PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 22427928-0 2012 Calpain cleavage of brain glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 is pathological and impairs GABA neurotransmission. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 85-89 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 26-56 22427928-1 2012 Previously, we have shown that the GABA synthesizing enzyme, L-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is cleaved to form its truncated form (tGAD65) which is 2-3 times more active than the full length form (fGAD65). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 35-39 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 61-93 22427928-1 2012 Previously, we have shown that the GABA synthesizing enzyme, L-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is cleaved to form its truncated form (tGAD65) which is 2-3 times more active than the full length form (fGAD65). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 35-39 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 95-100 22291989-11 2012 CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data show that treatment with orally bioavailable GABA-mimetic drugs if combined with spinal-segment-specific GAD65 gene overexpression can represent a novel and highly effective anti-spasticity treatment which is associated with minimal side effects and is restricted to GAD65-gene over-expressing spinal segments. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 82-86 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 142-147 22291989-11 2012 CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data show that treatment with orally bioavailable GABA-mimetic drugs if combined with spinal-segment-specific GAD65 gene overexpression can represent a novel and highly effective anti-spasticity treatment which is associated with minimal side effects and is restricted to GAD65-gene over-expressing spinal segments. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 82-86 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 304-309 22108820-13 2011 rLV-rGAD65-infected primary fibroblasts in vitro and the expressed rGAD65 catalyzed the formation of GABA from glutamic acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 101-105 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 4-10 22108820-13 2011 rLV-rGAD65-infected primary fibroblasts in vitro and the expressed rGAD65 catalyzed the formation of GABA from glutamic acid. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 101-105 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 67-73 22108820-14 2011 In vivo, the concentration of GABA in the SNr was increased after rLV-rGAD65 injection into the STN. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 30-34 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 70-76 21983856-3 2011 We show here that in the rat brainstem nucleus raphe magnus, which is important for central mechanisms of chronic pain, persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain epigenetically suppresses Gad2 (encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)) transcription through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in impaired gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic inhibition. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 351-374 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 191-195 21983856-3 2011 We show here that in the rat brainstem nucleus raphe magnus, which is important for central mechanisms of chronic pain, persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain epigenetically suppresses Gad2 (encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)) transcription through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in impaired gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic inhibition. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 351-374 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 206-236 21983856-3 2011 We show here that in the rat brainstem nucleus raphe magnus, which is important for central mechanisms of chronic pain, persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain epigenetically suppresses Gad2 (encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)) transcription through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in impaired gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic inhibition. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 351-374 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 238-243 21983856-3 2011 We show here that in the rat brainstem nucleus raphe magnus, which is important for central mechanisms of chronic pain, persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain epigenetically suppresses Gad2 (encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)) transcription through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in impaired gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic inhibition. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 376-380 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 191-195 21983856-3 2011 We show here that in the rat brainstem nucleus raphe magnus, which is important for central mechanisms of chronic pain, persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain epigenetically suppresses Gad2 (encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)) transcription through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in impaired gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic inhibition. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 376-380 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 206-236 21983856-3 2011 We show here that in the rat brainstem nucleus raphe magnus, which is important for central mechanisms of chronic pain, persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain epigenetically suppresses Gad2 (encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)) transcription through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in impaired gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic inhibition. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 376-380 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 238-243 19651169-1 2009 One of the most consistent findings in schizophrenia is the decreased expression of the GABA synthesizing enzymes GAD(67) and GAD(65) in specific interneuron populations. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-92 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 126-132 21411513-3 2011 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used immunoblots to measure GAD(65) protein (a rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis) and microdialysis to measure extracellular GABA levels in the VMH of two diabetic rat models, the diabetic BB rat and the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat, and compared them with nondiabetic controls. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 103-107 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 60-67 21617274-13 2011 Moreover, in the CA1 field correlation between GAD65/67 positive and GABA positive cells is revealed which was not observed at later stages. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 69-73 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 47-52 17490814-10 2007 To begin testing this hypothesis we carried out experiments examining expression of the GABA synthetic enzymes, GAD65 and GAD67, mRNAs in the two rat strains via radioactive in situ hybridization. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 88-92 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 112-117 19162046-6 2009 Moreover, a reduction in the levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67), an enzyme that converts the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was also observed in the SN following 6-OHDA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 180-199 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 68-73 19162046-6 2009 Moreover, a reduction in the levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65/67), an enzyme that converts the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was also observed in the SN following 6-OHDA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 201-205 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 68-73 19660528-4 2009 Subchronic l-DOPA administration was paralleled by a significant increase in mRNA levels of the two isoforms of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67 and GAD65) and preprodynorphin (PPD). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 116-120 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 180-185 18642642-4 2008 GAD65 is present as a membrane-associated form in synapses and is primarily involved in producing synaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for vesicular release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 107-130 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 18642642-4 2008 GAD65 is present as a membrane-associated form in synapses and is primarily involved in producing synaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for vesicular release. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 132-136 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 18642642-6 2008 We also demonstrated rAAV-GAD65 as a successful gene delivery vehicle in a chronic pain model by administrating rAAV-GAD65 to DRGs because GABA driven by GAD is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and also plays an important role in the ventral horn. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 139-143 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 26-31 18642642-6 2008 We also demonstrated rAAV-GAD65 as a successful gene delivery vehicle in a chronic pain model by administrating rAAV-GAD65 to DRGs because GABA driven by GAD is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and also plays an important role in the ventral horn. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 139-143 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 117-122 17466264-2 2007 Previously, we constructed rAAV bearing GAD65 and demonstrated that GAD65 and GABA can be constitutively produced in the CNS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 78-82 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 40-45 17466264-3 2007 To investigate the beneficial effects of GAD65 produced by rAAV and resulting GABA release in peripheral neuropathic pain, we established a neuropathic pain rat model. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 78-82 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 41-46 17466264-7 2007 Concomitantly, the significant enhancement in GABA release following transgenic GAD65 expression was identified in vivo. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 46-50 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 80-85 17179652-4 2007 First, using RT-PCR, the mRNA of two isoforms of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67 was detected in E18.5 embryonic POA-containing tissues. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 53-57 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 113-118 17765721-4 2007 In situ hybridization of mRNAs for the two isoforms of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67), demonstrates the abundance of GABA neurons in the dentate gyrus and their high concentration in the hilus and along the base of the granule cell layer. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-63 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 110-115 17765721-4 2007 In situ hybridization of mRNAs for the two isoforms of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67), demonstrates the abundance of GABA neurons in the dentate gyrus and their high concentration in the hilus and along the base of the granule cell layer. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 158-162 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 110-115 17765721-5 2007 Likewise, immunohistochemical studies, particularly of GAD65, demonstrate the rich fields of GABA terminals not only around the somata of granule cells but also in the dendritic regions of the molecular layer. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 93-97 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 55-60 16677614-5 2006 GABA-C receptor subunits (rho1, rho2, rho3) and GABA synthesizing enzymes (GAD 65 and GAD 67) were shown to be expressed as assayed by RT-PCR, and GABA-C receptor stimulation by CACA obviously increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the anterior pituitary cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 75-81 16177033-7 2005 Furthermore, increases in the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) mRNA expression preceded decreases in NPY mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus in the cultures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 30-34 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 55-85 16094313-2 2006 Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the principal enzyme for GABA synthesis and has two isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67, which differ in size and cellular distribution. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 56-60 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 93-98 16539672-11 2006 Our results are consistent with a major role for GAD(65) in activity-dependent GABA synthesis. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 79-83 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 49-56 16539672-0 2006 Evidence that GAD65 mediates increased GABA synthesis during intense neuronal activity in vivo. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 39-43 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 14-19 16539672-1 2006 In this study we tested the hypothesis that the 65-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD(65)) mediates activity-dependent GABA synthesis as invoked by seizures in anesthetized rats. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 128-132 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 91-98 16643338-1 2006 OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid decarboxylases (GADs; including two isoforms GAD65 and GAD67) in the epithelial growth zones of the descending colon in rats, and to investigate their relation to epithelial differentiation and proliferation. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 39-62 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 133-138 16787266-5 2006 Biosynthesis of GABA in neurons is brought about by decarboxylation of Glu catalyzed by a pyridoxal phosphate requiring enzyme (GAD) that exists in two isoforms (GAD65 and GAD67) exhibiting different subcellular localization and regulatory properties. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 16-20 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 162-167 16177033-7 2005 Furthermore, increases in the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) mRNA expression preceded decreases in NPY mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus in the cultures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 30-34 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 87-92 12807726-10 2003 Moreover, as detected by cDNA microarray analysis, PB treatment at low dose enhanced mRNA expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and suppressed MAP kinase p38 and other intracellular kinases gene expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 180-203 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 133-138 15379904-6 2004 Most of the newly formed neurons were GABAergic, as shown by 10-fold increases in neurons that immunostained for GABA and the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD65/67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 38-42 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 151-156 15372592-3 2004 Our findings show that, in the side contralateral to the lesion, (1) the number of nigrostriatal GABA cells increases from 6% to 17% with respect to the total number of nigrostriatal cells, (2) the soma of DA/GABA cells becomes immunoreactive for GABA and GAD65, and (3) there is an increase in the firing rate and burst activity of DA-neurons, except in those projecting to the striatum, which may be under the action of the GABA hyperactivity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 97-101 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 256-261 14961066-9 2004 These findings suggest that increased GABA production in lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus induced by GAD65 gene transfer may reduce weight gain through reduced feeding. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 38-42 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 104-109 12807726-10 2003 Moreover, as detected by cDNA microarray analysis, PB treatment at low dose enhanced mRNA expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and suppressed MAP kinase p38 and other intracellular kinases gene expression. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 205-209 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 133-138 12932440-5 2003 Pharmacological block of GABA(A)R activation and Ca2+ influx through nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ channels significantly enhanced the number of synaptic contacts, increased the immunoreactivity for GAD65, promoted synaptic accumulation of GABA(A)R clusters, and stimulated the generation of miniature IPSCs. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 195-200 12770560-1 2003 The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and two isoforms of this enzyme exist: GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 32-36 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 129-134 12770560-10 2003 Our finding that some boutons in the superficial laminae showed relatively high levels of GAD65 and low levels of GAD67 immunoreactivity is therefore significant, since a reduction in GABA synthesis in these axons may contribute to neuropathic pain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 184-188 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 90-95 12031963-2 2002 Because GAD65 and GAD67, which catalyze the formation of GABA, are cytoplasmic, the existence of an islet vesicular GABA transporter has been postulated. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 57-61 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 8-13 9445084-1 1997 GAD65 and GAD67, the two forms of GABA-synthesizing enzyme, are usually coexpressed, but their levels are regulated independently. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 34-38 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 11696975-1 2001 GAD65 and GAD67 are two isoforms of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase which catalyze the production of GABA from glutamate, primarily in the brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 108-112 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 11008167-1 2000 In adult brain, the inhibitory GABAergic neurons utilize two distinct molecular forms of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 31-35 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 149-154 10452943-1 1999 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 is one of two homologous proteins responsible for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid, the most ubiquitous inhibitory neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 104-127 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-36 9832128-0 1998 GABA synthesis in astrocytes after infection with defective herpes simplex virus vectors expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 or 67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 100-130 9832128-4 1998 GABA was detected in glial fibrillary acid protein-expressing cells after GAD65 vector infection. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 74-79 9832128-6 1998 The levels of GABA in GAD67 vector-infected cells were almost twofold higher than in GAD65 vector-infected cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-18 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 85-90 9769410-11 1998 In situ hybridization with antisense mRNA for the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65/67) and the GABA transporter GAT-1 showed that the proportion of interneurons expressing GAT-1 was lower in stratum oriens than in stratum radiatum/lacunosum-moleculare. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 50-54 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 100-105 9669322-0 1998 Elevation of brain GABA levels with vigabatrin (gamma-vinylGABA) differentially affects GAD65 and GAD67 expression in various regions of rat brain. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 19-23 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 88-93 8985701-6 1996 Labeling for GAD65 mRNA and associated protein is substantially increased in the remaining GABA neurons at 2-4 months after the initial seizure episode. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 91-95 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 13-18 11578600-1 2001 gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis in the brain is mediated by two major isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD(65) and GAD(67). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 120-127 11578600-1 2001 gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis in the brain is mediated by two major isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD(65) and GAD(67). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 120-127 10379921-12 1999 GABA immunoreactivity also was detected in commissural axons 1 day after GAD65, and the labeling pattern between E13 and E16 resembled that of GAD67 rather than GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 73-78 10379921-12 1999 GABA immunoreactivity also was detected in commissural axons 1 day after GAD65, and the labeling pattern between E13 and E16 resembled that of GAD67 rather than GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 161-166 9831046-10 1998 These results suggest that the development of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic system in the barrel cortex involves several processes: the disappearance of a precocious GAD67 system in layer V, the temporally overlapping maturation of the mature GAD67 system in an inside-outside manner, and the delayed and prolonged development of the GAD65 system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 50-73 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 349-354 9831046-10 1998 These results suggest that the development of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthetic system in the barrel cortex involves several processes: the disappearance of a precocious GAD67 system in layer V, the temporally overlapping maturation of the mature GAD67 system in an inside-outside manner, and the delayed and prolonged development of the GAD65 system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-79 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 349-354 9518663-2 1998 The GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), consists of two isozymes, GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 88-93 8847736-1 1995 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis can result from the action of at least two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67, possibly involved in distinct mechanisms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 128-133 8828473-6 1996 Levels of messenger RNA for both forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67), the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis also were measured by a microlysate ribonuclease protection assay. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 71-76 8889946-2 1996 In localizing the two GABA-producing forms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) in the normal hippocampus as a prelude to experimental epilepsy studies, we unexpectedly discovered that, in addition to its presence in hippocampal nonprincipal cells, GAD67-like immunoreactivity (LI) was present in the excitatory axons (the mossy fibers) of normal dentate granule cells of rats, mice, and the monkey Macaca nemestrina. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 22-26 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 71-76 8847736-1 1995 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis can result from the action of at least two glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67, possibly involved in distinct mechanisms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 128-133 8847736-6 1995 The correlation of GABA immunodetection with the distribution of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs and proteins has evinced in the dorsal horn a differential regulation of the two isoforms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 19-23 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 65-70 8847736-13 1995 In the dorsal horn, where neurons with phasic and tonic firing patterns have been disclosed, GAD65 may, in addition, provide GABA for responses to short-term changes. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 125-129 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 93-98 8547590-5 1995 These results suggest that NMDA receptors are involved in the transcriptional regulation of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 96-100 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 122-127 8690847-11 1995 These results demonstrate that both GAD 65 and GAD 67 genes are transcribed and translated in the ileum of three rodent species and lend indirect support to the postulate that GABA is synthesised by neurons of the ENS and intestinal endocrine cells. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 176-180 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 36-42 8801259-1 1995 Two separate forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, now termed GAD65 and GAD67, are the rate limiting enzymes for synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 126-149 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 62-67 8801259-1 1995 Two separate forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase, now termed GAD65 and GAD67, are the rate limiting enzymes for synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 151-155 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 62-67 7700525-13 1995 However, the total population of GAD65 mRNA-containing neurons in the hilus is substantially larger than the somatostatin-containing subgroup, and these findings reinforce the suggestion that GABA neurons are a major component of the diverse group of neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 192-196 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 33-38 7820625-1 1994 The aim of the present study was 2-fold: (1) to determine the ratio between the amount of GAD67 and GAD65 (two isoforms of the GABA synthetizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase) in nerve endings in the mature rat cerebral cortex damaged by hypoxia-ischemia during early postnatal life; and (2) to compare two different computer-assisted procedures developed for quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence images obtained with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 127-131 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 100-105 7962709-2 1994 To understand the role for GABA in development, we investigated the expression of transcripts encoding two forms of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) in the cervical enlargement of the rat spinal cord at successive postnatal days--P0, P7, P14, P21, and P90 (adult)--by using in situ hybridization histochemistry. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 120-124 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 170-175 7962709-8 1994 The distribution patterns and postnatal changes in expression of the mRNAs encoding GAD65 and GAD67 were similar and closely paralleled reported changes in the abundance of GAD65 and GAD67 proteins and their product, GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 217-221 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 84-89 7962709-8 1994 The distribution patterns and postnatal changes in expression of the mRNAs encoding GAD65 and GAD67 were similar and closely paralleled reported changes in the abundance of GAD65 and GAD67 proteins and their product, GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 217-221 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 173-178 8514913-9 1993 Finally, some groups of GABA neurons were predominantly labeled for one of the GAD mRNAs and showed little or no detectable labeling for the other GAD mRNA, as, for example, in neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus where labeling for GAD67 mRNA was very strong but no labeling for GAD65 mRNA was evident. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 24-28 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 303-308 8336154-0 1993 Rat-1 fibroblasts engineered with GAD65 and GAD67 cDNAs in retroviral vectors produce and release GABA. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 98-102 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 34-39 8336154-7 1993 Cells expressing GAD65 and GAD67 showed similar immunostaining patterns with anti-GABA antibodies and contained substantial amounts of GABA (ranging from 7 to 18 pmol of GABA/10(6) cells), which was roughly proportional to their levels of GAD activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 82-86 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 17-22 8336154-7 1993 Cells expressing GAD65 and GAD67 showed similar immunostaining patterns with anti-GABA antibodies and contained substantial amounts of GABA (ranging from 7 to 18 pmol of GABA/10(6) cells), which was roughly proportional to their levels of GAD activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 135-139 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 17-22 8336154-7 1993 Cells expressing GAD65 and GAD67 showed similar immunostaining patterns with anti-GABA antibodies and contained substantial amounts of GABA (ranging from 7 to 18 pmol of GABA/10(6) cells), which was roughly proportional to their levels of GAD activity. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 135-139 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 17-22 33236473-1 2021 GABA is synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which has two isoforms, namely, GAD65 and GAD67, encoded by the Gad2 and Gad1 genes, respectively. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-4 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 86-91 8315667-9 1993 GAD65 and GAD67 together may provide more flexibility in the regulation of GABA synthesis than either could alone. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 75-79 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 1780026-5 1991 The mRNA for GAD65, which displays marked PLP-dependence for enzyme activity, cannot be detected in cerebellar cortex by in situ hybridization until P7 in Purkinje cells, and later in other GABA neurons. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 190-194 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 13-18 1780026-8 1991 We suggest that the delayed appearance of GAD65 is coincident with synapse formation between GABA neurons and their targets during the second postnatal week. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 93-97 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 42-47 33236473-4 2021 Our Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein expression ratio of GAD65 to GAD67 in the brain was greater in rats than in mice during postnatal development, suggesting that the contribution of each GAD isoform to GABA functions differs between these two species. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 223-227 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 76-81 34803625-1 2021 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system, is synthesized via either of two enzyme isoforms, GAD65 or GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 144-149 34803625-1 2021 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system, is synthesized via either of two enzyme isoforms, GAD65 or GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 144-149 34214757-11 2021 Therefore, the changes of neurotransmitters in serum relaxin-3, GABA, and their genes: RLN3 and GAD65/67 respectively, influenced learning and memory meaningfully. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 64-68 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 96-104 35320460-3 2022 The current work aimed to test whether exercise training could increase the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD-65/67, the key enzymes in GABA synthesis) and KCC2 in the distal spinal cord via tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) signaling. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 155-159 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 90-123 34150959-2 2021 Here we investigated the effectiveness of local intervention with the GABA synthetic enzymes GAD65 and GAD67 in the dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG) vs ventral DG (vDG) to alleviate anxiety-like behavior and stress-induced symptoms in the rat. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 70-74 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 93-98 35320460-3 2022 The current work aimed to test whether exercise training could increase the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD-65/67, the key enzymes in GABA synthesis) and KCC2 in the distal spinal cord via tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) signaling. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 155-159 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 125-134 30578767-7 2019 Likewise, there was lower expression of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD65. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 44-48 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 69-74 35211693-4 2021 Western blotting was used to compare postpartum and nulliparous rats in protein levels of the 65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65; synthesizes most GABA released from terminals) and vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT; accumulates GABA into synaptic vesicles for release) in the mPFC. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 164-168 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 140-145 33937912-7 2021 In the DH, both NMDA (NR2A, NR2B) and GABA-synthetic (GAD65, GAD67) proteins were increased acutely at 6 h compared with sham. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 38-42 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 54-59 32931071-6 2020 Similarly, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its synthetase glutamate decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65/67) seriously decreased (P < .01), implying a deficit in the function of inhibitory interneurons in the PAG of CM rats. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 11-34 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 92-100 32418502-3 2020 The predominant research question of this study was whether exercise training may promote the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 and glutamic acid decarboxylase-67, which are key enzymes of gamma aminobutyric acid synthesis, within the distal spinal cord through tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling, as its synthesis assists to relieve neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 200-223 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 108-138 29085593-0 2017 The effect of sodium thiopental as a GABA mimetic drug in neonatal period on expression of GAD65 and GAD67 genes in hippocampus of newborn and adult male rats. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 37-41 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 91-96 29520220-9 2018 Moreover, staining for the GABA synthetizing enzymes GAD65 and GAD67 rose significantly in neuronal cell bodies and presynaptic boutons in the contralateral IC of deaf rats. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 27-31 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 53-58 29085593-10 2017 Significant down regulation of GAD65 and GAD67 showed unwanted effect of sodium thiopental as GABA mimetic drug in critical period of development. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 94-98 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 31-36 27753128-5 2017 GAD65 , a GABA-synthesizing enzyme, was increased in kindled rats and decreased after DN lesions. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 10-14 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 27753128-6 2017 GAD65 commonly appears localized at nerve terminals and synapses, and it is only activated when GABA neurotransmission occurs. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 96-100 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 27753128-7 2017 Thus, it is possible that the increased expression of GAD65 found in kindled rats could be due to an exacerbated demand for GABA due to kindled seizures. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 124-128 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 54-59 27753128-9 2017 The decreased expression of GAD65 found after the DN lesions indicated that the GABA-synthesizing enzyme was no longer required once it eliminated the excitatory glutamate input to the RN. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 80-84 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 28-33 27147972-1 2016 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced not only in the brain, but also in endocrine cells by the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 0-23 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 152-157 28386570-2 2017 GAD65 is one of two enzymes that catalyze the conversion of glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 105-128 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 28386570-2 2017 GAD65 is one of two enzymes that catalyze the conversion of glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 0-5 27147972-1 2016 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is produced not only in the brain, but also in endocrine cells by the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 25-29 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 152-157 25058170-1 2014 As gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), namely, GAD65 and GAD67, immunohistochemically targeting either isoform of GAD is theoretically useful for identifying GABAergic cell bodies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 3-26 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 111-116 25446575-6 2015 The estrogen-biosynthesis inhibitor letrozole decreased the expression of the major presynaptic GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD65 in cultured neurons and the effect was abrogated by exogenously supplied 17alpha-estradiol. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 96-100 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 121-126 26804241-8 2016 Also, dark rearing diminished expression of GABA synthesis enzymes GAD65 and GAD67. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 44-48 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 67-72 25848767-3 2015 Components of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) signaling, including GABA B receptor 2 (GABABR2), GAD65/67 and the GABA transporter, are present in the lungs and in the neutrophils. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 14-38 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 96-101 25848767-3 2015 Components of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) signaling, including GABA B receptor 2 (GABABR2), GAD65/67 and the GABA transporter, are present in the lungs and in the neutrophils. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 40-44 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 96-101 25701657-3 2015 Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, is converted to its inhibitory counterpart, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), by L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which exists in soluble (GAD67) and membrane-bound (GAD65) forms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 87-110 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 211-216 25701657-3 2015 Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, is converted to its inhibitory counterpart, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), by L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which exists in soluble (GAD67) and membrane-bound (GAD65) forms. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 112-116 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 211-216 25058170-1 2014 As gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), namely, GAD65 and GAD67, immunohistochemically targeting either isoform of GAD is theoretically useful for identifying GABAergic cell bodies. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 28-32 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 111-116 24478650-4 2014 The GABA-synthesizing enzymes GAD65 and GAD67 as well as the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) were reduced in SO of CA1. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 4-8 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 30-35 25142574-9 2014 Interestingly, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic system, which modulates the induction and maintenance of sleep states, was also disrupted, with reduced levels of both GAD 65 and GAD67 in the cortical tissue of VPA-exposed animals compared to saline controls. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 19-42 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 175-181 25142574-9 2014 Interestingly, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic system, which modulates the induction and maintenance of sleep states, was also disrupted, with reduced levels of both GAD 65 and GAD67 in the cortical tissue of VPA-exposed animals compared to saline controls. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 44-48 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 175-181 23938762-9 2013 Although grafted rats displayed restored expression of the GABA synthesizing enzymes Gad65 and Gad67 in the striatum compared to naive rats, the grafts induced a decreased mRNA expression of dopamine receptor Drd2, glutamate receptors AMPA3, NMDA2A, and NMDA2B, and glutamate transporter Eaat3. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 59-63 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 85-90 24038589-7 2014 SCII caused a dramatic decrease of the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the axonal terminals, and beta-III-tubulin, and also caused loss of Nissl bodies in the spinal cord. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 136-159 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 78-108 24038589-7 2014 SCII caused a dramatic decrease of the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the axonal terminals, and beta-III-tubulin, and also caused loss of Nissl bodies in the spinal cord. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 136-159 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 110-115 24038589-7 2014 SCII caused a dramatic decrease of the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the axonal terminals, and beta-III-tubulin, and also caused loss of Nissl bodies in the spinal cord. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 161-165 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 78-108 24038589-7 2014 SCII caused a dramatic decrease of the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), which synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the axonal terminals, and beta-III-tubulin, and also caused loss of Nissl bodies in the spinal cord. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 161-165 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 110-115 23904086-4 2014 In this context it should be noted that the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is expressed in the brain in two isoforms GAD67 and GAD65, GAD65 being related to the synthesis of GABA that occurs via the TCA cycle and coupled to the vesicular pool of the neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 44-48 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 151-156 23904086-4 2014 In this context it should be noted that the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is expressed in the brain in two isoforms GAD67 and GAD65, GAD65 being related to the synthesis of GABA that occurs via the TCA cycle and coupled to the vesicular pool of the neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 44-48 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 158-163 23904086-4 2014 In this context it should be noted that the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is expressed in the brain in two isoforms GAD67 and GAD65, GAD65 being related to the synthesis of GABA that occurs via the TCA cycle and coupled to the vesicular pool of the neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 198-202 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 151-156 23904086-4 2014 In this context it should be noted that the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is expressed in the brain in two isoforms GAD67 and GAD65, GAD65 being related to the synthesis of GABA that occurs via the TCA cycle and coupled to the vesicular pool of the neurotransmitter. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 198-202 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 158-163 23904086-5 2014 The aim of the present study was to investigate whether changes in mRNA expression of GAD67 and GAD65 were related to the altered GABA biosynthesis previously observed. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 130-134 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 96-101 25180088-5 2014 Biochemical analyses confirmed upregulation of glutamate receptor GluR3 with downregulation of the GABA synthesizing enzyme (GAD65/67) and the glycine receptor alpha3 (GLRA3), notably below the injury. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 99-103 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 125-134 23240579-8 2013 However, in SCS responding animals, there was a significant increased expression of GAD 65 in lamina II, presumably reflecting an augmented GABA synthesis following SCS. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 140-144 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 84-90 23103212-3 2013 The expression of the GABA synthetic enzyme GAD65 was significantly reduced at the same level of the spinal cord, suggesting a compromised inhibitory system. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 22-26 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 44-49 22289121-1 2012 AIMS: This study has investigated how global brain ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) modifies levels of mRNAs encoding gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor alpha1, beta2 and gamma2 subunits and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) in an age- and structure-dependent manner. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 113-136 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 233-238 23451101-7 2013 We could show an increase in GAD65, a GABA-synthesizing protein in neuronal terminals, and furthermore, reduced exploration of novel stimuli and less offensive behavior. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 38-42 glutamate decarboxylase 2 Rattus norvegicus 29-34