787007-7 2017 Moreover, in four patients, we identified novel and extremely rare damaging mutations in the genes involved in neurodevelopment (MEGF8) and in GABA/glutamatergic synaptic transmission (GAD1, FMN1, ANO2). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 143-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 185-189 29201327-4 2017 The pathophysiology of the disease is caused by the decreased level of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity due to an autoantibody against GAD that decreases the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 181-204 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 75-102 29201327-4 2017 The pathophysiology of the disease is caused by the decreased level of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity due to an autoantibody against GAD that decreases the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 181-204 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 104-107 29201327-4 2017 The pathophysiology of the disease is caused by the decreased level of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity due to an autoantibody against GAD that decreases the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 181-204 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 149-152 29201327-4 2017 The pathophysiology of the disease is caused by the decreased level of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity due to an autoantibody against GAD that decreases the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 206-210 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 75-102 29201327-4 2017 The pathophysiology of the disease is caused by the decreased level of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity due to an autoantibody against GAD that decreases the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 206-210 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 104-107 29201327-4 2017 The pathophysiology of the disease is caused by the decreased level of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity due to an autoantibody against GAD that decreases the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 206-210 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 149-152 32175215-2 2017 The syndrome is caused by a lack of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which occurs because of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an essential enzyme for GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 36-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 111-138 32175215-2 2017 The syndrome is caused by a lack of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which occurs because of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an essential enzyme for GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 36-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 140-143 32175215-2 2017 The syndrome is caused by a lack of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which occurs because of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an essential enzyme for GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 61-65 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 111-138 32175215-2 2017 The syndrome is caused by a lack of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which occurs because of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an essential enzyme for GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 61-65 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 140-143 32175215-2 2017 The syndrome is caused by a lack of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which occurs because of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an essential enzyme for GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 170-174 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 111-138 32175215-2 2017 The syndrome is caused by a lack of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which occurs because of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an essential enzyme for GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 170-174 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 140-143 27884423-4 2017 However, we recently found that in schizophrenia, ChC cartridge boutons contain normal levels of the 67 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) protein, the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis in these boutons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 191-195 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 148-153 28400476-3 2017 Here, we report a powerful impact in this setting caused by epigenetic upregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), a regulator of the GABA neurotransmitter metabolic pathway. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 114-118 28400476-7 2017 Similarly, genetic or pharmacologic disruption of the GABA metabolic pathway decreased the incidence of brain metastasis in vivo Taken together, our results show how epigenetic changes in GAD1 expression alter local glutamate metabolism in the brain metastatic microenvironment, contributing to a metabolic adaption that facilitates metastasis outgrowth in that setting. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 54-58 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 188-192 26944142-1 2016 Paucity in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) due to blockage in the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as seen in the syndrome of anti-GAD antibody, causes adult onset cerebellar ataxia, muscle rigidity, and episodic spasms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 11-35 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-103 28122016-2 2017 GABA is synthesized from glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), derived from two genes, GAD1 and GAD2. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 38-65 28122016-2 2017 GABA is synthesized from glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), derived from two genes, GAD1 and GAD2. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 67-70 28122016-2 2017 GABA is synthesized from glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), derived from two genes, GAD1 and GAD2. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 97-101 28890837-9 2017 In SPS, antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) most commonly target the GAD antigen on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 92-115 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 77-80 28890837-9 2017 In SPS, antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) most commonly target the GAD antigen on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 117-121 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 77-80 26922657-1 2016 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a key enzyme in GABA synthesis and alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission related to glial abnormalities are thought to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 65-69 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 26922657-1 2016 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a key enzyme in GABA synthesis and alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission related to glial abnormalities are thought to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 65-69 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 25824535-2 2016 Boutons from PV neuron subtypes are also distinguishable by differences in protein levels of the GABA-synthesizing enzymes GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 97-101 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 133-138 25824535-9 2016 These findings suggest that GABA synthesis from CB/GAD67+ and CR/GAD67+ neurons would presumably be more vulnerable to disease-associated deficits in GAD67 expression, such as in schizophrenia, than neurons that also contain GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 28-32 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 51-56 25824535-9 2016 These findings suggest that GABA synthesis from CB/GAD67+ and CR/GAD67+ neurons would presumably be more vulnerable to disease-associated deficits in GAD67 expression, such as in schizophrenia, than neurons that also contain GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 28-32 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 65-70 25824535-9 2016 These findings suggest that GABA synthesis from CB/GAD67+ and CR/GAD67+ neurons would presumably be more vulnerable to disease-associated deficits in GAD67 expression, such as in schizophrenia, than neurons that also contain GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 28-32 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 65-70 27080467-4 2016 RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to examine the expression of the GABA synthetizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms (GAD65 and GAD67), and type-A GABA receptor (GABAAR) subunits [alpha(1-6), beta(1-3), gamma(1-3), delta, epsilon, theta, pi, and rho(1-3)] in bone marrow lymphocytes of 19 ALL children before chemotherapy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 76-80 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-128 27080467-4 2016 RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to examine the expression of the GABA synthetizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms (GAD65 and GAD67), and type-A GABA receptor (GABAAR) subunits [alpha(1-6), beta(1-3), gamma(1-3), delta, epsilon, theta, pi, and rho(1-3)] in bone marrow lymphocytes of 19 ALL children before chemotherapy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 76-80 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 130-133 28411275-7 2017 This study shows that transcription of genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes for GABA and dopamine biosynthesis (Gad1 and Th, respectively) in the mammalian olfactory bulb is regulated by G:C-rich regions that both recruit heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) to facilitate transcription and form single-stranded DNA secondary structures associated with repression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 80-84 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 112-116 28245795-13 2017 All three GABA related genes -- glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) and 2 (GAD2) and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (ABAT) -- were lower in mesenchymal tumors, which in contrast showed higher IDO1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1) and TDO2 (tryptophan 2, 3-diaxygenase). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 10-14 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 32-57 28245795-13 2017 All three GABA related genes -- glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) and 2 (GAD2) and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (ABAT) -- were lower in mesenchymal tumors, which in contrast showed higher IDO1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1) and TDO2 (tryptophan 2, 3-diaxygenase). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 10-14 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 59-63 27530595-3 2016 The glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1) gene encodes a key enzyme of GABA biosynthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 68-72 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 33-37 27773601-4 2016 In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that MDMA reduces glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67-IR, another biochemical marker of GABA neurons, in the hippocampus and that this reduction in GAD67-IR neurons and an accompanying increase in seizure susceptibility involve glutamate receptor activation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 136-140 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 94-97 26822489-1 2016 The glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) gene is a major determinant of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter modulating local neuronal circuitry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-95 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 4-33 26822489-1 2016 The glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) gene is a major determinant of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter modulating local neuronal circuitry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-95 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 35-39 26822489-1 2016 The glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) gene is a major determinant of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter modulating local neuronal circuitry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 97-101 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 4-33 26822489-1 2016 The glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) gene is a major determinant of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter modulating local neuronal circuitry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 97-101 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 35-39 27110875-7 2016 However, bilobalide, a sesquiterpene, showed anticonvulsant properties through the activation of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme, which is a key enzyme in biosynthesis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 180-184 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 97-124 27110875-7 2016 However, bilobalide, a sesquiterpene, showed anticonvulsant properties through the activation of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme, which is a key enzyme in biosynthesis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 180-184 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 126-129 26549033-1 2016 Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), the enzyme that synthesizes GABA, are significantly increased in neoplastic tissues. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 111-115 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-74 26549033-1 2016 Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), the enzyme that synthesizes GABA, are significantly increased in neoplastic tissues. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 111-115 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-80 27698909-1 2016 Background: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) which serves as a rate-limiting enzyme involving in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), exists in the GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-37 27698909-1 2016 Background: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) which serves as a rate-limiting enzyme involving in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), exists in the GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 39-43 27698909-1 2016 Background: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) which serves as a rate-limiting enzyme involving in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), exists in the GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-37 27698909-1 2016 Background: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) which serves as a rate-limiting enzyme involving in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), exists in the GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 39-43 27356651-2 2016 The antibody works against the GAD enzyme, which is essential in the formation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 82-105 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 27356651-2 2016 The antibody works against the GAD enzyme, which is essential in the formation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 26944142-1 2016 Paucity in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) due to blockage in the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as seen in the syndrome of anti-GAD antibody, causes adult onset cerebellar ataxia, muscle rigidity, and episodic spasms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 37-41 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-103 26944142-1 2016 Paucity in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) due to blockage in the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as seen in the syndrome of anti-GAD antibody, causes adult onset cerebellar ataxia, muscle rigidity, and episodic spasms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 37-41 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-108 26944142-1 2016 Paucity in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) due to blockage in the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as seen in the syndrome of anti-GAD antibody, causes adult onset cerebellar ataxia, muscle rigidity, and episodic spasms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 37-41 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 143-146 26944142-5 2016 Anti-GAD antibody can also increase levels of glutamate the precursor of GABA and the substrate for the action of GAD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 73-77 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 5-8 26944142-1 2016 Paucity in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) due to blockage in the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as seen in the syndrome of anti-GAD antibody, causes adult onset cerebellar ataxia, muscle rigidity, and episodic spasms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 11-35 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-108 26944142-1 2016 Paucity in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) due to blockage in the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as seen in the syndrome of anti-GAD antibody, causes adult onset cerebellar ataxia, muscle rigidity, and episodic spasms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 11-35 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 143-146 27017773-1 2016 The stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare autoimmune neurologic disorder that affects the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated inhibitory network in the central nervous system with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 90-113 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 218-221 26848839-3 2016 GABA synthesis is controlled by two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) genes, GAD1 and GAD2, both of which produce a number of alternative transcripts. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 36-63 26848839-3 2016 GABA synthesis is controlled by two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) genes, GAD1 and GAD2, both of which produce a number of alternative transcripts. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 65-68 26848839-3 2016 GABA synthesis is controlled by two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) genes, GAD1 and GAD2, both of which produce a number of alternative transcripts. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 77-81 27017773-1 2016 The stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare autoimmune neurologic disorder that affects the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated inhibitory network in the central nervous system with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-119 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 218-221 26241953-4 2015 The present study demonstrated activity-dependent dynamic scaling in which NMDA-R (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor) activity regulated the expression of GABA synthetic enzymes: glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 (GAD65 and GAD67). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 155-159 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 228-233 26812044-0 2016 Toward dissecting the etiology of schizophrenia: HDAC1 and DAXX regulate GAD67 expression in an in vitro hippocampal GABA neuron model. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 117-121 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 73-78 26812044-5 2016 GAD67, a enzyme associated with GABA synthesis, was increased twofold (mRNA); the protein showed a 35% increase. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-5 26812044-12 2016 Our in vitro results point to a key role of both HDAC1 and DAXX in the regulation of GAD67 in GABAergic HiB5 cells, strongly suggesting that these epigenetic/transcription factors contribute to mechanisms underlying GABA cell dysfunction in SZ. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 94-98 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 85-90 26277529-6 2016 Of these SNPs, the GAD1 upstream SNP rs1978340 is potentially functional as it was shown to affect GABA concentrations in the cingulate cortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 99-103 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 19-23 26671081-1 2015 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to the neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-143 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 25660468-5 2015 In females, the expression of GABAergic genes was higher in the schizophrenia cases, with significantly higher expression of the GABA-Abeta1 and GAD67 genes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 30-34 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 145-150 25458568-0 2015 Transcriptional regulation of GAD1 GABA synthesis gene in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 35-39 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 30-34 25458568-1 2015 Expression of GAD1 GABA synthesis enzyme is highly regulated by neuronal activity and reaches mature levels in the prefrontal cortex not before adolescence. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 19-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 14-18 25464914-1 2015 Alterations in inhibitory (GABA) neurons, including deficiencies in the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD67, in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia are pronounced in the subpopulations of neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin or the neuropeptide somatostatin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 27-31 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 97-102 25464914-1 2015 Alterations in inhibitory (GABA) neurons, including deficiencies in the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD67, in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia are pronounced in the subpopulations of neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin or the neuropeptide somatostatin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-76 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 97-102 25738424-1 2015 IMPORTANCE: Dysfunction related to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of major psychosis has been well established by the work of multiple groups across several decades, including the widely replicated downregulation of GAD1. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 35-58 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 263-267 25738424-1 2015 IMPORTANCE: Dysfunction related to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of major psychosis has been well established by the work of multiple groups across several decades, including the widely replicated downregulation of GAD1. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 60-64 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 263-267 24874453-1 2014 OBJECTIVE: Cognitive deficits of schizophrenia may be due at least in part to lower expression of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), a key enzyme for GABA synthesis, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 174-178 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 149-154 25647668-0 2015 Compartmentalization of GABA synthesis by GAD67 differs between pancreatic beta cells and neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 24-28 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 42-47 25647668-1 2015 The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in neurons and in pancreatic beta-cells in islets of Langerhans where it functions as a paracrine and autocrine signaling molecule regulating the function of islet endocrine cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 66-93 25647668-1 2015 The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in neurons and in pancreatic beta-cells in islets of Langerhans where it functions as a paracrine and autocrine signaling molecule regulating the function of islet endocrine cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 95-98 25647668-2 2015 The localization of the two non-allelic isoforms GAD65 and GAD67 to vesicular membranes is important for rapid delivery and accumulation of GABA for regulated secretion. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 59-64 24993056-2 2015 Levels of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67-kDa isoform (GAD67) in the PFC have been consistently reported to be lower in patients with these disorders, but the status of the second GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa isoform (GAD65), remains unclear. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-18 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 39-81 24993056-2 2015 Levels of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67-kDa isoform (GAD67) in the PFC have been consistently reported to be lower in patients with these disorders, but the status of the second GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa isoform (GAD65), remains unclear. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-18 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-88 24993056-2 2015 Levels of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67-kDa isoform (GAD67) in the PFC have been consistently reported to be lower in patients with these disorders, but the status of the second GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa isoform (GAD65), remains unclear. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 208-212 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-88 26377650-0 2015 Regulation of GABA Neurotransmission by Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-18 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 40-67 26377650-0 2015 Regulation of GABA Neurotransmission by Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-18 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 69-72 26377650-1 2015 Control of GABA neurotransmission at the pre-synaptic site occurs substantially through the activation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 11-15 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 110-137 26377650-1 2015 Control of GABA neurotransmission at the pre-synaptic site occurs substantially through the activation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 11-15 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 139-142 26377650-1 2015 Control of GABA neurotransmission at the pre-synaptic site occurs substantially through the activation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 11-15 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 162-167 26377650-6 2015 GABA neurotransmission is dependent upon whether GAD is associated with synaptic vesicles (SV) and calpain performs a vital role by generating the highly active tGAD65 resulting in augmented GABA synthesis and wrapping uptake into SV. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 49-52 26377650-12 2015 From studies on a rodent stroke model calpain-mediated cleavage of GAD enzyme has been shown to occur under pathological conditions resulting in less SV refilling and depletion of existing pools of SV releasable GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 212-216 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 67-70 25358241-2 2014 The protein, being an essential enzyme involved in the production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, exists in two isoforms, GAD67 and GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 101-124 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 150-155 25420610-4 2015 For example, expression of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD67 is reduced in the dorsolateral PFC of people with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 31-35 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 56-61 24927554-3 2014 Although cytosolic GAD67 is typically saturated with the cofactor (holoGAD67) and constitutively active to produce basal levels of GABA, the membrane-associated GAD65 exists mainly as the inactive apo form. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 131-135 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 19-24 24663011-2 2014 Reduced GABA levels have been found in anxiety patients, and genetic variations of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis, have been associated with anxiety phenotypes in both humans and mice. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 146-150 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-110 24663011-2 2014 Reduced GABA levels have been found in anxiety patients, and genetic variations of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis, have been associated with anxiety phenotypes in both humans and mice. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 146-150 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 112-115 24663011-3 2014 These findings prompted us to hypothesize that a deficiency of GAD65, the GAD isoform controlling the availability of GABA as a transmitter, affects synaptic transmission and plasticity in the lateral amygdala (LA), and thereby interferes with fear responsiveness. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 118-122 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 63-66 24843012-4 2014 However, the GABA synthetic enzymes GAD65 and GAD67 are not detected in midbrain dopamine neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 13-17 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 46-51 24616376-6 2014 L-Glutamate alpha-decarboxylase (GAD, Type I, EC 4.1.1.15) was applied to specifically convert Glu into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-127 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-31 24616376-6 2014 L-Glutamate alpha-decarboxylase (GAD, Type I, EC 4.1.1.15) was applied to specifically convert Glu into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-127 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 33-36 24616376-6 2014 L-Glutamate alpha-decarboxylase (GAD, Type I, EC 4.1.1.15) was applied to specifically convert Glu into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 129-133 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-31 24616376-6 2014 L-Glutamate alpha-decarboxylase (GAD, Type I, EC 4.1.1.15) was applied to specifically convert Glu into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 129-133 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 33-36 23906988-1 2013 Glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67/65; GAD1/GAD2) are crucially involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and thus were repeatedly suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 73-96 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-31 24551133-2 2014 Using The Cancer Genome Atlas, overexpression of the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), was found to be associated with decreased disease free-survival in prostate adenocarcinoma and decreased overall survival in clear cell renal cell carcinomas. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-101 24551133-2 2014 Using The Cancer Genome Atlas, overexpression of the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), was found to be associated with decreased disease free-survival in prostate adenocarcinoma and decreased overall survival in clear cell renal cell carcinomas. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 103-107 24551133-4 2014 Using a novel fluorescence-coupled enzymatic microplate assay for GABA mediated through reduction of resazurin in a prostate neuroendocrine carcinoma (PNEC) cell line, acid microenvironment-induced stress increased GABA levels while alkaline microenvironment-induced stress decreased GABA through modulation of GAD1 and glutamine synthetase (GLUL) activities. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 66-70 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 311-315 24551133-6 2014 Consistent with evidence in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that GABA synthesis mediated through GAD1 may play a crucial role in surviving stress, GABA may be an important mediator of stress survival in neoplasms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 70-74 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-106 24261884-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is found in the GABAergic neurons of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 90-113 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-37 24261884-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is found in the GABAergic neurons of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 90-113 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 39-43 24261884-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is found in the GABAergic neurons of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-119 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-37 24261884-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is found in the GABAergic neurons of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-119 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 39-43 23220178-4 2013 In mature OB interneurons, GABA and dopamine levels are modulated by odorant-induced synaptic activity-dependent regulation of Gad1 and Th transcription. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 27-31 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 127-131 23891794-1 2013 It has recently been shown that expression of the rate-limiting GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is decreased in Brodmann area 9 (BA9) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in Parkinson"s disease (PD) compared to control brains (Lanoue, A.C., Dumitriu, A., Myers, R.H., Soghomonian, JJ., 2010. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-68 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 89-116 23891794-1 2013 It has recently been shown that expression of the rate-limiting GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is decreased in Brodmann area 9 (BA9) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in Parkinson"s disease (PD) compared to control brains (Lanoue, A.C., Dumitriu, A., Myers, R.H., Soghomonian, JJ., 2010. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-68 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 118-121 24058450-2 2013 In approximately 60-80% of patients there are autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 127-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 64-91 24058450-2 2013 In approximately 60-80% of patients there are autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 127-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-96 24058450-2 2013 In approximately 60-80% of patients there are autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 64-91 24058450-2 2013 In approximately 60-80% of patients there are autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-96 24062698-4 2013 Second, using gene co-expression network analysis in control human subjects (N = 214; two frontal cortex regions) and expression quantitative trait loci mapping (N = 170 subjects), we show that expression of SST and the GABA-synthesizing enzymes glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and GAD65 are tightly co-regulated and influenced by X-chromosome genetic polymorphisms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 220-224 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 246-272 24062698-4 2013 Second, using gene co-expression network analysis in control human subjects (N = 214; two frontal cortex regions) and expression quantitative trait loci mapping (N = 170 subjects), we show that expression of SST and the GABA-synthesizing enzymes glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and GAD65 are tightly co-regulated and influenced by X-chromosome genetic polymorphisms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 220-224 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 274-279 24165308-5 2013 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyses glutamic acid into gamma aminobutyric acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 81-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 24165308-5 2013 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyses glutamic acid into gamma aminobutyric acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 81-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 24168411-1 2013 Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of GABA, are associated with an array of distinct, mostly autoimmune, neurological conditions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 19-46 24168411-1 2013 Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of GABA, are associated with an array of distinct, mostly autoimmune, neurological conditions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 48-51 23877118-2 2013 Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and impaired function of GABAergic neurons has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SPS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 76-99 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 23877118-2 2013 Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and impaired function of GABAergic neurons has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SPS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 101-105 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 23906988-1 2013 Glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67/65; GAD1/GAD2) are crucially involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and thus were repeatedly suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 73-96 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 36-40 23906988-1 2013 Glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67/65; GAD1/GAD2) are crucially involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and thus were repeatedly suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 98-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-31 23906988-1 2013 Glutamate decarboxylases (GAD67/65; GAD1/GAD2) are crucially involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and thus were repeatedly suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 98-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 36-40 23864674-2 2013 Here, we map in human chromosome 2q31 the 3D configuration of 200 kb of linear sequence encompassing the GAD1 GABA synthesis enzyme gene locus, and we describe a loop formation involving the GAD1 transcription start site and intergenic noncoding DNA elements facilitating reporter gene expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 110-114 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-109 23864674-2 2013 Here, we map in human chromosome 2q31 the 3D configuration of 200 kb of linear sequence encompassing the GAD1 GABA synthesis enzyme gene locus, and we describe a loop formation involving the GAD1 transcription start site and intergenic noncoding DNA elements facilitating reporter gene expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 110-114 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 191-195 22840783-2 2013 Since gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission is central to excitotoxicity and seizure development across multiple models, we investigated how genetic variability for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) influences risk for PTS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 206-209 23777105-3 2013 In rat cerebellar slices, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from GAD-Ab-positive ataxia acted on the terminals of GABAergic interneurons to depress the GABA release on Purkinje cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 110-114 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 61-64 23835051-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 94-117 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 23835051-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 94-117 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 23835051-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-123 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 23835051-1 2013 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-123 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 23566421-2 2013 Likewise, reduced expression of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3749034 in the corresponding gene have been associated with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 36-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 116-120 23566421-2 2013 Likewise, reduced expression of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3749034 in the corresponding gene have been associated with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 61-65 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 116-120 23473301-4 2013 At the protein level, we also demonstrated that GABA-hATSCs engrafted into animals with neuropathic pain increased glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression levels. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 48-52 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 158-188 23473301-4 2013 At the protein level, we also demonstrated that GABA-hATSCs engrafted into animals with neuropathic pain increased glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression levels. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 48-52 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 190-195 23022048-3 2013 Specifically, expression of the 67-kD isoform of the GABA synthesis enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) is reduced in parvalbumin-containing fast-spiking GABA interneurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 104-109 23015103-1 2013 The production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), using pyridoxal 5"-phosphate (PLP) as the cofactor. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 18-41 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 81-108 23015103-1 2013 The production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), using pyridoxal 5"-phosphate (PLP) as the cofactor. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 18-41 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 110-113 23015103-1 2013 The production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), using pyridoxal 5"-phosphate (PLP) as the cofactor. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 81-108 23015103-1 2013 The production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is catalyzed by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), using pyridoxal 5"-phosphate (PLP) as the cofactor. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 110-113 23015103-2 2013 Between the two enzymes, GAD67 accounts for normal GABA requirement, while GAD65 stays inactive until emergent demand for GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 51-55 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 25-30 23022048-3 2013 Specifically, expression of the 67-kD isoform of the GABA synthesis enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) is reduced in parvalbumin-containing fast-spiking GABA interneurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 161-165 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 104-109 23126365-2 2013 The ability of the 65 kDa isoform of GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), GAD65, to control synaptic GABA levels is influenced through its capacity to auto-inactivate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 99-103 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 37-40 23126365-2 2013 The ability of the 65 kDa isoform of GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), GAD65, to control synaptic GABA levels is influenced through its capacity to auto-inactivate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 99-103 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 42-69 22427071-1 2012 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is generated from glutamate by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and characterized by hypotensive, diuretic, and tranquilizing effects in humans and animals. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-103 23046722-9 2013 In support of these findings, we inhibited GABA synthesis by using 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP), which antagonizes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 118-145 23046722-9 2013 In support of these findings, we inhibited GABA synthesis by using 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP), which antagonizes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 147-150 22526728-2 2012 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme in GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 22526728-2 2012 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme in GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 23677666-5 2012 Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 77-100 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 23677666-5 2012 Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 102-106 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 23677666-6 2012 Presumably, antibodies directed against GAD impair GABA production, but the precise pathogenic mechanism of GAD-antibody-related neurologic disorders is uncertain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 51-55 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 40-43 22890079-3 2012 Previous studies using in situ hybridization showed that MCH neurons synthesize glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and could thus utilize GABA as a neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 137-141 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 80-107 22890079-3 2012 Previous studies using in situ hybridization showed that MCH neurons synthesize glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and could thus utilize GABA as a neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 137-141 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 109-112 22983435-5 2012 RESULTS: In schizophrenia subjects, the authors observed lower mRNA levels for Lhx6, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67; the principal enzyme in GABA synthesis), but not Sox6 or calretinin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 172-176 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 141-146 22309971-12 2012 CONCLUSION: Insertions and deletions of genomic DNA in gamma-aminobutyric acid cells at a key locus of the hippocampal circuit are reflected in transcriptional changes in GAD67 regulation that are circuitry-based and diagnosis-specific. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 171-176 22427071-1 2012 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is generated from glutamate by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and characterized by hypotensive, diuretic, and tranquilizing effects in humans and animals. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-108 22427071-1 2012 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is generated from glutamate by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and characterized by hypotensive, diuretic, and tranquilizing effects in humans and animals. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-103 22427071-1 2012 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is generated from glutamate by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and characterized by hypotensive, diuretic, and tranquilizing effects in humans and animals. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-108 22427071-8 2012 The ST128 transformants carrying the plasmid-encoded gadB produced functional GAD enzyme as evidenced by the conversion of glutamate to GABA at a rate similar to strains with the gadB/gadC operon located on the chromosome. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 136-140 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 78-81 22427071-9 2012 The results demonstrated the potential to impart to non-GABA-producing strains of S. thermophilus and other lactic acid bacteria the GAD(+) phenotype that improves their appeal in possible applications in the development of health-promoting functional foods. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 56-60 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 133-136 22937649-7 2012 Under hypoxia stress, the addition of exogenous GABA increased the leaf- and root GABA and glutamic acid contents and decreased the GAD activity significantly. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 48-52 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 132-135 22511241-3 2012 Previous studies implicate a critical role of GABA in extinction learning, specifically the GAD65 isoform of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 46-50 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 138-165 22499087-4 2012 Despite evidence that anti-GAD and related autoantibodies impair GABA synthesis, the exact pathogenic mechanism of SPS is not fully elucidated. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 65-69 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 27-30 22564729-1 2012 The GAD1 gene encodes the 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis from glutamic acid, and may be involved in the development of drug dependence. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 4-8 22564729-1 2012 The GAD1 gene encodes the 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis from glutamic acid, and may be involved in the development of drug dependence. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-60 22564729-1 2012 The GAD1 gene encodes the 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis from glutamic acid, and may be involved in the development of drug dependence. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 70-75 22564729-1 2012 The GAD1 gene encodes the 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis from glutamic acid, and may be involved in the development of drug dependence. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-148 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 4-8 22564729-1 2012 The GAD1 gene encodes the 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis from glutamic acid, and may be involved in the development of drug dependence. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-148 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-60 22564729-1 2012 The GAD1 gene encodes the 67-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis from glutamic acid, and may be involved in the development of drug dependence. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-148 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 70-75 22511241-3 2012 Previous studies implicate a critical role of GABA in extinction learning, specifically the GAD65 isoform of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 46-50 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 92-95 22511241-3 2012 Previous studies implicate a critical role of GABA in extinction learning, specifically the GAD65 isoform of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 113-117 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 138-165 22511241-3 2012 Previous studies implicate a critical role of GABA in extinction learning, specifically the GAD65 isoform of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 113-117 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 92-95 22662185-3 2012 Glutamic acid dehydrogenase GAD1, the key enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory and anxiolytic neurotransmitter GABA, is supposed to influence various mental disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 117-121 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 28-32 21215273-2 2012 In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), these alterations include lower transcript expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) and somatostatin (SST), a neuropeptide expressed in the Martinotti subpopulation of GABA neurons whose axons innervate the distal apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 224-228 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 133-138 22103299-4 2012 The present study focuses on the effect of mhtt on the subcellular localization of GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), the enzyme responsible for synthesizing GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 158-162 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-86 22103299-4 2012 The present study focuses on the effect of mhtt on the subcellular localization of GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), the enzyme responsible for synthesizing GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 158-162 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 88-115 22103299-4 2012 The present study focuses on the effect of mhtt on the subcellular localization of GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), the enzyme responsible for synthesizing GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 164-187 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-86 22103299-4 2012 The present study focuses on the effect of mhtt on the subcellular localization of GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), the enzyme responsible for synthesizing GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 164-187 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 88-115 22457755-1 2012 Recent studies of the hippocampus have suggested that a network of genes is associated with the regulation of the GAD67 (GAD1) expression and may play a role in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 161-185 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 114-119 22457755-1 2012 Recent studies of the hippocampus have suggested that a network of genes is associated with the regulation of the GAD67 (GAD1) expression and may play a role in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 161-185 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 121-125 22457755-1 2012 Recent studies of the hippocampus have suggested that a network of genes is associated with the regulation of the GAD67 (GAD1) expression and may play a role in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 187-191 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 114-119 22457755-1 2012 Recent studies of the hippocampus have suggested that a network of genes is associated with the regulation of the GAD67 (GAD1) expression and may play a role in gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 187-191 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 121-125 22457755-2 2012 To obtain a more detailed understanding of how GAD67 regulation may result in GABAergic dysfunction, we have developed an in vitro model in which GABA cells are differentiated from the hippocampal precursor cell line, HiB5. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 78-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-52 22457755-3 2012 Growth factors, such as PDGF, and BDNF, regulate the GABA phenotype by inducing the expression of GAD67 and stimulating the growth of cellular processes, many with growth cones that form appositions with the cell bodies and processes of other GAD67-positive cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 98-103 22457755-3 2012 Growth factors, such as PDGF, and BDNF, regulate the GABA phenotype by inducing the expression of GAD67 and stimulating the growth of cellular processes, many with growth cones that form appositions with the cell bodies and processes of other GAD67-positive cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 243-248 22188660-1 2011 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme for producing gamma-aminobutyric acid, and it has been suggested that antibodies against GAD play a role in neurological conditions and type 1 diabetes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 22188660-1 2011 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme for producing gamma-aminobutyric acid, and it has been suggested that antibodies against GAD play a role in neurological conditions and type 1 diabetes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 22188660-1 2011 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme for producing gamma-aminobutyric acid, and it has been suggested that antibodies against GAD play a role in neurological conditions and type 1 diabetes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 163-166 22159125-3 2011 In postmortem studies of schizophrenia patients, these interneurons show reduced PV and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), an enzyme that synthesizes GABA, but the consequences of this downregulation are unclear. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 155-159 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 88-118 22159125-3 2011 In postmortem studies of schizophrenia patients, these interneurons show reduced PV and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), an enzyme that synthesizes GABA, but the consequences of this downregulation are unclear. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 155-159 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 120-125 21509853-10 2012 Provided that the strong expression of GAD67 results in synthesis of GABA in hippocampal mossy fibers this may represent a self-protecting mechanism in TLE. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 69-73 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 39-44 21509853-11 2012 In addition GAD67 expression also may result in conversion of excessive intracellular glutamate to nontoxic GABA within mossy fiber terminals. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 108-112 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-17 22367838-1 2012 INTRODUCTION: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme converting glutamate into gamma-aminobutyric acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 102-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 14-41 22367838-1 2012 INTRODUCTION: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme converting glutamate into gamma-aminobutyric acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 102-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 43-46 22571893-2 2012 One of the most replicated and well-established postmortem findings is a deficit in the expression of the gene encoding the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), the primary GABA-producing enzyme in the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 191-195 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 171-176 23027422-2 2012 Significant decreases in the expression of GAD67, a marker for GABA cell function, have been found repeatedly in several different brain regions that include the hippocampus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 63-67 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 43-48 21632647-1 2011 OBJECTIVE: Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with altered activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which has been attributed to lower expression of the 67 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), the major gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 241-264 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 223-228 21422269-3 2011 GABA is synthesized within boutons by glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GAD67, while GAT1 is responsible for GABA reuptake. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 81-86 21422269-9 2011 In addition, they strongly suggest that altered levels of GAD67 or GAD65, as seen in some psychiatric diseases, would have cell type-specific consequences on the modulation of GABA neurotransmission. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 176-180 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 58-63 21748804-2 2011 Throughout the adult human brain, they express the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD 67, the GABA metabolizing enzyme GABA-T, and the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 51-55 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-82 21901839-5 2011 The key synthesizing enzymes for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase type 65 and 67 (GAD65 and GAD67), are decreased in the cerebellum and closer examination of mRNA levels revealed that it is largely due to decreases in Purkinje cells and a subpopulation of larger dentate neurons as measured by in situ hybridization studies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 33-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-98 21638087-10 2011 The surviving small GAD-positive DN neurons provided normal GABA-ergic terminals to intact inferior olivary nuclei. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 60-64 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 20-23 21632647-1 2011 OBJECTIVE: Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with altered activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which has been attributed to lower expression of the 67 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), the major gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 266-270 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 223-228 21632647-5 2011 In five of these pairs, multilabel confocal immunofluorescence was used to quantify GAD67 protein levels in the axon terminals of parvalbumin-containing GABA neurons, which are known to have low levels of GAD67 mRNA in schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 84-89 21632647-8 2011 CONCLUSIONS: The findings that lower GAD67 mRNA expression is common in schizophrenia, that it is not a consequence of having the illness, and that it leads to less translation of the protein, especially in the axon terminals of parvalbumin-containing neurons, support the hypothesis that lower GABA synthesis in parvalbumin neurons contributes to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction and impaired cognition in schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 295-299 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 37-42 21276774-4 2011 The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized from L-glutamic acid by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) of which there are two major isoforms: GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 87-114 21795557-0 2011 Expression of GABA signaling molecules KCC2, NKCC1, and GAD1 in cortical development and schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-18 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 56-60 21795557-2 2011 We examined the expression of transcripts derived from three genes related to GABA signaling [GAD1 (GAD67 and GAD25), SLC12A2 (NKCC1), and SLC12A5 (KCC2)] in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal formation of a large cohort of nonpsychiatric control human brains (n = 240) across the lifespan (from fetal week 14 to 80 years) and in patients with schizophrenia (n = 30-31), using quantitative RT-PCR. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 78-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 94-98 21795557-2 2011 We examined the expression of transcripts derived from three genes related to GABA signaling [GAD1 (GAD67 and GAD25), SLC12A2 (NKCC1), and SLC12A5 (KCC2)] in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal formation of a large cohort of nonpsychiatric control human brains (n = 240) across the lifespan (from fetal week 14 to 80 years) and in patients with schizophrenia (n = 30-31), using quantitative RT-PCR. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 78-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 100-105 20869372-1 2011 GAD67 corresponds to one of two enzymes that decarboxylates glutamate to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, hence defining the cellular phenotype of a diverse set of inhibitory interneurons of the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 81-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-5 21184762-3 2011 In schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, a network of genes involved in the regulation of GAD67, a marker for the functional differentiation of GABA cells, show pronounced changes in expression and include kainate receptor subunits, TGFbeta and Wnt signaling pathways, epigenetic factors and transcription factors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 142-146 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 88-93 21419704-1 2011 BACKGROUND: Gene transfer of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and other methods that modulate production of GABA in the subthalamic nucleus improve basal ganglia function in parkinsonism in animal models. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-113 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 58-61 21276774-4 2011 The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized from L-glutamic acid by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) of which there are two major isoforms: GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 116-119 21276774-4 2011 The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized from L-glutamic acid by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) of which there are two major isoforms: GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 170-175 21357831-0 2011 GABA(B) receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis and anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-63 21357831-1 2011 BACKGROUND: gamma-Aminobutyric acid-B receptor antibodies (GABA(B)R-ab) were recently described in 15 patients with limbic encephalitis (LE), associated with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or with concurrent glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-63 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 207-234 21357831-1 2011 BACKGROUND: gamma-Aminobutyric acid-B receptor antibodies (GABA(B)R-ab) were recently described in 15 patients with limbic encephalitis (LE), associated with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or with concurrent glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-63 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 236-239 21357831-2 2011 We analyzed the frequency of GABA(B)R-ab in 147 patients with LE or neurologic syndromes associated with GAD-ab. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 29-33 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-108 21357831-10 2011 However, one patient with GAD-ab, paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia, and anaplastic carcinoid of the thymus also presented GABA(B)R-ab. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 122-126 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-29 21357831-12 2011 In patients with GAD-ab, the frequency of GABA(B)R-ab is low and only observed in the context of cancer. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 42-46 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 17-20 20970451-4 2011 cDNAs encoding the GABA biosynthetic enzyme Gad1 and of adrenomedullin, galanin, prodynorphin, somatostatin, and tachykinin were found in the WSNs. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 19-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 44-48 20969567-4 2010 GABA synthesis is primarily catalyzed by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-68 20970463-4 2011 Our data show that the decrease in GABA expression in the spinal dorsal horn of injured animals is concomitant with a decline of its synthetic enzyme GAD67-Ir and mRNA but not GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 35-39 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 150-155 20970463-5 2011 Interestingly, in transplanted animals we observed a strong induction of GAD67 mRNA with one week after graft, which is followed by a recovery of GAD67 and GABA Ir. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 156-160 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 73-78 21093461-3 2011 By using RT-PCR we detected mRNA expression of different components of the GABAergic system in resting and mitogen-activated lymphocytes: i) GAD67, an isoform of the enzyme that synthetizes GABA; ii) VIAAT, the vesicular protein involved in GABA storage; iii) GABA transporters (GAT-1 and GAT-2); iv) GABA-T, the enzyme that catabolizes GABA; and v) subunits that conform ionotropic GABA receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-79 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 141-146 21093461-3 2011 By using RT-PCR we detected mRNA expression of different components of the GABAergic system in resting and mitogen-activated lymphocytes: i) GAD67, an isoform of the enzyme that synthetizes GABA; ii) VIAAT, the vesicular protein involved in GABA storage; iii) GABA transporters (GAT-1 and GAT-2); iv) GABA-T, the enzyme that catabolizes GABA; and v) subunits that conform ionotropic GABA receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 190-194 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 141-146 21093461-3 2011 By using RT-PCR we detected mRNA expression of different components of the GABAergic system in resting and mitogen-activated lymphocytes: i) GAD67, an isoform of the enzyme that synthetizes GABA; ii) VIAAT, the vesicular protein involved in GABA storage; iii) GABA transporters (GAT-1 and GAT-2); iv) GABA-T, the enzyme that catabolizes GABA; and v) subunits that conform ionotropic GABA receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 190-194 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 141-146 21046567-4 2011 We show that in adult human brain tissue, astrocytes immunostain for the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD 67, the GABA metabolizing enzyme GABA-T and the GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 73-77 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 98-104 20969567-4 2010 GABA synthesis is primarily catalyzed by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 70-73 20969567-13 2010 These results provide evidence for the role of D1R-cAMP-PKA signaling in IH-mediated inhibition of GAD67 via protein phosphorylation resulting in down-regulation of GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 165-169 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-104 20659561-5 2010 Immunohistochemical studies and Western blotting were performed to examine the expression of glutamic decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme in the synthesis of GABA, in the striatum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 158-162 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-115 20659561-5 2010 Immunohistochemical studies and Western blotting were performed to examine the expression of glutamic decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme in the synthesis of GABA, in the striatum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 158-162 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 117-120 20580636-9 2010 Coexpression of GABA(A) receptors with the GABA synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) also resulted in an increase in receptor surface levels. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 16-20 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 65-95 20805323-1 2010 The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-56 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 109-136 20805323-1 2010 The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-56 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 138-141 20805323-1 2010 The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-56 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 154-159 20805323-1 2010 The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 58-62 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 109-136 20805323-1 2010 The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 58-62 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 138-141 21034448-1 2010 BACKGROUND: The production of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is dependent on glutamate decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67), the enzymes that catalyze the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 30-54 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 114-119 21034448-1 2010 BACKGROUND: The production of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is dependent on glutamate decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67), the enzymes that catalyze the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 56-60 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 114-119 21034448-1 2010 BACKGROUND: The production of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is dependent on glutamate decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67), the enzymes that catalyze the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 184-188 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 114-119 21034448-10 2010 CONCLUSIONS: In the context that GAD67 is the rate limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis, the correlation of GAD67 gene expression with MUC5AC expressions suggests that the up-regulation of airway epithelium expression of GAD67 may contribute to the increase in mucus production observed in association with cigarette smoking. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 70-74 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 33-38 20805323-1 2010 The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 58-62 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 154-159 20805323-2 2010 Whereas GAD67 is constitutively active and produces >90% of GABA in the central nervous system, GAD65 is transiently activated and augments GABA levels for rapid modulation of inhibitory neurotransmission. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 63-67 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 8-13 20805323-7 2010 Thus two distinct mechanisms target the constitutively active GAD67 to presynaptic clusters to facilitate accumulation of GABA for rapid delivery into synapses. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 122-126 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 62-67 20550553-0 2010 Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with epilepsy are associated with low cortical GABA levels. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 105-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-45 20550553-1 2010 Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the major pathway for the synthesis of c-aminobutyric acid(GABA) in humans, are found at elevated levels in a subgroup of patients with chronic epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 108-112 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 14-41 20550553-1 2010 Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the major pathway for the synthesis of c-aminobutyric acid(GABA) in humans, are found at elevated levels in a subgroup of patients with chronic epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 108-112 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 43-46 20550553-6 2010 Demonstration of an association between high serum GAD antibodies and low cortical GABA levels in patients with epilepsy suggests that GAD antibodies are, at least, a marker of a specific disease process and support a role for immune-mediated GABAergic dysfunction. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 83-87 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 51-54 20550553-6 2010 Demonstration of an association between high serum GAD antibodies and low cortical GABA levels in patients with epilepsy suggests that GAD antibodies are, at least, a marker of a specific disease process and support a role for immune-mediated GABAergic dysfunction. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 83-87 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 135-138 20580636-9 2010 Coexpression of GABA(A) receptors with the GABA synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) also resulted in an increase in receptor surface levels. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 16-20 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 97-102 20100621-7 2010 Our findings confirm that GABA deficits (reduced GAD67) are a consistent feature of schizophrenia postmortem brain studies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 26-30 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 49-54 20357758-0 2010 Genetic modulation of GABA levels in the anterior cingulate cortex by GAD1 and COMT. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 22-26 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 70-74 20357758-2 2010 We tested the in vivo effects of variations in two genes implicated in GABA function on GABA concentrations in prefrontal cortex of living subjects: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), which encodes GAD67, and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), which regulates synaptic dopamine in the cortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 180-184 20357758-2 2010 We tested the in vivo effects of variations in two genes implicated in GABA function on GABA concentrations in prefrontal cortex of living subjects: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), which encodes GAD67, and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), which regulates synaptic dopamine in the cortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 201-206 20357758-2 2010 We tested the in vivo effects of variations in two genes implicated in GABA function on GABA concentrations in prefrontal cortex of living subjects: glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1), which encodes GAD67, and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), which regulates synaptic dopamine in the cortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-92 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 180-184 20357758-4 2010 Two of the GAD1 SNPs (rs1978340 (p=0.005) and rs769390 (p=0.004)) showed effects on GABA levels as did COMT val158met (p=0.04). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 84-88 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 11-15 20357758-7 2010 Interestingly, GAD1 risk alleles for schizophrenia were associated with higher GABA/Cre, and Val-Val homozygotes had high GABA/Cre levels when on a GAD1 risk genotype background (N=6). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-83 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 15-19 20357758-8 2010 These results support the importance of genetic variation in GAD1 and COMT in regulating prefrontal cortical GABA function. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-113 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 61-65 20650017-7 2010 Immunohistochemistry showed the vesicular glutamate transporter, vGluT2, to be present in the characteristic synaptic boutons of efferent terminals, whereas the GABA synthetic enzyme, GAD, was present in much smaller processes of intrinsic retinal neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 161-165 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 184-187 20503259-1 2010 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and an important autoantigen both in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and stiff-person syndrome (SPS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 92-116 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 20503259-1 2010 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and an important autoantigen both in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and stiff-person syndrome (SPS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 92-116 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 20503259-1 2010 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and an important autoantigen both in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and stiff-person syndrome (SPS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 118-122 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 20503259-1 2010 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and an important autoantigen both in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and stiff-person syndrome (SPS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 118-122 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 19321177-1 2009 Reduced levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase(67) (GAD(67)), an essential enzyme for GABA synthesis, is one of the most consistent gene expression changes found in the frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 85-89 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-49 20236554-4 2010 The goal of this study was to test whether the level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA synthesizing enzyme, will also be reduced in the same cortical region in MDD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 95-99 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 56-83 20236554-4 2010 The goal of this study was to test whether the level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA synthesizing enzyme, will also be reduced in the same cortical region in MDD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 95-99 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 85-88 20236554-10 2010 Reduced levels of GAD-67, which is localized to somata of GABA neurons, further support our observation of a decreased density of GABAergic neurons in the PFC in depression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 58-62 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-24 20236554-11 2010 It is likely that a decrease in GAD-67 accounts for the reduction in GABA levels revealed by neuroimaging studies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 69-73 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 32-38 20405034-1 2010 Glutamic acid decarboxylase is responsible for synthesizing GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, and exists in two isoforms--GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 60-64 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 143-148 20560363-7 2010 Third, another subset of GABA neurons that express the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) also appear to be affected because their specific markers, SST and neuropeptide Y mRNAs, are decreased in a manner highly correlated with the decreases in GAD67 mRNA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 242-247 20161990-5 2010 Cellular SAT1 distribution resembles that of GAD67, an essential GABA synthesis enzyme, suggesting that SAT1 can be involved in translocating glutamine into GABAergic neurons to facilitate inhibitory neurotransmitter generation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 65-69 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-50 20196490-11 2010 Since GAD catalyzes production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it is proposed that anti-GAD antibodies reduce synthesis of GABA or interferes with exocytosis of GABA in the nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 34-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 6-9 20196490-11 2010 Since GAD catalyzes production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it is proposed that anti-GAD antibodies reduce synthesis of GABA or interferes with exocytosis of GABA in the nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 34-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 20196490-11 2010 Since GAD catalyzes production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it is proposed that anti-GAD antibodies reduce synthesis of GABA or interferes with exocytosis of GABA in the nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-63 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 6-9 20196490-11 2010 Since GAD catalyzes production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it is proposed that anti-GAD antibodies reduce synthesis of GABA or interferes with exocytosis of GABA in the nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-63 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 20196490-11 2010 Since GAD catalyzes production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it is proposed that anti-GAD antibodies reduce synthesis of GABA or interferes with exocytosis of GABA in the nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 126-130 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 6-9 20196490-11 2010 Since GAD catalyzes production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it is proposed that anti-GAD antibodies reduce synthesis of GABA or interferes with exocytosis of GABA in the nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 126-130 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 20196490-11 2010 Since GAD catalyzes production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it is proposed that anti-GAD antibodies reduce synthesis of GABA or interferes with exocytosis of GABA in the nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 126-130 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 6-9 20196490-11 2010 Since GAD catalyzes production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it is proposed that anti-GAD antibodies reduce synthesis of GABA or interferes with exocytosis of GABA in the nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 126-130 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 20573306-1 2010 The cell line M213-2O CL-4 was derived from cell line M213-2O and further modified to express human glutamate decarboxylase (hGAD-67), the enzyme that synthesizes GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 163-167 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 125-132 19545602-7 2009 Expression levels of EGAD mRNA were transient with an increase in the early gestational ages, whereas that of GAD-67 mRNA increased in late gestational ages, indicating the changing role of GABA from a trophic factor to that of a neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 190-194 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 110-116 19428801-5 2009 Since the rate-limiting step in GABA biosynthesis is the decarboxylation of glutamate by GAD, it is important to understand how GAD is regulated. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 89-92 19428801-5 2009 Since the rate-limiting step in GABA biosynthesis is the decarboxylation of glutamate by GAD, it is important to understand how GAD is regulated. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 128-131 19321177-1 2009 Reduced levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase(67) (GAD(67)), an essential enzyme for GABA synthesis, is one of the most consistent gene expression changes found in the frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 85-89 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 51-58 19321177-7 2009 These findings suggest that there may be a widespread reduction in GABA neurotransmission due to a decrease in the synthesis of GAD(67) in subjects with psychiatric disorders. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 67-71 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 128-135 19150172-2 2009 GAD catalyses the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 45-68 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 19150172-2 2009 GAD catalyses the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 70-74 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 19188247-6 2009 A mechanism unique to GABAergic neurons is activity-dependent GABA synthesis, largely mediated through activity-regulated transcription of the rate-limiting enzyme GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 22-26 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 164-169 18538859-2 2009 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme of GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 19139806-2 2009 The glutamate decarboxylase gene 1 (GAD1) located within chromosome 2q31 encodes the enzyme, GAD67, catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 129-152 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 4-34 19139806-2 2009 The glutamate decarboxylase gene 1 (GAD1) located within chromosome 2q31 encodes the enzyme, GAD67, catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 129-152 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 36-40 19139806-2 2009 The glutamate decarboxylase gene 1 (GAD1) located within chromosome 2q31 encodes the enzyme, GAD67, catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 129-152 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-98 19139806-2 2009 The glutamate decarboxylase gene 1 (GAD1) located within chromosome 2q31 encodes the enzyme, GAD67, catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 154-158 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 4-34 19139806-2 2009 The glutamate decarboxylase gene 1 (GAD1) located within chromosome 2q31 encodes the enzyme, GAD67, catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 154-158 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 36-40 19139806-2 2009 The glutamate decarboxylase gene 1 (GAD1) located within chromosome 2q31 encodes the enzyme, GAD67, catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 154-158 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-98 19107747-2 2009 Neurological symptoms, including stiff-man syndrome and cerebellar ataxia, can occur in subjects with high levels of GAD autoAbs, particularly when patient sera can immunohistochemically stain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 193-216 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 117-120 19107747-2 2009 Neurological symptoms, including stiff-man syndrome and cerebellar ataxia, can occur in subjects with high levels of GAD autoAbs, particularly when patient sera can immunohistochemically stain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 218-222 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 117-120 19358307-3 2009 To determine any underlying abnormalities in the critically important GABAergic system, the rate-limiting GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) type 65 was measured via in situ hybridization histochemistry in dentate somata. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 70-74 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 161-164 18538859-2 2009 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme of GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 19110320-1 2009 Recent advances in schizophrenia (SZ) research indicate that the telencephalic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission deficit associated with this psychiatric disorder probably is mediated by the hypermethylation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), reelin and other GABAergic promoters. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 235-265 19110320-1 2009 Recent advances in schizophrenia (SZ) research indicate that the telencephalic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission deficit associated with this psychiatric disorder probably is mediated by the hypermethylation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), reelin and other GABAergic promoters. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 267-274 19110320-1 2009 Recent advances in schizophrenia (SZ) research indicate that the telencephalic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission deficit associated with this psychiatric disorder probably is mediated by the hypermethylation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), reelin and other GABAergic promoters. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-108 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 235-265 19110320-1 2009 Recent advances in schizophrenia (SZ) research indicate that the telencephalic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission deficit associated with this psychiatric disorder probably is mediated by the hypermethylation of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), reelin and other GABAergic promoters. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-108 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 267-274 18571743-7 2008 In vivo and in vitro analyses provided evidence that the GABAergic cells show sustained expression of both GAD67 and hGAD67 cDNA, as well as increased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the ventral mesencephalon of transplanted animals. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 57-61 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 117-123 18180106-3 2008 In this study, we tested whether the transfer of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) gene to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells would attenuate below-injury level central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) by using a novel human foamy virus (HFV) vector to achieve release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 314-318 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 82-85 18270816-2 2008 GABA is converted from glutamic acid by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 54-81 18270816-2 2008 GABA is converted from glutamic acid by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-86 18270816-5 2008 Since GAD is the rate-limiting enzyme in controlling GABA synthesis, it is important to understand how GAD is regulated in the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 6-9 18270816-5 2008 Since GAD is the rate-limiting enzyme in controlling GABA synthesis, it is important to understand how GAD is regulated in the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 103-106 18177354-1 2008 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme which catalyzes the production of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 82-105 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 18177354-1 2008 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme which catalyzes the production of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 82-105 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 18177354-1 2008 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme which catalyzes the production of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 18177354-1 2008 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme which catalyzes the production of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 18243164-6 2008 Therefore tissues were fixed by zinc-aldehyde to enhance immunoreactivity for a low level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA synthetic enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 132-136 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-120 18243164-6 2008 Therefore tissues were fixed by zinc-aldehyde to enhance immunoreactivity for a low level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA synthetic enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 132-136 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 122-125 17918742-5 2008 The level of GAD67 mRNA, one of the isoforms of the key synthesizing enzymes for GABA, was quantified at the single-cell level using in situ hybridization in brains of autistic and aged-matched controls. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 81-85 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 13-18 18180106-3 2008 In this study, we tested whether the transfer of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) gene to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells would attenuate below-injury level central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) by using a novel human foamy virus (HFV) vector to achieve release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 289-312 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 82-85 18176866-7 2008 CONCLUSION: The inhibition in neuronal transmission only after application of GAD-positive epileptic serum, suggests an interference with GABA function and consequently with neuronal inhibition supporting a pathogenetic role of GAD-Ab in the development of epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 138-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 78-81 18176866-7 2008 CONCLUSION: The inhibition in neuronal transmission only after application of GAD-positive epileptic serum, suggests an interference with GABA function and consequently with neuronal inhibition supporting a pathogenetic role of GAD-Ab in the development of epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 138-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 228-231 18180106-6 2008 We also found that subcutaneous inoculation of rdvGAD67 resulted in enhanced production of GAD and tonical GABA release from transduced DRG neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 50-53 17661369-11 2007 In conclusion, this study is the first indication of the existence of the GABA biosynthetic enzyme GAD and of the GABA transporter vGAT in sponges, as well as the first demonstration that the neurotransmitter GABA is released extracellularly. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 17661369-4 2007 The capacity to synthesize GABA from glutamate and to transport it into the vesicles was confirmed by the presence in C. nucula of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and vesicular GABA transporters (vGATs), respectively. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 27-31 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 156-159 17652798-1 2007 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, which catalyses the reaction of L-glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 134-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 17942900-8 2007 Clinical PDAC tissues contained a higher level of GABA than normal pancreas tissues due to the up-regulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 expression, suggesting their autocrine/paracrine growth-promoting effect in PDACs. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 50-54 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 112-137 17767149-1 2007 Cortical GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated as a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and decreased expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), encoded by GAD1, is found in schizophrenic post-mortem brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 142-165 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 190-220 17767149-1 2007 Cortical GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated as a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and decreased expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), encoded by GAD1, is found in schizophrenic post-mortem brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 142-165 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 222-229 17767149-1 2007 Cortical GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated as a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and decreased expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), encoded by GAD1, is found in schizophrenic post-mortem brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 142-165 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 243-247 17767149-1 2007 Cortical GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated as a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and decreased expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), encoded by GAD1, is found in schizophrenic post-mortem brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 9-13 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 190-220 17767149-1 2007 Cortical GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated as a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and decreased expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), encoded by GAD1, is found in schizophrenic post-mortem brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 9-13 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 222-229 17767149-1 2007 Cortical GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated as a key component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and decreased expression of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD(67)), encoded by GAD1, is found in schizophrenic post-mortem brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 9-13 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 243-247 17767149-8 2007 These coincident results implicate GAD1 in the etiology of schizophrenia and suggest that the mechanism involves altered cortical GABA inhibitory activity, perhaps modulated by dopaminergic function. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 35-39 17395389-3 2007 Here, we investigate in early postnatal rat if SVZ/RMS cells undertake the same synthetic pathway by which GABA is produced in differentiated neurons, i.e. the decarboxylation of glutamate by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), or, if an alternative pathway, the conversion of putrescine into GABA, also contributes to GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-111 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 196-223 17395389-3 2007 Here, we investigate in early postnatal rat if SVZ/RMS cells undertake the same synthetic pathway by which GABA is produced in differentiated neurons, i.e. the decarboxylation of glutamate by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), or, if an alternative pathway, the conversion of putrescine into GABA, also contributes to GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 296-300 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 225-228 17395389-3 2007 Here, we investigate in early postnatal rat if SVZ/RMS cells undertake the same synthetic pathway by which GABA is produced in differentiated neurons, i.e. the decarboxylation of glutamate by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), or, if an alternative pathway, the conversion of putrescine into GABA, also contributes to GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 296-300 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 225-228 17235515-5 2007 The results indicate that GAD67 mRNA level was reduced by 40% in the autistic group (P < 0.0001; two-tailed t test), suggesting that reduced Purkinje cell GABA input to the cerebellar nuclei potentially disrupts cerebellar output to higher association cortices affecting motor and/or cognitive function. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 158-162 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-31 17579580-4 2007 Second, HFV vectors containing human glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) complementary DNA, which encodes an inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing enzyme, were used to examine the function of GAD on GABA synthesis in cultured astrocytes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 135-158 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 66-69 17579580-4 2007 Second, HFV vectors containing human glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) complementary DNA, which encodes an inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing enzyme, were used to examine the function of GAD on GABA synthesis in cultured astrocytes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 160-164 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 66-69 17579580-5 2007 We found that the transduction of GAD vector resulted in isoform-specific expression of GAD, synthesis of a significant amount of GABA and tonical GABA release, and behavioral recovery in rat Parkinson"s disease (PD) models. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 34-37 17579580-5 2007 We found that the transduction of GAD vector resulted in isoform-specific expression of GAD, synthesis of a significant amount of GABA and tonical GABA release, and behavioral recovery in rat Parkinson"s disease (PD) models. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 147-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 34-37 17582330-0 2007 GAD67-mediated GABA synthesis and signaling regulate inhibitory synaptic innervation in the visual cortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 15-19 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-5 17582330-6 2007 Since intracellular GABA levels are modulated by neuronal activity, our results implicate GAD67-mediated GABA synthesis in activity-dependent regulation of inhibitory innervation patterns. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 20-24 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 90-95 17582330-6 2007 Since intracellular GABA levels are modulated by neuronal activity, our results implicate GAD67-mediated GABA synthesis in activity-dependent regulation of inhibitory innervation patterns. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 105-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 90-95 17600364-1 2007 OBJECTIVE: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid into GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 92-96 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 11-38 17600364-1 2007 OBJECTIVE: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid into GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 92-96 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 40-43 17362888-1 2007 GAD65 and GAD67 are the two major isoforms of the enzyme that converts glutamate into GABA in a single step reaction. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-90 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 10-15 17331479-6 2007 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) produces GABA; the two molecular forms of the enzyme, GAD65 and GAD67, are expressed in distinct, but largely overlapping, groups of neurons, and GAD67 is the predominant form in the neocortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 17331479-6 2007 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) produces GABA; the two molecular forms of the enzyme, GAD65 and GAD67, are expressed in distinct, but largely overlapping, groups of neurons, and GAD67 is the predominant form in the neocortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 17331479-6 2007 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) produces GABA; the two molecular forms of the enzyme, GAD65 and GAD67, are expressed in distinct, but largely overlapping, groups of neurons, and GAD67 is the predominant form in the neocortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 98-103 17331479-6 2007 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) produces GABA; the two molecular forms of the enzyme, GAD65 and GAD67, are expressed in distinct, but largely overlapping, groups of neurons, and GAD67 is the predominant form in the neocortex. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 180-185 17652798-1 2007 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, which catalyses the reaction of L-glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 134-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 16677720-5 2006 Transduction of human GAD67 cDNA into immortalized striatal cell lines using an Epstein-Barr virus-based plasmid vector increases GABA content. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 22-27 17384644-1 2007 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the pyridoxal 5"-phosphate-dependent enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 148-153 17384644-1 2007 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of the pyridoxal 5"-phosphate-dependent enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 148-153 17384644-2 2007 GAD67 is constitutively active and is responsible for basal GABA production. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 60-64 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-5 17384644-5 2007 The structure of GAD67 shows a tethered loop covering the active site, providing a catalytic environment that sustains GABA production. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-123 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 17-22 16984900-1 2006 Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is an autoimmune neurological disorder characterized by autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 209-213 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-129 16984900-1 2006 Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is an autoimmune neurological disorder characterized by autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 209-213 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 131-134 17011586-4 2006 The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of the most abundant GABA(A)-receptor subunit mRNAs and the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the prefrontal, temporal, occipital and cerebellar cortex of ALS patients compared to tissue of control persons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-119 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 140-167 17011586-4 2006 The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of the most abundant GABA(A)-receptor subunit mRNAs and the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the prefrontal, temporal, occipital and cerebellar cortex of ALS patients compared to tissue of control persons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 115-119 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 169-172 17011586-6 2006 In the prefrontal and temporal cortex of ALS patients, we detected significantly reduced mRNA expression of the alpha1-subunit, while the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was significantly upregulated in these regions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 138-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 163-190 17011586-6 2006 In the prefrontal and temporal cortex of ALS patients, we detected significantly reduced mRNA expression of the alpha1-subunit, while the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was significantly upregulated in these regions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 138-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 192-195 17405927-3 2007 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme of GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 17405927-3 2007 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme of GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-59 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 16718280-2 2006 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes synthesize GABA from glutamate, and, thus, are reasonable candidate susceptibility genes for these conditions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 16718280-2 2006 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes synthesize GABA from glutamate, and, thus, are reasonable candidate susceptibility genes for these conditions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 15505639-2 2005 Expression studies have shown a decrease in the major GABA-synthesizing enzyme (glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) mRNA levels in neurons in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenics relative to controls. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 54-58 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 109-114 16501965-3 2006 Thus, the first goal of this study was to determine the pattern of GABAergic cell expression in the South America opossum retina by using an immunohistochemical approach for GABA and for its synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 67-71 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 209-236 16501965-3 2006 Thus, the first goal of this study was to determine the pattern of GABAergic cell expression in the South America opossum retina by using an immunohistochemical approach for GABA and for its synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 67-71 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 238-241 16460707-0 2006 Release of GABA from sensory neurons transduced with a GAD67-expressing vector occurs by non-vesicular mechanisms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 11-15 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 55-60 16146821-2 2005 We report that human pituitary glands also express 2 isoforms of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD 65; GAD 67), the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), and multiple subunits of GABA (A, B, and C) receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 69-73 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 127-133 16075246-2 2005 Although glutamate decarboxylase utilizes pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor during conversion of the excitatory amino acid, glutamate, to the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), several studies have failed to demonstrate a linkage to either of the glutamate-decarboxylase-encoding genes (GAD1 and GAD2) and PDS excluding involvement of this functional candidate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 197-201 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 314-318 16778687-3 2006 SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: We have previously shown that nonreplicating HSV-based vectors coding for proenkephalin or GAD can be used to transduce dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vivo to produce enkephalin or gamma-aminobutyric acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 216-239 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 119-122 16522373-1 2006 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that acts as an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, as well as in the regulation of neuroendocrine function. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-98 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 16522373-1 2006 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that acts as an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, as well as in the regulation of neuroendocrine function. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-98 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 16522373-1 2006 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that acts as an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, as well as in the regulation of neuroendocrine function. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 16522373-1 2006 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that acts as an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, as well as in the regulation of neuroendocrine function. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 16298486-5 2006 In situ hybridization of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) remained unchanged after the ischemic insult. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 29-33 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 54-84 16298486-5 2006 In situ hybridization of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) remained unchanged after the ischemic insult. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 29-33 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 86-91 16352293-2 2005 In the present study, the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), its synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67) and its receptor subtypes GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors were localized within the BON. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 54-77 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 137-143 16352293-2 2005 In the present study, the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), its synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67) and its receptor subtypes GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors were localized within the BON. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-83 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 137-143 16352293-2 2005 In the present study, the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), its synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67) and its receptor subtypes GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors were localized within the BON. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 171-175 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 137-143 15210535-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Stiff-person syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder associated with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme in gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 152-175 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-126 15560956-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate limiting enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulating levels of glutamate and GABA in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 117-140 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 15560956-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate limiting enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulating levels of glutamate and GABA in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 117-140 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 15560956-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate limiting enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulating levels of glutamate and GABA in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 142-146 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 15560956-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate limiting enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulating levels of glutamate and GABA in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 142-146 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 15560956-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate limiting enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulating levels of glutamate and GABA in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 183-187 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 12-39 15560956-1 2005 BACKGROUND: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate limiting enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulating levels of glutamate and GABA in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 183-187 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 41-44 15596740-2 2004 Recent findings in individuals with Batten disease and in animal models for the disorder indicate that this condition may be associated with autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that converts the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 300-323 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 164-191 15596740-2 2004 Recent findings in individuals with Batten disease and in animal models for the disorder indicate that this condition may be associated with autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that converts the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 300-323 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 193-196 15596740-2 2004 Recent findings in individuals with Batten disease and in animal models for the disorder indicate that this condition may be associated with autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that converts the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 325-329 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 164-191 15596740-2 2004 Recent findings in individuals with Batten disease and in animal models for the disorder indicate that this condition may be associated with autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that converts the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 325-329 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 193-196 15376773-5 2004 The capacity to synthesize GABA from glutamate was confirmed by measurement of a glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 27-31 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 106-109 15114630-2 2004 GABA is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 49-76 15114630-2 2004 GABA is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 78-81 15114630-10 2004 The results suggest a substantial dysregulation of GAD mRNA expression in schizophrenia and, taken together with the results of protein expression studies, raise the possibility that both cortical and subcortical GABA function may be compromised in the disease. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 213-217 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 51-54 15806582-1 2005 Recent evidence from postmortem studies suggests that GAD1 encoding the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme GAD67 is a functional candidate susceptibility gene for both bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-95 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 54-58 15806582-1 2005 Recent evidence from postmortem studies suggests that GAD1 encoding the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme GAD67 is a functional candidate susceptibility gene for both bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-95 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 120-125 15806582-1 2005 Recent evidence from postmortem studies suggests that GAD1 encoding the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme GAD67 is a functional candidate susceptibility gene for both bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 97-101 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 54-58 15806582-1 2005 Recent evidence from postmortem studies suggests that GAD1 encoding the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme GAD67 is a functional candidate susceptibility gene for both bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 97-101 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 120-125 15826997-1 2005 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 15826997-1 2005 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 15826997-1 2005 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-108 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 15826997-1 2005 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-108 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 15853764-6 2005 In neural and nonneural tissues, GABA is metabolized by three enzymes-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which produces GABA from glutamic acid, and the catabolic enzymes GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 33-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 62-97 15853764-6 2005 In neural and nonneural tissues, GABA is metabolized by three enzymes-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which produces GABA from glutamic acid, and the catabolic enzymes GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 33-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 15853764-6 2005 In neural and nonneural tissues, GABA is metabolized by three enzymes-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which produces GABA from glutamic acid, and the catabolic enzymes GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 120-124 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 62-97 15853764-6 2005 In neural and nonneural tissues, GABA is metabolized by three enzymes-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which produces GABA from glutamic acid, and the catabolic enzymes GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 120-124 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-102 15853764-9 2005 SSADH, the final enzyme of GABA catabolism, has been detected in some of the tissues in which GAD and GABA-T have been identified. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 27-31 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 94-97 15571623-5 2004 The minimal region contains the candidate gene GAD1, which encodes a glutamate decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), involved in conversion of the amino acid and excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 228-251 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-51 15571623-5 2004 The minimal region contains the candidate gene GAD1, which encodes a glutamate decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), involved in conversion of the amino acid and excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 228-251 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-107 15571623-5 2004 The minimal region contains the candidate gene GAD1, which encodes a glutamate decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), involved in conversion of the amino acid and excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 253-257 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-51 15571623-5 2004 The minimal region contains the candidate gene GAD1, which encodes a glutamate decarboxylase isoform (GAD67), involved in conversion of the amino acid and excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 253-257 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-107 15571623-8 2004 Further investigation seems merited of the possibility that variation in the GAD1 sequence, potentially affecting glutamate/GABA ratios, may underlie this form of spastic CP, given the presence of anti-GAD antibodies in SPS and the recognised excitotoxicity of glutamate in various contexts. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-128 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 77-81 15651297-6 2004 Stiff person syndrome (SPS) and its variants show characteristic symptoms and signs of central nervous system hyperexcitability due to antibodies to the GABA-ergic system such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), amphiphysin 1 and gephyrin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 179-206 15651297-6 2004 Stiff person syndrome (SPS) and its variants show characteristic symptoms and signs of central nervous system hyperexcitability due to antibodies to the GABA-ergic system such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), amphiphysin 1 and gephyrin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 153-157 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 208-211 15651297-7 2004 The role of GAD is the subject of debate, however, recent studies reveal the intrathecal synthesis of GAD which is specific for SPS and appears to impair GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 154-158 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-105 15103710-3 2004 In addition to its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is presumed to play a role in normal embryonic, especially facial, development. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-132 15103710-3 2004 In addition to its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is presumed to play a role in normal embryonic, especially facial, development. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 134-137 15103710-3 2004 In addition to its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is presumed to play a role in normal embryonic, especially facial, development. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 84-88 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-132 15103710-3 2004 In addition to its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is presumed to play a role in normal embryonic, especially facial, development. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 84-88 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 134-137 15210535-1 2004 BACKGROUND: Stiff-person syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder associated with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme in gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 152-175 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 128-131 12806177-5 2003 RT-PCR followed by sequencing showed that the GABA-synthesizing enzymes glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and/or GAD67, as well as the vesicular GABA transporter vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT/VGAT) are expressed. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 46-50 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 112-117 14681921-2 2004 Almost all of the brain GABA is synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes (GAD67 and GAD65). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 24-28 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 86-91 15581395-2 2004 The key enzyme regulating GABA synthesis, termed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and the important neurodevelopmental protein called reelin are coexpressed in GABAergic neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 26-30 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 49-79 15581395-2 2004 The key enzyme regulating GABA synthesis, termed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and the important neurodevelopmental protein called reelin are coexpressed in GABAergic neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 26-30 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 81-86 15381280-1 2004 In the previous study, we observed chronological alterations of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which is the enzyme converting glutamate into GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 145-149 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 64-91 15381280-1 2004 In the previous study, we observed chronological alterations of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which is the enzyme converting glutamate into GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 145-149 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-96 14637108-2 2003 GAD67 protein was detected immunochemically, while GAD67 activity in virus-producing and nonproducing cell lines was detected enzymatically or by GABA release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 146-150 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 51-56 12811640-0 2003 GAD(67): the link between the GABA-deficit hypothesis and the dopaminergic- and glutamatergic theories of psychosis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 30-34 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-7 12811640-6 2003 Since reduction in GAD(67) expression leads to reduced levels of GABA, the GABAergic inhibitory control over glutamatergic cells is reduced. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 65-69 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 19-26 12634427-4 2003 First, newly synthesized [(3)H]GABA from [(3)H]l-glutamate by membrane-associated GAD is taken up preferentially over preexisting GABA by using immunoaffinity-purified GABAergic SVs. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 31-35 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 82-85 12634427-2 2003 Here, we propose that there is a functional and structural coupling between the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by membrane-associated GAD and its packaging into synaptic vesicles (SVs) by vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 93-116 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 147-150 12634427-2 2003 Here, we propose that there is a functional and structural coupling between the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by membrane-associated GAD and its packaging into synaptic vesicles (SVs) by vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 118-122 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 147-150 12639725-2 2003 We reported previously that cerebellar GABA(A)-mediated synaptic transmission was presynaptically depressed by GAD-A in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 39-43 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 111-114 12639725-4 2003 Our results suggest that in in vitro slices, GAD-A elicited the pathophysiological action of reduction in GABA release, which subsequently resulted in dual synaptic impairment in the cerebellar circuit, by depression of GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmissions, and attenuation of GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition of excitatory transmissions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 106-110 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 12639725-4 2003 Our results suggest that in in vitro slices, GAD-A elicited the pathophysiological action of reduction in GABA release, which subsequently resulted in dual synaptic impairment in the cerebellar circuit, by depression of GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmissions, and attenuation of GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition of excitatory transmissions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 220-224 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 12639725-4 2003 Our results suggest that in in vitro slices, GAD-A elicited the pathophysiological action of reduction in GABA release, which subsequently resulted in dual synaptic impairment in the cerebellar circuit, by depression of GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmissions, and attenuation of GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition of excitatory transmissions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 220-224 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 12639725-4 2003 Our results suggest that in in vitro slices, GAD-A elicited the pathophysiological action of reduction in GABA release, which subsequently resulted in dual synaptic impairment in the cerebellar circuit, by depression of GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmissions, and attenuation of GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition of excitatory transmissions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 220-224 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 12686105-9 2003 For a long time glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a pyridoxal-dependent enzyme, has been suspected to be the abnormal gene product, but glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) studies on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been contradictory and recent genetic studies have not found any linkage to the two brain isoforms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 151-174 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 12686105-9 2003 For a long time glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a pyridoxal-dependent enzyme, has been suspected to be the abnormal gene product, but glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) studies on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been contradictory and recent genetic studies have not found any linkage to the two brain isoforms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 176-180 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 45-48 12538969-5 2002 The cause of the stiff-person syndrome is unknown but an autoimmune pathogenesis is suspected because 1) the presence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotrasmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 2) the association of the disease with other autoimmune disorders, 3) the presence of various autoantibodies and 4) a strong immunogenetic association. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 310-314 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 173-200 12891648-2 2003 GABA is converted from glutamic acid by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) of which two isoforms exist GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 54-81 12891648-2 2003 GABA is converted from glutamic acid by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) of which two isoforms exist GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-86 12891648-2 2003 GABA is converted from glutamic acid by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) of which two isoforms exist GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 126-131 14977367-3 2003 These abnormalities include a decrease of GAD67 and reelin expression, which result in a reduction of cortical inhibitory input to spine postsynaptic densities as a result of the decrease of GABA concentration at the synaptic cleft, and of neurotrophic stimuli as a result of the decrease of reelin secreted into the extracellular matrix. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 191-195 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 42-47 12521565-3 2003 The diagnosis is, however, aided by electromyography, which demonstrates motor unit firing at rest simultaneously from the agonist and antagonist muscles, and by high serum titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the brain"s main inhibitory neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 283-306 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 202-229 12521565-3 2003 The diagnosis is, however, aided by electromyography, which demonstrates motor unit firing at rest simultaneously from the agonist and antagonist muscles, and by high serum titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the brain"s main inhibitory neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 283-306 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 231-234 12521565-3 2003 The diagnosis is, however, aided by electromyography, which demonstrates motor unit firing at rest simultaneously from the agonist and antagonist muscles, and by high serum titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the brain"s main inhibitory neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 308-312 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 202-229 12521565-3 2003 The diagnosis is, however, aided by electromyography, which demonstrates motor unit firing at rest simultaneously from the agonist and antagonist muscles, and by high serum titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the brain"s main inhibitory neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 308-312 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 231-234 14576464-5 2003 Furthermore, full-length GAD could be converted to the truncated form by endogenous proteases, suggesting that the conversion of full-length to truncated GAD mediated by endogenous protease may represent an important mechanism in the regulation of GABA biosynthesis in the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 248-252 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 25-28 14576464-5 2003 Furthermore, full-length GAD could be converted to the truncated form by endogenous proteases, suggesting that the conversion of full-length to truncated GAD mediated by endogenous protease may represent an important mechanism in the regulation of GABA biosynthesis in the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 248-252 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 154-157 12599518-0 2002 [Changes in GABA and neural functions induced by gene targeting of GABA-synthesizing enzyme, GAD]. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 12-16 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-96 12599518-0 2002 [Changes in GABA and neural functions induced by gene targeting of GABA-synthesizing enzyme, GAD]. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 67-71 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-96 11171614-10 2001 Immunolabeling with antibodies to GABA, glial cell fibrillary acidic protein, protein gene product 9.5, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity showed that GABA was present in glial cells, but not in neurons, and that glial cells did not contain GAD, whereas islet cells did. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 171-175 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 108-135 12536283-1 2002 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that catalyses the production of GABA, a major neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 81-85 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 12536283-6 2002 However two mechanisms have been suggested: the reduction by GAD-Ab of GABA synthesis in nerve terminals or the interference with exocytosis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 61-67 12067524-1 2002 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) catalyses the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-132 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 21-48 12067524-1 2002 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) catalyses the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-132 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 50-53 12067524-1 2002 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) catalyses the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 134-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 21-48 12067524-1 2002 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) catalyses the conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 134-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 50-53 11579968-5 2001 Autoantibodies to GAD may cause functional impairment of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the spinal cord as well as in the cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 57-80 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-21 11579968-5 2001 Autoantibodies to GAD may cause functional impairment of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the spinal cord as well as in the cerebellum. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 82-86 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-21 11309128-2 2001 Glutamate-mediated acid tolerance has been associated in other intestinal genera with the GAD system, in which glutamate is internalized and converted to gamma-aminobutyrate (consuming an intracellular proton) that is subsequently exchanged for another extracellular glutamate via a membrane-located antiporter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 154-173 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 90-93 12044194-1 2002 BACKGROUND: Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), in the prefrontal cortex and the number of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus are reduced in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 107-134 12044194-1 2002 BACKGROUND: Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), in the prefrontal cortex and the number of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus are reduced in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 55-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 136-139 12044194-1 2002 BACKGROUND: Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), in the prefrontal cortex and the number of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus are reduced in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 80-84 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 107-134 12044194-1 2002 BACKGROUND: Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), in the prefrontal cortex and the number of GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus are reduced in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 80-84 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 136-139 11529246-10 2001 We now propose to infuse into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) recombinant AAV vectors expressing the two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65 and GAD-67), which synthesizes the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 245-249 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 166-172 11171614-10 2001 Immunolabeling with antibodies to GABA, glial cell fibrillary acidic protein, protein gene product 9.5, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity showed that GABA was present in glial cells, but not in neurons, and that glial cells did not contain GAD, whereas islet cells did. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 171-175 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 137-140 11171614-10 2001 Immunolabeling with antibodies to GABA, glial cell fibrillary acidic protein, protein gene product 9.5, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity showed that GABA was present in glial cells, but not in neurons, and that glial cells did not contain GAD, whereas islet cells did. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 171-175 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 261-264 11181864-6 2001 The findings suggest that GAD autoantibodies play a pathogenic part in reducing GABA release in in vitro slices. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 80-84 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 26-29 11226725-1 2001 Several lines of evidence suggest that the binding affinity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) to the active form of pyridoxine is low in cases of pyridoxine-dependent seizures (PDS) and that a quantitative imbalance between excitatory (i.e. glutamate) and inhibitory (i.e. gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA) neurotransmitters could cause refractory seizures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 272-295 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 88-91 11226725-1 2001 Several lines of evidence suggest that the binding affinity of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) to the active form of pyridoxine is low in cases of pyridoxine-dependent seizures (PDS) and that a quantitative imbalance between excitatory (i.e. glutamate) and inhibitory (i.e. gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA) neurotransmitters could cause refractory seizures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 297-301 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 88-91 11170185-8 2001 This might be explained by differences in the regulation of the two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD(65) and GAD(67)), which presumably play different roles in the maintenance of GABA in the two pools. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 187-191 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 117-124 11168844-3 2001 We questioned whether oestrogen or progesterone regulate the expression of GAD67, the rate limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis, in these regions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 110-114 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 75-80 11168844-13 2001 Together these data suggest (i) that oestrogen decreases expression of GAD67 mRNA in the infundibular region which could lead to decreased GABA synthesis, but addition of progesterone had no further effect and (ii) that GABA neurones in the same region also express mRNA for the stimulatory 5-HT2C receptor which could promote GABA release during serotonin input. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 139-143 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 71-76 11168844-13 2001 Together these data suggest (i) that oestrogen decreases expression of GAD67 mRNA in the infundibular region which could lead to decreased GABA synthesis, but addition of progesterone had no further effect and (ii) that GABA neurones in the same region also express mRNA for the stimulatory 5-HT2C receptor which could promote GABA release during serotonin input. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 220-224 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 71-76 11168844-13 2001 Together these data suggest (i) that oestrogen decreases expression of GAD67 mRNA in the infundibular region which could lead to decreased GABA synthesis, but addition of progesterone had no further effect and (ii) that GABA neurones in the same region also express mRNA for the stimulatory 5-HT2C receptor which could promote GABA release during serotonin input. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 220-224 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 71-76 11181814-2 2001 Here we investigated their effects on the mRNA expression of two isoforms of the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD(65) and GAD(67), EC 4.1.1.15). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 81-85 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 143-150 10773201-0 2000 Transporter-mediated GABA release induced by excitatory amino acid agonist is associated with GAD-67 but not GAD-65 immunoreactive cells of the primate retina. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 21-25 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 94-100 11127977-1 2000 The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human cerebellar cortex was studied using immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that catalyses GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 20-43 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 154-157 11127977-1 2000 The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human cerebellar cortex was studied using immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that catalyses GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 45-49 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 125-152 11127977-1 2000 The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human cerebellar cortex was studied using immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that catalyses GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 45-49 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 154-157 11127977-1 2000 The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human cerebellar cortex was studied using immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that catalyses GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 186-190 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 125-152 11127977-1 2000 The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the human cerebellar cortex was studied using immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that catalyses GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 186-190 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 154-157 11083461-2 2000 The distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme, was examined in the postmortem human cerebellar cortex by immunocytochemistry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 20-47 11083461-2 2000 The distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme, was examined in the postmortem human cerebellar cortex by immunocytochemistry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-82 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 49-52 11083461-2 2000 The distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme, was examined in the postmortem human cerebellar cortex by immunocytochemistry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 84-88 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 20-47 11083461-2 2000 The distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme, was examined in the postmortem human cerebellar cortex by immunocytochemistry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 84-88 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 49-52 10773201-7 2000 At least two subsets of retinal neurons including amacrine and interplexiform cells retained GABA-immunoreactivity after stimulation with EAAs, as revealed by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunocytochemistry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 93-97 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 188-191 10740227-5 2000 We suggest that an increase in GAD(67) leads to increased GABA production in spinal neurons below the injury site, resulting in altered inhibition and trophic support during posttrauma recovery and adaptation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 58-62 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-38 10671565-4 2000 Because GAD, the enzyme responsible for gamma-aminobutyric acid production and a key autoantigen in type I diabetes, has unclear function in non-neural tissue, it is important to understand its pattern of expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 40-63 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 8-11 10785255-1 2000 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for converting glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is a target of humoral autoimmunity in stiff-man syndrome and subacute cerebellar ataxia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 10785255-1 2000 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for converting glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is a target of humoral autoimmunity in stiff-man syndrome and subacute cerebellar ataxia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 10785255-1 2000 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for converting glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is a target of humoral autoimmunity in stiff-man syndrome and subacute cerebellar ataxia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 111-115 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 10785255-1 2000 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for converting glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is a target of humoral autoimmunity in stiff-man syndrome and subacute cerebellar ataxia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 111-115 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 10785255-2 2000 Recently, we found that an anti-GAD autoantibody in the CSF of an ataxic patient selectively suppressed GABA-mediated transmission on cerebellar Purkinje cells without affecting glutamate-mediated transmission. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-108 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 32-35 10711910-0 2000 Decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase67 messenger RNA expression in a subset of prefrontal cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons in subjects with schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-123 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 10-39 10711910-2 2000 We sought to determine whether the expression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the synthesizing enzyme of GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67), is decreased in the PFC of subjects with schizophrenia, whether this change is present in all or only some GABA neurons, and whether long-term treatment with haloperidol decanoate contributes to altered GAD67 mRNA expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 105-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 111-140 10711910-2 2000 We sought to determine whether the expression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the synthesizing enzyme of GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67), is decreased in the PFC of subjects with schizophrenia, whether this change is present in all or only some GABA neurons, and whether long-term treatment with haloperidol decanoate contributes to altered GAD67 mRNA expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 105-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 142-147 10711910-2 2000 We sought to determine whether the expression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the synthesizing enzyme of GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67), is decreased in the PFC of subjects with schizophrenia, whether this change is present in all or only some GABA neurons, and whether long-term treatment with haloperidol decanoate contributes to altered GAD67 mRNA expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 105-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 353-358 10711910-2 2000 We sought to determine whether the expression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the synthesizing enzyme of GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67), is decreased in the PFC of subjects with schizophrenia, whether this change is present in all or only some GABA neurons, and whether long-term treatment with haloperidol decanoate contributes to altered GAD67 mRNA expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 257-261 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 111-140 10711910-2 2000 We sought to determine whether the expression of the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the synthesizing enzyme of GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67), is decreased in the PFC of subjects with schizophrenia, whether this change is present in all or only some GABA neurons, and whether long-term treatment with haloperidol decanoate contributes to altered GAD67 mRNA expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 257-261 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 142-147 10711910-8 2000 CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that in subjects with schizophrenia, GAD67 mRNA expression is relatively unaltered in most PFC GABA neurons but is reduced below a detectable level in a subset of GABA neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 132-136 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-79 10711910-8 2000 CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that in subjects with schizophrenia, GAD67 mRNA expression is relatively unaltered in most PFC GABA neurons but is reduced below a detectable level in a subset of GABA neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 200-204 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-79 10686067-0 2000 Transduction of human GAD67 cDNA into immortalized striatal cell lines using an Epstein-Barr virus-based plasmid vector increases GABA content. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 22-27 10507962-5 1999 The cause of the stiff-person syndrome is unknown; however, an autoimmune pathogenesis is suspected because of 1) the presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); 2) the association of the disease with other autoimmune conditions; 3) the presence of various autoantibodies; and 4) a strong immunogenetic association. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 287-291 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 149-176 10673368-1 2000 l-Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 102-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 27-30 10673368-1 2000 l-Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) is the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 127-131 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 27-30 10507962-5 1999 The cause of the stiff-person syndrome is unknown; however, an autoimmune pathogenesis is suspected because of 1) the presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); 2) the association of the disease with other autoimmune conditions; 3) the presence of various autoantibodies; and 4) a strong immunogenetic association. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 287-291 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 178-181 10441235-0 1999 Up-regulation of GAD65 and GAD67 in remaining hippocampal GABA neurons in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 58-62 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 27-32 10441235-4 1999 Qualitative and semiquantitative analyses of nonradioactive in situ hybridization experiments demonstrated marked increases in the relative amounts of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs in remaining hippocampal GABA neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 198-202 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 161-166 10441235-7 1999 These findings demonstrate that, in a neuronal network that is capable of generating seizures, both GAD65 and GAD67 are up-regulated at the gene and protein levels in the remaining GABA neurons of the hippocampal formation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 181-185 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 110-115 10090584-2 1999 In the majority of patients, presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), suggests an autoimmune attack against GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-87 10464715-4 1999 The positive correlation between GABA content and GAD activity in tumor cells was observed both in human and in mice materials. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 33-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 50-53 10090584-2 1999 In the majority of patients, presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), suggests an autoimmune attack against GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 119-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 89-92 10090584-2 1999 In the majority of patients, presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), suggests an autoimmune attack against GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-148 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-87 10090584-2 1999 In the majority of patients, presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), suggests an autoimmune attack against GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-148 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 89-92 10090584-2 1999 In the majority of patients, presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), suggests an autoimmune attack against GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 189-193 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-87 10090584-2 1999 In the majority of patients, presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), suggests an autoimmune attack against GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 189-193 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 89-92 9930896-2 1999 Recently, antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of y-amino butyric acid (GABA), have been detected in SMS patients. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 125-129 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-56 9930896-2 1999 Recently, antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of y-amino butyric acid (GABA), have been detected in SMS patients. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 125-129 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 58-61 9871412-5 1998 Both forms can synthesize transmitter GABA, but GAD67 might preferentially synthesize cytoplasmic GABA and GAD65 might preferentially synthesize GABA for vesicular release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 38-42 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 48-53 10204178-1 1998 Glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD): a synthetic enzyme for inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, was studied in the central cerebellar nuclei. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-92 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-29 10204178-1 1998 Glutamatic acid decarboxylase (GAD): a synthetic enzyme for inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, was studied in the central cerebellar nuclei. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-92 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 9871412-5 1998 Both forms can synthesize transmitter GABA, but GAD67 might preferentially synthesize cytoplasmic GABA and GAD65 might preferentially synthesize GABA for vesicular release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 98-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 48-53 9871412-5 1998 Both forms can synthesize transmitter GABA, but GAD67 might preferentially synthesize cytoplasmic GABA and GAD65 might preferentially synthesize GABA for vesicular release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 98-102 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 48-53 9513208-3 1998 Serum of the patient contained autoantibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which was an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-153 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 63-90 9708541-0 1998 Inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis by glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies in stiff-man syndrome. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 51-78 9708541-2 1998 Autoantibodies to the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), present in about 60% of SMS patients, have suggested an autoimmune pathogenesis of SMS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 22-26 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-74 9708541-2 1998 Autoantibodies to the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), present in about 60% of SMS patients, have suggested an autoimmune pathogenesis of SMS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 22-26 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-79 9671680-2 1998 In the present study, stress responsiveness of GABAergic regions implicated in HPA inhibition was assessed by in situ hybridization, using probes recognizing the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67 isoforms). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 47-51 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 187-214 9671680-2 1998 In the present study, stress responsiveness of GABAergic regions implicated in HPA inhibition was assessed by in situ hybridization, using probes recognizing the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67 isoforms). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 47-51 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 226-231 9594623-1 1998 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major transmitter in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 61-84 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 9594623-1 1998 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major transmitter in the central nervous system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-90 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 9513208-3 1998 Serum of the patient contained autoantibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which was an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-153 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 92-95 9777629-3 1998 In mammals, GABA synthesis depends on two forms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase--GAD65 and GAD67--that may serve distinctive functions within GABA-producing cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 12-16 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-106 9436790-5 1998 In GAD67-expressing astrocytes, the glutamate was mainly converted into GABA, suggesting GAD transgene activity to be dominant over other glutamate metabolic pathways, such as glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-76 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 3-8 9777630-3 1998 An interesting issue is the extent to which the two major forms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) are specialized to synthesize GABA for these pools. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 139-143 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-107 9777630-4 1998 Although GAD65 and GAD67 differ significantly in several characteristics, they also have substantial similarities and interactions, and the presence of individual forms of GAD in certain cell types is consistent with the idea that GAD65 and GAD67 can each synthesize GABA for both pools. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 267-271 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 241-246 9777645-1 1998 GABA is formed primarily from decarboxylation of glutamate by a family of cytosolic and membrane-bound GAD enzymes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 103-106 9777645-2 1998 In the adult, GAD-derived GABA sustains the vitality of the central nervous system (CNS), since blockage of GAD rapidly leads to convulsions and death. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 26-30 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 14-17 9777645-2 1998 In the adult, GAD-derived GABA sustains the vitality of the central nervous system (CNS), since blockage of GAD rapidly leads to convulsions and death. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 26-30 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 108-111 9777645-3 1998 In plants, cytosolic GAD synthesizes GABA in response to hormones and environmental stress. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 37-41 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 21-24 9777629-3 1998 In mammals, GABA synthesis depends on two forms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase--GAD65 and GAD67--that may serve distinctive functions within GABA-producing cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 152-156 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-106 9777629-5 1998 GAD67 predominates early in development and after neuronal injury, consistent with a possible role in producing GABA for trophic use. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 112-116 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-5 9777629-7 1998 In the mature neuron, GAD67 is present in both terminals and the cell body, where it may subserve a nonsynaptic, intracellular GABA pool. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 127-131 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 22-27 9777629-10 1998 Thus, while both GAD67 and GAD65 mediate the synthesis of GABA, their unique distributions and expression patterns suggest divergent functional roles. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 58-62 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 17-22 9777630-0 1998 Are GAD65 and GAD67 associated with specific pools of GABA in brain? gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 54-58 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 14-19 9391152-1 1997 gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, is synthesized by two glutamate decarboxylase isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 160-165 9391152-1 1997 gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, is synthesized by two glutamate decarboxylase isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 160-165 9370215-5 1997 Specifically, the mRNA coding for the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), is up to twice as high in some steroid-concentrating regions of the neonatal male brain compared to females, including the arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and the CA1 region of hippocampus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 62-66 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 78-105 9425448-3 1997 Although there is no obvious candidate gene, the consensual GABA hypothesis of epilepsy suggests that the GAD gene may be beneficial. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 60-64 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 106-109 9425448-4 1997 GAD gene expression may be useful in supplying the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA to particular critical brain territories. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-83 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 9109840-2 1997 The aim of the study was to ascertain the influence of the presence and activity of the autoimmune process involving a key enzyme (glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD]) in the synthetic pathway of a neurotransmitter regulating somatostatin secretion, ie, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), on the GH response to GHRH alone or combined with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, pyridostigmine (PD), in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 277-281 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 131-158 9109840-2 1997 The aim of the study was to ascertain the influence of the presence and activity of the autoimmune process involving a key enzyme (glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD]) in the synthetic pathway of a neurotransmitter regulating somatostatin secretion, ie, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), on the GH response to GHRH alone or combined with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, pyridostigmine (PD), in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 277-281 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 160-163 9109840-10 1997 The mechanism underlying this effect is hypothesized to be the production of antibodies to GAD, a key enzyme in the synthesis of GABA, and in turn a reduced GABAergic stimulatory tone on somatostatin production at the hypothalamic level. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 129-133 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 9254687-8 1997 Double-label immunofluorescence studies using antibodies to TH and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), the synthetic enzyme for GABA, showed that 99% of the TH-i cells were GAD67-positive. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 125-129 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 92-97 9370215-5 1997 Specifically, the mRNA coding for the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), is up to twice as high in some steroid-concentrating regions of the neonatal male brain compared to females, including the arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and the CA1 region of hippocampus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 62-66 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 107-110 9370215-6 1997 Sex differences in GABA tissue concentrations positively correlate with GAD mRNA differences in several brain regions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 19-23 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 72-75 8978727-3 1997 GABA levels were elevated both in the growth media and in lysates of GAD-modified granule neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 69-72 8978727-4 1997 In GAD-modified neurons, extracellular GABA levels steadily increased with time, whereas intracellular GABA levels peaked 10 days after gene transfer. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 39-43 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 3-6 8978727-4 1997 In GAD-modified neurons, extracellular GABA levels steadily increased with time, whereas intracellular GABA levels peaked 10 days after gene transfer. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 103-107 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 3-6 8978727-5 1997 GAD-modified neurons released both glutamate and GABA into the surrounding media before and after potassium-induced stimulation, but only the release of glutamate was sensitive to potassium stimulation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 49-53 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 9686247-7 1997 In vitro, gabapentin modulates the action of the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the glutamate synthesizing enzyme, branched-chain amino acid transaminase. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 49-53 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 72-99 8744244-2 1996 In the present study, the authors employed in situ hybridization histochemistry to determine whether the human SCN also contains GABA neurons using synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to sequences of two isoforms of the GABA-forming enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65, and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 231-235 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 252-279 8946809-1 1996 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes catalyse the formation of gamma-aminobuturic acid (GABA), which is a major transmitter in the central nervous system but also exerts functions in peripheral organs. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 93-97 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 8946809-1 1996 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes catalyse the formation of gamma-aminobuturic acid (GABA), which is a major transmitter in the central nervous system but also exerts functions in peripheral organs. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 93-97 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 8790419-1 1996 Neurons in very low density hippocampal cultures that are physiologically identified as either GABAergic inhibitory or glutamatergic excitatory all contain mRNA for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as detected by single cell mRNA amplification and PCR. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 169-192 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 218-245 8790419-1 1996 Neurons in very low density hippocampal cultures that are physiologically identified as either GABAergic inhibitory or glutamatergic excitatory all contain mRNA for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as detected by single cell mRNA amplification and PCR. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 169-192 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 247-250 8790419-1 1996 Neurons in very low density hippocampal cultures that are physiologically identified as either GABAergic inhibitory or glutamatergic excitatory all contain mRNA for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), as detected by single cell mRNA amplification and PCR. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 95-99 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 218-245 8979623-2 1996 The levels of GAD were reported as picomoles of GABA formed/mg of protein/hour. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 48-52 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 14-17 8590827-2 1995 These changes include decreased levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme for GABA synthesis, upregulation of muscimol binding, and downregulation of benzodiazepine binding to GABAA receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 92-96 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 42-69 8618687-4 1996 Combined with the previously reported increased expression of GAD67 mRNA in the internal segment of the pallidum of MPTP-intoxicated monkeys, these data suggest that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) activity of the output system of the basal ganglia is globally increased by nigrostriatal denervation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 170-193 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 62-67 8590827-2 1995 These changes include decreased levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme for GABA synthesis, upregulation of muscimol binding, and downregulation of benzodiazepine binding to GABAA receptors. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 92-96 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 71-74 7584821-14 1995 SSADH, the final enzyme GABA catabolism, has been detected in some of the tissues in which GAD and GABA-T have been identified, although the presence of this enzyme has not been in mammalian pancreas, ova, oviduct, testis or sympathetic ganglia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 24-28 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 7584821-6 1995 In neural and nonneural tissues, GABA is metabolized by three enzymes--glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which produces GABA from glutamic acid, and the catabolic enzymes GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 33-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 62-98 7584821-6 1995 In neural and nonneural tissues, GABA is metabolized by three enzymes--glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which produces GABA from glutamic acid, and the catabolic enzymes GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 33-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 100-103 7584821-6 1995 In neural and nonneural tissues, GABA is metabolized by three enzymes--glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which produces GABA from glutamic acid, and the catabolic enzymes GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 121-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 62-98 7584821-6 1995 In neural and nonneural tissues, GABA is metabolized by three enzymes--glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which produces GABA from glutamic acid, and the catabolic enzymes GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 121-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 100-103 7836456-1 1995 The two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD67 and GAD65, synthesize the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid in neurons and pancreatic beta-cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-127 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 20-47 7544289-3 1995 We have examined the effects of these long-term haloperidol treatments on the levels of mRNA encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, M(r) 67,000), the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis, in the striatum and pallidum of adult rats. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 178-182 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 102-129 7544289-3 1995 We have examined the effects of these long-term haloperidol treatments on the levels of mRNA encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, M(r) 67,000), the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis, in the striatum and pallidum of adult rats. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 178-182 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 131-134 7702443-3 1995 METHODS: To discriminate between these possibilities, we quantified levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the 67-kd isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme in GABA synthesis, and the number and laminar distribution of GAD mRNA--expressing neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of schizophrenics and matched controls, using in situ hybridization-histochemistry, densitometry, and cell-counting methods. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 177-181 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 153-156 7836456-1 1995 The two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD67 and GAD65, synthesize the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid in neurons and pancreatic beta-cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-127 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 49-52 7836456-1 1995 The two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD67 and GAD65, synthesize the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid in neurons and pancreatic beta-cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-127 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 55-60 11725032-1 1994 In the brain, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level is primarily controlled by the activity of its synthesizing enzyme, L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 18-41 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 123-148 7714921-1 1995 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the biosynthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 96-119 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 7714921-1 1995 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the biosynthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 96-119 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 7714921-1 1995 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the biosynthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 121-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 7714921-1 1995 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the biosynthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 121-125 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 7706548-11 1995 In addition, in retina most neurons expressing GAD67 also contain a second neurotransmitter as well as GABA, and they tend to be larger than neurons expressing GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 103-107 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-52 7706548-12 1995 We propose that large cells have a greater demand for GABA than small cells, and thus require the constant, relatively unmodulated level of GABA that is provided by GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 165-170 11725032-1 1994 In the brain, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level is primarily controlled by the activity of its synthesizing enzyme, L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 18-41 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 150-153 11725032-1 1994 In the brain, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level is primarily controlled by the activity of its synthesizing enzyme, L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 123-148 11725032-1 1994 In the brain, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level is primarily controlled by the activity of its synthesizing enzyme, L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 43-47 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 150-153 7807584-3 1994 These cultures were enriched in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme of the neurotransmitter GABA, and responded with Ca2+ influx to acute application of glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 112-116 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 32-59 7807584-3 1994 These cultures were enriched in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme of the neurotransmitter GABA, and responded with Ca2+ influx to acute application of glutamate. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 112-116 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 61-64 7506741-2 1994 Deficiency of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid, are closely associated with the disorder, although the relevant antigenic epitopes have not been identified. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-163 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 81-108 7910233-1 1994 An abnormality in the pyridoxal-5"-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), may underlie the epileptic syndrome of pyridoxine-dependent seizures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 122-145 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 69-96 7910233-1 1994 An abnormality in the pyridoxal-5"-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), may underlie the epileptic syndrome of pyridoxine-dependent seizures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 122-145 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 98-101 7908956-6 1994 In situ hybridization with the GAD67 mRNA probe confirmed the negative GABA immunostaining of OPNs. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 71-75 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-36 8133268-9 1994 Our results clearly demonstrate that GAD67 is tightly controlled by intraneuronal GABA, and we suggest that this regulatory mechanism has important implications for the physiological regulation of GABAergic function in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 82-86 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 37-42 8125937-2 1994 L-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the one-step biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is widely accepted as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-98 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-29 8125937-2 1994 L-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the one-step biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is widely accepted as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-98 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 8125937-2 1994 L-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the one-step biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is widely accepted as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-29 8125937-2 1994 L-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the one-step biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is widely accepted as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 100-104 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 8034788-2 1994 Two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes that synthesize GABA, GAD65 and GAD67, were localized within these stellate neurons by in situ hybridization of 35S or digoxigenin (DIG) labeled riboprobes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 62-66 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 4-31 8034788-2 1994 Two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes that synthesize GABA, GAD65 and GAD67, were localized within these stellate neurons by in situ hybridization of 35S or digoxigenin (DIG) labeled riboprobes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 62-66 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 33-36 8034788-2 1994 Two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes that synthesize GABA, GAD65 and GAD67, were localized within these stellate neurons by in situ hybridization of 35S or digoxigenin (DIG) labeled riboprobes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 62-66 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 78-83 8034788-9 1994 Double labels demonstrate that 96% of all GABA+ neurons contain GAD67 mRNA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 42-46 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 64-69 8034788-10 1994 Neurons heavily labeled for GABA tend to have smaller cell bodies and contain less GAD67 mRNA, while lightly labeled GABA neurons are larger and contain more GAD67 mRNA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 117-121 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 158-163 8034788-11 1994 These data indicate that most GABA neurons in monkey striate cortex contain both GAD enzymes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 30-34 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 81-84 7910233-1 1994 An abnormality in the pyridoxal-5"-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), may underlie the epileptic syndrome of pyridoxine-dependent seizures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 147-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 69-96 7910233-1 1994 An abnormality in the pyridoxal-5"-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), may underlie the epileptic syndrome of pyridoxine-dependent seizures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 147-151 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 98-101 8025569-4 1994 Double-labelling experiments with an antibody specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the neuronal enzyme producing gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), revealed that approximately 60% of perinuclear zone ER-IR cells contained GAD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 59-86 8025569-4 1994 Double-labelling experiments with an antibody specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the neuronal enzyme producing gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), revealed that approximately 60% of perinuclear zone ER-IR cells contained GAD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 88-91 8025569-4 1994 Double-labelling experiments with an antibody specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the neuronal enzyme producing gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), revealed that approximately 60% of perinuclear zone ER-IR cells contained GAD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-153 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 59-86 8025569-4 1994 Double-labelling experiments with an antibody specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the neuronal enzyme producing gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), revealed that approximately 60% of perinuclear zone ER-IR cells contained GAD. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-153 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 88-91 8180490-7 1994 By contrast, reduced GAD mRNA levels were detectable only after 15 d of deprivation and long after the fall in immunoreactive GAD and GABA levels has maximized. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 134-138 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 21-24 7506741-2 1994 Deficiency of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme synthesizing gamma-aminobutyric acid, are closely associated with the disorder, although the relevant antigenic epitopes have not been identified. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-163 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 110-113 7506741-9 1994 These findings suggest that SMS GAD autoantibodies share distinct GAD65 linear epitopes and that some SMS patients" autoantibodies may block the active site, explaining SMS GABA deficiency. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 173-177 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 32-35 8011576-2 1994 GABA has been the leading candidate, but doubt has remained because of failure to clearly demonstrate the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in these cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 106-110 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 129-156 8245784-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons and in pancreatic beta cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 8245784-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons and in pancreatic beta cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 8245784-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons and in pancreatic beta cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 111-115 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 8245784-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons and in pancreatic beta cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 111-115 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 8245793-3 1993 In a caseload of more than 100 SMS patients, 60% were found positive for autoantibodies directed against the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-113 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 134-161 8245793-3 1993 In a caseload of more than 100 SMS patients, 60% were found positive for autoantibodies directed against the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-113 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 163-166 8004482-8 1993 Similarly as GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme catalysing GABA formation from glutamate, has also been intensively studied. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-79 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 19-46 8004482-8 1993 Similarly as GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme catalysing GABA formation from glutamate, has also been intensively studied. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 13-17 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 19-46 8004482-8 1993 Similarly as GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme catalysing GABA formation from glutamate, has also been intensively studied. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 13-17 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 48-51 8278600-7 1993 Thus GAD65 and GAD67 seem to provide a dual system for the control of neuronal GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-83 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 15-20 8004482-8 1993 Similarly as GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme catalysing GABA formation from glutamate, has also been intensively studied. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-79 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 48-51 8406475-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is known as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), but is also present outside the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 61-84 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 8406475-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is known as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), but is also present outside the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 61-84 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 8406475-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is known as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), but is also present outside the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-90 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 8406475-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is known as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), but is also present outside the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-90 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 8423873-1 1993 Two-thirds of stiff-man syndrome (SMS) patients harbor an autoantibody specific for a 64-kD species of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 166-170 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 103-130 8507203-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid from glutamic acid and is a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 57-80 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 8507203-1 1993 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid from glutamic acid and is a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 57-80 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 8381905-1 1993 The expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a basic characteristic of a wide array of inhibitory neurons the use gamma-aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-45 8381905-1 1993 The expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a basic characteristic of a wide array of inhibitory neurons the use gamma-aminobutyric acid as a neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-50 8098338-5 1993 We treated other sections with antiserum to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in order to label interneurons of the LGN. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 44-71 8098338-5 1993 We treated other sections with antiserum to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in order to label interneurons of the LGN. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-147 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 73-76 8098338-5 1993 We treated other sections with antiserum to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in order to label interneurons of the LGN. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-153 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 44-71 8098338-5 1993 We treated other sections with antiserum to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in order to label interneurons of the LGN. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 149-153 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 73-76 8423873-1 1993 Two-thirds of stiff-man syndrome (SMS) patients harbor an autoantibody specific for a 64-kD species of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 166-170 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 132-135 1321158-1 1992 Pancreatic beta-cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-secreting neurons both express the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which is a major target of autoantibodies associated with beta-cell destruction and impairment of GABA-ergic neurotransmitter pathways. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 26-49 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-126 1339255-1 1992 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyses the conversion of L-glutamic acid to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 113-136 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 1339255-1 1992 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyses the conversion of L-glutamic acid to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 113-136 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 1339255-1 1992 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyses the conversion of L-glutamic acid to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 138-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 1339255-1 1992 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyses the conversion of L-glutamic acid to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 138-142 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 1321158-1 1992 Pancreatic beta-cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-secreting neurons both express the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which is a major target of autoantibodies associated with beta-cell destruction and impairment of GABA-ergic neurotransmitter pathways. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 26-49 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 128-131 1321158-1 1992 Pancreatic beta-cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-secreting neurons both express the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which is a major target of autoantibodies associated with beta-cell destruction and impairment of GABA-ergic neurotransmitter pathways. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 51-55 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-126 1321158-1 1992 Pancreatic beta-cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-secreting neurons both express the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which is a major target of autoantibodies associated with beta-cell destruction and impairment of GABA-ergic neurotransmitter pathways. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 51-55 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 128-131 1321158-1 1992 Pancreatic beta-cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-secreting neurons both express the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which is a major target of autoantibodies associated with beta-cell destruction and impairment of GABA-ergic neurotransmitter pathways. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 231-235 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-126 1321158-1 1992 Pancreatic beta-cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-secreting neurons both express the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) which is a major target of autoantibodies associated with beta-cell destruction and impairment of GABA-ergic neurotransmitter pathways. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 231-235 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 128-131 1795757-2 1991 Autoantibodies against GAD, the GABA synthesising enzyme, may become a helpful (though not specific) diagnostic tool, and furthermore may serve as a plausible explanation for both the symptoms of the syndrome and the delayed development of type I diabetes mellitus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 23-26 1573398-1 1992 We have isolated the 5" flanking DNA sequences of the human gene encoding the 67,000-M(r) form of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), the gamma-aminobutyric acid synthetic enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 135-158 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 123-128 1352947-4 1992 Since GA is transformed to gamma-aminobutyric acid and CO2 under the catalytic activity of GAD, the rate of GA consumption in solution, monitored by the GAO biosensor, represents a reliable measure of GAD catalytic activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 27-50 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 1352947-4 1992 Since GA is transformed to gamma-aminobutyric acid and CO2 under the catalytic activity of GAD, the rate of GA consumption in solution, monitored by the GAO biosensor, represents a reliable measure of GAD catalytic activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 27-50 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 201-204 1542438-1 1992 Striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons express intense immunoreactivity to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GABA and parvalbumin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 9-32 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 94-121 1542438-1 1992 Striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons express intense immunoreactivity to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GABA and parvalbumin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 9-32 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 123-126 1542438-1 1992 Striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons express intense immunoreactivity to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GABA and parvalbumin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 34-38 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 94-121 1542438-1 1992 Striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons express intense immunoreactivity to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GABA and parvalbumin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 34-38 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 123-126 1742770-0 1991 Glutamic acid decarboxylase of embryonic avian retina cells in culture: regulation by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 86-109 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 1742770-0 1991 Glutamic acid decarboxylase of embryonic avian retina cells in culture: regulation by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 111-115 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 1742770-6 1991 The addition of GABA to the culture medium 24 h after cell seeding almost totally prevented the expression of GAD activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 16-20 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 110-113 1742770-8 1991 In association with decreased enzyme activity, aggregates exposed to GABA did not display immunoreactivity for GAD, suggesting that GAD molecules were either lost from GABAergic neurons or significantly altered with GABA treatment. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 168-172 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 132-135 1742770-15 1991 The GABA-mediated reduction of GAD immunoreactivity was a reversible phenomenon and could be prevented by picrotoxin. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 31-34 1722364-4 1991 Autoantibodies to the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been found in SMS and in IDDM. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 22-26 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-74 1924293-1 1991 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; glutamate decarboxylase, L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.15), which catalyzes formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid, is detectable in different isoforms with distinct electrophoretic and kinetic characteristics. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 131-154 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 1924293-1 1991 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; glutamate decarboxylase, L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.15), which catalyzes formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid, is detectable in different isoforms with distinct electrophoretic and kinetic characteristics. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 131-154 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 1722364-4 1991 Autoantibodies to the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been found in SMS and in IDDM. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 22-26 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 76-79 1723646-5 1991 A cellular regionalization of these afferent systems was found: GABA boutons, labeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), were localized preferentially on the lateral dendrite while 5-HT-filled endings predominated on the ventral one. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-68 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 90-117 1723646-5 1991 A cellular regionalization of these afferent systems was found: GABA boutons, labeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), were localized preferentially on the lateral dendrite while 5-HT-filled endings predominated on the ventral one. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-68 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 119-122 1919594-3 1991 An immunocytochemical study directed at localizing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in various CNS regions in feline models of lysosomal storage disorders has revealed vast numbers of axonal spheroids containing this enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-167 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 51-78 1919594-3 1991 An immunocytochemical study directed at localizing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in various CNS regions in feline models of lysosomal storage disorders has revealed vast numbers of axonal spheroids containing this enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 144-167 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 80-83 1919594-3 1991 An immunocytochemical study directed at localizing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in various CNS regions in feline models of lysosomal storage disorders has revealed vast numbers of axonal spheroids containing this enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 169-173 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 51-78 1919594-3 1991 An immunocytochemical study directed at localizing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthetic enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in various CNS regions in feline models of lysosomal storage disorders has revealed vast numbers of axonal spheroids containing this enzyme. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 169-173 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 80-83 2022191-11 1991 The GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), was found to be localized around synaptic-like microvesicles. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 30-57 2022191-11 1991 The GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), was found to be localized around synaptic-like microvesicles. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 59-62 2022191-12 1991 This was similar to the localization of GAD around synaptic vesicles in GABA-secreting neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 72-76 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 40-43 1674120-5 1991 These data suggest that removal of striatal dopaminergic innervation results in an increase in the amount of immunoreactive GAD, the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 174-178 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 124-127 1780024-1 1991 Studies of the GABA-synthetic enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (glutamic acid decarboxylase; GAD; E.C.4.1.1.15) began in 1951 with the work of Roberts and his colleagues. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 15-19 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 91-94 12106201-2 1991 As expected, all of the neurons in the visual sector were immunoreactive for GAD, the synthesizing enzyme for GABA, but the distribution of SOM-immunoreactive cells was not uniform. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 110-114 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 77-80 1697032-1 1990 The gene encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme in the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, is shown to be expressed in the testis of several different species. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 120-143 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 47-50 1983997-10 1991 On few occasions, GAD immunoreactivities were also found in some endothelial cells, suggesting that a nonneuronal GABA system may also be present in cerebral arteries. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 114-118 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 18-21 33798645-6 2021 An investigation of a broad mRNA panel of excitatory and inhibitory signaling mediators indicated preconditioning rapidly up-regulated GABA synthesis (GAD67) and BDNF, followed by up-regulation of neuronal activity-regulated pentraxin and down-regulation of presynaptic glutamate release (VGLUT1). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 135-139 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 151-156 2135382-3 1990 GAD is an enzyme selectively concentrated in neurons secreting the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and in pancreatic beta cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 84-107 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 2135382-3 1990 GAD is an enzyme selectively concentrated in neurons secreting the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and in pancreatic beta cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 109-113 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-3 30862833-9 2019 Furthermore, some Kub proteins involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, including FBPase, FBA and GAD1, might promote sucrose, fructose and GABA accumulation in tea leaves under drought stress. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 151-155 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 109-113 31245628-3 2019 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes glutamate in the synthesis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-27 31245628-3 2019 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes glutamate in the synthesis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 74-78 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-32 34320402-1 2022 Clinical and preclinical studies have shown dysfunctions in genetic expression and neurotransmission of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), GABAA receptor subunits, and GABA-synthesizing enzymes GAD67 and GAD65 in schizophrenia. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 165-169 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 191-196 34864489-2 2021 Expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a key enzyme in GABA synthesis, may also be altered. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 65-69 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 14-41 34864489-2 2021 Expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a key enzyme in GABA synthesis, may also be altered. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 65-69 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 43-46 34623561-5 2022 Our present study found that GAD67, responsible for > 90% of basal GABA synthesis, is down-regulated, while its relative mRNA remains unchanged in vincristine-induced neuropathy. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 67-71 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 29-34 34638827-6 2021 GAD67 is known as an enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 57-61 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 0-5 34218519-3 2021 The connection between neurological manifestations and antibodies against GAD, a rate-limiting enzyme that helps create the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, has been well established. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 152-175 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 74-77 34566904-2 2021 Most strains of this species can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system, but the presence and genetic organization of their GAD systems are poorly characterized. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 41-64 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-108 34566904-2 2021 Most strains of this species can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system, but the presence and genetic organization of their GAD systems are poorly characterized. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 41-64 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 169-172 34566904-2 2021 Most strains of this species can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system, but the presence and genetic organization of their GAD systems are poorly characterized. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 66-70 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 105-108 34566904-2 2021 Most strains of this species can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system, but the presence and genetic organization of their GAD systems are poorly characterized. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 66-70 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 169-172 34877402-6 2021 GABA neurons located along the rostrocaudal length of the VMNvl acclimated to RIIH through a shift to negative energy imbalance, e.g. increased phosphoAMPK expression, alongside amplification/gain of inhibition of GAD profiles. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 214-217 34972242-2 2022 Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) synthesizes GABA from glutamate, and two isoforms of GAD, GAD65, and GAD67, are separately encoded by the Gad2 and Gad1 genes, respectively. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 42-46 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 83-86 35606530-7 2022 We found that AAV2-mDlx does in fact target many neurons that contain an enzyme for catalyzing GABA, the GAD-65, with high specificity and a small fraction of neurons containing an isoform, GAD-67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 95-99 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 190-196 34972242-2 2022 Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) synthesizes GABA from glutamate, and two isoforms of GAD, GAD65, and GAD67, are separately encoded by the Gad2 and Gad1 genes, respectively. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 42-46 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 25-28 34084316-4 2021 Pancreatic beta-cells synthesize GABA from glutamic acid by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 33-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 60-87 34084316-4 2021 Pancreatic beta-cells synthesize GABA from glutamic acid by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 33-37 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 89-92 35196314-2 2022 Upwards of 75% of those with T1D are positive for AAbs against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 or GAD), a producer of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in human pancreatic beta cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 121-144 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-104 35196314-2 2022 Upwards of 75% of those with T1D are positive for AAbs against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 or GAD), a producer of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in human pancreatic beta cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 146-150 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 101-104 34972242-2 2022 Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) synthesizes GABA from glutamate, and two isoforms of GAD, GAD65, and GAD67, are separately encoded by the Gad2 and Gad1 genes, respectively. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 42-46 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 99-104 35084720-4 2022 Very high serum anti-GAD antibody titers are a key diagnostic feature for all GAD-SD, commonly associated with the presence of GAD antibodies in the CSF, a reduced CSF GABA level and increased anti-GAD-specific IgG intrathecal synthesis denoting stimulation of B-cell clones in the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 168-172 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 21-24 35084720-4 2022 Very high serum anti-GAD antibody titers are a key diagnostic feature for all GAD-SD, commonly associated with the presence of GAD antibodies in the CSF, a reduced CSF GABA level and increased anti-GAD-specific IgG intrathecal synthesis denoting stimulation of B-cell clones in the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 168-172 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 78-81 35352582-7 2022 The synthesis and transportation of GABA transmitter were inhibited, characterized as spinal GAD67 and GAT1 downregulation after the establishment of RIH model. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 36-40 glutamate decarboxylase 1 Homo sapiens 93-98