PMID-sentid Pub_year Sent_text comp_official_name comp_offsetprotein_name organism prot_offset 1921373-1 1991 A common model for producing experimental liver cirrhosis is the administration of CCl4 to phenobarbital (PhB)-stimulated rats. Phenobarbital 91-104 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 83-87 7535226-6 1994 Exposure to PB + CCl4 results in enhanced liver injury similar to that observed with CD, but the animals recover and survive in contrast to the greatly amplified lethality of CD + CCl4. Phenobarbital 12-14 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 180-184 7817119-0 1994 Effect of phenobarbital and mirex pretreatments on CCl4 autoprotection. Phenobarbital 10-23 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 51-55 1530140-7 1992 Comparison of the CCl4-phenobarbital group with pair-fed controls (n = 8) showed: increased serum vitamin A, decreased hepatic vitamin A, increased cytochrome P450, marked hepatic fat accumulation, hepatic cell necrosis, and early cirrhosis. Phenobarbital 23-36 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 18-22 1530140-8 1992 Thus, CCl4 (with phenobarbitol), which is a more potent hepatotoxin as evidenced by a more elevated cytochrome P450 and distorted liver morphology, not only reduced liver vitamin A, but also increased serum vitamin A. Phenobarbital 17-30 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 6-10 1354082-5 1992 Moreover, phenobarbital (PB) also enhanced the induction of GGT-positive hepatocellular lesions only in the CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis model, no promotion influence being exerted after treatment with the non-carcinogenic furfural. Phenobarbital 10-23 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 108-112 1354082-5 1992 Moreover, phenobarbital (PB) also enhanced the induction of GGT-positive hepatocellular lesions only in the CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis model, no promotion influence being exerted after treatment with the non-carcinogenic furfural. Phenobarbital 25-27 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 108-112 1568734-1 1992 Experiments performed in different models of hepatic regeneration at the time of maximal DNA synthesis, determined by thymidine kinase activity assay, demonstrated that spermidine N8-acetyltransferase activity increased 48 hr after CCl4 administration (2-fold), 72 hr after CCl4 plus phenobarbital (3-fold) and 24 hr after partial hepatectomy (4.5-fold). Phenobarbital 284-297 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 232-236 1284994-0 1992 Pivotal role of hepatocellular regeneration in the ultimate hepatotoxicity of CCl4 in chlordecone-, mirex-, or phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Phenobarbital 111-124 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 78-82 1284994-9 1992 Actual liver injury by CCl4 was greater in PB- than in CD-pretreated rats, as evidenced by histopathological observations. Phenobarbital 43-45 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 23-27 1284994-14 1992 These findings suggest that there is recovery in N-, PB-, or M-pretreated rats from CCl4-induced injury by virtue of the stimulated hepatocellular regeneration and tissue repair. Phenobarbital 53-55 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 84-88 1733051-2 1992 Pretreatment of animals with 80 mg/kg phenobarbital for the site-specific enzyme studies enhanced and accelerated CCl4 toxicity in slices resulting from increased radical formation. Phenobarbital 38-51 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 114-118 1469101-6 1992 Pretreatment of rats with isonicotinic acid hydrazide and phenobarbital to induce cytochrome P-450 enhanced the production of F2-isoprostanes after CCl4 administration eightfold and fivefold, respectively, whereas inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 system with SKF-525A and 4-methylpyrazole decreased formation of F2-isoprostanes after CCl4 by 55 and 82%, respectively. Phenobarbital 58-71 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 148-152 1469101-6 1992 Pretreatment of rats with isonicotinic acid hydrazide and phenobarbital to induce cytochrome P-450 enhanced the production of F2-isoprostanes after CCl4 administration eightfold and fivefold, respectively, whereas inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 system with SKF-525A and 4-methylpyrazole decreased formation of F2-isoprostanes after CCl4 by 55 and 82%, respectively. Phenobarbital 58-71 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 336-340 1921373-1 1991 A common model for producing experimental liver cirrhosis is the administration of CCl4 to phenobarbital (PhB)-stimulated rats. Phenobarbital 106-109 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 83-87 1839629-6 1991 Among the ten drugs, CCl4, alcohol, paraquat, phenobarbital, thiopental and methylcholanthrene caused the TBA values to increase, and the phosphoglucomutase activity to decrease, in the liver 24 h after the doses. Phenobarbital 46-59 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 21-25 1696822-7 1990 CCl4 administration to mirex or PB pretreated rats resulted in a smaller decrease in ATP levels (18-24%) only at 24 hr, returning to normal levels by 36-48 hr, in accord with rapid recovery from limited liver injury. Phenobarbital 32-34 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 0-4 2222449-1 1990 The involvement of CCl4 biotransformation mechanism in decreasing the Protein Kinase C activity has been analyzed in hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Phenobarbital 143-156 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 19-23 1780643-1 1991 Male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were treated with phenobarbital + carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 16 weeks to induce liver cirrhosis. Phenobarbital 47-60 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 85-89 2390286-5 1990 NADH-catalyzed CCl4 metabolism occurred to a similar extent in control and PB microsomes, amounting to 9-10% and 5-6% of the NADPH rate in control and PB microsomes, respectively. Phenobarbital 75-77 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 15-19 2390286-5 1990 NADH-catalyzed CCl4 metabolism occurred to a similar extent in control and PB microsomes, amounting to 9-10% and 5-6% of the NADPH rate in control and PB microsomes, respectively. Phenobarbital 151-153 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 15-19 2315927-0 1990 Phenobarbital pretreatment alters the localization of CCl4-induced changes in rat liver microsomal fatty acids. Phenobarbital 0-13 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 54-58 1696756-0 1990 Lethal effects of CCl4 and its metabolism by Mongolian gerbils pretreated with chlordecone, phenobarbital, or mirex. Phenobarbital 92-105 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 18-22 1696756-13 1990 However, the enhanced metabolism of CCl4 found in CD-, PB-, or M-pretreated gerbils did not lead to amplified hepatotoxic and lethal effects of CCl4. Phenobarbital 55-57 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 36-40 2315927-1 1990 Phenobarbital treatment induces an isozyme(s) of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 susceptible to CCl4 and enhances the latter"s lethality. Phenobarbital 0-13 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 97-101 2315927-6 1990 Phenobarbital pretreatment accelerated the CCl4-induced formation of diene conjugates in the microsomal lipids. Phenobarbital 0-13 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 43-47 2315927-11 1990 These data demonstrate that phenobarbital pretreatment is associated with a shift in the predominant phospholipid locus from phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine for the early CCl4-induced fatty acid changes in rat liver microsomes. Phenobarbital 28-41 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 186-190 3420613-1 1988 Rats treated with a single 0.5 ml/kg dose (ip) of CCl4 exhibited a threefold increase in liver microsomal phospholipase C (PLC) activity that was enhanced by phenobarbital and diminished by metyrapone pretreatment, respectively. Phenobarbital 158-171 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 50-54 2749135-1 1989 The possible effects of a synthetic progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), on carbon tetrachloride/phenobarbital (CCl4/PB)-induced rat liver injury were studied by morphological methods. Phenobarbital 109-122 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 124-131 2907458-3 1988 Hypoxia or pretreatment with phenobarbital has been reported to enhance the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 in vivo; these treatments also produced an increase in the biliary concentration of the PBN/.CCl3 radical adduct and in the .CCl3-derived PBN/.CO(-)2 radical adduct as well. Phenobarbital 29-42 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 94-98 2451866-0 1988 In vivo metabolism of CCl4 by rats pretreated with chlordecone, mirex, or phenobarbital. Phenobarbital 74-87 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 22-26 3377780-1 1988 Oxygen inhibition of CCl4 metabolism by different isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 was assessed by studying liver microsomes isolated from control rats and rats treated with phenobarbital or isoniazid. Phenobarbital 172-185 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 21-25 3127945-7 1988 About 5 mumol of 18O per gram of dry liver was incorporated in phenobarbital/CCl4-treated rats, of which 60% was in the water-soluble fraction, 17% in the lipids, and 16% in the macromolecules. Phenobarbital 63-76 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 77-81 3401014-2 1988 The system was used to study effects of the hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) on lipid peroxidation and cell viability in isolated hepatocytes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats at various steady-state PO2. Phenobarbital 154-167 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 78-82 3377780-5 1988 Rats treated with phenobarbital, which increases hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, or isoniazid, which does not increase hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, both metabolized more CCl4 than control rats as indicated by exhalation of greater quantities of CCl4 metabolites and by an increase in CCl4 toxicity. Phenobarbital 18-31 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 177-181 2451866-8 1988 Expiration of 14CO2 measured during the 6 hr after CCl4 administration was increased in animals pretreated with PB or CD. Phenobarbital 112-114 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 51-55 2435023-0 1987 Comparative changes in hepatic DNA, RNA, protein, lipid, and glycogen induced by a subtoxic dose of CCl4 in chlordecone, mirex, and phenobarbital pretreated rats. Phenobarbital 132-145 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 100-104 2832723-3 1988 CCl4 or bromotrichloromethane (CBrCl3) was infused into livers from control or phenobarbital-treated rats perfused with either nitrogen- or oxygen-saturated Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer. Phenobarbital 79-92 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 0-4 3007463-1 1986 Electron spin resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor free radicals formed during CCl4 metabolism by perfused livers from phenobarbital-treated rats. Phenobarbital 130-143 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 90-94 3095627-0 1986 Evidence for increased membrane permeability of plasmalemmal vesicles from livers of phenobarbital-induced CCl4-intoxicated rats. Phenobarbital 85-98 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 107-111 3095627-1 1986 We have observed a marked increase in Ca2+ permeability of plasma membranes isolated from rats treated in vivo with CCl4 (2 ml/kg), after phenobarbital induction and overnight fast. Phenobarbital 138-151 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 116-120 3775859-0 1986 [Detection of cells resistant to the cytotoxic action of CCl4 in rat hepatocyte populations following a single exposure to diethylnitrosamine and subsequent injections of phenobarbital]. Phenobarbital 171-184 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 57-61 3707616-7 1986 These findings indicate that cytochrome P450 species induced with 3MC as well as PB are highly susceptible to CHCl3 intoxication, whereas the administration of CCl4 depletes the PB-induced species without affecting the 3MC-induced species. Phenobarbital 178-180 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 160-164 3937306-0 1985 [Detection of cells resistant to the cytotoxic action of CCl4 in the hepatocyte populations of rats following a single exposure to 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene combined with subsequent injections of the tumor promoter phenobarbital]. Phenobarbital 215-228 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 57-61 3947068-1 1986 When CCl4 was incubated with rat liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats in an aerobic or anaerobic atmosphere, over 69% of the heme moiety of cytochrome P-450 was destroyed. Phenobarbital 55-68 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 5-9 3942013-3 1986 A non-hepatotoxic dose of CCl4 did not cause a significant increase in ethane production except in PB-induced rats but did enhance n-pentane elimination, whereas an hepatotoxic dose increased the emission of both hydrocarbons. Phenobarbital 99-101 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 26-30 3942013-4 1986 No interaction between CM and CCl4 could be shown but, as expected, PB potentiated the effect of CCl4. Phenobarbital 68-70 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 97-101 2864416-0 1985 Effects of saikosaponin-d on enhanced CCl4-hepatotoxicity by phenobarbitone. Phenobarbital 61-75 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 38-42 2864416-2 1985 Saikosaponin-d showed protection against the CCl4-hepatotoxicity enhanced by phenobarbitone. Phenobarbital 77-91 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 45-49 2864416-4 1985 The rate of microsomal lipid peroxidation by NADPH and CCl4 was significantly lowered in-vitro in rats pretreated with phenobarbitone and saikosaponin-d compared with those pretreated with phenobarbitone alone. Phenobarbital 119-133 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 55-59 6206609-1 1984 The effects of chlordecone (CD), mirex or phenobarbital (PB) treatment of male Mongolian gerbils on CCl4-hepatotoxicity were determined. Phenobarbital 42-55 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 100-104 6099695-3 1984 The enzymatic mitochondrial CCl4 activation operates more efficiently under anaerobic conditions; it requires NADPH, is CO sensitive, is inducible by phenobarbital pretreatment and is only weakly inhibited by high concentrations of cyanide or azide. Phenobarbital 150-163 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 28-32 6209127-0 1984 Perturbation of calcium homeostasis by CCl4 in rats pretreated with chlordecone and phenobarbital. Phenobarbital 84-97 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 39-43 6209127-5 1984 These findings are consistent with greater bioactivation of CCl4 after the above two pretreatments There was a massive accumulation of Ca2+ in CD- and PB-pretreated animals after CCl4 administration, CD being more effective in this regard. Phenobarbital 151-153 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 60-64 6209127-5 1984 These findings are consistent with greater bioactivation of CCl4 after the above two pretreatments There was a massive accumulation of Ca2+ in CD- and PB-pretreated animals after CCl4 administration, CD being more effective in this regard. Phenobarbital 151-153 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 179-183 6206609-1 1984 The effects of chlordecone (CD), mirex or phenobarbital (PB) treatment of male Mongolian gerbils on CCl4-hepatotoxicity were determined. Phenobarbital 57-59 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 100-104 6700577-5 1984 A reconstituted form of cytochrome P-450 from phenobarbital-pretreated rats metabolized CCl4 to COCl2. Phenobarbital 46-59 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 88-92 6101050-0 1984 [Effect of phenobarbital on the morphologic, histochemical and ultrastructural picture of the rat liver after chronic administration of CCl4]. Phenobarbital 11-24 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 136-140 7294161-3 1981 Cells prepared from male rats pretreated with phenobarbital were more sensitive to CCl4 than cells prepared from either male or female rats. Phenobarbital 46-59 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 83-87 6196592-0 1983 Destruction of hepatic mixed-function oxygenase parameters by CCl4 in rats following acute treatment with chlordecone, Mirex, and phenobarbital. Phenobarbital 130-143 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 62-66 6196592-8 1983 PB caused the greatest increase in total P-450 content and the greatest increase in CCl4-mediated destruction of microsomal protein and APD activity. Phenobarbital 0-2 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 84-88 6193935-0 1983 Hepatic microsomal metabolism of CCL4 after pretreatment with chlordecone, mirex, or phenobarbital in male rats. Phenobarbital 85-98 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 33-37 18792759-2 1981 The effects of simultaneous phenobarbital (PB) treatment (0.05% in drinking water) on the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 was studied during 16 weeks of treatment. Phenobarbital 28-41 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 108-112 18792759-2 1981 The effects of simultaneous phenobarbital (PB) treatment (0.05% in drinking water) on the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 was studied during 16 weeks of treatment. Phenobarbital 43-45 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 108-112 18792759-5 1981 The potentiating effect of PB on CCl4 hepatotoxicity was also seen in hexobarbital sleeping time, the rate of hexobarbital metabolism, and the cytochrome P-450 content in liver microsomes. Phenobarbital 27-29 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 33-37 695749-6 1978 The activity of serum GPT when CCl4 and phenobarbitone were administered together showed value of about 1/2 of the value when CCl4 was administered alone, while it remained high when CCl4 administration was combined with propionyl-promazine. Phenobarbital 40-54 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 126-130 6114833-1 1981 One hour after the intraperitoneal administration of CHCl3, CBrCl3, or CCl4 to phenobarbital (PB)-treated rats, hepatic GSH levels decreased to 30, 59, and 88% of control levels, respectively; after 4 hr, the GSH levels had returned to 46, 65, 99%, respectively, of control levels. Phenobarbital 79-92 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 71-75 6114833-1 1981 One hour after the intraperitoneal administration of CHCl3, CBrCl3, or CCl4 to phenobarbital (PB)-treated rats, hepatic GSH levels decreased to 30, 59, and 88% of control levels, respectively; after 4 hr, the GSH levels had returned to 46, 65, 99%, respectively, of control levels. Phenobarbital 94-96 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 71-75 6259312-5 1980 PB pretreatment produced a significant loss of both enzymes by CHCl3, and enhanced the loss of cytochrome P-450 induced by CCl4, while G-6-Pase activity was little affected by CCl4 in PB-pretreated rats. Phenobarbital 0-2 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 123-127 6767337-6 1980 In the intestinal mucosa the enhanced UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity was observed only after phenobarbital pretreatment and the activity was decreased by CCl4. Phenobarbital 98-111 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 159-163 695749-6 1978 The activity of serum GPT when CCl4 and phenobarbitone were administered together showed value of about 1/2 of the value when CCl4 was administered alone, while it remained high when CCl4 administration was combined with propionyl-promazine. Phenobarbital 40-54 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 126-130 695749-9 1978 It is concluded that in the present experimental conditions phenobarbitone protected the liver from the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4, while propionyl-promazine did not. Phenobarbital 60-74 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 126-130 1133769-5 1975 The incorporation of 14-C(U)-L-leucine into 9000 x g liver supernatant fraction protein was decreased in phenobarbital-pretreated rats when measured immediately following or 24 hours after inhalation of CCl4. Phenobarbital 105-118 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 203-207 402587-4 1977 Phenobarbital-treated rats were used to enhance the hepatotoxicity of CCl4. Phenobarbital 0-13 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 70-74 956171-4 1976 Phenobarbital pretreatment increased peroxidation due to exposure of the cells to CCl4 but not that associated with NADPH addition. Phenobarbital 0-13 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 82-86 131362-2 1976 The CCl4 induced polysome breakdown process is more intense in the phenobarbital treated than in control rats while the 3-MC prior treatment does not modify its intensity. Phenobarbital 67-80 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 4-8 956171-5 1976 The amount of CCl4 producing a 50% increase in malondialdehyde formation was about 3-fold less for cells from phenobarbital-treated rats than for those from control rats. Phenobarbital 110-123 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 14-18 173382-3 1975 Prior dosing with phenobarbitone augments CCl4 toxicity only in the adult and the newborn but the foetus continues to be resistant. Phenobarbital 18-32 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 42-46 1133769-7 1975 The centrolobular hepatocytes of phenobarbital-pretreated rats exposed to CCl4 showed dilation and vesiculation of cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and striking changes in the nuclear double membrane. Phenobarbital 33-46 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 74-78 12949661-1 2003 Ultralow doses of antibodies to phenobarbital and their mixture (1:1) with ultralow doses of antibodies to cholecystokinin reduced the severity of structural and metabolic disturbances in the liver of rats with acute CCl4-induced hepatitis. Phenobarbital 32-45 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 217-221 17342914-1 1973 Phenobarbital sodium considerably increases the liver toxicity of CCl4. Phenobarbital 0-20 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 66-70 4403783-0 1972 Differential acute effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment on CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phenobarbital 30-43 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 85-90 9927535-3 1999 PURPOSE: To examine the effect of long-term administration of phenobarbital in liver regeneration after HTX with regard to CCl4-induced cirrhotic rat model. Phenobarbital 62-75 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 123-127 8627517-7 1996 Pyridine or phenobarbital potentiation of CCl4-induced increases in ALT activity implys that cytochrome P450 2E1 (P450 2E1) and P450 2B expression may be associated with the increased toxicity. Phenobarbital 12-25 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 42-46 9357164-9 1997 Again the sensitivity of the response to CCl4 was enhanced remarkably in hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital- pretreated rats; LDH leakage increased by 3-fold and thio-barbituric acid reactive substances by 25-fold. Phenobarbital 99-112 C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 Rattus norvegicus 41-45